@umacloud/knowledge 1.0.1

package/development/01-standards/elasticsearch-complete.md

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+---
+id: elasticsearch-complete
+title: Elasticsearch完整指南
+domain: development
+category: 01-standards
+difficulty: intermediate
+tags: [complete, development, elasticsearch, 学习路径, 最佳实践, 核心概念, 概述]
+quality_score: 70
+last_updated: 2026-06-15
+---
+# Elasticsearch完整指南
+
+## 概述
+Elasticsearch是分布式搜索引擎,基于Lucene构建,支持全文搜索、结构化搜索、分析等。本指南覆盖索引、查询、聚合、性能优化和最佳实践。
+
+## 核心概念
+
+### 1. 文档和索引
+
+**创建文档**:
+```json
+PUT /users/_doc/1
+{
+  "name": "Alice",
+  "age": 30,
+  "email": "alice@example.com",
+  "city": "Beijing",
+  "interests": ["python", "elasticsearch", "docker"]
+}
+```
+
+**批量操作**:
+```json
+POST /_bulk
+{"index": {"_index": "users", "_id": "1"}}
+{"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
+{"index": {"_index": "users", "_id": "2"}}
+{"name": "Bob", "age": 25}
+{"delete": {"_index": "users", "_id": "3"}}
+```
+
+### 2. 映射(Mapping)
+
+**定义映射**:
+```json
+PUT /articles
+{
+  "mappings": {
+    "properties": {
+      "title": {
+        "type": "text",
+        "analyzer": "standard"
+      },
+      "content": {
+        "type": "text",
+        "analyzer": "english"
+      },
+      "author": {
+        "type": "keyword"
+      },
+      "publish_date": {
+        "type": "date"
+      },
+      "views": {
+        "type": "integer"
+      },
+      "tags": {
+        "type": "keyword"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### 3. 查询DSL
+
+**基本查询**:
+```json
+GET /articles/_search
+{
+  "query": {
+    "match": {
+      "content": "elasticsearch tutorial"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// 多字段搜索
+GET /articles/_search
+{
+  "query": {
+    "multi_match": {
+      "query": "python",
+      "fields": ["title^2", "content"],
+      "type": "best_fields"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// 精确匹配
+GET /articles/_search
+{
+  "query": {
+    "term": {
+      "status": "published"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// 范围查询
+GET /articles/_search
+{
+  "query": {
+    "range": {
+      "publish_date": {
+        "gte": "2024-01-01",
+        "lte": "2024-12-31"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**布尔查询**:
+```json
+GET /articles/_search
+{
+  "query": {
+    "bool": {
+      "must": [
+        {"match": {"content": "elasticsearch"}}
+      ],
+      "should": [
+        {"term": {"tags": "tutorial"}},
+        {"term": {"tags": "guide"}}
+      ],
+      "must_not": [
+        {"term": {"status": "draft"}}
+      ],
+      "filter": [
+        {"range": {"views": {"gte": 100}}}
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### 4. 聚合
+
+**桶聚合**:
+```json
+GET /articles/_search
+{
+  "size": 0,
+  "aggs": {
+    "by_author": {
+      "terms": {
+        "field": "author",
+        "size": 10
+      }
+    },
+    "by_tags": {
+      "terms": {
+        "field": "tags"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**指标聚合**:
+```json
+GET /articles/_search
+{
+  "size": 0,
+  "aggs": {
+    "avg_views": {
+      "avg": {"field": "views"}
+    },
+    "max_views": {
+      "max": {"field": "views"}
+    },
+    "stats_views": {
+      "stats": {"field": "views"}
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**嵌套聚合**:
+```json
+GET /articles/_search
+{
+  "size": 0,
+  "aggs": {
+    "by_author": {
+      "terms": {"field": "author"},
+      "aggs": {
+        "avg_views": {
+          "avg": {"field": "views"}
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### 5. Python客户端
+
+```python
+from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
+
+# 连接
+es = Elasticsearch(['http://localhost:9200'])
+
+# 索引文档
+doc = {
+    'title': 'Elasticsearch Guide',
+    'content': 'Complete tutorial for Elasticsearch',
+    'author': 'Alice',
+    'views': 100
+}
+
+es.index(index='articles', id=1, document=doc)
+
+# 批量索引
+from elasticsearch.helpers import bulk
+
+actions = [
+    {
+        '_index': 'articles',
+        '_id': i,
+        '_source': {
+            'title': f'Article {i}',
+            'views': i * 10
+        }
+    }
+    for i in range(1000)
+]
+
+bulk(es, actions)
+
+# 搜索
+result = es.search(
+    index='articles',
+    query={
+        'match': {'content': 'elasticsearch'}
+    },
+    size=10
+)
+
+for hit in result['hits']['hits']:
+    print(hit['_source'])
+
+# 聚合
+result = es.search(
+    index='articles',
+    size=0,
+    aggs={
+        'by_author': {
+            'terms': {'field': 'author'}
+        }
+    }
+)
+```
+
+## 最佳实践
+
+### ✅ DO
+
+1. **使用批量操作**
+```python
+# ✅ 好
+bulk(es, actions)
+
+# ❌ 差
+for doc in docs:
+    es.index(index='articles', document=doc)
+```
+
+2. **合理设置分片数**
+```json
+PUT /my_index
+{
+  "settings": {
+    "number_of_shards": 3,
+    "number_of_replicas": 1
+  }
+}
+```
+
+3. **使用索引别名**
+```json
+POST /_aliases
+{
+  "actions": [
+    {"add": {"index": "articles_v1", "alias": "articles"}}
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### ❌ DON'T
+
+1. **不要过度分片**
+```json
+// ❌ 差: 分片太多
+"number_of_shards": 100
+
+// ✅ 好: 合理分片
+"number_of_shards": 3
+```
+
+2. **不要在text字段使用term查询**
+```json
+// ❌ 差
+{"term": {"content": "elasticsearch"}}
+
+// ✅ 好
+{"match": {"content": "elasticsearch"}}
+```
+
+## 学习路径
+
+### 初级 (1-2周)
+1. 文档和索引
+2. 基本查询
+3. 映射
+
+### 中级 (2-3周)
+1. 复杂查询
+2. 聚合
+3. 分析器
+
+### 高级 (2-4周)
+1. 集群管理
+2. 性能优化
+3. 安全配置
+
+---
+
+**知识ID**: `elasticsearch-complete`  
+**领域**: development  
+**类型**: standards  
+**难度**: intermediate  
+**质量分**: 93  
+**维护者**: dev-team@umadev.com  
+**最后更新**: 2026-03-28

package/development/01-standards/git-complete.md

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+---
+id: git-complete
+title: Git完整指南
+domain: development
+category: 01-standards
+difficulty: intermediate
+tags: [complete, development, git, 学习路径, 最佳实践, 核心概念, 概述]
+quality_score: 70
+last_updated: 2026-06-15
+---
+# Git完整指南
+
+## 概述
+Git是分布式版本控制系统,用于跟踪代码变更、协作开发。本指南覆盖Git基础、分支管理、团队协作和最佳实践。
+
+## 核心概念
+
+### 1. 基础命令
+
+**初始化和配置**:
+```bash
+# 初始化仓库
+git init
+
+# 克隆远程仓库
+git clone https://github.com/user/repo.git
+
+# 配置用户信息
+git config --global user.name "Your Name"
+git config --global user.email "your@email.com"
+
+# 查看配置
+git config --list
+```
+
+**基本操作**:
+```bash
+# 查看状态
+git status
+
+# 添加到暂存区
+git add filename
+git add .  # 添加所有文件
+
+# 提交
+git commit -m "Add new feature"
+
+# 查看历史
+git log
+git log --oneline --graph
+
+# 查看差异
+git diff  # 工作区vs暂存区
+git diff --staged  # 暂存区vs最新提交
+```
+
+### 2. 分支管理
+
+**创建和切换分支**:
+```bash
+# 创建分支
+git branch feature-branch
+
+# 切换分支
+git checkout feature-branch
+
+# 创建并切换
+git checkout -b feature-branch
+
+# 新语法(推荐)
+git switch -c feature-branch
+
+# 查看分支
+git branch
+git branch -a  # 包括远程分支
+
+# 删除分支
+git branch -d feature-branch
+git branch -D feature-branch  # 强制删除
+```
+
+**合并分支**:
+```bash
+# 合并到当前分支
+git merge feature-branch
+
+# 解决冲突后
+git add resolved-file.txt
+git commit -m "Resolve merge conflict"
+
+# 变基(推荐)
+git checkout feature-branch
+git rebase main
+
+# 解决冲突
+git add resolved-file.txt
+git rebase --continue
+```
+
+### 3. 远程仓库
+
+**操作远程仓库**:
+```bash
+# 查看远程仓库
+git remote -v
+
+# 添加远程仓库
+git remote add origin https://github.com/user/repo.git
+
+# 推送
+git push origin main
+git push -u origin main  # 设置上游
+
+# 拉取
+git pull origin main
+
+# 抓取(不合并)
+git fetch origin
+
+# 查看远程分支
+git branch -r
+```
+
+### 4. 工作流
+
+**Git Flow**:
+```bash
+# 主分支
+main       # 生产环境
+develop    # 开发环境
+
+# 辅助分支
+feature/*  # 功能分支
+release/*  # 发布分支
+hotfix/*   # 紧急修复
+
+# 创建功能分支
+git checkout -b feature/login develop
+
+# 完成功能
+git checkout develop
+git merge --no-ff feature/login
+git branch -d feature/login
+
+# 创建发布分支
+git checkout -b release/1.0 develop
+
+# 合并到main
+git checkout main
+git merge --no-ff release/1.0
+git tag -a v1.0
+```
+
+**GitHub Flow**(简化版):
+```bash
+# 从main创建分支
+git checkout -b feature-branch main
+
+# 开发并提交
+git add .
+git commit -m "Add feature"
+
+# 推送到远程
+git push origin feature-branch
+
+# 在GitHub创建Pull Request
+# 代码审查后合并
+
+# 更新本地main
+git checkout main
+git pull origin main
+```
+
+### 5. 撤销操作
+
+**撤销修改**:
+```bash
+# 撤销工作区修改
+git checkout -- filename
+git restore filename  # 新语法
+
+# 撤销暂存
+git reset HEAD filename
+git restore --staged filename  # 新语法
+
+# 修改最后一次提交
+git commit --amend
+
+# 回退到指定提交
+git reset --hard <commit-hash>
+
+# 撤销已推送的提交
+git revert <commit-hash>
+```
+
+### 6. 储藏(Stash)
+
+```bash
+# 储藏当前修改
+git stash
+git stash save "WIP: feature login"
+
+# 查看储藏列表
+git stash list
+
+# 恢复储藏
+git stash pop  # 恢复并删除
+git stash apply  # 恢复但不删除
+
+# 删除储藏
+git stash drop
+```
+
+### 7. 标签
+
+```bash
+# 创建标签
+git tag v1.0.0
+git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "Release version 1.0.0"
+
+# 查看标签
+git tag
+git show v1.0.0
+
+# 推送标签
+git push origin v1.0.0
+git push origin --tags
+
+# 删除标签
+git tag -d v1.0.0
+git push origin --delete v1.0.0
+```
+
+### 8. 高级技巧
+
+**交互式变基**:
+```bash
+# 编辑最近3次提交
+git rebase -i HEAD~3
+
+# 压缩提交
+pick abc1234 First commit
+squash def5678 Second commit
+squash ghi9012 Third commit
+```
+
+**Cherry-pick**:
+```bash
+# 选择性合并提交
+git cherry-pick <commit-hash>
+```
+
+**二分查找**:
+```bash
+# 查找引入bug的提交
+git bisect start
+git bisect bad  # 当前提交有bug
+git bisect good v1.0  # v1.0没有bug
+
+# Git会自动二分查找
+git bisect good  # 标记为好
+git bisect bad   # 标记为坏
+
+# 找到后重置
+git bisect reset
+```
+
+## 最佳实践
+
+### ✅ DO
+
+1. **编写清晰的提交信息**
+```bash
+# ✅ 好
+git commit -m "feat: Add user authentication
+
+- Add login/logout endpoints
+- Implement JWT token validation
+- Add password hashing with bcrypt
+
+Closes #123"
+
+# ❌ 差
+git commit -m "fix"
+```
+
+2. **频繁提交,小步前进**
+```bash
+# ✅ 好: 逻辑完整的提交
+git add authentication.py
+git commit -m "feat: Add authentication module"
+
+# ❌ 差: 一次提交太多
+git add .
+git commit -m "Add everything"
+```
+
+3. **使用.gitignore**
+```
+# .gitignore
+__pycache__/
+*.pyc
+.env
+venv/
+node_modules/
+.DS_Store
+*.log
+```
+
+### ❌ DON'T
+
+1. **不要提交敏感信息**
+```bash
+# ❌ 差
+git add .env
+git commit -m "Add environment variables"
+
+# ✅ 好: 使用.env.example
+git add .env.example
+```
+
+2. **不要强制推送到main**
+```bash
+# ❌ 危险
+git push --force origin main
+
+# ✅ 安全: 创建新提交
+git revert <bad-commit>
+```
+
+3. **不要提交大文件**
+```bash
+# ❌ 差
+git add large-dataset.csv
+
+# ✅ 好: 使用Git LFS
+git lfs track "*.csv"
+git add large-dataset.csv
+```
+
+## 学习路径
+
+### 初级 (1周)
+1. 基础命令
+2. 分支管理
+3. 远程仓库
+
+### 中级 (1-2周)
+1. 工作流
+2. 冲突解决
+3. 撤销操作
+
+### 高级 (2-3周)
+1. 交互式变基
+2. Git hooks
+3. CI/CD集成
+
+### 专家级 (持续)
+1. Git内部原理
+2. 性能优化
+3. 大规模团队协作
+
+---
+
+**知识ID**: `git-complete`  
+**领域**: development  
+**类型**: standards  
+**难度**: beginner  
+**质量分**: 94  
+**维护者**: dev-team@umadev.com  
+**最后更新**: 2026-03-28