buildanything 1.7.1 → 2.0.0

package/skills/ios/swift-accessibility/references/voiceover-swiftui.md

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+# VoiceOver — SwiftUI
+
+## Contents
+- [Labels, Hints, Values](#labels-hints-values)
+- [Traits](#traits)
+- [Actions](#actions)
+- [Grouping and Structure](#grouping-and-structure)
+- [Focus Management](#focus-management)
+- [Custom Rotors](#custom-rotors)
+- [Announcements and Live Regions](#announcements-and-live-regions)
+- [Speech Modifiers](#speech-modifiers)
+- [Advanced Modifiers](#advanced-modifiers)
+- [Common Mistakes](#common-mistakes)
+
+---
+
+## Labels, Hints, Values
+
+### `.accessibilityLabel(_:)`
+The text VoiceOver announces for any non-text element. Required for icon-only buttons and images.
+
+```swift
+// ✅ Good — concise, context-independent
+Button(action: share) {
+    Image(systemName: "square.and.arrow.up")
+}
+.accessibilityLabel("Share")
+
+// ❌ Bad — includes control type (VoiceOver adds "button" automatically)
+.accessibilityLabel("Share button")
+
+// ❌ Bad — context-dependent, unintelligible alone
+.accessibilityLabel("More")
+
+// ❌ Bad — action description belongs in hint
+.accessibilityLabel("Tap to share this post")
+```
+
+**`[VERIFY]` rule:** When inferring a label from an SF Symbol name or action method, add a comment:
+```swift
+Button { deleteItem() } label: { Image(systemName: "trash") }
+    .accessibilityLabel("Delete item") // [VERIFY] confirm label matches intent
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityHint(_:)`
+Briefly describes the **result** of activating the element (not the action itself). VoiceOver reads it after a short pause.
+
+```swift
+Button("Save") { save() }
+    .accessibilityHint("Saves your changes and closes the editor")
+
+// ❌ Bad — describes the action, not the result
+.accessibilityHint("Tap to save")
+
+// ❌ Bad — redundant with the label
+Button("Delete") { delete() }
+    .accessibilityHint("Deletes") // pointless
+```
+
+Omit hints when the result is obvious from the label alone.
+
+### `.accessibilityValue(_:)`
+The current value of controls that change over time: sliders, steppers, progress indicators, toggles with non-standard states.
+
+```swift
+Slider(value: $volume, in: 0...1)
+    .accessibilityLabel("Volume")
+    .accessibilityValue("\(Int(volume * 100)) percent")
+
+// Custom progress indicator
+Circle()
+    .trim(from: 0, to: progress)
+    .accessibilityLabel("Upload progress")
+    .accessibilityValue("\(Int(progress * 100)) percent complete")
+```
+
+Do not use `.accessibilityValue` to repeat the label or append static text.
+
+### `.accessibilityIdentifier(_:)`
+A stable string for use in UI tests. **Not announced by VoiceOver.** Use for `XCUITest` element queries.
+
+```swift
+TextField("Search", text: $query)
+    .accessibilityIdentifier("searchField")
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityLabeledPair(role:id:in:)`
+Pairs a label with its corresponding control (e.g., a `Text` label next to a `TextField`).
+
+```swift
+@Namespace var formNamespace
+
+Text("Full name")
+    .accessibilityLabeledPair(role: .label, id: "fullName", in: formNamespace)
+
+TextField("", text: $name)
+    .accessibilityLabeledPair(role: .content, id: "fullName", in: formNamespace)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Traits
+
+Traits describe the **semantic role** and **state** of an element. VoiceOver announces them automatically (e.g., "button", "selected", "header").
+
+### Adding and Removing Traits
+
+```swift
+.accessibilityAddTraits(.isButton)
+.accessibilityAddTraits([.isButton, .isSelected])
+.accessibilityRemoveTraits(.isButton)
+```
+
+### Full Trait Reference
+
+| Trait | When to Use |
+|---|---|
+| `.isButton` | Any tappable element that isn't a native `Button` |
+| `.isLink` | Opens a URL or navigates outside the app |
+| `.isHeader` | Section headers (h1–h6 equivalent) |
+| `.isSelected` | Currently selected item in a list or tab |
+| `.isToggle` | Boolean on/off control |
+| `.isImage` | Decorative or informational image |
+| `.isSearchField` | Search input field |
+| `.isStaticText` | Non-interactive text |
+| `.playsSound` | Activating this element plays a sound |
+| `.isKeyboardKey` | Custom keyboard key |
+| `.updatesFrequently` | Announces updates as a live region |
+| `.causesPageTurn` | Triggers a page turn (e.g., in a book reader) |
+| `.allowsDirectInteraction` | Passes raw touch events to the view |
+| `.isSummaryElement` | Read when the app launches (system summary) |
+
+### State via Traits — Not Labels
+
+```swift
+// ✅ Good — state as trait
+Image(systemName: item.isStarred ? "star.fill" : "star")
+    .accessibilityLabel("Favorite")
+    .accessibilityAddTraits(item.isStarred ? .isSelected : [])
+
+// ❌ Bad — state embedded in label (changes require re-announcing the whole label)
+.accessibilityLabel(item.isStarred ? "Favorited" : "Not favorited")
+```
+
+---
+
+## Actions
+
+### `.accessibilityAction(_:_:)` — Named Custom Action
+
+Adds entries to VoiceOver's Actions rotor. Used for operations available via long-press, swipe, or context menu.
+
+```swift
+MessageRow(message: message)
+    .accessibilityAction(named: "Reply") { replyTo(message) }
+    .accessibilityAction(named: "Forward") { forward(message) }
+    .accessibilityAction(named: "Delete") { delete(message) }
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityActions(_:)` — Multiple Actions via ViewBuilder
+
+```swift
+.accessibilityActions {
+    Button("Archive") { archive(item) }
+    Button("Share") { share(item) }
+}
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityAdjustableAction(_:)` — Increment / Decrement
+
+For custom sliders, steppers, or any value that increases/decreases.
+
+```swift
+CustomRatingView(rating: $rating)
+    .accessibilityLabel("Rating")
+    .accessibilityValue("\(rating) out of 5 stars")
+    .accessibilityAdjustableAction { direction in
+        switch direction {
+        case .increment: rating = min(5, rating + 1)
+        case .decrement: rating = max(0, rating - 1)
+        @unknown default: break
+        }
+    }
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityScrollAction(_:)` — Scroll Direction
+
+For custom scrollable content that doesn't use native `ScrollView`.
+
+```swift
+.accessibilityScrollAction { edge in
+    switch edge {
+    case .top: scrollToTop()
+    case .bottom: scrollToBottom()
+    case .leading: scrollLeft()
+    case .trailing: scrollRight()
+    @unknown default: break
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityZoomAction(_:)` — Zoom Gestures
+
+For custom maps, image viewers, or zoom-capable content.
+
+```swift
+.accessibilityZoomAction { action in
+    switch action.direction {
+    case .zoomIn: scale *= 1.2
+    case .zoomOut: scale /= 1.2
+    @unknown default: break
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityActivationPoint(_:)` — Custom Tap Target
+
+When the accessible tap point differs from the visual center.
+
+```swift
+// Tap the bottom-center of a custom shape
+.accessibilityActivationPoint(CGPoint(x: frame.midX, y: frame.maxY - 8))
+```
+
+### Drag and Drop
+
+```swift
+.accessibilityDragPoint(UnitPoint.center, description: "Drag to reorder")
+.accessibilityDropPoint(UnitPoint.center, description: "Drop here to add")
+```
+
+---
+
+## Grouping and Structure
+
+### `.accessibilityElement(children:)`
+
+**`.combine`** — Merges all child elements into one, reading their labels in order. Use for related UI that makes more sense as a single unit.
+
+```swift
+// ✅ Rating row read as "4.5 stars, 2,304 reviews"
+HStack {
+    Image(systemName: "star.fill")
+    Text("4.5")
+    Text("(2,304 reviews)")
+}
+.accessibilityElement(children: .combine)
+.accessibilityLabel("4.5 stars, 2,304 reviews")
+```
+
+**`.contain`** — Groups elements but still exposes each child individually. Used for containers that need a group label while preserving child navigability.
+
+**`.ignore`** — Hides all children from VoiceOver. Use for decorative containers.
+
+```swift
+// Decorative divider container
+HStack {
+    Divider()
+    Text("OR")
+    Divider()
+}
+.accessibilityElement(children: .ignore)
+.accessibilityLabel("Or")
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityChildren(_:)` — Explicit Child List
+
+Provides a custom child list, overriding the default tree.
+
+```swift
+.accessibilityChildren {
+    ForEach(items) { item in
+        Text(item.title)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityHidden(_:)`
+
+```swift
+Image("decorative-background")
+    .accessibilityHidden(true)
+
+// Conditionally hide
+Text(status)
+    .accessibilityHidden(!isVisible)
+```
+
+### `.accessibilitySortPriority(_:)`
+
+Higher values are read first. Default is 0.
+
+```swift
+VStack {
+    Text("Summary").accessibilitySortPriority(2)     // read first
+    Text("Details").accessibilitySortPriority(1)      // read second
+    DismissButton().accessibilitySortPriority(-1)      // read last
+}
+```
+
+## Focus Management
+
+### `@AccessibilityFocusState` + `.accessibilityFocused(_:)`
+
+Programmatically move VoiceOver focus to a specific element.
+
+```swift
+@AccessibilityFocusState private var isConfirmFocused: Bool
+
+Button("Delete") { showConfirm = true }
+
+if showConfirm {
+    ConfirmationView()
+        .accessibilityFocused($isConfirmFocused)
+        .onAppear { isConfirmFocused = true }
+}
+```
+
+### With Enum (Multiple Elements)
+
+```swift
+enum FormField { case name, email, password }
+
+@AccessibilityFocusState private var focusedField: FormField?
+
+TextField("Name", text: $name)
+    .accessibilityFocused($focusedField, equals: .name)
+
+// Move focus programmatically
+Button("Next") { focusedField = .email }
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityDefaultFocus(_:_:)`
+
+Sets which element receives focus by default when a view appears (iOS 17+).
+
+```swift
+VStack {
+    HeaderView()
+    PrimaryButton().accessibilityDefaultFocus($isDefault, true)
+    SecondaryButton()
+}
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityChildrenInNavigationOrder(_:)` — Explicit Order
+
+Overrides default navigation order with an explicit sequence.
+
+```swift
+.accessibilityChildrenInNavigationOrder([heading, body, footer])
+```
+
+---
+
+## Custom Rotors
+
+The VoiceOver rotor lets users jump between elements of a specific type. Custom rotors add app-specific navigation.
+
+### Basic Custom Rotor
+
+```swift
+.accessibilityRotor("Unread Messages") {
+    ForEach(messages.filter(\.isUnread)) { message in
+        AccessibilityRotorEntry(message.preview, id: message.id)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Text-Range Rotor
+
+Navigates through ranges within a `Text` element.
+
+```swift
+Text(articleBody)
+    .accessibilityRotor("Links") {
+        ForEach(links) { link in
+            AccessibilityRotorEntry(link.text, textRange: link.range)
+        }
+    }
+```
+
+### `accessibilityRotorEntry(id:in:)` — Stand-alone Entry
+
+```swift
+ForEach(headings) { heading in
+    Text(heading.text)
+        .font(.headline)
+        .accessibilityAddTraits(.isHeader)
+        .accessibilityRotorEntry(id: heading.id, in: headingNamespace)
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Announcements and Live Regions
+
+### Post an Announcement
+
+Use when a change happens that isn't in the view hierarchy (e.g., background upload completes).
+
+```swift
+// iOS 17+ (preferred)
+AccessibilityNotification.Announcement("Upload complete").post()
+
+// Older syntax
+UIAccessibility.post(notification: .announcement, argument: "Upload complete")
+```
+
+### Screen Changed (Full Navigation Reset)
+
+Post when the entire screen content changes (e.g., pushing a new view manually).
+
+```swift
+AccessibilityNotification.ScreenChanged().post()
+// Or with a specific element to focus:
+AccessibilityNotification.ScreenChanged(nil).post() // system default focus
+```
+
+### Layout Changed (Partial Update)
+
+Post when part of the screen changes (e.g., a section expands, items load).
+
+```swift
+AccessibilityNotification.LayoutChanged().post()
+```
+
+### Live Region — `.updatesFrequently`
+
+For labels that update continuously (timers, stock prices, status indicators). VoiceOver re-reads when value changes.
+
+```swift
+Text(timerLabel)
+    .accessibilityAddTraits(.updatesFrequently)
+    .accessibilityLabel("Time remaining: \(timerLabel)")
+```
+
+---
+
+## Speech Modifiers
+
+Control how VoiceOver speaks a specific element's text.
+
+```swift
+Text("Chapter 1: The Beginning")
+    .speechAlwaysIncludesPunctuation()    // always read punctuation marks
+
+Text("A.I.")
+    .speechSpellsOutCharacters()          // spell out: "A dot I dot"
+
+Text("Error: invalid input")
+    .speechAdjustedPitch(0.5)            // lower pitch for errors (0.0–2.0)
+
+// Queue announcements instead of interrupting
+Text(statusMessage)
+    .speechAnnouncementsQueued()
+```
+
+---
+
+## Advanced Modifiers
+
+### `.accessibilityCustomContent(_:_:importance:)` — Chunked Information
+
+Delivers additional content through the VoiceOver "More Content" rotor. Useful for complex items (contacts, emails) where not all info should be read at once.
+
+```swift
+ContactRow(contact: contact)
+    .accessibilityLabel(contact.fullName)
+    .accessibilityCustomContent("Phone", contact.phoneNumber, importance: .high)
+    .accessibilityCustomContent("Email", contact.email)
+    .accessibilityCustomContent("Company", contact.company, importance: .default)
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityRepresentation(representation:)` — Replace AX Tree
+
+Replaces the entire VoiceOver subtree with a different view's tree. Use for complex custom controls.
+
+```swift
+CustomSlider(value: $value, range: 0...100)
+    .accessibilityRepresentation {
+        Slider(value: $value, in: 0...100)
+            .accessibilityLabel("Brightness")
+    }
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityTextContentType(_:)` — Reading Style
+
+Hints to VoiceOver how to read text (speech rate, pausing).
+
+```swift
+Text(poemBody)
+    .accessibilityTextContentType(.poetry)
+
+// Available types: plain, fileSystem, messaging, narrative,
+// poetry, reading, sourceCode, spreadsheet, wordProcessing
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityHeading(_:)` — Heading Level
+
+```swift
+Text("Section Title")
+    .accessibilityAddTraits(.isHeader)
+    .accessibilityHeading(.h2)
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityIgnoresInvertColors(_:)` — Smart Invert Protection
+
+Prevents the view from inverting colors when Smart Invert is enabled. Always apply to images, videos, and maps.
+
+```swift
+AsyncImage(url: url) { image in
+    image.resizable()
+}
+.accessibilityIgnoresInvertColors()
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityShowsLargeContentViewer()` — Large Content Viewer
+
+For UI elements that cannot scale with Dynamic Type (tab bars, toolbars). Shows a large version when long-pressed.
+
+```swift
+// Tab bar item that can't grow
+Label("Library", systemImage: "books.vertical")
+    .accessibilityShowsLargeContentViewer()
+
+// Custom version with explicit content
+TabItem()
+    .accessibilityShowsLargeContentViewer {
+        Label("Library", systemImage: "books.vertical")
+    }
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityDirectTouch(_:options:)` — Pass-Through Gestures
+
+For views that need raw touch input (drawing canvas, piano keys) even when VoiceOver is active.
+
+```swift
+DrawingCanvas()
+    .accessibilityLabel("Drawing canvas")
+    .accessibilityDirectTouch(.automatic, options: .silenceOnTouch)
+```
+
+### `.accessibilityChartDescriptor(_:)` — Chart Accessibility
+
+Provides a full data description for charts (Swift Charts and custom charts).
+
+```swift
+Chart(data) { item in
+    BarMark(x: .value("Month", item.month), y: .value("Sales", item.sales))
+}
+.accessibilityChartDescriptor(SalesChartDescriptor(data: data))
+
+// Descriptor conformance:
+struct SalesChartDescriptor: AXChartDescriptorRepresentable {
+    let data: [SalesData]
+    func makeChartDescriptor() -> AXChartDescriptor {
+        AXChartDescriptor(
+            title: "Monthly Sales",
+            summary: "Sales increased 23% year-over-year",
+            xAxis: AXCategoricalDataAxisDescriptor(title: "Month", categoryOrder: months),
+            yAxis: AXNumericDataAxisDescriptor(title: "Revenue", range: 0...maxValue, gridlinePositions: []),
+            series: [AXDataSeriesDescriptor(name: "Sales", isContinuous: false, dataPoints: points)]
+        )
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Common Mistakes
+
+| Mistake | Fix |
+|---|---|
+| Missing label on icon button | Add `.accessibilityLabel("Share")` |
+| Label includes control type: "Save button" | Just "Save" — VoiceOver adds type |
+| Label describes action: "Tap to delete" | Just "Delete" — hint describes result |
+| Decorative image announced | Add `.accessibilityHidden(true)` |
+| State in label: "Selected item" | Use `.accessibilityAddTraits(.isSelected)` |
+| Nested `accessibilityElement(children: .combine)` | Only one level; flatten the structure |
+| No trait on custom tappable view | Add `.accessibilityAddTraits(.isButton)` |
+| Long-press menu with no VoiceOver equivalent | Add `.accessibilityAction(named:)` for each item |
+| `accessibilityValue` duplicates label | Value is for dynamic data only |
+| Hardcoded string in `accessibilityLabel` | Use `LocalizedStringKey` or `Text` for localization |
+| Announcement in `body` on every render | Post announcements in response to events, not on render |