079project 1.0.0

package/tests/test_FIrststep5.txt

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+
+= = History = =
+
+The Østensjø Line opened as a light rail on 18 December 1923 . On 29 October 1967 , the upgraded metro standard was first used , and the line was connected to the Oslo Metro . A month later , the extension to Skullerud opened . The work with building the extension between Skullerud and Mortensrud was originally planned to start in 1992 , with completion planned for 1994 . However , construction did not start until 1995 . The 2 @.@ 4 @-@ kilometre ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) extension is built to allow speeds of 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) , and represents a considerable longer distance between stations than what is normal on the network . Most of the section is in tunnels , though there are also two viaducts . The extension ( without the new station ) cost NOK 215 million . The line runs somewhat south of the station , allowing space to line up trains , and for future further extension of the line .
+
+The station was taken into use on 24 November 1997 , but not officially opened until 4 January 1998 . On the day of the official opening , the bus terminal was taken into use . The station costs NOK 35 million . At the time , it was estimated to have about 6000 daily users — both boarding and disembarking , including the bus terminal .
+
+= = Facilities = =
+
+The station is located in the residential area of Mortensrud , in Søndre Nordstrand . Mortensrud is an open station without any barriers and free access from the bus stops . The station area is one storey below from the surrounding area . It has step @-@ free access , and at the same level as the buses . Only the western portion of the two side platforms is in use , where direct connection can be made with buses . The station is located adjacent to the shopping center at Mortensrud . The station is designed by Arkitektskap . It is built in concrete , covered in red brick , steel , natural rock and wood , that will allow lianas to grow on them . The roofover the western platform is curved , and made of wood and glass . There is an underground parking lot in two levels .
+
+= = Service = =
+
+Mortensrud is served by line 3 on the Østensjø Line , operated by Oslo T @-@ banedrift on contract with Ruter . The rapid transit serves the station every 15 minutes , except in the late evening and on weekend mornings , when there is a 30 @-@ minute headway . Travel time along the 13 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometre ( 8 @.@ 5 mi ) portion to Stortinget in the city center is 24 minutes . In 2001 – 02 , the station had 2 @,@ 077 daily boarding passengers .
+
+The station functions as a major bus terminal for Søndre Nordstrand . Ruter operates feeder bus services to Dal , Brenna , Kantarellen ( all no . 72 ) and Bjørndal ( no . 71 ) . The station is the end station of route 74 to the city center , and an intermediate stop on route 76 to Helsfyr and Hvervenbukta . Routes 71E and 73 to the city center also serve the station during rush hour .
+
+= Vorbunker =
+
+The Vorbunker ( upper bunker or forward bunker ) was an underground concrete structure originally intended to be a temporary air @-@ raid shelter for Adolf Hitler and his guards and servants . It was located behind the large reception hall that was added onto the old Reich Chancellery , in Berlin , Germany , in 1936 . The bunker was officially called the " Reich Chancellery Air @-@ Raid Shelter " until 1943 , when the complex was expanded with the addition of the Führerbunker , located one level below . On 16 January 1945 , Hitler moved into the Führerbunker . He was joined by his senior staff , including Martin Bormann . Later , Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels moved into the Führerbunker while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . The Goebbels family lived in the Vorbunker until their deaths on 1 May 1945 .
+
+= = Construction = =
+
+In 1933 , Adolf Hitler decided to expand the Reich Chancellery ( Reichskanzlei ) , which he considered too small for his needs . On 21 July 1935 , Leonhard Gall submitted plans for a large reception hall ( that could also be used as a ballroom ) to be built onto the old Chancellery . The drawings were unique because of the large cellar that led a further one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half meters down to a bunker which later became known as the Vorbunker .
+
+The Vorbunker 's roof was 1 @.@ 6 meters ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) thick , twice as thick as that of the bunker underneath the nearby Air Ministry building . The thick walls of the Vorbunker supported the weight of the reception hall overhead . It had three entry points , to the north , west , and south . Construction was completed in 1936 . It had 12 rooms branching out from a single corridor .
+
+The Führerbunker was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive program of subterranean construction in Berlin . It was finished by 1944 and was connected to the Vorbunker by a stairway set at right angles ( not a spiral staircase ) . The two bunkers could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door . A permanent guard detail was posted by the steel door . The Führerbunker was located about 8 @.@ 5 metres ( 28 ft ) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery , 120 meters ( 390 ft ) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6 . The Führerbunker was located 2 @.@ 5 meters lower than the Vorbunker and to the west @-@ southwest of it . The accommodations for Hitler were moved to the Führerbunker , and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high @-@ quality furniture taken from the Chancellery , along with several framed oil paintings .
+
+= = Events = =
+
+The first air @-@ raid drills for the Berlin central government district , which included the Reich Chancellery , occurred in the autumn of 1937 . The protocol for the drills stated , in part :
+
+To carry out the air raid drills , a precise regulation is required for the three office buildings , Wilhelmstraße 77 , Wilhelmstraße 78 and Voßstraße 1 ... The officials and residents of Wilhelmstraße 78 and Voßstraße 1 can go to the substitute shelters in Wilhelmstraße 78 and Voßstraße 1 . The inhabitants of the Reich Chancellor House , Wilhelmstraße 77 , will use the shelter under the ballroom .
+
+The only residents of Wilhelmstraße 77 were Hitler and his bodyguards , adjutants , orderlies and servants . It is unknown if the Vorbunker was used before January 1945 . Hitler transferred his headquarters to the Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 , where he ( along with his influential private secretary , Reichsleiter Martin Bormann and others ) remained until the end of April . Thereafter , the Vorbunker was used by various military officers and housed men from Hitler 's personal bodyguard . In April 1945 , as the Battle in Berlin raged on , Joseph Goebbels showed his strong support for Hitler by moving his family into the Vorbunker . He occupied a room in the Führerbunker which had recently been vacated by Hitler 's personal physician , Theodor Morell . Two rooms in the Vorbunker were used for food supply . Constanze Manziarly , Hitler 's personal cook / dietitian , made meals in the kitchen , which was equipped with a refrigerator and a wine store .
+
+On the evening of 1 May 1945 , Goebbels arranged for an SS dentist , Helmut Kunz , to inject his six children with morphine so that when they were unconscious , an ampule of cyanide could be crushed in each of their mouths . According to Kunz 's later testimony , he gave the children morphine injections but it was Magda Goebbels and SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer Ludwig Stumpfegger , Hitler 's personal doctor , who administered the cyanide .
+
+Afterwards , Goebbels and his wife went up the stairs to ground level and through the Führerbunker 's emergency exit to the bombed @-@ out garden behind the Reich Chancellery . There are several different accounts on what followed . According to one account , Goebbels shot his wife and then himself . Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards by Goebbels ' SS adjutant , Günther Schwägermann . Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out into the Chancellery garden . He waited in the stairwell and heard the " shots " sound . Schwägermann then walked up the remaining stairs and outside . There he saw the lifeless bodies of the couple . Following Joseph Goebbels ' prior order , Schwägermann told an SS soldier to make sure Goebbels ' was dead . The soldier fired into Goebbels ' body , which did not move . The bodies were then doused with petrol , but the remains were only partially burned and not buried .
+
+At 01 : 00 on 2 May , the Soviets picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease @-@ fire and stating that emissaries would come under a white flag to Potsdamer bridge . Early in the morning of 2 May , the Soviets captured the Reich Chancellery . General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defense Area , surrendered with his staff at 06 : 00 . Down in the Führerbunker , Chief of the Army General Staff General Hans Krebs and Hitler 's Chief Adjutant Generalleutnant Wilhelm Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head . Johannes Hentschel , the master electro @-@ mechanic for the bunker complex , stayed after everyone else had either committed suicide or left , as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water . He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09 : 00 on 2 May . The bodies of Goebbels six children were discovered on 3 May . They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker ; the clear mark of cyanide appeared on their faces .
+
+= = Post @-@ war events = =
+
+The ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany . The bunker complex largely survived , although some areas were partially flooded . In December 1947 the Soviets tried to blow up the bunkers , but only the separation walls were damaged . In 1959 the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery , including the bunker complex . In 1974 , 1 @.@ 5 meters ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) of water was pumped from inside the bunkers , and the East Germany Stasi conducted a survey of the interior of the Vorbunker and took external measurements of the Führerbunker . Since it was near the Berlin Wall , the site was undeveloped and neglected until after reunification .
+
+During the construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site in 1988 – 89 , several underground sections of the bunker complex were uncovered by work crews . In April 1988 , the East German government allowed several visits to the site by photo @-@ journalists . Water was pumped out of the Vorbunker for four days before access could be made via the underground passageway which led from the Chancellery . The interior floor of the Vorbunker was covered with a muddy sludge from having been underwater for so many years . Old empty wine bottles were found on the floor of the kitchen and wine store room . Still present in the room next to the kitchen were the broken frames of the bunk beds used by the Goebbels children . At the end of the hallway were the stairs leading down to the Führerbunker . However , the men could go no further than the mid @-@ landing , as the Führerbunker was still underwater and the ceiling beyond the doorway had collapsed due to the demolitions performed in 1947 . After these inspections , work crews for the most part removed and destroyed the bunker complex . The Vorbunker 's top and external walls were the first structures to be torn down . The construction of buildings in the area around the complex was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable . The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker ( which had been in the Chancellery gardens ) was occupied by a car park .
+
+On 8 June 2006 , during the lead @-@ up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , an information board was installed to mark the location of the bunker complex . Hitler 's bodyguard , Rochus Misch , one of the last people living who was in the bunker complex at the time of Hitler 's suicide , was on hand for the ceremony . The board , including a schematic diagram , can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud @-@ Kolmar @-@ Straße , two small streets about three minutes ' walk from Potsdamer Platz .
+
+= Francis Amasa Walker =
+
+Francis Amasa Walker ( July 2 , 1840 – January 5 , 1897 ) was an American economist , statistician , journalist , educator , academic administrator , and military officer in the Union Army .
+
+Walker was born into a prominent Boston family , the son of the economist and politician Amasa Walker , and he graduated from Amherst College at the age of 20 . He received a commission to join the 15th Massachusetts Infantry and quickly rose through the ranks as an assistant adjutant general . Walker fought in the Peninsula Campaign and was wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville but subsequently participated in the Bristoe , Overland , and Richmond @-@ Petersburg Campaigns before being captured by Confederate forces and held at the infamous Libby Prison . In July 1866 , he was nominated by President Andrew Johnson and confirmed by the United States Senate for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general United States Volunteers , to rank from March 13 , 1865 , when he was age 24 .
+
+Following the war , Walker served on the editorial staff of the Springfield Republican before using his family and military connections to gain appointment as the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics from 1869 to 1870 and Superintendent of the 1870 census where he published an award @-@ winning Statistical Atlas visualizing the data for the first time . He joined Yale University 's Sheffield Scientific School as a professor of political economy in 1872 and rose to international prominence serving as a chief member of the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition , American representative to the 1878 International Monetary Conference , President of the American Statistical Association in 1882 , and inaugural President of the American Economic Association in 1886 , and vice president of the National Academy of Sciences in 1890 . Walker also led the 1880 census which resulted in a twenty @-@ two volume census , cementing Walker 's reputation as the nation 's preeminent statistician .
+
+As an economist , Walker debunked the wage @-@ fund doctrine and engaged in a prominent scholarly debate with Henry George on land , rent , and taxes . Walker argued in support of bimetallism and although he was an opponent of the nascent socialist movement , he argued that obligations existed between the employer and the employed . He published his International Bimetallism at the height of the 1896 presidential election campaign in which economic issues were prominent . Walker was a prolific writer , authoring ten books on political economy and military history . In recognition of his contributions to economic theory , beginning in 1947 , the American Economic Association recognized the lifetime achievement of an individual economist with a " Francis A. Walker Medal " .
+
+Walker accepted the presidency of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1881 , a position he held for fifteen years until his death . During his tenure , he placed the institution on more stable financial footing by aggressively fund @-@ raising and securing grants from the Massachusetts government , implemented many curricular reforms , oversaw the launch of new academic programs , and expanded the size of the Boston campus , faculty , and student enrollments . MIT 's Walker Memorial Hall , a former students ' clubhouse and one of the original buildings on the Charles River campus , was dedicated to him in 1916 .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+Walker was born in Boston , Massachusetts , the youngest son of Hanna ( née Ambrose ) and Amasa Walker , a prominent economist and state politician . The Walkers had three children , Emma ( born 1835 ) , Robert ( born 1837 ) , and Francis . Because the Walkers ' next @-@ door neighbor was Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. , the junior Walker and junior Holmes were playmates as young children and renewed their friendship later in life . The family moved from Boston to North Brookfield , Massachusetts in 1843 and remained there . As a boy he had both a noted temper as well as a magnetic personality .
+
+Beginning his schooling at the age of seven , Walker studied Latin at various private and public schools in Brookfield before being sent to the Leicester Academy when he was twelve . He completed his college preparation by the time he was fourteen and spent another year studying Greek and Latin under the future suffragist and abolitionist Lucy Stone , and entered Amherst College at the age of fifteen . Although he had planned to matriculate at Harvard after his first year at Amherst , Walker 's father believed his son was too young to enter the larger college and insisted he remain at Amherst . While he had entered with the class of 1859 , Walker became ill during his first year there and fell back a year . He was a member of the Delta Kappa and Athenian societies as a freshman , joined and withdrew from Alpha Sigma Phi as a sophomore on account of " rowdyism " , and finally joined Delta Kappa Epsilon . As a student , Walker was awarded the Sweetser Essay Prize and the Hardy Prize for extemporaneous speaking . He graduated in 1860 as Phi Beta Kappa with a degree in law . After graduation , he joined the law firm of Charles Devens and George Frisbie Hoar in Worcester , Massachusetts .
+
+= = Military service = =
+
+= = = 15th Massachusetts Infantry = = =
+
+As tensions between the North and South increased over the winter of 1860 – 1861 , Walker equipped himself and began drilling with Major Devens ' 3rd Battalion of Rifles in Worcester and New York . Despite his older brother Robert serving in the 34th Massachusetts Infantry , his father objected to his youngest son mobilizing with the first wave of volunteers . Walker returned to Worcester but began to lobby William Schouler and Governor John Andrew to grant him a commission as a second lieutenant under Devens ' command of the 15th Massachusetts . Following his 21st birthday and the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 , Walker secured the consent of his father to join the war effort as well as assurances by Devens that he would receive an officer 's commission . However , the lieutenancy never materialized and Devens instead offered Walker an appointment as a sergeant major , which he assumed on August 1 , 1861 , after re @-@ tailoring his previously ordered lieutenant 's uniform to reflect his enlisted status . However , by September 14 , 1861 , Walker had been recommended by Devens and reassigned to Brig. Gen. Darius N. Couch as assistant adjutant general and promoted to captain . Walker remained in Washington , D.C. , over the winter of 1861 – 1862 and did not see combat until May 1862 at the Battle of Williamsburg . Walker also served at Seven Pines as well as at the Seven Days Battles of the Peninsula Campaign in the summer of 1862 under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan in the Army of the Potomac .
+
+= = = Second Army Corps = = =
+
+Walker remained at the Berkeley Plantation until his promotion on August 11 to major and transferral with General Couch to the II Corps of the Army of the Potomac . Although the II Corps later saw action at the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg , the latter being under the new command of Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside , Walker and the Corps did not join Burnsides 's Mud March over the winter . Walker was promoted to lieutenant colonel on January 1 , 1863 , and remained with the II Corps . He fought the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , where his hand and wrist were shattered and neck lacerated by an exploding shell . A record of the 1880 Census indicated that he had " compound fracture of the metacarpal bones of the left hand resulting in permanent extension of his hand . " Later in 1896 , as the President of MIT , he would receive one of the first radiographs in the country , which documented the extent of the damage to his hand . He did not return to service until August 1863 . Walker participated in the Bristoe Campaign and narrowly escaped encirclement during the Battle of Bristoe Station before withdrawing and encamping near the Berry Hill Plantation for much of the winter and spending some leave in the North .
+
+After extensive reorganization during the winter of 1863 – 1864 , Walker and the Army of the Potomac fought in the Overland Campaign through May and June 1864 . The Battle of Cold Harbor in early June took a substantial toll on the ranks of the II Corps and Walker injured his knee during the battle . In the ensuing Richmond @-@ Petersburg Campaign , Walker was appointed a brevet colonel . However , on August 25 , 1864 , as he rode to find Maj. Gen. John Gibbon at the front during the Second Battle of Ream 's Station , Walker was surrounded and captured by the 11th Georgia Infantry . On August 27 , Walker was able to escape from a marching prisoner column with another prisoner but was recaptured by the 51st North Carolina Infantry after trying to swim across the Appomattox River and nearly drowning . After being held as a prisoner in Petersburg , he was transferred to the infamous Libby Prison in Richmond , where his older brother was also held . In October 1864 , Walker was released with thirty other prisoners as a part of an exchange .
+
+Walker returned to North Brookfield to recuperate and resigned his commission on January 8 , 1865 , as a result of his injuries and health . At the end of the war , Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock recommended that Walker be brevetted as a brigadier general of U.S. Volunteers in recognition of his meritorious services during the war and especially his gallant conduct at Chancellorsville . On July 9 , 1866 , Walker was nominated by President Andrew Johnson for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general , U.S. Volunteers , to rank from March 13 , 1865 ( when he was age 24 ) , for gallant conduct at the battle of Chancellorsville and meritorious services during the war . The U.S. Senate confirmed the award on July 23 , 1866 .
+
+After the war , Walker became a companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States .
+
+= = Postbellum activity = =
+
+By late spring 1865 , Walker regained sufficient strength and began to assist his father by lecturing on political economy at Amherst as well as assisting him in the preparation of The Science of Wealth . He also taught Latin , Greek , and mathematics at the Williston Seminary in Easthampton , Massachusetts until being offered an editorial position at the Springfield Republican by Samuel Bowles . At the Republican , Walker wrote on Reconstruction era politics , railroad regulation , and representation .
+
+= = = 1870 Census = = =
+
+While his editorial career was moving forward , Walker called upon his own as well as his father 's political contacts to secure an appointment under David Ames Wells as the Chief of the U.S. Bureau of Statistics and Deputy Special Commissioner of Internal Revenue in January 1869 . On January 29 , 1869 , Major General J.D. Cox , who had also previously served in McClellan 's army and was currently the Secretary of the Interior under President Grant 's administration , notified the twenty @-@ nine @-@ year @-@ old Walker that he was being nominated to become the Superintendent of the 1870 census . After he was confirmed by the Senate , Walker sought to strike a moderate reformist position free from the inefficient and unscientific methods of the 1850 and 1860 censuses ; however , the required legislation was not passed and the census proceeded under the rules governing previous collections . Among the problems facing Walker included a lack of authority to determine , enforce , or control the marshals ' personnel , methods , or timing all of which were regularly manipulated by local political interests . Additionally , the 1870 census would not only occur five years after Civil War but would also be the first in which emancipated African Americans would be fully counted in the census .
+
+Owing to the confluence of these problems , the Census was completed and tabulated several months behind schedule to much popular criticism , and led indirectly to a deterioration in Walker 's health during the spring of 1871 . Walker took leave to travel to England with Bowles that summer to recuperate and upon return that fall , despite an offer from The New York Times to join their editorial board with an annual salary of $ 8 @,@ 000 ( $ 143 @,@ 300 in 2009 ) , accepted Secretary Columbus Delano 's offer to become the U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs in November 1871 . The appointment was simultaneously a go @-@ around to continue to fund Walker 's federal responsibilities as Census superintendent despite Congress ' cessation of appropriations for the position as well as a political opportunity to replace a scandal @-@ ridden predecessor . Walker continued to work on the Census for several years thereafter , culminating in the publication of the Statistical Atlas of the United States that was unprecedented in its use of visual statistics and maps to report the results of the Census . The Atlas won him praise from both the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution as well as a First Class medal from the International Geographical Congress .
+
+= = = Indian Bureau = = =
+
+Despite his Census @-@ related efforts , Walker did not neglect his obligations as Indian Affairs Superintendent . In the post @-@ war era , the government redoubled efforts to issue western land grants to settlers , ranchers , miners , and railroads which only served to heighten tensions with the Native American tribes who had already been displaced from their homelands as well as stripped of their ostensible sovereignty following an 1872 act of Congress . The U.S. Army and various Indian tribes engaged in open hostilities throughout the 1860s and 1870s . Walker harbored no benevolence for the Indians , characterizing them as " voluptuary , " " garrulous , " " lazy , " " cowardly in battle , " and " beggar @-@ like " even after an expedition along the Platte River to meet various chieftains . Walker echoed Grant 's recommendation that the Native Americans be secured on reservations of limited mineral or agricultural value so they could be educated and reformed . In November 1872 , an eruption of settler @-@ Indian violence in Oregon known as the Modoc War hastened Walker 's disinterest in the position and he resigned as Commissioner on December 26 , 1872 to take a faculty position at Yale . However , Walker also criticized his successors ' graft , corruption , and abuse of power in subsequent years and published The Indian Question in 1874 .
+
+= = = Other engagements = = =
+
+1876 was a busy year for Walker . Henry Brooks Adams sought to recruit Walker to be the Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief of his Boston Post after failing to recruit Horace White and Charles Nordhoff for the position . That spring , Walker was nominated to run for the Secretary of the State of Connecticut , running on a platform that would later be embodied by the " Mugwump " movement , but ultimately lost to Marvin H. Sanger by a margin of 7 @,@ 200 votes out of 99 @,@ 000 cast . In the summer , the faculty of Amherst attempted to recruit him to become the President , but the position went instead to the Rev. Julius Hawley Seelye to appease the more conservative trustees .
+
+Walker 's rise to prominence was further accelerated by his appointment by Charles Francis Adams , Jr. as the Chief of the Bureau of Awards at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia . Previous world expositions in Europe were fraught with national factionalism and a superabundance of awards . Walker imposed a much leaner operation replacing juries with judges and being more selective in awarding prizes . Walker won formal international recognition when he was named a " Knight Commander " by Sweden and Norway and a " Comendador " by Spain . He was also invited to serve as Assistant Commissioner General for the 1878 Paris Exposition . The Centennial Exposition affected Walker 's later career by greatly increasing his interest in technical education as well as introducing him to MIT President John D. Runkle and Treasurer John C. Cummings .
+
+= = = 1880 Census = = =
+
+Walker accepted a re @-@ appointment as the superintendent of the 1880 Census because a new law , spearheaded by Congressman James A. Garfield , had been passed to allow him to appoint trained census enumerators free from political influence . Notably , the 1880 Census 's results suggested population throughout the Southern states had increased improbably over Walker 's 1870 census but an investigation revealed that the latter had been inaccurately enumerated . Walker publicized the discrepancy even as it effectively discredited the accuracy his 1870 work . The tenth Census resulted in the publication of twenty @-@ two volumes , was popularly regarded as the best census of any up to that time , and definitively established Walker 's reputation as the preeminent statistician in the nation . The Census was again delayed as a result of its size and was the subject of praise and criticism on its comprehensiveness and relevance . Walker also used the position as a bully pulpit to advocate for the creation of a permanent Census Bureau to not only ensure that professional statisticians could be trained and retained but that the information could be better popularized and disseminated . Following Garfield 's 1880 election , there was wide speculation that he would name Walker to be Secretary of the Interior , but Walker had accepted the offer to become President of MIT in the spring of 1881 instead .
+
+= = Academic career = =
+
+As his Census obligations diminished in 1872 , Walker reconsidered becoming an editorialist and even briefly entertained the idea of becoming a shoe manufacturer with his brother @-@ in @-@ law back in North Brookfield . However , in October 1872 , he was unanimously offered to fill Daniel Coit Gilman 's vacated post at Yale 's recently established Sheffield Scientific School led by the mineralogist George Jarvis Brush . While at Yale , Walker served as a member of the School Committee at New Haven ( 1877 – 1880 ) and the Connecticut Board of Education ( 1878 – 1881 ) .
+
+Walker was awarded honorary or ad eundem degrees from Amherst ( M.A. 1863 , Ph.D. 1875 , LL.D. 1882 ) , Yale ( M.A. 1873 , LL.D. 1882 ) , Harvard ( LL.D. 1883 ) , Columbia ( LL.D. 1887 ) , St. Andrews ( LL.D. 1888 ) , Dublin ( LL.D. 1892 ) , Halle ( Ph.D. 1894 ) , and Edinburgh ( LL.D. 1896 ) . He was elected as an honorary member of the Royal Statistical Society in 1875 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1878 where he served as the vice president from 1890 until his death . In addition to being elected as the president of the American Statistical Association in 1882 , he helped found and launch the International Statistical Institute in 1885 and was named its " President @-@ adjoint " in 1893 . Walker also served as the inaugural president of the American Economic Association from 1885 to 1892 . He took appointments as a lecturer at Johns Hopkins University ( its first professor of economics ) from 1877 to 1879 , lecturer at Harvard University in 1882 , 1883 , and 1896 , and trustee at Amherst College from 1879 to 1889 .
+
+= = = Wages @-@ fund theory = = =
+
+Walker 's scholarly contributions are widely recognized as having broadened , liberalized , and modernized economic and statistical theory with his contributions to wages , wealth distribution , money , and social economics . Although his arguments presage both neoclassical economics and institutionalism , he is not readily classified into either . As a Professor of Political Economy , his first major scholarly contribution was on his The Wages Question which set out to debunk the wage @-@ fund doctrine as well as address the then @-@ radical notion of obligations between the employer and the employed . His theory of wage distribution later came to be known as residual theory and set the stage for contributions by John Bates Clark on the marginal productivity theory . Despite Walker 's advocacy of profit sharing and expansion of educational opportunities using trade and industrial schools , he was an avowed opponent of the nascent socialist movement and published critiques of Edward Bellamy 's popular novel Looking Backward .
+
+= = = Henry George debates = = =
+
+Beginning in 1879 , Walker and the political economist Henry George engaged in a prominent debate over economic rents , land , money , and taxes . Based on a series of lectures delivered at Harvard , Walker published his Land and Its Rent in 1883 as a criticism of George 's 1879 Progress and Poverty . Walker 's position on international bimetallism influenced his arguments that the primary cause of economic depressions was not land speculation , but rather constriction of the money supply . Walker also criticized George 's assumptions that technical progress was always labor saving and whether land held for speculation was unproductive or inefficient .
+
+= = = Bimetallism = = =
+
+In August 1878 , Walker represented the United States at the third International Monetary Conference in Paris while also attending the 1878 Exposition . Not only were the attempts by the United States to re @-@ establish an international silver standard defeated , but Walker also had to scramble to complete the report on the Exposition in only four days . Although he returned to the U.S. in October disheartened by the failure of the conference and exhausted by his obligations at the Exposition , the trip had secured Walker a commanding national and international reputation .
+
+Walker published International Bimetallism in 1896 roundly critiquing the demonetization of silver out of political pressure and the impact of this change on prices and profits as well as worker employment and wages . Walker 's reputation and position on the issue isolated him among public figures and made him a target in the press . The book was published in the midst of the 1896 presidential election pitting populist " silver " candidate William Jennings Bryan against the capitalist " gold " candidate William McKinley and the competing interpretations of the nation 's leading economist 's stance on the issue became a political football during the campaign . The presidential candidate and economist were not close allies as Walker advocated a double standard by all leading financial nations while Bryan argued for the United States ' unilateral shift to a silver standard . The rift was heightened by the east @-@ west divide on the issue as well as Walker 's general distaste for political populism ; Walker 's position was supported by conservative bankers and statesmen like Henry Lee Higginson , George F. Hoar , John M. Forbes , and Henry Cabot Lodge .
+
+= = = Other interests = = =
+
+Political Economy , the first edition published in 1883 , was one of the most widely used textbooks of the 19th century as a component of the American Science Series . Robert Solow criticized the third edition ( 1888 ) for being devoid of facts , figures , and mostly full of off @-@ the @-@ cuff judgments on the practices and capacities of native Americans and immigrants , but generally embodying the state of the art of economics at the time .
+
+Walker also took an interest in demographics later in his career , particularly towards the issues of immigration and birth rates . He published The Growth of the United States in 1882 and Restriction on Immigration in 1896 arguing for increasing restrictions out of concern about the diminished industrial and intellectual capacity of the most recent wave of immigrants . Walker also argued that unrestricted immigration was the major reason behind nineteenth @-@ century native American fertility decline , but while the argument was politically popular and became widely accepted in mobilizing restrictions on immigration , it rested upon a surprisingly facile statistical analysis that was later refuted . Writing on immigrants from southern Italy , Hungary , Austria , and Russia in The Atlantic , Walker claimed ,
+
+" The entrance into our political , social , and industrial life of such vast masses of peasantry , degraded below our utmost conceptions , is a matter which no intelligent patriot can look upon without the gravest apprehension and alarm . These people have no history behind them which is of a nature to give encouragement . They have none of the inherited instincts and tendencies which made it comparatively easy to deal with the immigration of the olden time . They are beaten men from beaten races ; representing the worst failures in the struggle for existence . Centuries are against them , as centuries were on the side of those who formerly came to us . They have none of the ideas and aptitudes which fit men to take up readily and easily the problem of self @-@ care and self @-@ government , such as belong to those who are descended from the tribes that met under the oak @-@ trees of old Germany to make laws and choose chieftains . "
+
+Based upon his experiences in the military , Walker published two books describing the history of the Second Army Corps ( 1886 ) as well as a biography of General Winfield Scott Hancock ( 1884 ) . Walker was elected Commander of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States in 1883 was also the President of the National Military Historical Association .
+
+= = MIT presidency = =
+
+Established in 1861 and opened in 1865 , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) saw its financial stability severely undermined following the Panic of 1873 and subsequent Long Depression . Seventy @-@ five @-@ year @-@ old founder William Barton Rogers was elected interim president in 1878 after John Daniel Runkle stepped down . Rogers wrote Walker in June 1880 to offer him the Presidency , and Walker evidently debated the opportunity for some time as Rogers sent follow @-@ up inquiries in January and February 1881 requesting his committed decision . Walker ultimately accepted in early May and was formally elected President by the MIT Corporation on May 25 , 1881 , resigning his Yale appointment in June and his Census directorship in November . However , the assassination attempt on President Garfield in July 1881 and the ensuing illness before Garfield 's death in September upset Walker 's transition and delayed his formal introduction to the faculty of MIT until November 5 , 1881 . On May 30 , 1882 , during Walker 's first Commencement exercises , Rogers died mid @-@ speech where his last words were famously " bituminous coal " .
+
+MIT 's inability to secure a more stable financial footing during this era can largely be attributed to the existence of the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard . Given the choice between funding technological research at the oldest university in the nation , or at an independent and adolescent institution , potential benefactors were indifferent or even hostile to funding MIT 's competing mission . Earlier overtures from Harvard President Charles William Eliot towards consolidation of the two schools were rejected or disrupted by Rogers in 1870 and 1878 . Despite his tenure at the analogous Sheffield School of Yale University , Walker remained committed to MIT 's independence from a larger institution . Walker also repeatedly received overtures from Leland Stanford to become the first president of his new university in Palo Alto , California , but Walker remained committed to MIT owing to his Boston upbringing .
+
+= = = Aid and expansion = = =
+
+In light of the difficulties in raising capital for these expansions and despite MIT 's privately endowed status , Walker and other members of the Corporation lobbied the Massachusetts legislature for a $ 200 @,@ 000 grant to aid in the industrial development of the Commonwealth ( $ 4 @,@ 446 @,@ 000 in 2009 dollars ) . After intensive negotiations that called upon Walker 's extensive connections and civic experience , in 1887 the legislature made a grant of $ 300 @,@ 000 over two years to the Institute , which would lead to a total of $ 1 @.@ 6 million in grants from the Commonwealth before the practice was discontinued in 1921 .
+
+Walker sought to erect a new building to address the increasingly cramped conditions of the original Boylston Street campus located near Copley Square , in the increasingly fashionable and crowded Back Bay neighborhood of Boston . Because the stipulations of the original land grant prevented MIT from covering more than two @-@ ninths of its current lot , Walker announced his intention to build the industrial expansion on a lot directly across from the Trinity Church fully intending that expected opposition would lead to favorable terms for selling the proposed land and funding construction elsewhere . With the financial health of the Institute only beginning to recover , Walker began construction on the partially @-@ funded expansion , fully expecting the immediacy of the project to be a persuasive tool for raising its funds . The strategy was only partially successful , as the 1883 building had laboratory facilities that were second @-@ to @-@ none but also lacked the outward architectural grandeur of its sister building and was generally considered an eyesore on its surroundings . Mechanical shops were moved out of the original Rogers Building in the mid @-@ 1880s to accommodate other programs , and in 1892 the Institute began construction on another Copley Square building .
+
+New programs were also launched under Walker 's tenure : Electrical Engineering in 1882 , Chemical Engineering in 1888 , Sanitary Engineering in 1889 , Geology in 1890 , Naval Architecture in 1893 .
+
+= = = Reforms = = =
+
+Although Walker continued Census @-@ related activities , he began to lecture on political economy as well as establishing a new general course of study ( Course IX ) emphasizing economics , history , law , English , and modern languages . Walker also set out to reform and expand the Institute 's organization by creating a smaller Executive Committee , apart from the fifty @-@ member Corporation , to handle regular administrative issues . Walker emphasized the importance of faculty governance by regularly attending their meetings and seeking their advice on major decisions .
+
+Walker also sought to improve the state of student life and alumni relations by supporting the creation of a gymnasium , dormitories , and the Technology Club , which served to foster a stronger identity and loyalty among the largely commuter student body . He also won considerable praise from the student body by reducing the required time spent for recitation and preparation , limiting the faculty to examinations lasting no longer than three hours , expanding entrance examinations to other cities , starting a summer curriculum , and launching masters and doctoral graduate degree programs . These reforms were largely a response to Walker 's on @-@ going defense of the Institute and its curriculum from outside accusations of overwork , poor writing , inapplicable skills , and status as a " mere " trade school . Between 1881 and 1897 , enrollments quadrupled from 302 to 1 @,@ 198 students , annual degrees granted increased from 28 to 179 , faculty appointments quadrupled from 38 to 156 , and the endowment grew thirteenfold from $ 137 @,@ 000 to $ 1 @,@ 798 @,@ 000 ( $ 3 @,@ 046 @,@ 000 to $ 46 @,@ 367 @,@ 000 in 2009 dollars ) .
+
+While MIT is a private institution , Walker 's extensive civic activities as President set the precedent for future presidents to use the post to fulfill civic and cultural obligations throughout Boston . He served as a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education ( 1882 – 1890 ) , Boston School Committee ( 1885 – 1888 ) , Boston Art Commission ( 1885 – 1897 ) , Boston Park Commission ( 1890 – 1896 ) , Massachusetts Historical Society ( 1883 – 1897 ) , and a trustee of the Boston Public Library in 1896 . Walker was committed to a variety of reforms in public and normal schools such as secular curricula , expanding the emphasis on arithmetic , reducing the emphasis on ineffectual home exercises , and increasing the pay and training of teachers .
+
+= = Personal life = =
+
+Walker married Exene Evelyn Stoughton on August 16 , 1865 ( born October 11 , 1840 ) . They had five sons and two daughters together : Stoughton ( b . June 3 , 1866 ) , Lucy ( b . September 1 , 1867 ) , Francis ( b . 1870 – 1871 ) , Ambrose ( b . December 28 , 1870 ) , Eveline ( b . 1875 – 1876 ) , Etheredge ( b . 1876 – 1877 ) , and Stuart ( b . 1878 – 1879 ) . Walker was an avid spectator and supporter of college football and baseball , and was a regular Yale enthusiast at the annual Harvard @-@ Yale football game , even during his MIT presidency .
+
+Following a trip to a dedication in the " wilderness of Northern New York " in December 1896 , Walker returned exhausted and ill . He died on January 5 , 1897 as a result of apoplexy . His funeral service was conducted at Trinity Church , and Walker was buried at Walnut Grove cemetery in North Brookfield , Massachusetts . His grave can be found in Section 1 Lot 72 .
+
+= = Legacy = =
+
+Following Walker 's death , alumni and students began to raise funds to construct a monument to him and his fifteen years as leader of the university . Although the funds were easily raised , plans were delayed for over two decades as MIT made plans to move to a new campus on the western bank of the Charles River in Cambridge . The new Beaux @-@ Arts campus opened in 1916 , and featured a neo @-@ classical Walker Memorial building housing a gymnasium , students ' club and lounge , and a commons room .
+
+Despite his prominence and leadership in the fields of economics , statistics , and political economy , Walker 's Course IX on General Studies was dissolved shortly after his death , and a seventy @-@ year debate followed over the appropriate role and scope of humanistic and social studies at MIT . Graduation requirements changed over the years , but have always included some number of courses in the humanities . Since 1975 , all undergraduate students are required to take eight classes distributed across the MIT School of Humanities , Arts , and Social Sciences before receiving their degrees . To address continuing concerns about poor communications skills , a Communication Requirement has been added for two of the classes taken in a designated major to be " communication @-@ intensive " , including " substantial instruction and practice in oral presentation " .
+
+Beginning in 1947 , the American Economic Association recognized the lifetime achievement of an individual economist with a " Francis A. Walker Medal " . The quinquennial award was discontinued in 1982 after the creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences effectively made it superfluous . The medal was awarded to Wesley Clair Mitchell in 1947 , John Maurice Clark in 1952 , Frank Knight in 1957 , Jacob Viner in 1962 , Alvin Hansen in 1967 , Theodore Schultz in 1972 , and Simon Kuznets in 1977 .
+
+= = Principal works = =
+
+The Indian Question ( 1874 )
+
+The Wages Question : A treatise on Wages and the Wages Class ( 1876 )
+
+Money ( 1878 )
+
+Money in its Relation to Trade and Industry ( 1879 )
+
+Political Economy ( first edition , 1883 )
+
+Land and its Rent ( 1883 )
+
+History of the Second Army Corps ( 1886 )
+
+Life of General Hancock ( 1894 )
+
+The Making of the Nation ( 1895 )
+
+International Bimetallism ( 1896 )
+
+= Manal al @-@ Sharif =
+
+Manal al @-@ Sharif ( Arabic : منال الشريف ) is a women 's rights activist from Saudi Arabia who helped start a women 's right to drive campaign in 2011 . A women 's rights activist who had previously filmed herself driving , Wajeha al @-@ Huwaider , filmed al @-@ Sharif driving a car as part of the campaign . The video was posted on YouTube and Facebook . Al @-@ Sharif was detained and released on 21 May and rearrested the following day . On 30 May , al @-@ Sharif was released on bail , on the conditions of returning for questioning if requested , not driving and not talking to the media . The New York Times and Associated Press associated the women 's driving campaign with the wider pattern of the Arab Spring and the long duration of al @-@ Sharif 's detention with Saudi authorities ' fear of protests .
+
+Following her driving campaign , al @-@ Sharif remained an active critic of the Saudi government , tweeting on issues including imprisoned female foreign workers , the lack of elections for the Shura Council , and the murder of Lama al @-@ Ghamdi . Her work has been recognized by Foreign Policy , Time , and the Oslo Freedom Forum .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+Manal al @-@ Sharif graduated from King Abdulaziz University with a Bachelor of Science in computing and a Cisco Career Certification . Until May 2012 , she worked as an Internet Security Consultant for Saudi Aramco , the Saudi national oil company . She also wrote for Al Watan , a Saudi daily .
+
+= = Women 's rights campaigns = =
+
+In addition to her professional career , al @-@ Sharif has campaigned for women 's rights in Saudi Arabia for many years . According to the New York Times , al @-@ Sharif " has a reputation for pulling stunts to highlight the lack of rights for women " . Regarding the 2011 women driving campaign , Amnesty International stated that " Manal al @-@ Sharif is following in a long tradition of women activists around the world who have put themselves on the line to expose and challenge discriminatory laws and policies " .
+
+= = = Women 's driving rights in Saudi Arabia = = =
+
+As of 2013 , women in Saudi Arabia have limited freedom of movement and in practice are not allowed to drive motor vehicles . In 1990 , dozens of women in Riyadh drove their cars in protest , were imprisoned for one day , had their passports confiscated , and some of them lost their jobs . In September 2007 , the Association for the Protection and Defense of Women 's Rights in Saudi Arabia , co @-@ founded by Wajeha al @-@ Huwaider and Fawzia al @-@ Uyyouni , gave a 1 @,@ 100 signature petition to King Abdullah asking for women to be allowed to drive . On International Women 's Day 2008 , Huwaider filmed herself driving and received international media attention after the video was posted on YouTube . Inspired by the Arab Spring , a woman from Jeddah , Najla Hariri , started driving in the second week of May 2011 , stating " Before in Saudi , you never heard about protests . [ But ] after what has happened in the Middle East , we started to accept a group of people going outside and saying what they want in a loud voice , and this has had an impact on me . "
+
+= = = 2011 women driving campaign = = =
+
+In 2011 , a group of women including Manal al @-@ Sharif started a Facebook campaign named " Teach me how to drive so I can protect myself " or " Women2Drive " that says that women should be allowed to drive . The campaign calls for women to start driving from 17 June 2011 . By 21 May 2011 , about 12 @,@ 000 readers of the Facebook page had expressed their support . Al @-@ Sharif describes the action as acting within women 's rights , and " not protesting " . Wajeha al @-@ Huwaider was impressed by the campaign and decided to help .
+
+In late May , Al @-@ Sharif drove her car in Khobar with al @-@ Huwaider filming . The video was posted to YouTube and Facebook . In the video , al @-@ Sharif stated , " This is a volunteer campaign to help the girls of this country [ learn to drive ] . At least for times of emergency , God forbid . What if whoever is driving them gets a heart attack ? " She was detained by the religious police ( CPVPV ) on 21 May and released after six hours . By 23 May 2011 , about 600 @,@ 000 people had watched the video .
+
+The YouTube video of al @-@ Sharif 's drive became inaccessible at its original location , the Facebook page for the campaign was deleted , and the Twitter account used by al @-@ Sharif was " copied and altered " . Supporters republished the original video and Facebook page and a summary of al @-@ Sharif 's five recommended rules for the 17 June campaign were published on a blog and by the New York Times .
+
+On 22 May , al @-@ Sharif was detained again and the Director General of Traffic Administration , Major @-@ General Suleiman Al @-@ Ajlan , was questioned by journalists regarding traffic regulations related to women driving . Al @-@ Ajlan stated that the journalists should " put the question " to members of the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia . RTBF suggested that al @-@ Sharif had been sentenced to five days ' imprisonment .
+
+The New York Times described al @-@ Sharif 's campaign as a " budding protest movement " that the Saudi government tried to " swiftly extinguish " . Associated Press said that Saudi authorities " cracked down harder than usual on al @-@ Sharif , after seeing her case become a rallying call for youths anxious for change " in the context of the Arab Spring . Both news organisations attributed the long duration of al @-@ Sharif 's detention to Saudi authorities ' fear of a wider protest movement in Saudi Arabia . Amnesty International declared Al @-@ Sharif to be a prisoner of conscience and called for her immediate and unconditional release .
+
+The day after al @-@ Sharif 's arrest , another woman was detained for driving a car . She drove with two women passengers in Ar Rass and was detained by traffic police in the presence of the CPVPV . She was released after signing a statement that she would not drive again . In reaction to al @-@ Sharif 's arrest , several more Saudi women published videos of themselves driving during the following days . On 26 May , authorities said that al @-@ Sharif would remain in detention until 5 June 2011 , according to Waleed Abu Al @-@ Khair . Al @-@ Sharif was conditionally freed on 30 May . Her lawyer Adnan al @-@ Saleh said that she had been charged with " inciting women to drive " and " rallying public opinion " . The conditions of Al @-@ Sharif 's release include bail , returning for questioning if requested , not driving and not talking to the media . As possible reasons for al @-@ Sharif 's early release , The National cited al @-@ Sharif having written a letter to King Abdullah , 4 @,@ 500 Saudis signing an online petition to the King , and " an outpouring of indignation and disbelief by both Saudis and critics abroad that Ms al @-@ Sharif was jailed for something that is not a moral or criminal offence . "
+
+Al @-@ Sharif filed an objection with the General Directorate of Traffic in Riyadh on 15 November 2011 because of officials rejecting her driver 's licence application . Samar Badawi filed a similar lawsuit on 4 February 2012 .
+
+= = = 2011 women prisoners campaign = = =
+
+Following her 30 May release from prison , al @-@ Sharif started a Twitter campaign called " Faraj " to release Saudi , Filipino and Indonesian women prisoners in the Dammam women 's prison who " are locked up just because they owe a small sum of money but cannot afford to pay the debt " . Al @-@ Sharif said that the women prisoners were mostly domestic workers who remained in prison after completing their prison terms , because they could not pay their debts and because their former Saudi employers did not help to release them or fund their flights to return to their countries of origin . She referred to 22 Indonesian women and named four women needing help and stated the amount of their debts . She called for donations to be made directly to the director of the Dammam women 's prison in order to reimburse the women 's debts and free them .
+
+= = Post @-@ campaign = =
+
+On 23 January 2012 , al @-@ Sharif was mistakenly reported dead in a car crash in Jeddah . On 25 January , The Guardian confirmed that she was in fact alive , and that the actual victim was an " unnamed member of a desert community " who was not involved in the female driving campaign .
+
+Following al @-@ Sharif 's arrests , she reported being increasingly marginalized by her employers at Aramco . She quit following a dispute over her trip to Norway to receive the Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent .
+
+In December 2012 , al @-@ Sharif criticized an initiative by the Saudi government to inform husbands via SMS when their wives or dependents leave the country , in accordance with a law making men the legal guardians of their wives . " The small fact of the SMS story gives you the idea of the bigger problem with the whole guardianship system " , she wrote on Twitter . When King Abdullah appointed women to the advisory Shura Council for the first time in January 2013 , al @-@ Sharif criticized the reform as too small , noting that the Council was still not an elected body and could not pass legislation . In February , she worked to bring international attention to the case of five @-@ year @-@ old Lama al @-@ Ghamdi , whose father Fayhan al @-@ Ghamdi fatally raped , beat , and burned her ; he served four months in jail and paid 200 @,@ 000 riyals ( roughly US $ 50 @,@ 000 ) in blood money .
+
+= = Recognition = =
+
+Foreign Policy magazine named al @-@ Sharif one of the Top 100 Global Thinkers of 2011 , and she was listed in Forbes list of Women Who ( Briefly ) Rocked in the same year . In 2012 , al @-@ Sharif was named one of the Fearless Women of the year by The Daily Beast , and Time magazine named her one of the 100 Most Influential People of 2012 . She was also one of three people awarded the first annual Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent at the Oslo Freedom Forum .
+
+= Samus Aran =
+
+Samus Aran ( Japanese : サムス ・ アラン , Hepburn : Samusu Aran ) is the protagonist of the Metroid science fiction action @-@ adventure game series by Nintendo . She was introduced in the 1986 video game Metroid .
+
+Samus Aran is an ex @-@ soldier of the Galactic Federation who turned into a Galactic bounty hunter , usually fitted with a powered exoskeleton with weapons that include directed @-@ energy weapons and missiles . Throughout the series , she executes missions given to her by the Galactic Federation while hunting the antagonistic Space Pirates and their leader Ridley along with the parasitic energy @-@ draining organisms called Metroids .
+
+Samus has appeared in every Metroid video game and has also been featured in media outside of the series , including the comic book version of Captain N : The Game Master and the Super Smash Bros. series . She is well known as one of the earliest female protagonists in video game history and has remained a popular character over a quarter @-@ century after her first appearance .
+
+= = Character = =
+
+Super Metroid 's Player 's Guide describes Samus as an athletic woman who is 6 ft 3 in ( 1 @.@ 91 m ) tall and weighs 198 pounds ( 90 kg ) without her armor . She is mostly seen inside the Power Suit , a powered exoskeleton which protects her from most dangers she encounters and can be enhanced by power @-@ ups collected during gameplay . Typically , one of her suit 's arms carries a cannon , which can be charged to shoot an extra @-@ powerful blast , a limited number of missiles , and various beams . Samus 's suit can collapse into a sphere , a mode called the Morph Ball , allowing her to roll through tight areas such as tunnels . The suit can scan objects to learn more about them , and has a grapple beam used to cross large distances , such as chasms . Since Metroid II : Return of Samus , Samus has been accompanied by her Gunship , which is used in the games to save progress and restore health and ammunition . ( While there are other rooms in the series containing devices that can be used to save progress , they may not necessarily provide all functions accessed inside the Gunship . ) Appearances of Samus outside the Power Suit occur mostly in cutscenes , such as ending screens showing Samus in more revealing clothing . Metroid : Zero Mission also introduced the Zero Suit , a form @-@ fitting jumpsuit that she dons below the Power Suit .
+
+The Metroid e @-@ manga covers Samus 's origins . She was born and raised on the mining planet K @-@ 2L , and when she was a child , the planet was raided by Space Pirates led by Ridley in an attack that killed both her parents and destroyed the planet . The orphaned Samus was then found by a bird @-@ like alien race known as the Chozo , who brought her to their home planet , Zebes . Samus was infused with Chozo DNA to give her a strong resistance to foreign environments , then trained as a warrior and given one of the alien race 's artifacts , the Power Suit . She enlisted in the Galactic Federation Police , but left for disagreements with her commanding officer , Adam Malkovich . Samus then started working as a freelance bounty hunter , and is called on by the Galactic Federation to execute missions " because of her superior skills and sense of justice " . Most of her missions revolve around the galaxy whilst getting rid of unsavory elements like the enigmatic organism known as Metroids , who can drain life energy and are frequently used as biological weapons .
+
+= = = Conception and development = = =
+
+The style for the original Metroid game was designed to be a cross between the side @-@ scrolling gameplay of the Super Mario games and the exploration and puzzle @-@ solving aspects of The Legend of Zelda series with inspiration from science fiction . The game 's characters were conceived by Makoto Kano , while Hiroji Kiyotake designed the main protagonist Samus Aran . Samus is able to collapse into a ball to travel through tight areas . The ability , called the Maru Mari ( meaning " round ball " in Japanese ) in the original Metroid ( 1986 ) , and later the more popular title of Morph Ball in Super Metroid , was conceived by the developers because it required less effort to animate than " a cyborg crawling on all fours " , and the producer for Metroid , Gunpei Yokoi , took advantage of this shortcut .
+
+The original game 's atmosphere was influenced by Ridley Scott 's film Alien . The series ' co @-@ creator Yoshio Sakamoto recalled , " We were partway through the development process when one of the staff members said ' Hey , wouldn 't that be kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman ? ' " The developers voted on the concept , and it passed . The game 's instruction manual refers to Samus as if she were male to keep her true gender a secret until the end of the game . Sakamoto noted that during the course of the Metroid series , developers constantly try to express Samus 's femininity without turning her into a sex object . Samus 's image was based on actress Sigourney Weaver in her role as Ellen Ripley from Aliens , and actress Kim Basinger from 9 ½ Weeks and My Stepmother Is an Alien . Sakamoto and Kiyotake said that the character 's last name " Aran " was taken from Edson Arantes do Nascimento , the birth name of famous soccer player Pelé .
+
+= = Appearances = =
+
+= = = In Metroid games = = =
+
+In Metroid , the Galactic Federation sends Samus to track down the Space Pirates on their home planet of Zebes . Deep within their base , she battles Mother Brain , the organism that controls the base 's defenses , and she escapes just as the base self @-@ destructs . In Metroid II : Return of Samus , the Galactic Federation commissions Samus to exterminate all Metroid creatures on the planet SR388 . She travels deep into the planet 's caverns . After dispatching a Metroid Queen , Samus discovers a small Metroid hatchling , which imprints on her , thinking she is its mother . She spares its life and takes it back to her gunship .
+
+In Super Metroid , just after giving the hatchling to a Federation research station , Samus tracks the hatchling ( stolen by Ridley ) to a newly rebuilt Space Pirate base on Zebes . She travels deep underground , eventually finding the now @-@ fully @-@ grown Metroid , then battling a newly rebuilt and more powerful Mother Brain . The Metroid hatchling sacrifices itself to save Samus , and Samus in turn defeats Mother Brain and escapes as the entire planet is destroyed . In Metroid Fusion , Samus returns to SR388 , where a parasitic infection nearly kills her . Federation scientists surgically remove large sections of her corrupted Varia Suit and inject her with the Metroid hatchling 's DNA to save her . To prevent the parasites from spreading beyond SR388 and the space station orbiting above it , Samus sets the station to crash into the planet .
+
+Metroid : Other M , which takes place between Super Metroid and Fusion , provides more information about Samus 's backstory and her emotional connection to both the Metroid hatchling and her former commander , Adam Malkovich , as well as her relation to all four Mother Brain designs , namely Zebes ' Mother Brains , Aurora Unit 313 and MB .
+
+In Metroid Prime , Samus travels to the planet Tallon IV , which contains a Chozo colony in ruins and a Space Pirate base . There she learns of Phazon , a mysterious mutagen that can alter the genetic material of any organism . Samus is eventually able to access the source of the planet 's Phazon contamination , a meteor impact crater , where she defeats the Phazon @-@ infused creature Metroid Prime . In Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes , Samus is sent to the planet Aether , a Phazon meteor @-@ ravaged planet split into light and dark dimensions . There she battles the Ing , creatures that are able to possess other organisms , and Dark Samus , an evil doppelgänger of herself formed from the remains of Metroid Prime . In Metroid Prime Hunters , Samus competes against six rival bounty hunters in a race to recover an alien ultimate weapon . In Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption , Samus is infected by Phazon and is slowly corrupted by the mutagen while she works to prevent it from spreading to other planets . By the end of the game , she renders all Phazon inert by destroying its original source , the planet Phaaze , and destroys Dark Samus .
+
+= = = Other appearances = = =
+
+Samus was featured in a series of comic books called Captain N : The Game Master , published by Valiant Comics in 1990 , based on the animated series of the same name , despite Samus never appearing in the cartoon version . In the comics , Samus is depicted as brash , money @-@ hungry , and fiercely independent . 1UP.com described Samus in the Captain N comics as " rambunctious , reckless , and gets into fighting contests with Lana over Kevin 's affections , which makes for some of the most entertaining situations in the series . " Comic book and manga adaptations of Metroid games were also developed .
+
+Samus is a playable character in all four games in the Super Smash Bros. series of multiplayer fighting games , where she can use her array of weapons in combat against characters from other video games . Super Smash Bros. Brawl and the fourth Super Smash Bros. game also feature an alternate form of Samus called Zero Suit Samus , in which the heroine loses her Power Suit and has a different set of movements and attacks . She also stars in the Subspace Emissary fighting Ridley with Pikachu by her side . In the fourth Super Smash Bros. game , Samus in her power suit and her zero suit are listed as two separate characters , to avoid confusion with their move sets whereas in the previous game , Samus could access her zero suit by activating her final smash . Samus also receives a significant power upgrade with rocket powered boots which will work well for recovery .
+
+Samus makes cameo appearances in the games Galactic Pinball ( 1995 ) , Super Mario RPG ( 1996 ) , Kirby Super Star ( 1996 ) , and Kirby 's Dream Land 3 ( 1997 ) , and also makes a non @-@ playable appearance in Dead or Alive : Dimensions by Metroid : Other M co @-@ developers Team Ninja .
+
+Many various figures based on the character were produced by various manufacturers . First 4 Figures built 2 @,@ 500 Varia Suit Samus figures , selling all of them . Good Smile Company produced a figma and a statue of Samus based on the Other M Samus . Samus also launched as one of the twelve original Amiibo in November 2014 .
+
+= = Reception and cultural impact = =
+
+Samus was one of the first major female protagonists in a video game . Although Toby Masuyo ( " Kissy " ) from Namco 's Alien Sector ( Baraduke ) predates her by one year as a female protagonist , 2013 's Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition declared Samus as " the first playable human female character in a mainstream videogame " , and as being " enduringly " popular , noting that sales of the Metroid series has exceeded 17 @.@ 44 million copies as of September 2012 . As a woman in a male @-@ dominated role , Samus has been widely considered a breakthrough for female characters in video games .
+
+In 2009 , GameDaily called Samus the video game industry 's " first dominant female , a femme de force that didn 't rely on a man to save her , " also ranking her number one on a list of the top Nintendo characters of all time . In 2010 , James Hawkins of Joystick Division ranked her as number one top " badass lady " in video games , adding that she " made every other character on this list possible , " while UGO.com ranked her as 20th in a list of top heroes of all @-@ time . In 2011 , Nintendo Power listed Samus as their third favourite hero , citing her bravery in the face of dangerous situations , while UGO.com also included her on the list of video game characters who need their own movies . That same year , Empire ranked her as the 26th greatest video game character , adding , " whether you see her as a breakthrough for feminism or just another faceless sci @-@ fi warrior , 1986 's unexpected reveal that showed women could be more in gaming lore than eye candy for geeky boys was a refreshing and unforgettable moment . " In 2012 , GamesRadar ranked her as the fiftth " most memorable , influential , and badass " protagonist in video games , adding : " Whether she 's 2D or 3D , in a sidescroller or FPS , her strength and determination always shine through , allowing her the power to defeat floating aliens and space pirates alike . " In 2013 , Complex ranked her as the 11th " most badass " video game character of all time , as well as the number one greatest heroine in video game history , and the third greatest soldier in video games .
+
+Samus ' reveal in the original Metroid , which UGO.com called the original " jaw @-@ dropping moment " in gaming , was named as the greatest twist in video games by Game Informer in 2007 and as the greatest moment in Nintendo 's history by GameDaily in 2008 . The Irish Times found it refreshing to learn that the series ' protagonist , who is " well disguised under the suit of heavy armour " , is female , but Rupert Goodwins of The Independent wrote that the " Transformer @-@ like suit she wears could just as easily contain a large centipede ; it 's hardly a breakthrough for feminism . " According to the 2007 book Gaming Lives in the Twenty @-@ First Century : Literate Connections , Samus was perhaps the most nonsexualized female video @-@ game character ever , a belief shared by Steve Rabin in Introduction to Game Development , which also considered Samus as one of Nintendo 's most popular video game mascots . In 2002 , Justin Hoeger of The Sacramento Bee opined that " unlike most other female video game characters , Samus isn 't some husky @-@ voiced bimbo in tight leather included only for sex appeal . Samus is tough , silent , heavily armed and spends most of her time in a bulky suit of high @-@ tech Power Armor . " That same year , however , an article in Toronto Star retorted that the " sexual politics " surrounding Samus and the Metroid series needed to stop , arguing that the original " big crazy shock to the gaming public " was " some seriously misspent energy " as she " is not a woman for the benefit of the sweaty / excited crowd , and neither is she a standard @-@ bearer nor a courageous leader in the struggle for video game civil rights . She is a supremely talented action figure , and in the closeups on her helmet you can kind of see that she wears mascara , but that is all . " UGO.com included Samus ' one @-@ piece bathing swimsuit on the list of the best alternate costumes and IGN chose " Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) " by Aerosmith as Samus ' theme song because she " spends her time running around in a manly battle suit blasting first and taking names later . " Featuring her in their 2004 list of " top ten forces of good " ( one section on their list of top 50 " retro " game characters ) , Retro Gamer opined she has remained " a distinct female character , not relying on cheap thrills to capture the attention of gamers , which is more than can be said for some . "
+
+Nevertheless , much of her media reception came from her sex appeal . GameTrailers named Samus number one on a 2006 list of the top ten women of gaming , and number three among top ten " gamer babes " in 2007 . GameDaily ranked Samus seventh on a list of the top " hottest game babes " , describing her as " a refreshing change of pace , a tough , no nonsense warrior that isn 't afraid to remove her famous orange and yellow power suit and let her hair down , especially to reveal her skin tight clothing . " She was also listed on GameDaily 's list of " hottest " blondes in video games , described as both one of Nintendo 's most famous protagonists as well as a " curvaceous , drop @-@ dead @-@ gorgeous woman , " and used to illustrate the " smart and sexy heroine " concept on their list of top video game archetypes . In 2008 , Spike placed Samus on the top of their list of " video game vixen " as " a foxy broad that conceals her curves inside a weapon of death and destruction , " while MSN India listed her as one of " the best @-@ looking game characters with perfect figures . " In 2009 , UGO.com ranked Samus as 11th on a list of the top " girls of gaming " and as the eighth " hottest sci @-@ fi girl " , also including her in the 2011 list of 50 video game " hotties " . Her Zero Suit was ranked by ScrewAttack as fourth on their 2010 list of the sexiest outfits in games on GameTrailers , while Sarah Warn of AfterEllen ranked Samus as the tenth " hottest " female video game character . In 2011 , GameFront featured her twice on the list of the " best boobs in video game history " , at 40th spot for her reveal in the original game and at sixth place for her modern appearance in " a ridiculously form @-@ fitting jumpsuit . " That same year , Lisa Foiles of The Escapist ranked the Zero Suit Samus as number one " hottest blonde chick " in video games . In 2012 , Complex ranked her as the 24th " hottest " video game character , also ranking her as the fourth top " hot female killer " from video games , while Nixie Pixel from Revision3 placed Samus on top of her sexiest " game girls " list . In 2013 , Steve Jenkins of CheatCodes.com declared Samus the tenth " hottest video game girl " of all time . Thanh Niên ranked her as the tenth most sexy female character in 2015 , in particular for her Zero Suit .
+
+Samus has been well received by the video game community . In 2001 , IGN remarked that Samus has a cult following greater than most other female video game characters . She was chosen by the users of IGN as the most requested character who should have her own movie franchise by the website 's users , the staff remarking that her tragic past makes her a perfect candidate for a movie , especially the loss of both her parents to the Space Pirates . Among their list of voted characters , IGN considered Samus to be the video game character that " could lead the pack of video game adaptations that actually manage to live up to the source material . " Samus appeared in multiple GameFAQs " Character Battle " contests , winning the " Character Battle V " in 2006 . In 2009 , GameSpot featured her in their poll " All Time Greatest Game Hero " , in which she lost to Mario in the semi @-@ finals . Paul O 'Connor , the lead game designer for Sammy Studios and a fan of the Metroid series , remarked that players empathize and identify with Samus because she is often rewarded for indulging in her curiosity . The book Videogames and Art noted that in the original Metroid the player is not briefed on Samus 's past or future ; the only interaction that they have with the character is by being her through gameplay , while bits of information can be gleaned from the handbook and through concept art , adding , " Samus is very rare for the character intimacy gained solely through game play and for her stasis and then drastic change , " referring to the revelation that she is a woman . MMA and actress Ronda Rousey told GameSpot in a 2016 interview that she " always wanted to be Samus " if a live @-@ action Metroid film is made .
+
+In his review of Super Smash Bros. , GameSpot 's Jeff Gerstmann called Samus one of the characters that made Nintendo " what it is today . " Samus was ranked fifth on GameDaily 's 2009 list of top characters in the Smash Bros. series , while IGN ranked her as the third @-@ best character for Super Smash Bros. Her controversial portrayal in Metroid : Other M received mixed reactions . Unlike other Metroid games , where Samus took full advantage of weapons and abilities available , she deactivated most of them until Commander Adam Malkovich authorized their use , despite obvious uses for them . G4 TV considered the portrayal of Samus as " sexist " , stating that as she " cannot possibly wield the amount of power she possesses unless directed to by a man " and that her anxiety attack cannot be reconciled with her previous portrayals . The A.V. Club echoed the misgivings about Samus 's immaturity , petulant behavior , and misguided loyalty . According to GamePro , while the story and Samus ' monologues did not compel them , " it helped contextualize her entire existence " which developed the character to " an actual human being who 's using the vastness of space to try and put some distance between herself and the past . " 1UP.com 's Justin Hayward found the portrayal " lifeless and boring " and " nonsensical " . GamesRadar wrote that Other M painted Samus , widely considered a strong female lead character , as " an unsure , insecure woman who desperately wants the approval of her former [ male ] commanding officer . " Game Informer listed her 1st on their list of the top ten " dorks " of 2010 , citing her " lame backstory " in Other M. On the other hand , Bob " Moviebob " Chipman from ScrewAttack applauded the elaboration on Samus 's character , arguing that her breakdown is an accurate depiction of posttraumatic stress disorder and that she is portrayed as a three @-@ dimensional character , a step up from the fans ' long @-@ standing misconceptions of Samus as " pathologically emotionless man @-@ hating ice queen , " while " supposedly enlightened gamers and game commentators " are making gender assumptions that are " all in [ their heads ] . "
+
+= Morihei Ueshiba =
+
+Morihei Ueshiba ( 植芝 盛平 , Ueshiba Morihei , December 14 , 1883 – April 26 , 1969 ) was a martial artist and founder of the Japanese martial art of Aikido . He is often referred to as " the founder " Kaiso ( 開祖 ) or Ōsensei ( 大先生 / 翁先生 ) , " Great Teacher " .
+
+The son of a landowner from Tanabe , Ueshiba studied a number of martial arts in his youth , and served in the Japanese Army during the Russo @-@ Japanese War . After being discharged in 1907 , he moved to Hokkaidō as the head of a pioneer settlement ; here he met and studied with Takeda Sokaku , the founder of Daitō @-@ ryū aiki @-@ jūjutsu . On leaving Hokkaido in 1919 , Ueshiba joined the Ōmoto @-@ kyō movement , a Shinto sect , in Ayabe , where he served as a martial arts instructor and opened his first dojo . He accompanied the head of the Ōmoto @-@ kyō group , Onisaburo Deguchi , on an expedition to Mongolia in 1924 , where they were captured by Chinese troops and returned to Japan . The following year , he experienced a great spiritual enlightenment , stating that , " a golden spirit sprang up from the ground , veiled my body , and changed my body into a golden one . " After this experience , his martial arts skill appeared to be greatly increased .
+
+Ueshiba moved to Tokyo in 1926 , where he set up the Aikikai Hombu Dojo . In the aftermath of World War II the dojo was closed , but Ueshiba continued training at another dojo he had set up in Iwama . From the end of the war until the 1960s , he worked to promote aikido throughout Japan and abroad . He died from liver cancer in 1969 .
+
+= = Early years = =
+
+Morihei Ueshiba was born in Tanabe , Wakayama Prefecture , Japan on December 14 , 1883 , the fourth child ( and only son ) born to Yoroku Ueshiba and his wife Yuki .
+
+The young Ueshiba was raised in a somewhat privileged setting . His father was a rich landowner who also traded in lumber and fishing and was politically active . Ueshiba was a rather weak , sickly child and bookish in his inclinations . At a young age his father encouraged him to take up sumo wrestling and swimming and entertained him with stories of his great @-@ grandfather Kichiemon , who was considered a very strong samurai in his era . The need for such strength was further emphasized when the young Ueshiba witnessed his father being attacked by followers of a competing politician .
+
+At the age of six Ueshiba was sent to study at the Jizōderu Temple , but had little interest in the rote learning of Confucian education . However , his schoolmaster was also a priest of Shingon Buddhism , and taught the young Ueshiba some of the esoteric chants and ritual observances of the sect , which Ueshiba found intriguing . He went to Tanage Higher Elementary School and then to Tanabe Prefectural Middle School , but left formal education in his early teens , enrolling instead at the a private abacus academy , the Yoshida Institute , to study accountancy . On graduating from the academy , he worked at a local tax office for a few months , but the job did not suit him and in 1901 he left for Tokyo , funded by his father . Ueshiba Trading , the stationery business which he opened there was short @-@ lived ; unhappy with life in the capital , he returned to Tanabe less than a year later after suffering a bout of beri @-@ beri . Shortly thereafter he married his childhood acquaintance Hatsu Itokawa .
+
+In 1903 , Ueshiba was called up for military service . He failed the initial physical examination , being shorter than the regulation 5 feet 2 inches ( 1 @.@ 57 m ) . To overcome this , he stretched his spine by attaching heavy weights to his legs and suspending himself from tree branches ; when he re @-@ took the physical exam he had increased his height by the necessary half @-@ inch to pass . He was assigned to the Osaka Fourth Division , 37th Regiment , and was a corporal by the following year ; after serving on the front lines during the Russo @-@ Japanese War he was promoted to sergeant . He was discharged in 1907 , and again returned to his father 's farm in Tanabe . Here he befriended the writer and philosopher Minakata Kumagusu , becoming involved with Minakata 's opposition to the Meiji government 's Shrine Consolidation Policy . He and his wife had their first child , a daughter named Matsuko , in 1911 .
+
+Ueshiba studied several martial arts during his early life , and was renowned for his physical strength during his youth . His training in Gotō @-@ ha Yagyū @-@ ryu under Masakatsu Nakai was sporadic due to his military service , although he was granted a diploma in the art within a few years . In 1901 he received some instruction from Tozawa Tokusaburōin in Tenjin Shin 'yō @-@ ryū jujutsu and he studied judo with Kiyoichi Takagi in Tanabe in 1911 .
+
+= = Hokkaidō = =
+
+In 1912 , Ueshiba and his wife left Tanabe and moved to Japan 's northernmost island , Hokkaidō . At the time , Hokkaidō was still largely unsettled by the Japanese , being occupied primarily by the indigenous Ainu . Ueshiba was the leader of the Kishū Settlement Group , a collective of eighty @-@ five pioneers who intended to settle in the Shirataki district and live as farmers . Poor soil conditions and bad weather led to crop failures during the first three years of the project , but the group still managed to cultivate mint and farm livestock . The burgeoning timber industry provided a boost to the settlement 's economy , but a fire in 1917 razed the entire village , leading to the departure of around twenty families . Ueshiba , elected to the village council that year , led the reconstruction efforts . In the summer of 1918 , Hatsu gave birth to their first son , Takemori .
+
+In Hokkaidō , the young Ueshiba met Takeda Sokaku , the founder of Daitō @-@ ryū aiki @-@ jūjutsu at the Hisada Inn in Engaru , in March 1915 . Ueshiba was deeply impressed with Takeda 's martial art . He requested formal instruction and began studying Takeda 's style of jūjutsu in earnest , going so far as to construct a dojo at his home and inviting his new teacher to be a permanent house guest . He received a kyoju dairi certificate , or teaching license , for the system from Takeda in 1922 , when Takeda visited him in Ayabe . He also received a Yagyū Shinkage @-@ ryū sword transmission scroll from Takeda . Ueshiba then became a representative of Daitō @-@ ryū , toured with Takeda as a teaching assistant and taught the system to others .
+
+= = Onisaburo Deguchi and Ōmoto @-@ kyō = =
+
+In November 1919 , Ueshiba learned that his father Yoroku was ill , and was not expected to survive . Leaving most of his possessions to Sokaku , Ueshiba left Shirataki with the apparent intention returning to Tanabe to visit his ailing parent . En route , however , he made a detour to Ayabe , near Kyoto , intending to visit Onisaburo Deguchi , the spiritual leader of the Ōmoto @-@ kyō religion in Ayabe . Having met Deguchi , Ueshiba stayed at the Ōmoto @-@ kyō headquarters for several days . On his return to Tanabe , he found that his father had died . Within a few months , he was back in Ayabe , having decided to become a full @-@ time student of Ōmoto @-@ kyō . In 1920 Deguchi asked Ueshiba to become the group 's martial arts instructor , and a dojo — the first of several that Ueshiba was to lead — was constructed on the centre 's grounds . Ueshiba also taught Takeda 's Daitō @-@ ryū in neighbouring Hyōgo Prefecture during this period . His second son , Kuniharu , was born in 1920 in Ayabe , but died from illness the same year , along with three @-@ year @-@ old Takemori .
+
+In 1921 , in an event known as the First Ōmoto @-@ kyō Incident ( Ōmoto jiken ) , the Japanese authorities raided the compound , destroying the main buildings on the site and arresting Deguchi on charges of lèse @-@ majesté . Ueshiba 's dojo was undamaged , however , and over the following two years he worked closely with Deguchi to reconstruct the group 's centre , becoming heavily involved in farming work . His son Kisshomaru Ueshiba was born in the summer of 1921 .
+
+Three years later , in 1924 , Onisaburo Deguchi led a small group of Ōmoto @-@ kyō disciples , including Ueshiba , on a journey to Mongolia at the invitation of retired naval captain Yutaro Yano and his associates within the ultra @-@ nationalist Black Dragon Society . Deguchi 's intent was to establish a new religious kingdom in Mongolia , and to this end he had distributed propaganda suggesting that he was the reincarnation of Genghis Khan . Allied with the Mongolian bandit Lu Zhankui , Deguchi 's group were arrested in Tongliao by the Chinese authorities — fortunately for Ueshiba , whilst Lu and his men were executed by firing squad , the Japanese group were released into the custody of the Japanese consul . They were returned under guard to Japan , where Deguchi was imprisoned for breaking the terms of his bail .
+
+After returning to Ayabe , Ueshiba began a regimen of spiritual training , regularly retreating by himself to the mountains or performing misogi in the Nachi Falls . As his prowess as a martial artist increased , his fame began to spread . He was challenged by many established martial artists , some of whom subsequently became his students after being defeated by him . In the autumn of 1925 he was asked to give a demonstration of his art in Tokyo , at the behest of Admiral Isamu Takeshita ; one of the spectators was Yamamoto Gonnohyōe , who requested that Ueshiba stay in the capital to instruct the Imperial Guard in his martial art . After a couple of weeks , however , Ueshiba took issue with several government officials who voiced concerns about his connections to Deguchi ; he cancelled the training and returned to Ayabe .
+
+Ōmoto @-@ kyō priests still oversee the Aiki @-@ jinja Taisai ceremony in Ueshiba 's honor every April 29 at the Aiki Shrine in Iwama .
+
+= = Tokyo = =
+
+In 1926 Takeshita invited Ueshiba to visit Tokyo again . Ueshiba relented and returned to the capital , but while residing there was stricken with a serious illness . Deguchi visited his ailing student and , concerned for his health , commanded Ueshiba to return to Ayabe . The appeal of returning increased after Ueshiba was questioned by the police following his meeting with Deguchi ; the authorities were keeping the Ōmoto @-@ kyō leader under close surveillance . Angered at the treatment he had received , Ueshiba went back to Ayabe again . Six months later , however , and this time with Deguchi 's blessing , he and his family moved permanently to Tokyo . Arriving in October 1927 , they set up home in the Shirokane district . The building , however , was too small to house the growing number of aikido students , and so the Ueshibas moved to larger premises , first in Mita district , then in Takanawa , and finally to a purpose @-@ built hall in Shinjuku . This last location , originally named the Kobukan 皇武館 , would eventually become the Aikikai Hombu Dojo . During its construction , Ueshiba rented a property nearby , where he was visited by Jigoro Kano , the founder of judo .
+
+In 1932 , Ueshiba 's daughter Matsuko was married to the swordsman Kiyoshi Nakakura , who was adopted as Ueshiba 's heir under the name Morihiro Ueshiba . The marriage ended after a few years , and Nakakura left the family in 1937 .
+
+Between 1940 and 1942 he made several visits to Manchukuo ( Japanese occupied Manchuria ) where he was the principal martial arts instructor at Kenkoku University .
+
+= = Iwama = =
+
+From 1935 onwards , Ueshiba had been purchasing land in Iwama in Ibaraki Prefecture . In 1942 , having acquired around 17 acres ( 6 @.@ 9 ha ; 0 @.@ 027 sq mi ) of farmland there , he left Tokyo and moved to Iwama permanently , settling in a small farmer 's cottage . Here he founded the Aiki Shuren Dojo , also known as the Iwama dojo . During all this time he traveled extensively in Japan , particularly in the Kansai region teaching his aikido . Despite the prohibition on the teaching of martial arts after World War II , Ueshiba and his students continued to practice in secret at the Iwama dojo ; the Hombu dojo in Tokyo was in any case being used as a refugee centre for citizens displaced by the severe firebombing .
+
+The prohibition ( on aikido , at least ) was lifted in 1948 with the creation of the Aiki Foundation , established by the Japanese Ministry of Education with permission from the Occupation forces . The Hombu dojo re @-@ opened the following year . After the war , however , Ueshiba delegated most of the work of running the Hombu dojo and the Aiki Federation to his son Kisshomaru , choosing to spend much of his time in prayer , meditation , calligraphy and farming . He still travelled extensively to promote aikido , however , even visiting Hawaii in 1961 . He also appeared in a television documentary on aikido : NTV 's The Master of Aikido , broadcast in January 1960 .
+
+In his later years , he was regarded as very kind and gentle as a rule , but there are also stories of terrifying scoldings delivered to his students . For instance , he once thoroughly chastised students for practicing jō ( staff ) strikes on trees without first covering them in protective padding .
+
+= = Death = =
+
+In 1969 , Ueshiba became ill . He led his last training session on March 10 , and was subsequently taken to hospital where he was diagnosed with cancer of the liver . He died suddenly on April 26 , 1969 . Two months later , his wife Hatsu also died . ( 植芝 はつ ; Ueshiba Hatsu , née Itokawa Hatsu ; 1881 – 1969 )
+
+= = Development of aikido = =
+
+Aikido — usually translated as the Way of Unifying Spirit or the Way of Spiritual Harmony — is a fighting system that focuses on throws , pins and joint locks together with some striking techniques . It is unusual among the martial arts for its heavy emphasis on protecting the opponent and on spiritual and social development .
+
+Ueshiba developed aikido after experiencing three instances of spiritual awakening . The first happened in 1925 , after Ueshiba had defeated a naval officer 's bokken ( wooden katana ) attacks unarmed and without hurting the officer . Ueshiba then walked to his garden and had a spiritual awakening .
+
+I felt the universe suddenly quake , and that a golden spirit sprang up from the ground , veiled my body , and changed my body into a golden one . At the same time my body became light . I was able to understand the whispering of the birds , and was clearly aware of the mind of God , the creator of the universe .
+
+At that moment I was enlightened : the source of budō [ the martial way ] is God 's love – the spirit of loving protection for all beings ...
+
+Budō is not the felling of an opponent by force ; nor is it a tool to lead the world to destruction with arms . True Budō is to accept the spirit of the universe , keep the peace of the world , correctly produce , protect and cultivate all beings in nature .
+
+His second experience occurred in 1940 when engaged in the ritual purification process of misogi .
+
+Around 2am as I was performing misogi , I suddenly forgot all the martial techniques I had ever learned . The techniques of my teachers appeared completely new . Now they were vehicles for the cultivation of life , knowledge , and virtue , not devices to throw people with .
+
+His third experience was in 1942 during the worst fighting of World War II , Ueshiba had a vision of the " Great Spirit of Peace " .
+
+The Way of the Warrior has been misunderstood . It is not a means to kill and destroy others . Those who seek to compete and better one another are making a terrible mistake . To smash , injure , or destroy is the worst thing a human being can do . The real Way of a Warrior is to prevent such slaughter – it is the Art of Peace , the power of love .
+
+The technical curriculum of aikido was undoubtedly most greatly influenced by the teachings of Takeda Sokaku . The basic techniques of aikido seem to have their basis in teachings from various points in the Daitō @-@ ryū curriculum . In the earlier years of his teaching , from the 1920s to the mid @-@ 1930s , Ueshiba taught the Daitō @-@ ryū aiki @-@ jūjutsu system ; his early students ' documents bear the term aiki @-@ jūjutsu . Indeed , Ueshiba trained one of the future highest grade earners in Daitō @-@ ryū , Takuma Hisa , in the art before Takeda took charge of Hisa 's training .
+
+The early form of training under Ueshiba was noticeably different from later forms of aikido . It had a larger curriculum , increased use of strikes to vital points ( atemi ) and a greater use of weapons . The schools of aikido developed by Ueshiba 's students from the pre @-@ war period tend to reflect the harder style of the early training . These students included Kenji Tomiki ( who founded the Shodokan Aikido sometimes called Tomiki @-@ ryū ) , Noriaki Inoue ( who founded Shin 'ei Taidō ) , Minoru Mochizuki ( who founded Yoseikan Budo ) , Gozo Shioda ( who founded Yoshinkan Aikido ) . Many of these styles are therefore considered " pre @-@ war styles " , although some of these teachers continued to train with Ueshiba in the years after World War II .
+
+Later , as Ueshiba seemed to slowly grow away from Takeda , he began to change his art . These changes are reflected in the differing names with which he referred to his system , first as aiki @-@ jūjutsu , then Ueshiba @-@ ryū , Asahi @-@ ryū , and aiki budō . In 1942 , the martial art that Ueshiba developed finally came to be known as aikido .
+
+As Ueshiba grew older , more skilled , and more spiritual in his outlook , his art also changed and became softer and more circular . Striking techniques became less important and the formal curriculum became simpler . In his own expression of the art there was a greater emphasis on what is referred to as kokyū @-@ nage , or " breath throws " which are soft and blending , utilizing the opponent 's movement in order to throw them . Ueshiba regularly practiced cold water misogi , as well as other spiritual and religious rites , and viewed his studies of aikido as part of this spiritual training .
+
+= = Students = =
+
+Over the years , Ueshiba trained a large number of students , many of whom have grown into great teachers in their own right . Some of them were uchideshi , or live @-@ in students . There are roughly four generations of students . A partial list follows :
+
+= = Honors = =
+
+Medal of Honor ( Japan ) , 1960 .
+
+Order of the Rising Sun , Gold Rays with Rosette , 1964 .
+
+Order of the Sacred Treasure ( Japan ) , 1968 .
+
+= = Works = =
+
+Morihei Ueshiba , The Secret Teachings of Aikido ( 2008 ) , Kodansha International , ISBN 978 @-@ 4 @-@ 7700 @-@ 3030 @-@ 6 [ 1 ]
+
+Morihei Ueshiba , Budo : Teachings of the Founder of Aikido ( 1996 ) , Kodansha International , ISBN 978 @-@ 4 @-@ 7700 @-@ 2070 @-@ 3 [ 2 ]
+
+Morihei Ueshiba , The Essence of Aikido : Spiritual Teachings of Morihei Ueshiba ( 1998 ) , Kodansha International , ISBN 978 @-@ 4 @-@ 7700 @-@ 2357 @-@ 5 [ 3 ]
+
+= Deuce ' n Domino =
+
+Deuce ' n Domino was the name of a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Deuce Shade and Dice Domino , who were managed for the majority of their run by Cherry Pie and briefly by Maryse . The pair teamed together in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) from 2006 through 2008 . Deuce and Domino first began teaming together alongside Domino 's storyline sister Cherry , in OVW , WWE 's developmental territory in Louisville , Kentucky . While working in OVW , Deuce ' n Domino , who at the time were known as " The Throwbacks " and later " The Untouchables " , won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on three occasions . In addition , they captured the Deep South Wrestling Tag Team Championship .
+
+The team were called up to the SmackDown ! roster in January 2007 , where the team underwent a name change to " Deuce ' n Domino . " Three months after their debut , Deuce ' n Domino went on to win the WWE Tag Team Championship . After losing the title in August 2007 , the group parted ways with Cherry , but replaced her with Maryse in May 2008 . The following month , Deuce ' n Domino disbanded after a series of losses . After the split , Deuce was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2008 WWE Supplemental Draft . Domino , meanwhile , played an enhancement talent on SmackDown ! . Cherry and Domino were released from WWE in late 2008 , while Deuce was released in June 2009 .
+
+= = History = =
+
+= = = Ohio Valley Wrestling = = =
+
+Before forming a team , both Deuce Shade and Dice Domino competed in singles competition , occasionally against each other , in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) ' s developmental territory , Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) . In January 2006 , Deuce and Domino formed a partnership with Domino 's storyline sister , Cherry Pie , as their manager . The trio adopted a 1950s greaser in @-@ ring persona , to become known as " The Throwbacks " .
+
+During their time together they underwent an image change , including changing their name to " The Untouchables " and dropping Shade , Dice , and Pie from their respective names . The team would become OVW Southern Tag Team Champions after Deuce defeated The Miz on March 19 , 2006 in a singles match after Miz 's partner , Chris Cage , left the organization and forced The Miz to defend the title on his own . The team , however , lost the title the following month to Roadkill and Kasey James in a three @-@ way match , which also involved Kenny and Mikey of The Spirit Squad .
+
+The group soon began a scripted rivalry with the team of CM Punk and Seth Skyfire , which saw The Untouchables winning the Southern Tag Team Title from them on August 2 , 2006 . The Untouchables later engaged in another rivalry with Shawn Spears and Cody Runnels . They also won the Deep South Wrestling ( DSW ) Tag Team Championship after making a surprise appearance at a DSW show on October 5 , 2006 . They lost the South Tag Team Championship on October 12 to The Major Brothers . In addition , the team lost the OVW Southern Tag Team Title to Spears and Runnels , prompting Cherry to leave The Untouchables to side with Spears and Runnels briefly before betraying them . The team won the Southern Tag Team Championship on another occasion , before losing them to Spears and Rhodes in a street fight , thus ending their feud .
+
+= = = SmackDown ! = = =
+
+The team was called up to WWE 's SmackDown ! roster in January 2007 , with the team undergoing a name change to " Deuce ' n Domino " . Despite the name change , they retained their greaser personas , adding to their ring entrance an arrival in a 1950s era car . Deuce ' n Domino won their debut tag team match .
+
+On the February 2 episode of SmackDown ! , the team defeated the then @-@ WWE Tag Team Champions Paul London and Brian Kendrick in a non @-@ title match . Deuce ' n Domino faced London and Kendrick in a WWE Tag Team Championship match at February 's pay @-@ per @-@ view event , No Way Out , but lost when Kendrick pinned Deuce via roll @-@ up . On the April 20 episode of SmackDown ! , they defeated London and Kendrick for the WWE Tag Team Championship when London was , in storyline , injured after missing a moonsault to the outside . Kendrick was left to defend the title by himself , and was pinned after being hit with Deuce ' n Domino 's West Side Stomp finishing move . Three weeks later , London and Kendrick competed against William Regal and Dave Taylor . Deuce ' n Domino interfered , causing Regal and Taylor to be disqualified . This made both teams number one contenders leading to a triple threat tag team match the following week where Deuce ' n Domino retained the tag title .
+
+At the July event , Vengeance : Night of Champions , after insulting former Tag Team Champions Tony Garea and Rick Martel , Deuce ' n Domino defeated Sgt. Slaughter and " Superfly " Jimmy Snuka to retain their title . During a tag team match with Cryme Tyme ( Shad Gaspard and JTG ) in late June , Domino suffered an injury , which was diagnosed as a broken nose and a possible broken orbital bone socket in his eye . The injury would keep him out of the ring for a month .
+
+Deuce n ' Domino later engaged in a rivalry with Batista and Ric Flair . On the August 31 episode of SmackDown ! , the team lost their tag team championship to Matt Hardy and the reigning WWE United States Champion Montel Vontavious Porter . During the last few months of 2007 , Deuce ' n Domino engaged in a short scripted rivalry with Hardy and MVP , Jimmy Wang Yang and Shannon Moore , Jesse and Festus , and Finlay and Hornswoggle . At the beginning of 2008 , the team suffered a series of losses . At WrestleMania XXIV in March , the team participated in a 24 @-@ man Interpromotional Battle Royal , in which the winner would face then ECW Champion Chavo Guerrero later that night . Deuce ' n Domino , however , did not win the match .
+
+= = = Split = = =
+
+On the May 23 episode of SmackDown , Deuce ' n Domino parted ways with Cherry and replaced her with Maryse . On the June 20 , 2008 episode of SmackDown , following a loss to Jesse and Festus , their second straight loss in two weeks , Deuce and Domino engaged in a fight with each other , and Deuce performed the Crack ' em in da Mouth finishing move on Domino . Deuce then threw his jacket over Domino , dissolving their partnership . The split was then further cemented when Deuce was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2008 WWE Supplemental Draft . Following the draft , Domino was predominantly featured as an enhancement talent — a wrestler who consistently loses to make his opponents look stronger — on SmackDown weekly . In August 2008 , Domino and Cherry were released from their WWE contracts . The following year , Deuce was released from the WWE as well .
+
+= = In wrestling = =
+
+Finishing tag team moves
+
+Crack ' em in da Mouth ( Running big boot to a seated opponent 's face ( Deuce ) , usually preceded by a snapmare ( Domino ) )
+
+Simultaneous cutter ( Deuce ) / diving double axe handle ( Domino ) combination – early 2007
+
+West Side Stomp ( Bearhug ( Domino ) / Jumping hook kick ( Deuce ) combination )
+
+Managers
+
+Cherry
+
+Maryse
+
+Entrance themes
+
+" All About Cool " by Jim Johnston
+
+= = Championships and accomplishments = =
+
+Deep South Wrestling
+
+Deep South Tag Team Championship ( 1 time )
+
+Ohio Valley Wrestling
+
+OVW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 3 times )
+
+World Wrestling Entertainment
+
+WWE Tag Team Championship ( 1 time )
+
+= My Love Is Pink =
+
+" My Love Is Pink " is a song by English girl group Sugababes from their fifth studio album , Change ( 2007 ) . It was written by band members Keisha Buchanan and Heidi Range in collaboration with the songwriting and production team Xenomania , who produced the song . " My Love Is Pink " is an uptempo dance , electro and pop song , reminiscent of those performed by British girl group , Girls Aloud . The song was released on 10 December 2007 in the United Kingdom and Ireland as the second single from Change . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the composition and sound , but criticised its lyrical content . The song peaked at number five on the UK Commercial Pop Club chart and number 51 on the Slovakian Singles Chart . The Sugababes performed " My Love Is Pink " at the Oxegen 2008 festival .
+
+= = Background and composition = =
+
+" My Love Is Pink " was written by Sugababes members Keisha Buchanan and Heidi Range in collaboration with the British songwriting and production team Xenomania , consisting of Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Lisa Cowling and Nick Coler . Higgins and Xenomania produced the song . It was mixed by Powell and Higgins ; programmed it with Cooper and Gray . " My Love Is Pink " was sent to digital retailers in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 10 December 2007 as the second single from Change .
+
+The song is an uptempo pop and electro record with a high @-@ energy dance beat . The instrumentation is provided by keyboards and a guitar . Nick Levine of Digital Spy described it as a " slightly unhinged handbag anthem operating at the point where nineties dance and noughties electro collide " . Several critics noted similarities between the song and those performed by British girl group , Girls Aloud . " My Love Is Pink " was also considered by critics to be a gay anthem .
+
+= = Reception = =
+
+The song received mixed reviews from critics , who were ambivalent towards its composition . Thomas H Green of The Daily Telegraph described it as " belligerently fizzing pop " . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian labelled the track as " propulsive " and regarded it as a classy example of the group 's " trademark clever , referential pop " . Victoria Segal of The Times described " My Love Is Pink " as indestructible , and wrote that it confirms the group 's status as " the bionic band " . Lauren Murphy of Entertainment Ireland characterised it as one of the album 's " sense @-@ stirring tracks " , while BBC 's Tom Young praised the track as " sassy and Girls Aloud @-@ like " . According to Leon McDermott of The Sunday Herald , the song " jumps and squelches with its sassy brio " . A critic from The Liverpool Daily Post & Echo considered it one of the album 's highlights .
+
+However , the song 's lyrics were a focal point for criticism . Andy Gill of The Independent dismissed it as a " euphemism too far " , while Keith Bruce of The Sunday Herald called the song " lyrically awful " . Gavin Martin of the Daily Mirror described it a " frisky but a pale reflection of past G.A.Y. disco glories " . Hot Press magazine 's Pete Murphy felt that the song was a let @-@ down and called it " standard dancefloor fodder veneered with a patina of urban and / or Afro @-@ Caribbean sophistication " . A writer for The Scotsman stated that regarded the song as " another of those anonymous , mass @-@ produced party hits sung by a faceless rent @-@ a @-@ vocalist " . Upon its release as a single , " My Love Is Pink " peaked at number five on the UK Commercial Pop Club chart , and number 51 on the Slovakian Singles Chart .
+
+= = Live performances = =
+
+" My Love Is Pink " was included in the set list for the Sugababes ' 2008 Change Tour , in which they wore silver , plastic dresses . The trio performed the song at the Oxegen 2008 festival as part of a set list , which included their number one singles " Freak like Me " , " Round Round " , " Hole in the Head " , " Push the Button " and " About You Now " .
+
+= = Track listings and formats = =
+
+Digital single
+
+My Love Is Pink ( Radio Version ) – 3 : 44
+
+= = Credits and personnel = =
+
+Songwriting – Keisha Buchanan , Heidi Range , Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Lisa Cowling , Nick Coler
+
+Production – Brian Higgins , Xenomania
+
+Mixing – Tim Powell , Brian Higgins
+
+Keyboards – Tim Powell , Brian Higgins , Miranda Cooper , Matt Gray
+
+Guitar – Nick Coler , Owen Parker
+
+Programming – Tim Powell , Brian Higgins , Miranda Cooper , Matt Gray
+
+Vocals – Sugababes
+
+Credits adapted from the liner notes of Change , Island Records .
+
+= = Charts = =
+
+= = Release history = =
+
+= Moses Gill =
+
+Moses Gill ( January 18 , 1734 – May 20 , 1800 ) was a Massachusetts politician who briefly served as the state 's Acting Governor . He is the state 's only acting governor to die in office . A successful businessman , he became one of the leading settlers of Princeton , Massachusetts , entering politics shortly before the American Revolutionary War . He served on the Massachusetts Provincial Congress 's executive committee until the state adopted its constitution in 1780 , after which he continued to serve on the state 's Governor 's Council .
+
+Elected lieutenant governor in 1794 , he served in that office under Governors Samuel Adams and Increase Sumner until the latter died shortly after winning reelection in 1799 . Gill served an apparently undistinguished term as acting governor until his own death in 1800 , ten days before his successor , Caleb Strong , assumed office . Gill was a significant benefactor and founder of Leicester Academy , and supported the congregational church in Princeton , where the family had a large estate .
+
+= = Early life and family = =
+
+Moses Gill was born January 18 , 1734 to John and Elizabeth ( Abbot ) Gill in Charlestown , Massachusetts . He was one the younger sons in a long line of children which included John Gill , who would become well known in the colonies as printer of the Boston Gazette . Gill entered business as a local merchant in Boston . In 1759 he married Sarah Prince , daughter to pastor Thomas Prince of Boston 's Old South Church . Upon her father 's death the couple inherited Prince 's lands in western Worcester County , one of the largest tracts in what became the town of Princeton . In 1767 he retired from his business activities , and the couple divided their time between Boston and Princeton . Sarah died childless in 1771 . Gill remarried in 1772 to Rebecca Boylston , a scion of the influential Boylston family and sister of Harvard College benefactor Nicholas Boylston . They were also childless ; when his brother John died , Gill adopted one of his sons . The Gills were known to own several slaves .
+
+= = Political career = =
+
+In 1774 Gill entered politics , winning election to the provincial assembly . The assembly was dissolved by Governor Thomas Gage under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act ( a punishment of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party ) , but its members met shortly afterwards and reconstituted themselves as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress . Gill served on this body 's executive council , which functioned as the de facto executive of the state until its constitution was adopted in 1780 . When the American Revolutionary War broke in April 1775 , Gill became involved in the early military organization of the Siege of Boston , heading the provincial congress ' supply committee . He was also delegated , along with General Artemas Ward , to meet George Washington in Springfield and escort him to the army camps outside Boston .
+
+Because of his prominence in Worcester County Gill was appointed to the county 's district court when it was reorganized after the revolution began . In this role he sat on the panel that heard the preliminary cases in 1781 involving Quock Walker , an African American seeking a declaration of his freedom . Gill 's panel decided in Walker 's favor , and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court eventually confirmed the judgments on appeal , declaring that slavery was incompatible with the state constitution .
+
+He continued to serve in the General Court ( state legislature ) , winning election to the state senate annually from 1780 , and being chosen by that body to serve on the Governor 's Council . He stood for election to the United States House of Representatives in the 1789 election ( the first after the adoption of the United States Constitution ) but was defeated by Jonathan Grout . After the death of the immensely popular Governor John Hancock in 1793 , the state 's gubernatorial election of 1794 was a wide open race . Gill was one of several nominees for lieutenant governor , and received more votes than all nominees except the winning gubernatorial candidate , Samuel Adams . With no candidates for lieutenant governor receiving a majority , the General Court decided the election , choosing Gill . He thereafter won annual reelection to that post . In 1796 the aging Adams announced he would not run for reelection the following spring , and again the election was a wide open affair . The party system was still taking shape in the state , and the Federalists nominated Increase Sumner , while more populist factions that had previously supported Hancock and Adams nominated Gill and James Sullivan . Although Gill polled well in Boston and the eastern counties ( present @-@ day Maine ) , the Federalists won a decisive victory over the divided opposition . Since he was also nominated by one faction as lieutenant governor , Gill was again returned to that post . The principal issues in this and subsequent elections were over federal policy : specifically the national response to threats of war with Revolutionary France , and the consequent need for increased taxes to arm the nation . Gill 's politics are unclear : historian Anson Morse is of the opinion that his popularity was not sufficient to head the ticket of either the Federalists or the Democratic @-@ Republicans . Historian John Barry observes that Gill 's term as acting governor , even though it was for essentially a full year , was " too short to be particularly distinguished " .
+
+Sumner easily won reelection in 1798 and 1799 , but was ill during the 1799 race , which he won by a landslide . Constitutional issues were raised because he was on his deathbed and it was uncertain that he could even take the oath of office . Sumner finally took the oath of office in early June , but died a few days later , at which point Gill became acting governor . Gill served out Sumner 's term , and was considered a candidate for the governorship as the 1800 election approached . The election primarily pitted Federalist Caleb Strong against Democratic @-@ Republican Elbridge Gerry , and was won by Strong . Gill was derided by his opponents as the preferred candidate of the wealthy , and Federalists were accused of promoting him as a candidate in order to divide the opposition . Gill died on May 20 , before Strong was informed of the victory , resulting in the only time in the state 's history when the offices of governor and lieutenant governor were both formally vacant . As a result , the Governor 's Council ruled the state for ten days . ( The council had governed several times during the colonial period under similar circumstances ; the state constitution was amended in 1918 to remove the council from the gubernatorial succession . )
+
+= = Charitable concerns and legacy = =
+
+Gill was a member and major supporter of the Congregational Church in Princeton , and a founding trustee and benefactor of Leicester Academy . He was also for many years president of the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians . Gill , Massachusetts is named in his honor .
+
+Gill also made civic contributions to the town of Princeton . Land he donated became the town 's original center ( located about one @-@ half mile from the current town center ) . This land includes one the town 's earliest cemeteries , which is where Gill and other members of his family are interred . His estate , located near the town center , was reputed to be one of the largest and most magnificent of its time in Worcester County . His second wife 's nephew , Ward Nicholas Boylston , inherited the estate ; in addition to many other charitable works , Boylston was a major contributor to the establishment of Princeton 's present town center .
+
+= Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina =
+
+The meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina , an extremely destructive Category 5 hurricane , began on August 23 , 2005 when it originated as Tropical Depression Twelve near the Bahamas . The next day , the tropical depression strengthened to a tropical storm , and was named Katrina ; it proceeded to make landfall on the southern tip of the U.S. state of Florida as a minimal hurricane .
+
+In passing across Florida , Katrina did not attain any more strength but did manage to maintain hurricane status . After passing over Florida , the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico allowed it to rapidly intensify to the sixth strongest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history . Afterward , Katrina made landfall as a Category 3 storm near Buras @-@ Triumph , Louisiana , and once more near the Mississippi / Louisiana border . Katrina progressed northward through the central United States and finally dissipated near the Great Lakes on August 31 , when it was absorbed by a cold front .
+
+= = Formation = =
+
+Tropical Depression Twelve formed over the southeastern Bahamas at 5 : 00 p.m. EDT ( 2100 UTC ) on August 23 , 2005 , partially from the remains of Tropical Depression Ten , which had dissipated due to the effects of a nearby upper tropospheric trough . While the normal standards for numbering tropical depressions in the Atlantic indicate that the old name / number is retained when a depression dissipates and regenerates , satellite data indicated that a second tropical wave combined with Tropical Depression Ten north of Puerto Rico to form a new , much more advanced system , which was then designated as Tropical Depression Twelve . Simultaneously , the trough in the upper troposphere weakened , causing the wind shear in the area to relax , thereby allowing the new tropical depression to develop . In a later re @-@ analysis , it was determined that the low @-@ level circulation of Ten had completely detached and dissipated , with only the remnant mid @-@ level circulation moving on and merging with the aforementioned second tropical wave . As a result , the criteria for keeping the same name and identity were not met .
+
+= = First landfall = =
+
+As the atmospheric conditions surrounding Tropical Depression Twelve were favorable for tropical development , the system began to intensify and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24 . A burst of convection allowed Katrina to become the fifth hurricane of the 2005 season on August 25 , only two hours before it made landfall around 6 : 30 p.m. EST ( 2230 UTC ) between Hallandale Beach and Aventura , Florida . Katrina struck the peninsula with 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) winds , and had a well @-@ defined eye on NEXRAD weather radar , which remained intact throughout its passage over Florida . Parts of the Florida Keys experienced tropical storm winds throughout August 26 , with the Dry Tortugas briefly experiencing hurricane @-@ force winds .
+
+= = Gulf of Mexico = =
+
+The initial National Hurricane Center forecasts predicted that Katrina would begin turning northward after landfall , eventually to hit the Florida Panhandle approximately three to four days later . Katrina , however , continued a westerly and west @-@ southwesterly track , which eventually shifted the forecast track westward to New Orleans .
+
+Immediately after the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico , the low wind shear , good upper @-@ level outflow , and the warm sea surface temperatures of the Gulf Loop Current caused Katrina to intensify rapidly . On August 27 , the storm was upgraded to Category 3 intensity , becoming the third major hurricane of the season . An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification of maximum winds for about 18 hours , but almost doubled the radius of the storm . A second period of rapid intensification started by 7 : 00 p.m. CDT on August 27 , and by 12 : 40 a.m. CDT on August 28 , Katrina was upgraded to a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) . It became a Category 5 ( the first in the Gulf of Mexico since Hurricane Allen 25 years prior ) storm by 7 : 00 a.m. CDT , twelve hours after the beginning of the second round of rapid intensification , and reached its peak intensity at 1 : 00 p.m. CDT with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) , gusts of 215 mph ( 344 km / h ) and a central pressure of 902 mbar ( 26 @.@ 64 inHg ) . The minimum pressure made Katrina , at the time , the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record ( Hurricanes Rita and Wilma would later surpass Katrina that same year ) . As the hurricane approached New Orleans , the Weather Forecast Office in Slidell , Louisiana issued two strongly worded warnings of the storm 's danger .
+
+By the afternoon of August 28 , the storm was large enough that some areas of the Gulf Coast were already experiencing tropical storm @-@ force winds . The center of Katrina was about 180 statute miles ( 290 km ) from the mouth of the Mississippi River , but tropical storm @-@ force winds extended 230 mi ( 370 km ) from the center of the storm , and hurricane @-@ force winds extended about 105 miles ( 170 km ) away . Overnight on August 29 , and into the morning of the next day , Katrina quickly weakened ( in terms of maximum sustained winds ) as it began to enter another eyewall replacement cycle . The inner eyewall deteriorated before an outer eyewall had fully formed , playing an important role in the weakening . In 18 hours , the hurricane 's maximum sustained winds decreased from 170 mph ( 280 km / h ) to 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) . However , storm surge remained high at landfall because large waves greater than 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) in height were generated beforehand ( with a buoy recording a 55 ft / 16 @.@ 7 m wave at sea ) , when Katrina was at Categories 4 and 5 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The waves then combined with the storm surge of the large Category 3 hurricane .
+
+= = Second and third landfalls = =
+
+Katrina made its second landfall at 6 : 10 a.m. CDT on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) near Buras @-@ Triumph , Louisiana . Because Katrina had just weakened from Category 4 and due to the shape of the coastline , sustained Category 4 winds likely existed on land while the eye was over water . At landfall , hurricane @-@ force winds extended 120 miles ( 190 km ) from the center , the storm 's pressure was 920 mbar ( 27 @.@ 17 inHg ) , and its forward speed was 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) . As it made its way up the eastern Louisiana coastline , most communities in Plaquemines , St. Bernard Parish , and Slidell in St. Tammany Parish were severely damaged by storm surge and the strong winds of the eyewall , which also grazed eastern New Orleans , causing in excess of $ 1 billion worth of damage to the city ( see Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans ) .
+
+Original estimates indicated that Katrina had made this landfall as a Category 4 hurricane , with 135 mph ( 220 km / h ) winds ; however , as indicated above , the storm weakened just before landfall to Category 3 intensity . The reasons for this weakening are not completely known yet ; while the eye @-@ wall replacement cycle played a part , slightly increasing shear , dropping sea @-@ surface temperatures , dry air on the western semicircle of the storm and interaction with the continental landmass also may have played a role in weakening the cyclone . This follows the trend of previous strong cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico : all cyclones with minimum central pressures of 973 mbar ( 28 @.@ 73 inHg ) or less have weakened over the 12 hours before making landfall in the Gulf Coast of the United States .
+
+A few hours later , after weakening slightly , Katrina made its third landfall near the Louisiana – Mississippi border with 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) sustained winds and 928 mbar ( 27 @.@ 37 inHg ) pressure , still at Category 3 intensity . Its minimum pressure at its second landfall was 920 mbar ( 27 @.@ 17 inHg ) , making Katrina the third strongest hurricane on record to make landfall on the United States , behind Hurricane Camille 's 909 mbar ( 26 @.@ 85 inHg ) reading in 1969 , and the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane 's 892 mbar ( 26 @.@ 35 inHg ) record .
+
+Because the storm was so large , highly destructive eye @-@ wall winds and the strong northeastern quadrant of the storm pushed record storm surges onshore , smashing the entire Mississippi Gulf Coast , including towns in Mississippi such as Waveland , Bay St. Louis , Pass Christian , Long Beach , Gulfport , Biloxi , Ocean Springs , Gautier and Pascagoula , and , in Alabama , Bayou La Batre . The surges peaked at 28 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) in Bay St. Louis , Mississippi , and at 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) as far away as Mobile , Alabama , which saw its highest storm surge since 1917 . Storm surge was particularly high due to the hydrology of the region , the hurricane 's extreme size , and the fact that it weakened only shortly before landfall . As Katrina moved inland diagonally over Mississippi , high winds cut a swath of damage that affected almost the entire state .
+
+= = Demise = =
+
+Katrina maintained hurricane strength well into Mississippi , but weakened thereafter , losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles ( 240 km ) inland , near Meridian , Mississippi . It was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville , Tennessee and broke in half . One half continued to race northward , affecting the Central United States along its path , and was last distinguishable in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31 . On August 31 , Katrina was absorbed by a frontal boundary and became a powerful extratropical low , causing 1 @.@ 97 – 6 @.@ 69 inches ( 50 – 170 mm ) of rain in 12 hours , as well as gale @-@ force wind gusts from 31 to 61 mph ( 50 to 98 km / h ) in southeastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick . In the region of Saguenay and Côte @-@ Nord , rain caused breakdowns and failure in roads . The Côte @-@ Nord region was isolated from the rest of Quebec for at least 1 week . The other half of Katrina broke off in the eastern part of the Appalachians , primarily leading to a significant tornado outbreak in the area from central Georgia to central Pennsylvania , killing two people and causing millions of dollars in additional damage .
+
+At 11 : 00 p.m. EDT on August 31 , the center of the remnant low of what was Katrina had been completely absorbed by a frontal boundary in southeastern Canada , with no discernible circulation .
+
+= Washington State Route 168 =
+
+State Route 168 ( SR 168 ) is a legislated , but not constructed , state highway located in Washington , United States . The highway is meant to serve as an alternate crossing through the Cascade Range , supplementing the seasonal Chinook Pass on SR 410 . Proposals were first drawn in the 1930s , and the highway has been codified in law under its current designation since 1970 , however no construction has occurred .
+
+= = Route description = =
+
+The highway is legislated to begin in Greenwater , in Pierce County , at a junction with SR 410 . The road would continue east through Mount Baker @-@ Snoqualmie National Forest , Naches Pass , and Wenatchee National Forest to its eastern terminus with SR 410 north of Cliffdell , in Yakima County . The highway would pass near Pyramid Peak , which has a maximum altitude of 5 @,@ 718 ft ( 1 @,@ 743 m ) . Currently , a crossing similar to the legislated highway is covered by a variety of Forest Routes , including Road 19 and Road 70 .
+
+Two main reasons for creating the highway exist . First , SR 168 would be an all @-@ season route through Naches Pass ( elevation 4 @,@ 923 feet ( 1 @,@ 501 m ) ) . SR 410 closes annually due to avalanche dangers near Chinook Pass ( elevation 5 @,@ 430 feet ( 1 @,@ 655 m ) ) . Second , SR 168 would allow commercial vehicles to bypass Mount Rainier National Park , where they are prohibited on SR 410 . The current restriction detours commercial traffic south to U.S. Route 12 over White Pass or north to Interstate 90 over Snoqualmie Pass .
+
+= = History = =
+
+Plans for a Naches Tunnel or highway date back to the early 1930s , designated as the Naches Pass Link of Primary State Highway 5 . The state legislature appropriated $ 50 thousand ( equivalent to $ 3 @.@ 58 million in 2015 ) for a study on the feasibility of a new highway . In the early 1960s , Governor Albert Rosellini established a committee to study the feasibility of a toll road . The route was considered feasible by the committee , and they estimated tolls of $ 1 @.@ 50 per vehicle ( equivalent to $ 28 @.@ 00 in 2015 ) would need to be levied to pay for the highway . Proponents of the new highway were pushing to have U.S. Route 10 routed over the pass , away from the routing over Snoqualmie Pass ; however this never occurred . Ultimately , the highway was not built as the state considered the highway unfeasible . The highway has been codified in Washington law since 1970 , while the tunnel through Naches Pass has been codified in state law since 1959 .
+
+= Bernard Stone =
+
+Bernard " Berny " L. Stone ( November 24 , 1927 – December 22 , 2014 ) was alderman of the 50th Ward of the City of Chicago , Illinois from 1973 to 2011 . The 50th Ward encompasses part of Chicago 's far North Side and includes the West Ridge , West Rogers Park and Peterson Park neighborhoods . First elected to the Council in 1973 , Stone was the second longest @-@ serving alderman ( after Edward M. Burke ) . His tenure spanned the terms of seven Mayors , from Richard J. Daley to Richard M. Daley . Stone was also Vice Mayor of the City of Chicago from 1998 to 2011 .
+
+Stone was a member of the " Vrdolyak 29 " , which opposed Mayor Harold Washington 's agenda . For most of his life a Democrat , Stone followed Alderman Edward Vrdolyak to the Republican Party , and unsuccessfully challenged Carol Moseley Braun for Cook County Recorder of Deeds . Stone was a protagonist in a protracted legal conflict with the neighboring suburb of Evanston in 1993 – 1994 . Employees of Stone 's 2007 re @-@ election campaign were convicted of vote fraud in 2010 . Stone was " outspoken " and " relished the rough and tumble of politics " .
+
+= = Early life and education = =
+
+Stone was born on November 24 , 1927 in Chicago to Jewish immigrant parents . He was educated in the Chicago Public Schools system at Von Humboldt Elementary and Tuley High School , which is now Roberto Clemente Community Academy . Stone enlisted in the United States Army in 1945 . Stone attended Wright Junior College , now known as Wilbur Wright College , and John Marshall Law School .
+
+= = Early attempts at elected office = =
+
+In 1956 , Stone ran in the Democratic primary for the Illinois House of Representatives , but was defeated by Esther Saperstein , who went on to serve in the Illinois House for ten years and became Illinois ' first female state senator .
+
+In 1963 , Stone was one of a record 233 candidates filing to run for Chicago alderman , and one of ten challengers to the incumbent in the 50th Ward , Republican Alderman Jack I. Sperling , who sought a third four @-@ year term . Stone filed without the endorsement of a political party . By February , 1963 , Stone was not on the ballot for the February 26 , 1963 election .
+
+= = 1973 campaign for alderman = =
+
+On January 29 , 1973 , the Supreme Court of Illinois appointed Alderman Sperling to fill a vacancy as Cook County Circuit Court judge . The Chicago City Council called a special election for June 5 , 1973 to fill vacant City Council seats , including the 50th Ward alderman seat . Stone was an employee in the office of Cook County Sheriff Richard Elrod and the vice president of the 50th Ward Regular Democratic Organization , which endorsed him for alderman . Stone was one of five candidates who filed to finish Sperling 's term . Another candidate , independent Theodore Berland , was a medical writer and nationally recognized anti @-@ noise activist who was chiefly responsible for Chicago 's anti @-@ noise ordinance . Stone organized the " Concerned Citizens of the 50th Ward " to counter neighboring Lincolnwood 's opposition to a bridge over the North Shore Channel at Pratt Avenue , which Stone called a " necessity " for the 50th Ward . In the first round of voting , Stone led with 47 % of the vote and Berland finished second , with 27 % . In the run @-@ off election on July 3 , 1973 , Stone defeated Berland 12 @,@ 882 to 10 @,@ 958 , with a turnout of about 53 % , winning the 50th Ward for Democrats for the first time since 1955 .
+
+= = The Republican years ( 1987 – 1990 ) = =
+
+Former Alderman and former Cook County Democratic Party chairman Edward R. Vrdolyak converted to the Republican Party and encouraged Stone to follow suit and run for Cook County Recorder of Deeds . By threatening Republican Party of Cook County leadership that he would run for county Chairman and Cook County State 's Attorney , Vrdolyak brokered a deal to slate himself for Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County and Stone for Cook County Recorder of Deeds . On October 29 , 1987 , Stone announced he had joined the Republican Party and expressed his intention to run for Recorder . " I can no longer be part of a party that punishes law @-@ abiding , tax @-@ paying citizens and communities " , Stone said , adding that he also felt " the Democratic Party is drifting away from America 's historically strong commitment to Israel " .
+
+On November 25 , 1987 , Chicago Mayor Harold Washington died . Stone announced his candidacy for mayor to fellow aldermen on November 29 and to the public on December 1 . Many saw Stone 's mayoral candidacy as an attempt to publicize his Recorder race . Two days later the City Council elected Alderman Eugene Sawyer as mayor .
+
+In 1988 , Stone ran as a Republican against African @-@ American Democratic Illinois State Representative Carol Moseley Braun for Cook County Recorder of Deeds . Stone told reporters that although he did not expect their newspapers ' endorsements , " Just run a picture of Braun . That 's all I ask " . Stone included Braun 's photograph in his campaign flyers . Stone was defeated by Braun and contributed to a sweep of Cook County offices by Democrats .
+
+In 1989 , Stone unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for Mayor of Chicago , to unseat Mayor Sawyer . Richard M. Daley defeated Sawyer in the Democratic primary and Republican nominee Edward Vrdolyak in the general election to become mayor . In 1990 , Stone returned to the Democratic Party .
+
+= = " Berny 's Wall " = =
+
+Although resident and corporate relations between Chicago and neighboring suburb Evanston are generally cordial and co @-@ operative , Stone was a protagonist in perhaps the most significant altercation in recent decades . The Evanston City Council adopted the Southwest II Tax Increment Financing ( TIF ) District , also called the Howard @-@ Hartrey TIF , on April 27 , 1992 , in order to incent the development of a disused 23 @-@ acre Bell and Howell distribution center . A city contractor installed a $ 150 @,@ 000 , 2 @.@ 5 feet ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) high , three @-@ block @-@ long , continuous steel guardrail down the middle of Howard Street , from Kedzie Avenue to California Avenue , blocking vehicles from crossing between Evanston and Chicago , to protect residents from the vehicular traffic expected at a proposed shopping center on the Evanston side of Howard Street that was projected to open in 1995 . A Cook County Circuit Court judge denied Evanston 's request for a restraining order to halt the erection of the barrier , which became known in the media as " Berny 's Wall " . The Chicago Tribune editorialized calling Stone " silly " and the guardrail a " senseless idea ... just an insipid ploy by a useless alderman who has too much time on his hands and too much of the taxpayers ' money at his disposal " .
+
+On May 28 , 1993 , Evanston Mayor Lorraine H. Morton , Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley , Stone , and city officials met at Chicago City Hall , and hours later , Morton announced that Evanston would drop legal action against Chicago . The next day , after consultation with Evanston 's corporation counsel and others , Evanston announced they would continue legal recourse in conjunction with negotiations . Stone demanded that Evanston pick up the cost of the installation and removal of the guardrail . On June 1 , 1993 , the Evanston City Council voted to refuse to contribute funds , to continue their lawsuit , and to defer modifications to the site plan until the barrier was dismantled .
+
+Testimony began July 25 , 1994 . Chicago Transportation Commissioner Joseph Boyle Jr. and Planning Commissioner Valerie Jarrett testified that the guardrail had been installed at Stone 's request without the benefit of traffic or planning studies . A partner of the shopping center 's construction firm testified that Stone had discussed with him in 1992 the idea of siting the project on vacant land near the Lincoln Village Shopping Center , a site that was scheduled to be redistricted into the 50th Ward in 1995 . Evanston officials said Stone was jealous of the project going to Evanston . On September 21 , 1994 , the judge ruled that the March 25 , 1993 resolution which Stone ushered through the Chicago City Council authorized Chicago 's Department of Transportation commissioner to consider a barrier , declared that the Department had no authority to install the guardrail , ordered Chicago to remove it and pay all costs including Evanston 's legal fees , and dismissed Chicago 's countersuit to block the shopping center . Chicago 's request for a stay pending appeal was denied , Bell and Howell agreed to pay the estimated $ 35 @,@ 000 to remove the barrier , and removal began on October 4 , 1994 . " The party isn 't over until the fat man sings , and I 'm the fat man " , said Stone . The Chicago Tribune editorialized calling the barrier " a petty , indulgent waste of money at the people 's expense " .
+
+Stone passed legislation through the Chicago City Council to change to one @-@ way , northbound only , portions of Kedzie and Sacramento Avenues , two Chicago streets south of the shopping center . After the changes were implemented November 10 , 1994 , Stone 's office received numerous complaints , and by November 16 Kedzie was again a two @-@ way street .
+
+On November 3 , 1999 , the City of Chicago established the Lincoln Avenue TIF district , including the Lincoln Village Shopping Center area .
+
+= = Sleeping in Council Chambers = =
+
+A photograph of Stone asleep in Council Chambers , during a hearing on an ordinance restricting the use of a cell phone while operating an automobile , ran on the front page of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times in January , 2004 . " Some aldermen have a tendency while they 're thinking to close their eyes and that may register with their constituency as not paying attention or , perhaps , even sleeping during the session " , Stone later explained . Stone fell asleep at his desk in Council Chambers in City Hall during the City Council 's Finance Committee debate on the controversial parking meter lease in December , 2008 and was photographed by the press . Stone was videotaped sleeping during a Finance Committee hearing on the transparency of the City 's tax increment financing program in March , 2009 .
+
+= = Campaign employees convicted of vote fraud = =
+
+On September 4 , 2007 , speaking from the floor of Council Chambers during a meeting of the Buildings Committee , Stone warned fellow aldermen of an ongoing investigation into absentee balloting . On January 28 , 2008 , two employees of Stone 's 2007 re @-@ election campaign were arrested and charged with improperly influencing voters , primarily from the ward 's Indian and Pakistani communities , to vote absentee for Stone . Anish Eapen , a precinct captain and a ward superintendent with the city 's Streets and Sanitation Department , was charged with " official misconduct , absentee ballot fraud , and mutilation of election materials " . Eapen allegedly partnered with Armando Ramos , an unemployed student , who was also charged with absentee ballot fraud and mutilation of election materials . Stone accused the state attorney 's office of acting at the behest of the area 's U.S. Representative , Jan Schakowsky . " We know where this all started . We know it 's politically based . ... Her [ Schakowsky 's ] aide was soliciting the state 's attorney to investigate . It 's absolutely a devious political trick " , he said . Schakowsky denied involvement . Bond was set at $ 50 @,@ 000 and $ 40 @,@ 000 for Eapen and Ramos , respectively .
+
+City Inspector General David H. Hoffman called for Eapen to be fired . For nearly two years , Eapen was on paid administrative leave from his $ 83 @,@ 940 @-@ a @-@ year job with the city . On October 8 , 2009 , Streets and Sanitation Department Commissioner Tom Byrne found Eapen a job tracking equipment . Stone blamed Byrne 's predecessor for Eapen 's paid leave , saying " Mike Picardi has no cojones " .
+
+On October 24 , 2008 , during the annual budget hearing process , Inspector General Hoffman testified before the Committee on the Budget of the Chicago City Council . " It is my intent , Mr. Inspector General , to wipe your entire office out of the budget " , Stone told Hoffman . " It is my intent to submit a budget amendment which will destroy your department " . " He 's come after me , so I 'm going after him . That 's the way the game is played " , Stone said . Stone 's amendment came before the Budget Committee on November 17 , 2008 and was tabled 14 @-@ 2 .
+
+Eapen and Ramos waived their right to trial by jury . In a bench trial , four members of a family who lived in the ward testified that Eapen came to their homes , watched as they completed the absentee ballot applications and absentee ballots , collected their ballots , and mailed them . One family member , who was not registered to vote , testified that Eapen filled out her ballot and she signed it . Another witness testified that when she told Stone in his office that Ramos filled out her ballot , Stone was dismissive , saying , " This meeting is over " . Stone commented on the testimony , " I have no recollection of what she is talking about " .
+
+On June 24 , 2010 , Cook County Judge Marcus Salone found Eapen and Ramos each guilty on one count of attempted mutilation of voting materials and additional counts of attempted absentee ballot violations . On August 4 , 2010 , Salone sentenced Eapen and Ramos to prison terms of 364 days and 270 days , respectively . " This is a kiss " , Salone said of the sentences . " I think the evidence is overwhelming . The reality is that Mr. Eapen and Mr. Ramos attempted to steal democracy and they did it in a vicious way " . Stone called the case " a witch hunt " , said that Ramos and Eapen were " political prisoners " , and compared their crimes to " spitting on the sidewalk " . Stone said Inspector General Hoffman targeted his staff while failing to investigate other aldermen 's staffs . " They are not the ones who attempted to steal democracy . The one who attempted to steal democracy was David Hoffman " , Stone said . " This is a miscarriage of justice " .
+
+= = Committees = =
+
+Stone was the Chairman of the City Council Committee on Buildings , and also served on the following City Council committees : Budget and Government Operations , Finance , Historical Landmark Preservation , Housing and Landmark Preservation , Traffic Control and Safety , and the Committee on Committees .
+
+= = Loss in 2011 run @-@ off = =
+
+In 2008 , Illinois State Senator Ira Silverstein defeated Stone in the voting for the 50th Ward Democratic committeeman , an unpaid party post . In February 2011 , in a five @-@ way race for alderman including Silverstein 's wife , Certified Public Accountant Debra Silverstein , no candidate garnered 50 % plus one of the vote , forcing a run @-@ off . In the April 2011 run @-@ off , Debra Silverstein prevailed with 62 % of the vote to 38 % for Stone . On election night , Stone said Silverstein would be " a disaster for this ward . There ’ s no way I 'll help her . She knows nothing " . Stone 's tenure as alderman spanned seven Chicago Mayors , including two Mayors Daley .
+
+= = Political philosophy = =
+
+Stone stated his political philosophy as " You take care of the people who take care of you – you know , the people who voted for you . That 's not Chicago politics , that 's Politics 101 " .
+
+= = Personal life = =
+
+Stone married his wife , Lois ( d . 1995 ) , in 1949 . They had three daughters and a son .
+
+Stone worshipped at Congregation Ezras Israel and served on their Board of Directors . Stone also served on the Board of Directors for the Bernard Horwich Jewish Community Center , the Associated Talmud Torahs , and the Jewish National Fund .
+
+In 2003 , Stone 's son , Jay , unsuccessfully challenged incumbent 32nd Ward Alderman Theodore Matlak . Stone supported Matlak , calling his son " an embarrassment " who " doesn 't know what he 's doing " . Father and son remained on good terms .
+
+Stone died on December 22 , 2014 at age 87 from complications from a fall . Stone was remembered by the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun @-@ Times as " outspoken " ; by Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel as " fiercely loyal to his constituents " ; and in a City Council resolution as " a vigorous advocate for the people of the 50th Ward " .
+
+= History of the board game Monopoly =
+
+The history of the board game Monopoly can be traced back to the early 20th century . The earliest known version of Monopoly , known as The Landlord 's Game , was designed by an American , Elizabeth Magie , and first patented in 1904 but existed as early as 1902 . Magie , a follower of Henry George , originally intended The Landlord 's Game to illustrate the economic consequences of Ricardo 's Law of Economic rent and the Georgist concepts of economic privilege and land value taxation . A series of board games were developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land and the development of that land . By 1933 , a board game had been created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its related companies through the rest of the 20th century , and into the 21st . Several people , mostly in the Midwestern United States and near the East Coast , contributed to the game 's design and evolution .
+
+By the 1970s , the idea that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore ; it was printed in the game 's instructions for many years , in a 1974 book devoted to Monopoly , and was cited in a general book about toys even as recently as 2007 . Even a guide to family games published for Reader 's Digest in 2003 only gave credit to Darrow and Elizabeth Magie , erroneously stating that Magie 's original game was created in the 19th century , and not acknowledging any of the game 's development between Magie 's creation of the game , and the eventual publication by Parker Brothers .
+
+Also in the 1970s , Professor Ralph Anspach , who had himself published a board game intended to illustrate the principles of both monopolies and trust busting , fought Parker Brothers and its then parent company , General Mills , over the copyright and trademarks of the Monopoly board game . Through the research of Anspach and others , much of the early history of the game was " rediscovered " and entered into official United States court records . Because of the lengthy court process , including appeals , the legal status of Parker Brothers ' copyright and trademarks on the game was not settled until 1985 . The game 's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers , as do its specific design elements ; other elements of the game are still protected under copyright law . At the conclusion of the court case , the game 's logo and graphic design elements became part of a larger Monopoly brand , licensed by Parker Brothers ' parent companies onto a variety of items through the present day . Despite the " rediscovery " of the board game 's early history in the 1970s and 1980s , and several books and journal articles on the subject , Hasbro ( Parker Brothers ' current parent company ) did not acknowledge any of the game 's history before Charles Darrow on its official Monopoly website as recently as June 2012 . Nor did Hasbro acknowledge anyone other than Darrow in materials published or sponsored by them , at least as recently as 2009 .
+
+International tournaments , first held in the early 1970s , continue to the present , although the last national tournaments and world championship were held in 2009 . Starting in 1985 , a new generation of spin @-@ off board games and card games appeared on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean . In 1989 , the first of many video game and computer game editions was published . Since 1994 , many official variants of the game , based on locations other than Atlantic City , New Jersey ( the official U.S. setting ) or London ( the official Commonwealth setting , excepting Canada ) , have been published by Hasbro or its licensees . In 2008 , Hasbro permanently changed the color scheme and some of the gameplay of the standard U.S. Edition of the game to match the UK Edition , although the U.S. standard edition maintains the Atlantic City property names . Hasbro also modified the official logo to give the " Mr. Monopoly " character a 3 @-@ D computer @-@ generated look , which has since been adopted by licensees USAopoly , Winning Moves and Winning Solutions . And Hasbro has also been including the Speed Die , introduced in 2006 's Monopoly : The Mega Edition by Winning Moves Games , in versions produced directly by Hasbro ( such as the 2009 Championship Edition ) .
+
+= = Game development 1903 – 1934 = =
+
+In 1903 , the Georgist Lizzie Magie applied for a patent on a game called The Landlord 's Game with the object of showing that rents enriched property owners and impoverished tenants . She knew that some people would find it hard to understand the logic behind the idea , and she thought that if the rent problem and the Georgist solution to it were put into the concrete form of a game , it might be easier to demonstrate . She was granted the patent for the game in January 1904 . The Landlord 's Game became one of the first board games to use a " continuous path " , without clearly defined start and end spaces on its board . Another innovation in gameplay attributed to Magie is the concept of " ownership " of a place on a game board , such that something would happen to the second ( or later ) player to land on the same space , without the first player 's piece still being present . A copy of Magie 's game that she had left at the Georgist community of Arden , Delaware and dating from 1903 – 1904 , was presented for the PBS series History Detectives . This copy featured property groups , organized by letters , later a major feature of Monopoly as published by Parker Brothers .
+
+Although The Landlord 's Game was patented , and some hand @-@ made boards were made , it was not actually manufactured and published until 1906 . Magie and two other Georgists established the Economic Game Company of New York , which began publishing her game . Magie submitted an edition published by the Economic Game Company to Parker Brothers around 1910 , which George Parker declined to publish . In the UK , it was published in 1913 by the Newbie Game Company under the title Brer Fox an ' Brer Rabbit . Shortly after the game 's formal publication , Scott Nearing , a professor in what was then known as the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce at the University of Pennsylvania , began using the game as a teaching tool in his classes . His students made their own boards , and taught the game to others . After Nearing was dismissed from the Wharton School , he began teaching at the University of Toledo . A former student of Nearing , Rexford Guy Tugwell , also taught The Landlord 's Game at Wharton , and took it with him to Columbia University . Apart from commercial distribution , it spread by word of mouth and was played in slightly variant homemade versions over the years by Quakers , Georgists , university students ( including students at Smith College , Princeton , and MIT ) , and others who became aware of it .
+
+A shortened version of Magie 's game , which eliminated the second round of play that used a Georgist concept of a single land value tax , had become common during the 1910s , and this variation on the game became known as Auction Monopoly . The auctioning part of the game came through a rule that auctioned any unowned property to all game players when it was first landed on . This rule was later dropped by the Quakers , and in the current game of Monopoly an auction takes place only when an unowned property is not purchased outright by the player that first lands on it . That same decade , the game became popular around the community of Reading , Pennsylvania . Another former student of Scott Nearing , Thomas Wilson , taught the game to his cousin , Charles Muhlenberg around 1915 – 1916 . The original patent on The Landlord 's Game expired in 1921 . By this time , the hand made games became known simply as Monopoly . Charles Muhlenberg and his wife , Wilma , taught the game to Wilma 's brothers , Louis and Ferdinand " Fred " Thun , in the early 1920s .
+
+Simultaneous to these events , Magie moved back to Illinois , and married Andrew Phillips . She moved to the Washington , D.C. area with her husband by 1923 , and re @-@ patented a revised version of The Landlord 's Game in 1924 ( under her married name , Elizabeth Magie Phillips ) . This version , unlike her first patent drawing , included named streets ( though the versions published in 1910 based on her first patent also had named streets ) . Magie sought to regain control over the plethora of hand @-@ made games . For her 1924 edition , a couple of streets on the board were named after Chicago streets and locations , notably " The Loop " and " Lake Shore Drive . " This revision also included a special " monopoly " rule and card that allowed higher rents to be charged when all three railroads and utilities were owned , and included " chips " to indicate improvements on properties . Magie again approached Parker Brothers about her game , and George Parker again declined , calling the game " too political " . Parker is , however , credited with urging Magie to take out her 1924 patent .
+
+After the Thuns learned the game , they began teaching its rules to their fraternity brothers at Williams College around 1926 . Daniel W. Layman , in turn , learned the game from the Thun brothers ( who later tried to sell copies of the game commercially , but were advised by an attorney that the game could not be patented , as they were not its inventors ) . Layman later returned to his hometown of Indianapolis , Indiana , and began playing the game with friends there , ultimately producing hand @-@ made versions of the board based on streets of that city . Layman then commercially produced and sold the game , starting in 1932 , with a friend in Indianapolis , who owned a company called Electronic Laboratories . This game was sold under the name The Fascinating Game of Finance ( later shortened to Finance ) . Layman soon sold his rights to the game , which was then licensed , produced and marketed by Knapp Electric . The published board featured four railroads ( one per side ) , Chance and Community Chest cards and spaces , and properties grouped by symbol , rather than color . Also in 1932 , one edition of The Landlord 's Game was published by the Adgame Company with a new set of rules called Prosperity , also by Magie .
+
+It was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game , and took it back to Atlantic City . After she arrived , Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names , and taught it to a group of local Quakers . It has been argued that their greatest contribution to the game was to reinstate the original Lizzie Magie rule of " buying properties at their listed price " rather than auctioning them , as the Quakers did not believe in auctions . Another source states that the Quakers simply " didn 't like the noise of the auctioneering . " Among the group taught the game by Hoskins were Eugene Raiford and his wife , who took a copy of the game with Atlantic City street names to Philadelphia . Due to the Raifords ' unfamiliarity with streets and properties in Philadelphia , the Atlantic City @-@ themed version was the one taught to Charles Todd , who in turn taught Esther Darrow , wife of Charles Darrow . After learning the game , Darrow then began to distribute the game himself as Monopoly . Darrow initially made the sets of the Monopoly game by hand with the help of his first son , William Darrow , and his wife . Their new sets retained Charles Todd 's misspelling of " Marvin Gardens " . Charles Darrow drew the designs with a drafting pen on round pieces of oilcloth , and then his son and his wife helped fill in the spaces with colors and make the title deed cards and the Chance cards and Community Chest cards . After the demand for the game increased , Darrow contacted a printing company , Patterson and White , which printed the designs of the property spaces on square carton boards . Darrow 's game board designs included elements later made famous in the version eventually produced by Parker Brothers , including black locomotives on the railroad spaces , the car on " Free Parking " , the red arrow for " Go " , the faucet on " Water Works " , the light bulb on " Electric Company " , and the question marks on the " Chance " spaces , though many of the actual icons were created by a hired graphic artist . While Darrow received a copyright on his game in 1933 , its specimens have disappeared from the files of the United States Copyright Office , though proof of its registration remains .
+
+= = Acquisition by Parker Brothers = =
+
+Darrow first took the game to Milton Bradley and attempted to sell it as his personal invention . They rejected it in a letter dated May 31 , 1934 . After Darrow sent the game to Parker Brothers later in 1934 , they rejected the game as " too complicated , too technical , [ and it ] took too long to play . " Darrow received a rejection letter from the firm dated October 19 , 1934 . During this time , the " 52 design errors " story was invented as a reason why Parker rejected Monopoly , but this has more recently been proven to be part of the Parker @-@ invented " creation myth " surrounding the game .
+
+In early 1935 , however , the company heard about the game 's excellent sales during the Christmas season of 1934 in Philadelphia and at F.A.O. Schwarz in New York City . Robert Barton , President of Parker Brothers , contacted Darrow and scheduled a new meeting in New York City . On March 18 , Parker Brothers bought Darrow 's game , helped him take out a patent on it , and purchased his remaining inventory . By April , 1935 , the company had learned that Darrow was not the sole inventor of the game , but sought out an affidavit by Darrow to repeat his statements to the contrary , and thus bolster their claim to the game . Parker Brothers subsequently decided to buy out Magie 's 1924 patent and the copyrights of other commercial variants of the game to claim that it had legitimate undisputed rights to the game .
+
+Robert Barton , president of Parker Brothers , bought the rights to Finance from Knapp Electric later in 1935 . Finance would be redeveloped , updated , and continued to be sold by Parker Brothers into the 1970s . Other board games based on a similar principle , such as a game called Inflation , designed by Rudy Copeland and published by the Thomas Sales Co . , in Fort Worth , Texas , also came to the attention of Parker Brothers management in the 1930s , after they began sales of Monopoly . Copeland continued sales of the latter game after Parker Brothers attempted a patent lawsuit against him . Parker Brothers held the Magie and Darrow patents , but settled with Copeland rather than going to trial , since Copeland was prepared to have witnesses testify that they had played Monopoly before Darrow 's " invention " of the game . The court settlement allowed Copeland to license Parker Brothers ' patents . Other agreements were reached on Big Business by Transogram , and Easy Money by Milton Bradley , based on Daniel Layman 's Finance . Another clone , called Fortune , was sold by Parker Brothers , and became combined with Finance in some editions .
+
+Monopoly was first marketed on a broad scale by Parker Brothers in 1935 . A Standard Edition , with a small black box and separate board , and a larger Deluxe Edition , with a box large enough to hold the board , were sold in the first year of Parker Brothers ' ownership . These were based on the two editions sold by Darrow . Parker Brothers sets were the first to include metal tokens for playing pieces . George Parker himself rewrote many of the game 's rules , insisting that " short game " and " time limit " rules be included . On the original Parker Brothers board ( reprinted in 2002 by Winning Moves Games ) , there were no icons for the Community Chest spaces ( the blue chest overflowing with gold coins came later ) and no gold ring on the Luxury Tax space . Nor were there property values printed on spaces on the board . The Income Tax was slightly higher ( being $ 300 or 10 % , instead of the later $ 200 or 10 % ) . Some of the designs known today were implemented at the behest of George Parker . The Chance cards and Community Chest cards were illustrated ( though some prior editions consisted solely of text ) , but were without " Rich Uncle Pennybags " , who was introduced in 1936 .
+
+Late in 1935 , after learning of The Landlord 's Game and Finance , Robert Barton held a second meeting with Charles Darrow in Boston . Darrow admitted that he had copied the game from a friend 's set , and he and Barton reached a revised royalty agreement , granting Parker Brothers worldwide rights and releasing Darrow from legal costs that would be incurred in defending the origin of the game .
+
+= = = Licensing outside the United States = = =
+
+In December 1935 , Parker Brothers sent a copy of the game to Victor Watson , Sr. of Waddington Games . Watson and his son Norman tried the game over a weekend , and liked it so much that Waddington took the ( then extraordinary ) step of making a transatlantic " trunk call " to Parker Brothers , the first such call made or received by either company . This impressed Parker Brothers sufficiently that Waddington was granted licensing rights for Europe and the then @-@ British Commonwealth , excluding Canada . Waddingtons version , their first board game , with locations from London substituted for the original Atlantic City ones , was first produced in 1936 .
+
+The game was very successful in the United Kingdom and France , but the 1936 German edition , published by Schmidt Spiele disappeared from the market within three years . This edition , featuring locations from Berlin , was denounced , allegedly by Joseph Goebbels to the Hitler Youth due to the game 's " Jewish @-@ speculative character . " It is also alleged that the real reason behind the Nazi denouncement was due to the high @-@ ranking members ( i.e. Goebbels , again ) who lived on those sections of the game board given the highest property values , and not wanting to be associated with a game . The game last appeared in a pre @-@ World War II Schmidt Spiele catalog in 1938 . A new German edition , with " generic " street and train station names ( i.e. , not chosen from a single German city ) would not appear until 1953 . The 1936 German edition , with the original cards and Berlin locations , was reprinted in 1982 by Parker Brothers and again in 2003 ( in a wooden box ) , and 2011 ( in a red metal tin ) by Hasbro .
+
+Waddington licensed other editions from 1936 to 1938 , and the game was exported from the UK and resold or reprinted in Switzerland , Belgium , Australia , Chile , The Netherlands , and Sweden . In Italy , under the fascists , the game was changed dramatically so that it would have an Italian name , locations in Milan , and major changes in the rules . This was for compliance under Italian law of the period . Italian publishers Editrice Giochi produced the game in Italy until 2009 , having held a unique licensing agreement from Parker Brothers and their own copyright dating back to 1935 / 1936 . As of 2009 , Hasbro has taken over the publishing of the game in Italy , but have also , for now , kept the Milan @-@ based properties .
+
+In Austria , versions of the game first appeared as Business and Spekulation ( Speculation ) , and eventually evolved to become Das Kaufmännische Talent ( DKT ) ( The Businessman 's Talent ) . Versions of DKT have been sold in Austria since 1940 . The game first appeared as Monopoly in Austria in about 1981 . The Waddingtons edition was imported into The Netherlands starting in 1937 , and a fully translated edition first appeared in 1941 .
+
+Waddingtons later produced special games during World War II which secretly contained files , a compass , a map printed on silk , and real currency hidden amongst the Monopoly money , to enable prisoners of war to escape from German camps . However , this story has come under recent scrutiny and is being disputed .
+
+Collector Albert C. Veldhuis features a map on his " Monopoly Lexicon " website showing which versions of the game were remade and distributed in other countries , with the Atlantic City , London , and Paris versions being the most influential . After World War II , homemade games would sometimes appear behind the Iron Curtain , despite the fact that the game was effectively banned . Monopoly is cited as the board game played most often and most duplicated via hand made copies in the former German Democratic Republic . One official version of the game was printed for the Soviet Union by Parker Brothers in 1988 . After the Cold War ended , official editions have been published throughout eastern Europe by Parker , Tonka and Hasbro . Hungary was the first , in 1992 , followed by the Czech Republic and Poland in 1993 , Croatia in 1994 , Slovenia in 1996 , Romania and a new edition for Russia in 1997 , and Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Slovakia , all in 2001 .
+
+= = Marketing within the United States 1930s = =
+
+In 1936 , Parker Brothers published four further editions along with the original two : the Popular Edition , Fine Edition , Gold Edition , and Deluxe Edition , with prices ranging from US $ 2 to US $ 25 in 1930s money . After Parker Brothers began to release its first editions of the game , Elizabeth Magie Phillips was profiled in the Washington D.C. Evening Star newspaper , which discussed her two editions of The Landlord 's Game . In December 1936 , wary of the Mah @-@ Jongg and Ping @-@ Pong fads that had left unsold inventory stuck in Parker Brothers ' warehouse , George Parker ordered a stop to Monopoly production as sales leveled off . However , during the Christmas season , sales picked up again , and continued a resurgence . In early 1937 , as Parker Brothers was preparing to release the board game Bulls and Bears with Darrow 's photograph on the box lid ( though he had no involvement with the game ) , a Time magazine article about the game made it seem as if Darrow himself was the sole inventor of both Bulls and Bears and Monopoly :
+
+= = Parker Brothers ' Marketing 1940s – 1960s = =
+
+At the start of World War II , both Parker Brothers and Waddington stockpiled materials they could use for further game production . During the war , Monopoly was produced with wooden tokens in the U.S. , and the game 's cellophane cover was eliminated . In the UK , metal tokens were also eliminated , and a special spinner was introduced to take the place of dice . The game remained in print for a time even in the Netherlands , as the printer there was able to maintain a supply of paper . Elizabeth Magie 's second patent on The Landlord 's Game expired in September , 1941 , and it is believed that after the expiration , she was no longer promoted as an inventor of Monopoly . The game itself remained popular during the war , particularly in camps , and soldiers playing the game became part of the product 's advertising in 1944 .
+
+After the war , sales went from 800 @,@ 000 a year to over one million . The French and German editions re @-@ entered production , and new editions for Spain , Greece , Finland and Israel were first produced . By the late 1950s , Parker Brothers printed only game sets with board , pieces and materials housed in a single white box . Several copies of this edition were exhibited at the American National Exhibition in Moscow in 1959 . All of them were stolen from the exhibit . In the early 1960s , " Monopoly happenings " began to occur , mostly marathon game sessions , which were recognized by a Monopoly Marathon Records Documentation Committee in New York City . In addition to marathon sessions , games were played on large indoor and outdoor boards , within backyard pits , on the ceiling in a University of Michigan dormitory room , and underwater . In 1965 , a 30th anniversary set was produced in a special plastic case .
+
+= = End of Parker Brothers ' Independence = =
+
+= = = Marketing under General Mills 1968 – 1985 = = =
+
+Parker Brothers was acquired by General Mills in February 1968 . The first Monopoly edition in Braille is published in 1973 . Also in 1973 , as the Atlantic City Commissioner of Public Works considered name changes for Baltic and Mediterranean Avenues , fans of the board game , with support from the president of Parker Brothers , successfully lobbied for the city to keep the names . After Parker Brothers was taken over by General Mills , the Monopoly license to Waddingtons was renegotiated ( as was the Clue / Cluedo license to Parker Brothers / General Mills by Waddingtons ) . By 1974 , Parker Brothers had sold 80 million sets of the game . In 1975 , another anniversary edition was produced , but this edition came in a cardboard box looking much like a standard edition . Parker Brothers was under management by General Mills as the first six Monopoly Tournaments were held . See " The Monopoly Tournaments " below .
+
+= = = Kenner Parker Toys and Kenner Parker Tonka 1985 – 1991 = = =
+
+Kenner was combined with Parker Brothers and spun off as Kenner Parker Toys in 1985 . Regular and Deluxe 50th Anniversary editions of Monopoly were released that same year . The spinoff game Advance to Boardwalk was first published in 1985 . Kenner Parker was acquired by Tonka in 1987 . The 1987 / 1988 Monopoly Tournaments were held under Kenner Parker Tonka management .
+
+In the United Kingdom , Monopoly publisher Waddingtons produced its first non @-@ London edition in 1989 , creating a Limited Edition based on Leeds as a charity fundraiser .
+
+= = = Monopoly ( game show ) = = =
+
+In 1990 , Merv Griffin Enterprises turned Monopoly into a prime time game show , airing after Super Jeopardy ! on Saturday nights on ABC . The program was hosted by Mike Reilly and announced by Charlie O 'Donnell .
+
+= = Marketing 1990s = =
+
+Monopoly Junior was first published in 1990 . Kenner Parker Tonka was acquired by Hasbro in 1991 . An all @-@ Europe edition was published by Parker Brothers in 1991 for the nations of the then European Communities , using the Ecu ( European Currency Unit ) . After acquisition by Hasbro , publication of Monopoly in the U.S. ceased at the Parker Brothers plant in Salem , Massachusetts in November 1991 .
+
+In 1994 , the license to the company that would become USAopoly was issued , and they produced a San Diego , California edition as their first board . In 1995 , a license for new game variations and reprints of Monopoly was granted to Winning Moves Games . See the Localizations , licenses , and spin @-@ offs section below for details on further releases by both companies .
+
+In 1995 , a 60th Anniversary edition was released in a gold box . In late 1998 , Hasbro announced a campaign to add an all @-@ new token to U.S. standard edition sets of Monopoly . Voters were allowed to select from a biplane , a piggy bank , and a sack of money — with votes being tallied through a special website , via a toll @-@ free phone number , and at FAO Schwarz stores .
+
+In March 1999 , Hasbro announced that the winner was the sack of money ( with 51 percent of the vote , compared to 29 percent for the biplane and 20 percent for the piggy bank ) . Thus , the sack of money became the first new token added to the game since the early 1950s . In 1999 , Hasbro renamed the Rich Uncle Pennybags mascot " Mr. Monopoly " , and released Star Wars : Episode I , Pokémon and Millennium editions of Monopoly . A second European edition is released in 1999 , this time using the Euro as currency , but incorrectly listing Geneva as the capital of Switzerland .
+
+= = Marketing 2000s = =
+
+A 65th Anniversary Edition was released in a variation of the white box in 2000 . In 2001 , the European Edition is reissued , correcting the mistake of the 1999 printing , and correctly listing Bern as the capital of Switzerland . In 2005 , a 70th Anniversary Edition was released in a silver @-@ metallic tin with a plastic slip case . Also starting in 2005 , various " Here & Now " editions were released in multiple countries . The first release of this edition was for the UK market , and its success led to the selection of properties for a U.S. edition by online vote . The most popular properties were released on the U.S. " Here & Now " edition board in 2006 . This , in turn , led to a world @-@ wide " Here & Now " edition ( released in 2008 ) , along with other national editions ( including a second UK " Here and Now " edition ) with properties selected by online vote . The main principle of the " Here & Now " editions was " What if Monopoly had been invented today ? "
+
+The first changes to the gameplay of the Monopoly game itself occurred with the publication of both the Monopoly Here & Now Electronic Banking Edition by Hasbro UK and Monopoly : The Mega Edition by Winning Moves Games in 2006 . The Electronic Banking Edition uses VISA @-@ branded debit cards and a debit card reader for monetary transactions , instead of paper bills . This edition is available in the UK , Germany , France , Australia and Ireland . A version was released in the U.S. in 2007 , albeit without the co @-@ branding by Visa . An electronic counter had been featured in the Stock Exchange editions released in Europe in the early 2000s ( decade ) , and is also a feature of the Monopoly City board game released in 2009 .
+
+The Mega Edition has been expanded to include fifty @-@ two spaces ( with more street names taken from Atlantic City ) , skyscrapers ( to be played after hotels ) , train depots , the 1000 denomination of play money , as well as " bus tickets " and a speed die . Shortly after the release of Mega Monopoly in 2006 , Hasbro adopted the same blue version of the speed die into a special " Speed Die Edition " of the game . By 2008 , the die , now red , became a permanent addition to the game , though its use remains optional there . In 2009 's " Championship Edition " , use of the speed die is mandatory , as it also became mandatory in most of 2009 's Monopoly tournaments .
+
+In addition to permanently adding the speed die in 2008 , Hasbro also instituted further changes to the United States standard edition of the board , including making Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues a brown color group , making the Income Tax space a flat $ 200 ( removing the 10 % option ) , changing the colors on the GO space from red to black , increasing the Luxury Tax to $ 100 ( from $ 75 ) , and changing certain of the Community Chest and Chance cards . The changes in these four areas made the U.S. standard edition more uniform with the UK and modern European editions . In 2009 , Winning Moves Games introduced " The Classic Edition " , with a pre @-@ 2008 game board and cards , re @-@ inclusion of the " sack of money " playing piece , and a plain MONOPOLY logo in the center of the board , with neither the 1985 or 2008 version of " Mr. Monopoly " present . Also in 2009 , Monopoly " theme packs " entered the retail market , including the Dog Lovers and Sports Fans editions , which include customized money , replacements for houses and hotels , and custom tokens , but no board .
+
+= = Marketing 2010s = =
+
+In early 2010 , Hasbro began selling the " Free Parking " and " Get out of Jail " add @-@ on games , which can be played alone or when a player lands on the respective Monopoly board spaces . If played during a Monopoly game , success at either game gets the winning player a " free taxi ride to any space on the board " or " out of jail free " , respectively . A new , customizable edition called " U @-@ Build " is also released . Later in 2010 , for the 75th anniversary of the game 's publication , Hasbro released Monopoly Revolution , giving the game a graphic redesign , as well as returning it to a round shape , which had not been seen since some of Darrow 's 1930s custom @-@ made sets . The game includes " bank cards " and keeps track of players ' assets electronically , as was introduced in the " Electronic Banking Edition " earlier in the decade . The game also features clear plastic playing pieces for movers , and electronic sound effects , triggered by certain events ( for instance , a " jail door slam " sound effect when a player goes to jail ) . Monopoly Live was announced at the New York Toy Fair in February , 2011 . The Monopoly Millionaire version of the game was released in 2012 .
+
+In early 2013 , a board game version of the Monopoly Hotels online game was released . From January 8 to February 5 , 2013 , through the Monopoly page on Facebook in a campaign called " Save Your Token , " Hasbro took votes from the public to make another permanent change in the lineup of game tokens . The token with the least number of " Save Your Token " votes will be retired , and replaced with one of five other tokens , depending on which of the new candidates gets the most votes . The potential tokens were a robot , a helicopter , a cat , a guitar or a diamond ring . Neither the biplane nor the piggy bank from the 1998 vote are being considered this time . Early on February 6 , it was announced that the iron would be retired for having received the least votes , and the cat would be replacing it , having received the most votes . Starting in February 2013 , the U.S. discount chain Target will be selling a " Golden Token " set with the eight classic tokens and all five candidates . Special editions with the thirteen golden tokens have also been released in the UK and France . The first Monopoly game to have the new token lineup was released in June 2013 . In 2015 , the game celebrated its 80th anniversary with eight tokens from each decade in a special edition .
+
+= = The Monopoly Tournaments 1973 – 2015 = =
+
+The first Monopoly tournaments were suggested by Victor Watson of Waddington after the World Chess Championship 1972 . Such championships are also held for players of the board game Scrabble . The first European Championship was held in Reykjavík , Iceland , the same site as the 1972 World Chess Championship . Accounts differ as to the eventual winner : Philip Orbanes and Victor Watson name John Mair , representing Ireland and the eventual World Monopoly Champion of 1975 , as also having won the European Championship . Gyles Brandreth , himself a later European Monopoly Champion , names Pierre Milet , representing France , as the European Champion . One of the reasons there may be differing accounts of the eventual winner is attributable to a minor controversy with the final game . According to Parker Brothers ' Randolph " Ranny " P. Barton , an error was made by one of the participants and a protest was filed by an opponent . The judges ( Barton , Watson , and a representative from Miro , the French publishers of Monopoly ) weighed the options of starting the final game over and delaying the chartered plane that would take them home from Iceland vs allowing the game to stand with the error but allowing them to make their flight . In the end , the judges upheld the result of the game with the error uncorrected .
+
+Victor Watson and Ranny Barton began holding tournaments in the UK and US , respectively . World Champions were declared in the United States in 1973 and 1974 ( and are still considered official World Champions by Hasbro ) . While the 1973 tournament , the first , matched three United States regional champions against the UK champion and thus could be argued as the first international tournament , true multinational international tournaments were first held in 1975 . Both authors ( Orbanes and Brandreth ) agree that John Mair was the first true World Champion , as decided in tournament play held in Washington , D.C. days after the conclusion of the European Championship ( which Mair had also won ) , in November 1975 .
+
+By 1982 , tournaments in the United States featured a competition between tournament winners in all 50 states , competing to become the United States Champion . National tournaments were held in the US and UK the year before World Championships through 2003 – 2004 but during the same year as of 2009 ( see table , below ) . The determination of the US champion was changed for the 2003 tournament : winners of an Internet @-@ based quiz challenge were selected to compete , rather than one state champion for each of the 50 states . The tournaments are now typically held every six years . In the past , the US edition Monopoly board was used at the World championship level , while national variants are used at the national level . Since true international play began in 1975 , no World champion has come from the US , still considered the board game 's " birthplace . " However , Dana Terman , two @-@ time US Champion , placed second at the 1980 World Championship , Richard Marinaccio , the 2009 US Champion , placed third at the 2009 World Championship , and Brian Valentine , the 2015 US Representative , placed third at the 2015 World Championship .
+
+Nicolò Falcone of Italy defeated players from 27 countries plus the defending champion in the 2015 World Championship held at The Venetian resort in Macau .
+
+= = Localizations , licenses , and spin @-@ offs = =
+
+The original hand made editions of the Monopoly game had been localized for the cities or areas in which it was played , and Parker Brothers has continued this practice . Their version of Monopoly has been produced for international markets , with the place names being localized for cities including London and Paris and for countries including the Netherlands and Germany , among others . By 1982 , Parker Brothers stated that the game " has been translated into over 15 languages .... " In 2009 , Hasbro reported that Monopoly is officially published in 27 languages , and has been licensed by them in 81 countries . As of January 2013 , Hasbro states that the game is now available in 43 languages and 111 countries .
+
+The game has also inspired official spin @-@ offs , such as the board game Advance to Boardwalk from 1985 . There have been six card games : Water Works from 1972 , Free Parking from 1988 , Express Monopoly from 1993 , Monopoly : The Card Game from 1999 , Monopoly Deal from 2008 and Monopoly Millionaire Deal from 2012 . Finally , there have been two dice games : Don 't Go to Jail from 1991 and an update , Monopoly Express , ( 2006 – 2007 ) . A second product line of games and licenses exists in Monopoly Junior , first published in 1990 . In the late 1980s , official editions of Monopoly appeared for the Sega Master System and the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 . A television game show , produced by King World Productions , was attempted in the summer of 1990 , but lasted for only 12 episodes . In 1991 – 1992 , official versions appeared for the Apple Macintosh and Nintendo 's NES , SNES , and Game Boy . In 1995 , as Hasbro ( which had taken over Kenner Parker Tonka in 1991 ) was preparing to launch Hasbro Interactive as a new brand , they chose Monopoly and Trivial Pursuit to be their first two CD @-@ ROM games . The Monopoly CD @-@ ROM game also allowed for play over the Internet . CD @-@ ROM versions of the officially licensed Star Wars and FIFA World Cup ' 98 editions also were released . Later CD @-@ ROM exclusive spin @-@ offs , Monopoly Casino and Monopoly Tycoon , were also produced under license .
+
+Various manufacturers of the game have created dozens of officially licensed versions , in which the names of the properties and other elements of the game are replaced by others according to the game 's theme . The first such license was awarded in 1994 , to the company that became USAopoly , starting with a San Diego edition of Monopoly and later including themes such as national parks , Star Trek , Star Wars , Nintendo , Disney characters , Pokémon , Peanuts , various particular cities ( such as Las Vegas and New York City ) , states , colleges and universities , the World Cup , NASCAR , individual professional sports teams , and many others . USAopoly also sells special corporate editions of Monopoly . Official corporate editions have been produced for Best Buy , the Boy Scouts of America , FedEx , and UPS , among others . In 1995 , a second license was awarded to Winning Moves Games in Massachusetts . Winning Moves has produced a new board game and card games based on Monopoly in the United States . Winning Moves also produces official localized editions of the game in the UK , France , Germany and Australia . The Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Edition of Monopoly is a special case , having been originally produced by Winning Moves in the UK , and resold by USAopoly within the US . A third license was awarded in 2000 by Hasbro to Winning Solutions , Inc . , which produces specialty deluxe editions mostly for sale by specialized retailers . Other licensed localized editions of the game are being published in Nigeria and The Netherlands , among other locations .
+
+When creating some of the modern licensed editions , such as the Looney Tunes and The Powerpuff Girls editions of Monopoly , Hasbro included special variant rules to be played in the theme of the licensed property . Infogrames , which has published a CD @-@ ROM edition of Monopoly , also includes the selection of " house rules " as a possible variant of play . Electronic Arts , which publishes current electronic versions of the game , such as for the Nintendo Wii , also includes the selection of certain house rules .
+
+Unofficial versions of the game , which share some of the same playing features , but also incorporate changes so as not to infringe on copyrights , have been created by firms such as Late for the Sky Production Company and Help on Board . These are done for smaller cities , sometimes as charity fundraisers , and some have been created for college and university campuses . Others have non @-@ geographical themes such as Wine @-@ opoly and Chocolate @-@ opoly . There is also a version called Make Your Own -OPOLY , which allows you to customize all the game equipment and rules to your liking .
+
+Before the creation of Hasbro Interactive , and after its later sale to Infogrames , official computer and video game versions have been made available on many platforms . In addition to the versions listed above , they have been produced for Amiga , BBC Micro , Game Boy Advance , Game Boy Color , GameCube , PC , Nintendo 64 , PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , Sega Genesis , Xbox , and mobile phones . A version for Windows CE was planned in 1999 . A handheld electronic game was first released in 1998 that allowed for one human player against up to three player @-@ selected or randomly chosen AI " personalities " out of five . A Nintendo DS release ( along with Battleship , Boggle , and Yahtzee ) has been published ( by Atari ) , as well as a stand @-@ alone edition for the same console ( by EA ) . In 2001 , Stern Pinball , Inc. released a pinball machine version of Monopoly , designed by Pat Lawlor .
+
+= = = House rules and custom rules = = =
+
+The official Parker Brothers rules and board remained largely unchanged from 1936 to 2008 . Ralph Anspach argued against this during an on @-@ air conversation with The Monopoly Book author Maxine Brady in 1975 , calling it an end to " steady progress " and an impediment to progress . Several authors who have written about the board game have noted many of the " house rules " that have become common among players , although they do not appear in Parker Brothers ' rules sheets . Gyles Brandreth included a section titled " Monopoly Variations , " Tim Moore notes several such rules used in his household in his Foreword , Phil Orbanes included his own section of variations , and Maxine Brady noted a few in her preface . Authors Noel Gunther and Richard Hutton published Beyond Boardwalk and Park Place in 1986 , as a guide , per the cover , " to making Monopoly fun again " , by introducing new variations of rules and strategies . R. Wayne Schmittberger , a former editor of Games magazine , acknowledged the work of Gunther and Hutton in his own 1992 guide New Rules for Classic Games ( which includes several pages of Monopoly variations and suggestions that vary from the standard rules of the game ) .
+
+= = Anti @-@ Monopoly , Inc. vs. General Mills Fun Group , Inc. court case 1976 – 1985 = =
+
+Starting in 1974 , Parker Brothers and its then corporate parent , General Mills , attempted to suppress publication of a game called Anti @-@ Monopoly , designed by San Francisco State University economics professor Ralph Anspach and first published the previous year . Anspach began to research the game 's history , and argued that the copyrights and trademarks held by Parker Brothers should be nullified , as the game came out of the public domain . Among other things , Anspach discovered the empty 1933 Charles B. Darrow file at the United States Copyright Office , testimony from the Inflation game case that was settled out of court , and letters from Knapp Electric challenging Parker Brothers over Monopoly . As the case went to trial in November 1976 , Anspach produced testimony by many involved with the early development of the game , including Catherine and Willard Allphin , Dorothea Raiford and Charles Todd . Willard Allphin attempted to sell a version of the game to Milton Bradley in 1931 , and published an article about the game 's early history in the UK in 1975 . Raiford had helped Ruth Hoskins produce the early Atlantic City games . Even Daniel Layman was interviewed , and Darrow 's widow was deposed . The presiding judge , Spencer Williams , originally ruled for Parker Brothers / General Mills in 1977 , allowing the Monopoly trademark to stand , and allowing the companies to destroy copies of Anspach 's Anti @-@ Monopoly . Anspach appealed .
+
+In December 1979 , the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Professor Anspach , with an opinion that agreed with the facts about the game 's history and differed from Parker Brothers ' " official " account . The court also upheld a " purchasing motivation " test ( described in the decision as a " Genericness Doctrine " ) , a " test by which the trademark was valid only if consumers , when they asked for a Monopoly game , meant that they wanted Parker Brothers ' version .... " This had the effect of potentially nullifying the Monopoly trademark , and the court returned the case to Judge Williams . Williams heard the case again in 1980 , and in 1981 he again held for Parker Brothers . Anspach appealed again , and in August 1982 the appeals court again reversed . The case was then appealed by General Mills / Parker Brothers to the United States Supreme Court , which decided not to hear the case in February 1983 , and denied a petition for rehearing in April . This allowed the appeals court 's decision to stand and further allowed Anspach to resume publication of his game .
+
+With the trademark nullified , the name " Monopoly " entered the public domain , where the naming of games was concerned , and a profusion of non @-@ Parker @-@ Brothers variants were published . Parker Brothers and other firms lobbied the United States Congress and obtained a revision of the trademark laws . The case was finally settled in 1985 , with Monopoly remaining a valid trademark of Parker Brothers , and Anspach assigning the Anti @-@ Monopoly trademark to the company but retaining the ability to use it under license . Anspach received compensation for court costs and the destroyed copies of his game , as well as unspecified damages . He was allowed to resume publication with a legal disclaimer . Anspach later self @-@ published a book about his research and legal fights with General Mills , Kenner Parker Toys , and Hasbro .
+
+= = = Legal status = = =
+
+Parker Brothers / Hasbro now claims trademark rights to the name and its variants , and has asserted it against others such as the publishers of Ghettopoly . Professor Anspach assigned the Anti @-@ Monopoly trademark back to Parker Brothers , and Hasbro now owns it . Anspach 's game remains in print . The previous publishers were a company called Talicor , but the game is currently distributed and sold by University Games worldwide .
+
+Various patents have existed on the game of Monopoly and its predecessors , such as The Landlord 's Game , but all have now expired . The specific graphics of the game board , cards , and pieces are protected by copyright law and trademark law , as is the specific wording of the game 's rules .
+
+= = Monopoly as a brand = =
+
+Parker Brothers created a few accessories and licensed a few products shortly after it began publishing the game in 1935 . These included a money pad and the first stock exchange add @-@ on in 1936 , a birthday card , and a song by Charles Tobias ( lyrics ) and John Jacob Loeb ( music ) . At the conclusion of the Anti @-@ Monopoly case , Kenner Parker Toys began to seek trademarks on the design elements of Monopoly . It was at this time that the game 's main logo was redesigned to feature " Rich Uncle Pennybags " ( now " Mr. Monopoly " ) reaching out from the second " O " in the word Monopoly . To commemorate the game 's 50th anniversary in 1985 , the company commissioned artist Lou Brooks to redesign and illustrate the main logo as a red street sign @-@ like banner , as well as the character Rich Uncle Pennybags reaching out of the " O. " Brooks was also hired at the time to develop and illustrate the game 's special " Commemorative Edition " embossed tin box packaging . The art was also carried over onto the more traditional cardboard game box which was revised for the anniversary .
+
+All items stamped with the red MONOPOLY logo also feature the word " Brand " in small print . In the mid @-@ 1980s , after the success of the first " collector 's tin anniversary edition " ( for the 50th anniversary ) , an edition of the game was produced by the Franklin Mint , the first edition to be published outside Parker Brothers . At about the same time , McDonald 's started its first Monopoly game promotions , considered the company 's most successful , which continue to the present . The twentieth such promotion was sponsored in 2012 .
+
+In recent years , the Monopoly brand has been licensed onto a line of slot machines built by WMS Gaming ( first introduced in 1998 , six models had been made by 2000 , and over 20 by 2005 ) . The slots were named " Most Innovative Gaming Product in 1999 and voted " most popular " in 2001 . The brand has also been licensed onto instant @-@ win lottery tickets , and lines of 1 : 64 scale model cars produced by Johnny Lightning , which also included collectible game tokens . Other licenses have been issued for clothing and accessories , including a line of bathroom accessories . Licensee Winning Moves Games also had a Monopoly Calculator that could be used as a standard calculator , or used to aid in transactions during a game .
+
+= = = Official sites = = =
+
+The official U.S. Monopoly web site
+
+The official UK Monopoly web site
+
+Monopoly on Facebook
+
+= = = History = = =
+
+U.S. Patent 748 @,@ 626 – Patent for the first version of The Landlord 's Game , Issued Jan 5 , 1904
+
+U.S. Patent 1 @,@ 509 @,@ 312 – Patent for the second version of The Landlord 's Game , Issued Sep 23 , 1924
+
+U.S. Patent 2 @,@ 026 @,@ 082 – Patent awarded to C.B. Darrow for " Monopoly " on December 31 , 1935
+
+The History of The Landlord 's Game and Monopoly .
+
+History of Monopoly at World of Monopoly
+
+Online photo album of many historical U.S. Monopoly sets , from Charles Darrow 's sets through the 1950s
+
+Another online photo album of early Parker Brothers and Waddington sets , 1935 – 1954 .
+
+Under the Boardwalk – The MONOPOLY Story – Film detailing the early history of the game with interviews including Phil Orbanes , Randolph Barton , Victor Watson , & Charles Darrow II .
+
+= Humbert Roque Versace =
+
+Captain Humbert Roque " Rocky " Versace ( July 2 , 1937 – September 26 , 1965 ) was a United States Army officer of Puerto Rican @-@ Italian descent who was awarded the United States ' highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for his heroic actions while a prisoner of war ( POW ) during the Vietnam War . He was the first member of the U.S. Army to be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions performed in Southeast Asia while in captivity .
+
+= = Early years = =
+
+Humbert Roque Versace was born in Honolulu , Hawaii on July 2 , 1937 . He was the eldest of five children born to Marie Teresa Ríos ( 1917 – 1999 ) — the author of three books , including the Fifteenth Pelican , on which The Flying Nun ( starring Sally Field ) , the TV series of the 1960s , was based — and Colonel Humbert Joseph Versace ( 1911 – 1972 ) . Versace grew up in Alexandria , Virginia and attended Gonzaga College High School in Washington , D.C. during his freshman and sophomore years . His junior year he attended Frankfurt American High School in Germany . He graduated from Norfolk Catholic High School in his senior year . He joined the Armed Forces in Norfolk , Virginia . As had his father before him , Versace entered the United States Military Academy West Point . He graduated in 1959 and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant of Armor in the U.S. Army .
+
+He was a member of Ranger Class 4 – 60 and was awarded the Ranger Tab on December 18 , 1959 . Upon graduation from Ranger School , Capt. Versace attended Airborne School and was awarded the parachutist badge . He then served with 3rd Battalion , 40th Armor , 1st Cavalry Division in the Republic of Korea as an M @-@ 48 tank platoon leader from March 1960 to April 1961 . Captain Versace was then assigned to the 3d U.S. Infantry ( Old Guard ) , where he served as a tank platoon leader in Headquarters and Headquarters Company . After volunteering for duty in Vietnam , he attended the Military Assistance Institute , the Intelligence course at Fort Holabird , Maryland , and the USACS Vietnamese language Course at the Presidio of Monterey .
+
+= = Vietnam War = =
+
+On May 12 , 1962 , Versace began his first tour of duty in the Republic of Vietnam as an intelligence advisor . In May 1963 he volunteered for a six @-@ month extension of his tour , planning to attend seminary at the conclusion of his service and join the Catholic priesthood , hoping to return to Vietnam as a missionary working with orphans .
+
+Less than two weeks before the end of his tour , on October 29 , 1963 , while visiting a Military Academy classmate in Detachment A @-@ 23 , 5th Special Forces Group in the Mekong Delta , Versace accompanied several companies of South Vietnamese Civilian Irregular Defense ( CIDG ) troops who had attacked to remove a Viet Cong ( VC ) command post located in the U Minh Forest , a VC stronghold . A VC Main Force battalion ambushed and overran Versace 's unit , wounding him in the process . He was able to provide enough covering fire so that the CIDG forces could withdraw from the killing zone .
+
+A second government force of about 200 men operating only a few thousand yards from the main fight learned of the disaster too late to help . U.S. authorities said the communist radio jammers had knocked out both the main channel and the alternate channel on all local military radios . Versace was captured and taken to a prison deep in the jungle along with two other Americans , Lieutenant Nick Rowe and Sergeant Dan Pitzer . He tried to escape four times , but failed in his attempts . Versace insulted the Viet Cong during the indoctrination sessions and cited the Geneva Convention treaty time after time . The Viet Cong separated Versace from the other prisoners . The last time the prisoners heard his voice , he was loudly singing " God Bless America " . On September 26 , 1965 , North Vietnam 's " Liberation Radio ” announced the execution of Captain Humbert Roque Versace . Versace 's remains have never been recovered . His headstone at Arlington National Cemetery stands above an empty grave and can be located in the Memorial section MG @-@ 108 .
+
+Upon learning of their son 's fate , Marie Teresa Rios Versace and her husband , Colonel Versace , tried to find out what they could about the circumstances . She went to Paris in the late 1960s , trying unsuccessfully to see the North Vietnamese delegation as it arrived for peace talks . Rios Versace expressed her frustration and anguish in poems .
+
+Nominations to award Versace the Medal of Honor were initiated in 1969 , but the nomination failed and he was posthumously awarded the Silver Star instead . The quest for a Medal of Honor for Versace languished until the " Friends of Rocky Versace " reinitiated the crusade once more in 1999 . Language added by Congress in the 2002 Defense Authorization Act ended the standoff and authorized the award of the nation 's highest military decoration for combat valor to Versace .
+
+On July 8 , 2002 , in a ceremony in the White House East Room , Versace was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor by President George W. Bush for his heroism , the first time an Army POW had been awarded the nation 's highest honor for actions in captivity . Present were his surviving siblings , Dr. Stephen Versace , Richard ( former coach of the Indiana Pacers ) , Michael and Trilby Versace . On November 7 , 2008 , the Department of the Army announced that the Silver Star awarded to Versace was revoked because the Silver Star award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor .
+
+HEADQUARTERS
+
+DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
+
+WASHINGTON , DC , 29 December 2009
+
+IV — SILVER STAR @-@ REVOKE . So much of Department of the Army General Orders , No. 31 , Headquarters , Department of the Army , Washington , D.C. , dated 1 July 1971 , pertaining to the award of the Silver Star to Captain Humbert R. Versace , United States Army , is herein revoked ; as announced in United States Human Resources Command , Permanent Orders 312 @-@ 07 , dated 7 November 2008 .
+
+= = = Medal of Honor citation = = =
+
+Humbert Roque Versace
+
+Rank and organization : Captain , U.S. Army , Intelligence Advisor , Special Operations
+
+Place : Republic of Vietnam
+
+Entered service at : Norfolk , Virginia
+
+Born : Honolulu , Hawaii
+
+Citation :
+
+For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while a prisoner of war during the period of October 29 , 1963 to September 26 , 1965 in the Republic of Vietnam . While accompanying a Civilian Irregular Defense Group patrol engaged in combat operations in Thoi Binh District , An Xuyen Province , Republic of Vietnam on October 29 , 1963 , Captain Versace and the CIDG assault force were caught in an ambush from intense mortar , automatic weapons , and small arms fire from elements of a reinforced enemy Main Force battalion . As the battle raged , Captain Versace fought valiantly and encouraged his CIDG patrol to return fire against overwhelming enemy forces . He provided covering fire from an exposed position to enable friendly forces to withdraw from the killing zone when it was apparent that their position would be overrun , and was severely wounded in the knee and back from automatic weapons fire and shrapnel . He stubbornly resisted capture with the last full measure of his strength and ammunition . Taken prisoner by the Viet Cong , he demonstrated exceptional leadership and resolute adherence to the tenets of the Code of Conduct from the time he entered into a prisoner of war status . Captain Versace assumed command of his fellow American prisoners , and despite being kept locked in irons in an isolation box , raised their morale by singing messages to popular songs of the day , and leaving inspiring messages at the latrine . Within three weeks of captivity , and despite the severity of his untreated wounds , he attempted the first of four escape attempts by dragging himself on his hands and knees out of the camp through dense swamp and forbidding vegetation to freedom . Crawling at a very slow pace due to his weakened condition , the guards quickly discovered him outside the camp and recaptured him . Captain Versace scorned the enemy 's exhaustive interrogation and indoctrination efforts , and inspired his fellow prisoners to resist to the best of their ability . When he used his Vietnamese language skills to protest improper treatment of the American prisoners by the guards , he was put into leg irons and gagged to keep his protestations out of earshot of the other American prisoners in the camp . The last time that any of his fellow prisoners heard from him , Captain Versace was singing God Bless America at the top of his voice from his isolation box . Unable to break his indomitable will , his faith in God , and his trust in the United States of America and his fellow prisoners , Captain Versace was executed by the Viet Cong on September 26 , 1965 . Captain Versaces extraordinary heroism , self @-@ sacrifice , and personal bravery involving conspicuous risk of life above and beyond the call of duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Army , and reflect great credit to himself and the U.S. Armed Forces .
+
+= = In memory = =
+
+The name Humbert R Versace is inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ( " The Wall " ) on Panel 01E , Row 033 . On July 6 , 2002 , Rocky Versace Plaza in Alexandria , Virginia was dedicated in honor of Humbert R. Versace . There is a statue with the likeness of Versace in the Plaza , which was made possible with a donation of $ 125 @,@ 000 raised by the citizens of Alexandria , Virginia . On July 9 , 2002 , the day after the White House Medal of Honor ceremony , Secretary of the Army Thomas E. White and Army Chief of Staff General Eric K. Shinseki inducted Versace into the Pentagon Hall of Heroes .
+
+In 2003 , he was inducted into the Military Intelligence Corps Hall of Fame . The Military Intelligence Hall of Fame is a Hall of Fame established by the Military Intelligence Corps of the United States Army in 1988 to honor soldiers and civilians who have made exceptional contributions to Military Intelligence . The Hall is administered by the United States Army Intelligence Center at Fort Huachuca , Arizona .
+
+The name of Humbert Roque Versace was engraved in " El Monumento de la Recordación " ( Monument of Remembrance ) , dedicated to Puerto Rico 's fallen military members and situated in front of the Capitol Building in San Juan , Puerto Rico , and unveiled by Puerto Rico Senate President Kenneth McClintock ( see copy of speech ) and PR National Guard Adjutant General Col. David Carrión on Memorial Day , 2007 .
+
+= = Awards and decorations = =
+
+Among Capt. Humbert Roque Versace 's military decorations are the following :
+
+Medal of Honor
+
+Purple Heart
+
+POW Medal
+
+Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
+
+National Defense Service Medal
+
+Vietnam Service Medal
+
+Vietnam Campaign Medal
+
+Badges :
+
+Combat Infantryman Badge
+
+Parachutist badge
+
+Tabs :
+
+Special Forces Tab
+
+Ranger Tab
+
+= Plug @-@ in electric vehicle =
+
+A plug @-@ in electric vehicle ( PEV ) is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from an external source of electricity , such as wall sockets , and the electricity stored in the rechargeable battery packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels . PEV is a subset of electric vehicles that includes all @-@ electric or battery electric vehicles ( BEVs ) , plug @-@ in hybrid vehicles ( PHEVs ) , and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles .
+
+Plug @-@ in cars have several benefits compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles . They have lower operating and maintenance costs , and produce little or no local air pollution . They reduce dependence on petroleum and may reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the onboard source of power , depending on the fuel and technology used for electricity generation to charge the batteries . Plug @-@ in hybrids capture most of these benefits when they are operating in all @-@ electric mode . Despite their potential benefits , market penetration of plug @-@ in electric vehicles has been slower than expected as adoption faces several hurdles and limitations . As of 2016 , plug @-@ in electric vehicles are significantly more expensive than conventional vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to the additional cost of their lithium @-@ ion battery packs . Other factors discouraging the adoption of electric cars are the lack of public and private recharging infrastructure and , in the case of all @-@ electric vehicles , drivers ' fear of the batteries running out of energy before reaching their destination due to the limited range of existing electric cars . Plug @-@ in hybrids eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated to all @-@ electric vehicles , because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted , giving PHEVs driving range comparable to other vehicles with gasoline tanks .
+
+Several national and local governments have established tax credits , subsidies , and other incentives to promote the introduction and adoption in the mass market of plug @-@ in electric vehicles depending on their battery size and all @-@ electric range . The term " plug @-@ in electric drive vehicle " is formally used in U.S. federal legislation to grant this type of consumer incentive . In China , plug @-@ in electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles ( NEVs ) , and only pure electric vehicles and plug @-@ in hybrid electric vehicles are subject to purchase incentives . Cumulative global sales of highway legal plug @-@ in electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles passed the 1 @.@ 5 million unit milestone in May 2016 . Despite their rapid growth , plug @-@ in electric cars represented just 0 @.@ 1 % of the one billion cars on the world 's roads by the end of 2015 .
+
+As of September 2015 , there were almost 70 models of highway legal plug @-@ in electric passenger cars and light @-@ duty utility vans available for retail sales in the world . As of March 2016 , the Nissan Leaf is the world 's all @-@ time top selling highway @-@ capable all @-@ electric car , with global sales of almost 220 @,@ 000 units , followed by the Tesla Model S with about 120 @,@ 000 units sold worldwide , and the Chevrolet Volt plug @-@ in hybrid , which together with its sibling the Opel / Vauxhall Ampera has combined global sales of over 110 @,@ 000 units . Ranking next are the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV with about 102 @,@ 000 units sold , and the Toyota Prius Plug @-@ in Hybrid with 75 @,@ 000 delivered worldwide .
+
+As of June 2016 , cumulative sales by country are led by the United States with a stock of about 474 @,@ 000 highway legal light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles delivered since 2008 . China ranks second with almost 390 @,@ 000 units sold between 2011 and May 2016 , followed by Japan with more than 150 @,@ 000 plug @-@ ins sold between 2009 and April 2016 . Over 500 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in passenger cars and utility vans have been registered in Europe up until May 2016 , making the continent the world 's largest light @-@ duty plug @-@ in regional market . European sales are led by Norway with over 105 @,@ 000 units registered through May 2016 , followed by the Netherlands with over 93 @,@ 300 units registered at the end of May 2016 , and France with about 89 @,@ 600 units registered through May 2016 . China is the world 's leader in the plug @-@ in heavy @-@ duty segment , including electric all @-@ electric buses , and plug @-@ in commercial and sanitation trucks . The stock of new energy vehicles sold in China since 2011 passed the 500 @,@ 000 unit milestone in March 2016 .
+
+= = Terminology = =
+
+= = = Plug @-@ in electric vehicle = = =
+
+A plug @-@ in electric vehicle ( PEV ) is any motor vehicle with rechargeable battery packs that can be charged from the electric grid , and the electricity stored on board drives or contributes to drive the wheels for propulsion . Plug @-@ in electric vehicles are also sometimes referred to as grid @-@ enabled vehicles ( GEV ) and also as electrically chargeable vehicles .
+
+PEV is a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles ( BEVs ) , plug @-@ in hybrid vehicles , ( PHEVs ) , and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles . Even though conventional hybrid electric vehicles ( HEVs ) have a battery that is continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking , they can not be recharged from an off @-@ vehicle electric energy source , and therefore , they do not belong to the category of plug @-@ in electric vehicles .
+
+" Plug @-@ in electric drive vehicle " is the legal term used in U.S. federal legislation to designate the category of motor vehicles eligible for federal tax credits depending on battery size and their all @-@ electric range . In some European countries , particularly in France , " electrically chargeable vehicle " is the formal term used to designate the vehicles eligible for these incentives . While the term " plug @-@ in electric vehicle " most often refers to automobiles or " plug @-@ in cars " , there are several other types of plug @-@ in electric vehicle , including scooters , motorcycles , neighborhood electric vehicles or microcars , city cars , vans , light trucks or light commercial vehicles , buses , trucks or lorries , and military vehicles .
+
+= = = Battery electric vehicles = = =
+
+A battery electric vehicle ( BEV ) uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs as its only source for propulsion . BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines ( ICEs ) for propulsion .
+
+A plug @-@ in hybrid operates as an all @-@ electric vehicle or BEV when operating in charge @-@ depleting mode , but it switches to charge @-@ sustaining mode after the battery has reached its minimum state of charge ( SOC ) threshold , exhausting the vehicle 's all @-@ electric range ( AER ) .
+
+= = = Plug @-@ in hybrid electric vehicles = = =
+
+A plug @-@ in hybrid electric vehicle ( PHEV or PHV ) , also known as a plug @-@ in hybrid , is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source . A plug @-@ in hybrid shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle and an all @-@ electric vehicle : it uses a gasoline engine and an electric motor for propulsion , but a PHEV has a larger battery pack that can be recharged , allowing operation in all @-@ electric mode until the battery is depleted .
+
+= = = Aftermarket conversions = = =
+
+An aftermarket electric vehicle conversion is the modification of a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle ( ICEV ) or hybrid electric vehicle ( HEV ) to electric propulsion , creating an all @-@ electric or plug @-@ in hybrid electric vehicle .
+
+There are several companies in the U.S. offering conversions . The most common conversions have been from hybrid electric cars to plug @-@ in hybrid , but due to the different technology used in hybrids by each carmaker , the easiest conversions are for 2004 – 2009 Toyota Prius and for the Ford Escape / Mercury Mariner Hybrid .
+
+= = = New energy vehicles = = =
+
+In China the term new energy vehicles ( NEVs ) refers to vehicles that are partially or fully powered by electricity , such as battery electric vehicles ( BEVs ) and plug @-@ in hybrids ( PHEVs ) . The Chinese government began implementation of its NEV program in 2009 to foster the development and introduction of new energy vehicles .
+
+= = Advantages = =
+
+= = = Lower operating and maintenance costs = = =
+
+Internal combustion engines are relatively inefficient at converting on @-@ board fuel energy to propulsion as most of the energy is wasted as heat , and the rest while the engine is idling . Electric motors , on the other hand , are more efficient at converting stored energy into driving a vehicle . Electric drive vehicles do not consume energy while at rest or coasting , and modern plug @-@ in cars can capture and reuse as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking through regenerative braking . Typically , conventional gasoline engines effectively use only 15 % of the fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power accessories , and diesel engines can reach on @-@ board efficiencies of 20 % , while electric drive vehicles typically have on @-@ board efficiencies of around 80 % .
+
+In the United States , as of early 2010 with a national average electricity rate of US $ 0 @.@ 10 per kWh , the cost per mile for a plug @-@ in electric vehicle operating in all @-@ electric mode is estimated between $ 0 @.@ 02 to $ 0 @.@ 04 , while the cost per mile of a standard automobile varies between $ 0 @.@ 08 to $ 0 @.@ 20 , considering a gasoline price of $ 3 @.@ 00 per gallon . As petroleum price is expected to increase in the future due to oil production decline and increases in global demand , the cost difference in favor of PEVs is expected to become even more advantageous .
+
+According to Consumer Reports , as of December 2011 the Nissan Leaf has a cost of 3 @.@ 5 cents per mile and the Chevrolet Volt has a cost in electric mode of 3 @.@ 8 cents per mile . The Volt cost per mile is higher because it is heavier than the Leaf . These estimates are based on the fuel economy and energy consumption measured on their tests and using a U.S. national average rate of 11 cents per kWh of electricity . When the Volt runs in range @-@ extended mode using its premium gasoline @-@ powered engine , the plug @-@ in hybrid has a cost of 12 @.@ 5 cents per mile . The out @-@ of @-@ pocket cost per mile of the three most fuel efficient gasoline @-@ powered cars as tested by the magazine are the Toyota Prius , with a cost of 8 @.@ 6 cents per miles , the Honda Civic Hybrid with 9 @.@ 5 cents per mile , the Toyota Corolla with 11 @.@ 9 cents per mile , and the Hyundai Elantra 13 @.@ 1 cents per mile . The analysis also found that on trips up to 100 mi ( 160 km ) , the Volt is cheaper to drive than the Prius and the other three cars due to the Volt 's 35 mi ( 56 km ) driving range on electricity . The previous operating costs do not include maintenance , depreciation or other costs .
+
+All @-@ electric and plug @-@ in hybrid vehicles also have lower maintenance costs as compared to internal combustion vehicles , since electronic systems break down much less often than the mechanical systems in conventional vehicles , and the fewer mechanical systems on board last longer due to the better use of the electric engine . PEVs do not require oil changes and other routine maintenance checks .
+
+The following table compares out @-@ of @-@ pocket fuel costs estimated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency according to its official ratings for fuel economy ( miles per gallon gasoline equivalent in the case of plug @-@ in electric vehicles ) for series production all @-@ electric passenger vehicles rated by the EPA as of December 2015 , versus EPA rated most fuel efficient plug @-@ in hybrid with long distance range ( Chevrolet Volt - second generation ) , gasoline @-@ electric hybrid car ( Toyota Prius Eco - fourth generation ) , and EPA 's average new 2016 vehicle , which has a fuel economy of 25 mpg @-@ US ( 9 @.@ 4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg @-@ imp ) .
+
+The following table compares EPA 's estimated out @-@ of @-@ pocket fuel costs and fuel economy ratings of serial production plug @-@ in hybrid electric vehicles rated by EPA as of May 2016 expressed in miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( mpg @-@ e ) , versus the most fuel efficient gasoline @-@ electric hybrid car , the 2016 Toyota Prius Eco ( fourth generation ) , rated 56 mpg @-@ US ( 4 @.@ 2 L / 100 km ; 67 mpg @-@ imp ) , and EPA 's average new 2016 vehicle , which has a fuel economy of 25 mpg @-@ US ( 9 @.@ 4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg @-@ imp ) . The table also shows the fuel efficiency for plug @-@ in hybrids in all @-@ electric mode expressed as KWh / 100 mile , the metric used by EPA to rate electric cars before November 2010 .
+
+The Edison Electric Institute ( EEI ) conducted an analysis that demonstrated that between January 1976 and February 2012 the real price for gasoline has been much more volatile than the real price of electricity in the United States . The analysis is based on a plug @-@ in electric vehicle with an efficiency of 3 @.@ 4 miles per kW @-@ hr ( like the Mitsubishi i MiEV ) and a gasoline @-@ powered vehicle with a fuel economy rated at 30 mpg @-@ US ( 7 @.@ 8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg @-@ imp ) ( like the 2012 Fiat 500 ) . The EEI estimated that operating a plug @-@ in would have had an equivalent cost of around US $ 1 @.@ 50 a gallon in the late 1970s and early 1980s , and around US $ 1 @.@ 00 a gallon since the late 1990s . In contrast , the price to operate an internal combustion engine vehicle has had much ample variations , costing more than US $ 3 @.@ 50 per gallon during the 1979 energy crisis , then had a couple of lows with prices at less than US $ 1 @.@ 50 during 1999 and 2001 , only to climb and reach a maximum of more than US $ 4 @.@ 00 before the beginning of the 2007 – 2009 financial crisis , by early 2012 has fluctuated around US $ 3 @.@ 50 . The analysis found that the cost of an equivalent electric @-@ gallon of gasoline would have been not only cheaper to operate during the entire analysis period but also that equivalent electricity prices are more stable and have been declining in terms of equivalent dollars per gallon .
+
+= = = Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions = = =
+
+Electric cars , as well as plug @-@ in hybrids operating in all @-@ electric mode , emit no harmful tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power , such as particulates ( soot ) , volatile organic compounds , hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide , ozone , lead , and various oxides of nitrogen . The clean air benefit is usually local because , depending on the source of the electricity used to recharge the batteries , air pollutant emissions are shifted to the location of the generation plants . In a similar manner , plug @-@ in electric vehicles operating in all @-@ electric mode do not emit greenhouse gases from the onboard source of power , but from the point of view of a well @-@ to @-@ wheel assessment , the extent of the benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for electricity generation . This fact has been referred to as the long tailpipe of plug @-@ in electric vehicles . From the perspective of a full life cycle analysis , the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be generated from renewable or clean sources such as wind , solar , hydroelectric , or nuclear power for PEVs to have almost none or zero well @-@ to @-@ wheel emissions . On the other hand , when PEVs are recharged from coal @-@ fired plants , they usually produce slightly more greenhouse gas emissions than internal combustion engine vehicles and higher than hybrid electric vehicles . In the case of plug @-@ in hybrid electric vehicles operating in hybrid mode with assistance of the internal combustion engine , tailpipe and greenhouse emissions are lower in comparison to conventional cars because of their higher fuel economy .
+
+The magnitude of the potential advantage depends on the mix of generation sources and therefore varies by country and by region . For example , France can obtain significant emission benefits from electric and plug @-@ in hybrids because most of its electricity is generated by nuclear power plants ; California , where most energy comes from natural gas , hydroelectric and nuclear plants can also secure substantial emission benefits . The U.K. also has a significant potential to benefit from PEVs as natural gas plants dominate the generation mix . On the other hand , emission benefits in Germany , China , India , and the central regions of the United States are limited or non @-@ existent because most electricity is generated from coal . However these countries and regions might still obtain some air quality benefits by reducing local air pollution in urban areas . Cities with chronic air pollution problems , such as Los Angeles , México City , Santiago , Chile , São Paulo , Beijing , Bangkok and Kathmandu may also gain local clean air benefits by shifting the harmful emission to electric generation plants located outside the cities . Nevertheless , the location of the plants is not relevant when considering greenhouse gas emission because their effect is global .
+
+= = = = Carbon footprint during production = = = =
+
+Ricardo
+
+A report published in June 2011 , prepared by Ricardo in collaboration with experts from the UK 's Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership , found that hybrid electric cars , plug @-@ in hybrids and all @-@ electric cars generate more carbon emissions during their production than current conventional vehicles , but still have a lower overall carbon footprint over the full life cycle . The higher carbon footprint during production of electric drive vehicles is due mainly to the production of batteries . As an example , 43 percent of production emissions for a mid @-@ size electric car are generated from the battery production , while for standard mid @-@ sized gasolineinternal combustion engine vehicle , around 75 % of the embedded carbon emissions during production comes from the steel used in the vehicle glider . The following table summarizes key results of this study for four powertrain technologies :
+
+The Ricardo study also found that the lifecycle carbon emissions for mid @-@ sized gasoline and diesel vehicles are almost identical , and that the greater fuel efficiency of the diesel engine is offset by higher production emissions .
+
+Volkswagen
+
+In 2014 Volkswagen published the results of life @-@ cycle assessment of its electric vehicles certified by TÜV NORD , and independent inspection agency . The study found that CO
+
+2 emissions during the use phase of its all @-@ electric VW e @-@ Golf are 99 % lower than those of the Golf 1 @.@ 2 TSI when powers comes from exclusively hydroelectricity generated in Germany , Austria and Switzerland . Accounting for the full lifecycle , the e @-@ Golf reduces emissions by 61 % , offsetting higher production emissions . When the actual EU @-@ 27 electricity mix is considered , the e @-@ Golf emissions are still 26 % lower than those of the conventional Golf 1 @.@ 2 TSI . Similar results were found when comparing the e @-@ Golf with the Golf 1 @.@ 6 TDI . The analysis considered recycling of the three vehicles at the end of their lifetime .
+
+= = = = Well @-@ to @-@ wheel GHG emissions in the U.S. = = = =
+
+Environmental Protection Agency
+
+The following table compares tailpipe and upstream CO2 emissions estimated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for all series production model year 2014 plug @-@ in electric vehicles available in the U.S. market . Total emissions include the emissions associated with the production and distribution of electricity used to charge the vehicle , and for plug @-@ in hybrid electric vehicles , it also includes emissions associated with tailpipe emissions produced from the internal combustion engine . These figures were published by the EPA in October 2014 in its annual report " Light @-@ Duty Automotive Technology , Carbon Dioxide Emissions , and Fuel Economy Trends : 1975 Through 2014 . " All emissions are estimated considering average real world city and highway operation based on the EPA 5 @-@ cycle label methodology , using a weighted 55 % city and 45 % highway driving . For the first time , the 2014 Trends report presents an analysis of the impact of alternative fuel vehicles , with emphasis in plug @-@ in electric vehicles because as their market share is approaching 1 % , the EPA concluded that PEVs began to have a measurable impact on the U.S. overall new vehicle fuel economy and CO2 emissions .
+
+For purposes of an accurate estimation of emissions , the analysis took into consideration the differences in operation between plug @-@ in hybrids . Some , like the Chevrolet Volt , can operate in all @-@ electric mode without using gasoline , and others operate in a blended mode like the Toyota Prius PHV , which uses both energy stored in the battery and energy from the gasoline tank to propel the vehicle , but that can deliver substantial all @-@ electric driving in blended mode . In addition , since the all @-@ electric range of plug @-@ in hybrids depends on the size of the battery pack , the analysis introduced a utility factor as a projection of the share of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver , for both , electric only and blended EV modes . Since all @-@ electric cars do not produce tailpipe emissions , the utility factor applies only to plug @-@ in hybrids . The following table shows the overall fuel economy expressed in terms of miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( mpg @-@ e ) and the utility factor for the ten MY2014 plug @-@ in hybrids available in the U.S. market , and EPA 's best estimate of the CO2 tailpipe emissions produced by these PHEVs .
+
+In order to account for the upstream CO2 emissions associated with the production and distribution of electricity , and since electricity production in the United States varies significantly from region to region , the EPA considered three scenarios / ranges with the low end scenario corresponding to the California powerplant emissions factor , the middle of the range represented by the national average powerplant emissions factor , and the upper end of the range corresponding to the powerplant emissions factor for the Rocky Mountains . The EPA estimates that the electricity GHG emission factors for various regions of the country vary from 346 g CO2 / kWh in California to 986 g CO2 / kWh in the Rockies , with a national average of 648 g CO2 / kWh .
+
+Union of Concerned Scientists
+
+The Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) published a study in 2012 that assessed average greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. resulting from charging plug @-@ in car batteries from the perspective of the full life @-@ cycle ( well @-@ to @-@ wheel analysis ) and according to fuel and technology used to generate electric power by region . The study used the model year 2011 Nissan Leaf all @-@ electric car to establish the analysis baseline , and electric @-@ utility emissions are based on EPA 's 2009 estimates . The UCS study expressed the results in terms of miles per gallon instead of the conventional unit of grams of greenhouse gases or carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per year in order to make the results more friendly for consumers . The study found that in areas where electricity is generated from natural gas , nuclear , hydroelectric or renewable sources , the potential of plug @-@ in electric cars to reduce greenhouse emissions is significant . On the other hand , in regions where a high proportion of power is generated from coal , hybrid electric cars produce less CO2 equivalent emissions than plug @-@ in electric cars , and the best fuel efficient gasoline @-@ powered subcompact car produces slightly less emissions than a PEV . In the worst @-@ case scenario , the study estimated that for a region where all energy is generated from coal , a plug @-@ in electric car would emit greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to a gasoline car rated at a combined city / highway driving fuel economy of 30 mpg @-@ US ( 7 @.@ 8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg @-@ imp ) . In contrast , in a region that is completely reliant on natural gas , the PEV would be equivalent to a gasoline @-@ powered car rated at 50 mpg @-@ US ( 4 @.@ 7 L / 100 km ; 60 mpg @-@ imp ) .
+
+The study concluded that for 45 % of the U.S. population , a plug @-@ in electric car will generate lower CO2 equivalent emissions than a gasoline @-@ powered car capable of combined 50 mpg @-@ US ( 4 @.@ 7 L / 100 km ; 60 mpg @-@ imp ) , such as the Toyota Prius and the Prius c . The UCS also found that for 37 % of the population , the electric car emissions will fall in the range of a gasoline @-@ powered car rated at a combined fuel economy of 41 to 50 mpg @-@ US ( 5 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 7 L / 100 km ; 49 to 60 mpg @-@ imp ) , such as the Honda Civic Hybrid and the Lexus CT200h . Only 18 % of the population lives in areas where the power @-@ supply is more dependent on burning carbon , and the greenhouse gas emissions will be equivalent to a car rated at a combined fuel economy of 31 to 40 mpg @-@ US ( 7 @.@ 6 to 5 @.@ 9 L / 100 km ; 37 to 48 mpg @-@ imp ) , such as the Chevrolet Cruze and Ford Focus . The study found that there are no regions in the U.S. where plug @-@ in electric cars will have higher greenhouse gas emissions than the average new compact gasoline engine automobile , and the area with the dirtiest power supply produces CO2 emissions equivalent to a gasoline @-@ powered car rated at 33 mpg @-@ US ( 7 @.@ 1 L / 100 km ) .
+
+In September 2014 the UCS published an updated analysis of its 2012 report . The 2014 analysis found that 60 % of Americans , up from 45 % in 2009 , live in regions where an all @-@ electric car produce fewer CO2 equivalent emissions per mile than the most efficient hybrid . The UCS study found several reasons for the improvement . First , electric utilities have adopted cleaner sources of electricity to their mix between the two analysis . The 2014 study used electric @-@ utility emissions based on EPA 's 2010 estimates , but since coal use nationwide is down by about 5 % from 2010 to 2014 , actual efficiency in 2014 is better than estimated in the UCS study . Second , electric vehicles have become more efficient , as the average 2013 all @-@ electric vehicle used 0 @.@ 33 kWh per mile , representing a 5 % improvement over 2011 models . Also , some new models are cleaner than the average , such as the BMW i3 , which is rated at 0 @.@ 27 kWh by the EPA . An i3 charged with power from the Midwest grid would be as clean as a gasoline @-@ powered car with about 50 mpg @-@ US ( 4 @.@ 7 L / 100 km ) , up from 39 mpg @-@ US ( 6 @.@ 0 L / 100 km ) for the average electric car in the 2012 study . In states with a cleaner mix generation , the gains were larger . The average all @-@ electric car in California went up to 95 mpg @-@ US ( 2 @.@ 5 L / 100 km ) equivalent from 78 mpg @-@ US ( 3 @.@ 0 L / 100 km ) in the 2012 study . States with dirtier generation that rely heavily on coal still lag , such as Colorado , where the average BEV only achieves the same emissions as a 34 mpg @-@ US ( 6 @.@ 9 L / 100 km ; 41 mpg @-@ imp ) gasoline @-@ powered car . The author of the 2014 analysis noted that the benefits are not distributed evenly across the U.S. because electric car adoptions is concentrated in the states with cleaner power .
+
+In November 2015 the Union of Concerned Scientists published a new report comparing two battery electric vehicles ( BEVs ) with similar gasoline vehicles by examining their global warming emissions over their full life @-@ cycle , cradle @-@ to @-@ grave analysis . The two BEVs modeled , midsize and full @-@ size , are based on the two most popular BEV models sold in the United States in 2015 , the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S. The study found that all @-@ electric cars representative of those sold today , on average produce less than half the global warming emissions of comparable gasoline @-@ powered vehicles , despite taken into account the higher emissions associated with BEV manufacturing . Considering the regions where the two most popular electric cars are being sold , excess manufacturing emissions are offset within 6 to 16 months of average driving . The study also concluded that driving an average EV results in lower global warming emissions than driving a gasoline car that gets 50 mpg @-@ US ( 4 @.@ 7 L / 100 km ) in regions covering two @-@ thirds of the U.S. population , up from 45 % in 2009 . Based on where EVs are being sold in the United States in 2015 , the average EV produces global warming emissions equal to a gasoline vehicle with a 68 mpg @-@ US ( 3 @.@ 5 L / 100 km ) fuel economy rating . The authors identified two main reason for the fact that EV @-@ related emissions have become even lower in many parts of the country since the first study was conducted in 2012 . Electricity generation has been getting cleaner , as coal @-@ fired generation has declined while lower @-@ carbon alternatives have increased . In addition , electric cars are becoming more efficient . For example , the Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt , have undergone improvements to increase their efficiencies compared to the original models launched in 2010 , and other even more efficient BEV models , such as the most lightweight and efficient BMW i3 , have entered the market .
+
+National Bureau of Economic Research
+
+One criticism to the UCS study is that the analysis was made using average emissions rates across regions instead of marginal generation at different times of the day . The former approach does not take into account the generation mix within interconnected electricity markets and shifting load profiles throughout the day . An analysis by three economist affiliated with the National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) , published in November 2014 , developed a methodology to estimate marginal emissions of electricity demand that vary by location and time of day across the United States . The marginal analysis , applied to plug @-@ in electric vehicles , found that the emissions of charging PEVs vary by region and hours of the day . In some regions , such as the Western U.S. and Texas , CO2 emissions per mile from driving PEVs are less than those from driving a hybrid car . However , in other regions , such as the Upper Midwest , charging during the recommended hours of midnight to 4 a.m. implies that PEVs generate more emissions per mile than the average car currently on the road . The results show a fundamental tension between electricity load management and environmental goals as the hours when electricity is the least expensive to produce tend to be the hours with the greatest emissions . This occurs because coal @-@ fired units , which have higher emission rates , are most commonly used to meet base @-@ level and off @-@ peak electricity demand ; while natural gas units , which have relatively low emissions rates , are often brought online to meet peak demand .
+
+= = = = Well @-@ to @-@ wheel GHG emissions in several countries = = = =
+
+A study published in the UK in April 2013 assessed the carbon footprint of plug @-@ in electric vehicles in 20 countries . As a baseline the analysis established that manufacturing emissions account for 70 g CO2 / km for an electric car and 40 g CO2 / km for a petrol car . The study found that in countries with coal @-@ intensive generation , PEVs are no different from conventional petrol @-@ powered vehicles . Among these countries are China , Indonesia , Australia , South Africa and India . A pure electric car in India generates emissions comparable to a 20 mpg @-@ US ( 12 L / 100 km ; 24 mpg @-@ imp ) petrol car .
+
+The country ranking was led by Paraguay , where all electricity is produced from hydropower , and Iceland , where electricity production relies on renewable power , mainly hydro and geothermal power . Resulting carbon emissions from an electric car in both countries are 70 g CO2 / km , which is equivalent to a 220 mpg @-@ US ( 1 @.@ 1 L / 100 km ; 260 mpg @-@ imp ) petrol car , and correspond to manufacturing emissions . Next in the ranking are other countries with low carbon electricity generation , including Sweden ( mostly hydro and nuclear power ) , Brazil ( mainly hydropower ) and France ( predominantly nuclear power ) . Countries ranking in the middle include Japan , Germany , the UK and the United States .
+
+The following table shows the emissions intensity estimated in the study for those countries where electric vehicle are available , and the corresponding emissions equivalent in miles per US gallon of a petrol @-@ powered car :
+
+= = = Less dependence on imported oil = = =
+
+For many net oil importing countries the 2000s energy crisis brought back concerns first raised during the 1973 oil crisis . For the United States , the other developed countries and emerging countries their dependence on foreign oil has revived concerns about their vulnerability to price shocks and supply disruption . Also , there have been concerns about the uncertainty surrounding peak oil production and the higher cost of extracting unconventional oil . A third issue that has been raised is the threat to national security because most proven oil reserves are concentrated in relatively few geographic locations , including some countries with strong resource nationalism , unstable governments or hostile to U.S. interests . In addition , for many developing countries , and particularly for the poorest African countries , high oil prices have an adverse impact on the government budget and deteriorate their terms of trade thus jeopardizing their balance of payments , all leading to lower economic growth .
+
+Through the gradual replacement of internal combustion engine vehicles for electric cars and plug @-@ in hybrids , electric drive vehicles can contribute significantly to lessen the dependence of the transport sector on imported oil as well as contributing to the development of a more resilient energy supply .
+
+= = = Vehicle @-@ to @-@ grid = = =
+
+Plug @-@ in electric vehicles offer users the opportunity to sell electricity stored in their batteries back to the power grid , thereby helping utilities to operate more efficiently in the management of their demand peaks . A vehicle @-@ to @-@ grid ( V2G ) system would take advantage of the fact that most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time . During such idle times the electricity stored in the batteries could be transferred from the PEV to the power lines and back to the grid . In the U.S this transfer back to the grid have an estimated value to the utilities of up to $ 4 @,@ 000 per year per car . In a V2G system it would also be expected that battery electric ( BEVs ) and plug @-@ in hybrids ( PHEVs ) would have the capability to communicate automatically with the power grid to sell demand response services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate .
+
+= = Disadvantages = =
+
+= = = Cost of batteries and cost of ownership = = =
+
+Cost of batteries
+
+As of 2015 , plug @-@ in electric vehicles are significantly more expensive as compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to the additional cost of their lithium @-@ ion battery pack . According to a 2010 study by the National Research Council , the cost of a lithium @-@ ion battery pack was about US $ 1 @,@ 700 / kWh of usable energy , and considering that a PHEV @-@ 10 requires about 2 @.@ 0 kWh and a PHEV @-@ 40 about 8 kWh , the manufacturer cost of the battery pack for a PHEV @-@ 10 is around US $ 3 @,@ 000 and it goes up to US $ 14 @,@ 000 for a PHEV @-@ 40 . As of June 2012 , and based on the three battery size options offered for the Tesla Model S , the New York Times estimated the cost of automotive battery packs between US $ 400 to US $ 500 per kilowatt @-@ hour . A 2013 study by the American Council for an Energy @-@ Efficient Economy reported that battery costs came down from US $ 1 @,@ 300 per kWh in 2007 to US $ 500 per kWh in 2012 . The U.S. Department of Energy has set cost targets for its sponsored battery research of US $ 300 per kWh in 2015 and US $ 125 per kWh by 2022 . Cost reductions through advances in battery technology and higher production volumes will allow plug @-@ in electric vehicles to be more competitive with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles .
+
+According to a study published in February 2016 by Bloomberg New Energy Finance ( BNEF ) , battery prices fell 65 % since 2010 , and 35 % just in 2015 , reaching US $ 350 per kWh . The study concludes that battery costs are on a trajectory to make electric vehicles without government subsidies as affordable as internal combustion engine cars in most countries by 2022 . BNEF projects that by 2040 , long @-@ range electric cars will cost less than US $ 22 @,@ 000 expressed in 2016 dollars . BNEF expects electric car battery costs to be well below US $ 120 per kWh by 2030 , and to fall further thereafter as new chemistries become available .
+
+Cost of ownership
+
+A study published in 2011 by the Belfer Center , Harvard University , found that the gasoline costs savings of plug @-@ in electric cars do not offset their higher purchase prices when comparing their lifetime net present value of purchase and operating costs for the U.S. market at 2010 prices , and assuming no government subidies . According to the study estimates , a PHEV @-@ 40 is US $ 5 @,@ 377 more expensive than a conventional internal combustion engine , while a battery electric vehicles is US $ 4 @,@ 819 more expensive . These findings assumed a battery cost of US $ 600 per kWh , which means that the Chevrolet Volt battery pack cost around US $ 10 @,@ 000 and the Nissan Leaf pack costs US $ 14 @,@ 400 . The study also assumed a gasoline price of US $ 3 @.@ 75 per gallon ( as of mid June 2011 ) , that vehicles are driven 12 @,@ 000 miles ( 19 @,@ 000 km ) per year , an average price of electricity of US $ 0 @.@ 12 per kWh , that the plug @-@ in hybrid is driven in all @-@ electric mode 85 % of the time , and that the owner of PEVs pay US $ 1 @,@ 500 to install a Level II 220 / 240 volt charger at home .
+
+The study also include hybrid electric vehicles in the comparison , and analyzed several scenarios to determine how the comparative net savings will change over the next 10 to 20 years , assuming that battery costs will decrease while gasoline prices increase , and also assuming higher fuel efficiency of conventional cars , among other scenarios . Under the future scenarios considered , the study found that BEVs will be significantly less expensive than conventional cars ( US $ 1 @,@ 155 to US $ 7 @,@ 181 cheaper ) , while PHEVs , will be more expensive than BEVs in almost all comparison scenarios , and only less expensive than conventional cars in a scenario with very low battery costs and high gasoline prices . The reason for the different savings among PEVs is because BEVs are simpler to build and do not use liquid fuel , while PHEVs have more complicated powertrains and still have gasoline @-@ powered engines . The following table summarizes the results of four of the seven scenarios analyzed by the study .
+
+According to a study by the Electric Power Research Institute published in June 2013 , the total cost of ownership of the 2013 Nissan Leaf SV is substantially lower than that of comparable conventional and hybrid vehicles . For comparison , the study constructed average hybrid and conventional vehicles and assumed an average US distance per trip distribution . The study took into account the manufacturer 's suggested retail price , taxes , credits , destination charge , electric charging station , fuel cost , maintenance cost , and additional cost due to the use of a gasoline vehicle for trips beyond the range of the Leaf .
+
+= = = Availability of recharging infrastructure = = =
+
+Despite the widespread assumption that plug @-@ in recharging will take place overnight at home , residents of cities , apartments , dormitories , and townhouses do not have garages or driveways with available power outlets , and they might be less likely to buy plug @-@ in electric vehicles unless recharging infrastructure is developed . Electrical outlets or charging stations near their places of residence , in commercial or public parking lots , streets and workplaces are required for these potential users to gain the full advantage of PHEVs , and in the case of EVs , to avoid the fear of the batteries running out energy before reaching their destination , commonly called range anxiety . Even house dwellers might need to charge at the office or to take advantage of opportunity charging at shopping centers . However , this infrastructure is not in place and it will require investments by both the private and public sectors .
+
+Several cities in California and Oregon , and particularly San Francisco and other cities in the San Francisco Bay Area and Silicon Valley , already have deployed public charging stations and have expansion plans to attend both plug @-@ ins and all @-@ electric cars . Some local private firms such as Google and Adobe Systems have also deployed charging infrastructure . In Google 's case , its Mountain View campus has 100 available charging stations for its share @-@ use fleet of converted plug @-@ ins available to its employees . Solar panels are used to generate the electricity , and this pilot program is being monitored on a daily basis and performance results are published on the RechargeIT website . As of December 2013 , Estonia is the first and only country that had deployed an EV charging network with nationwide coverage , with 165 fast chargers available along highways at a minimum distance of between 40 to 60 km ( 25 to 37 mi ) , and a higher density in urban areas .
+
+The importance to build the infrastructure necessary to support electric vehicles is illustrated by the decision of Car2Go in San Diego , California , that due to insufficient charging infrastructure decided to replace all of its all @-@ electric car fleet with gasoline @-@ powered cars starting on 1 May 2016 . When the carsharing service started in 2011 , Car2Go expected 1 @,@ 000 charging stations to be deployed around the city , but only 400 were in place by early 2016 . As a result , an average of 20 % of the carsharing fleet is unavailable at any given time because the cars are either being charged or because they don ’ t have enough electricity in them to be driven . Also , many of the company ’ s 40 @,@ 000 San Diego members say they often worry their Car2Go will run out of charge before they finish their trip .
+
+= = = = Battery swapping = = = =
+
+A different approach to resolve the problems of range anxiety and lack of recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles was developed by Better Place . Its business model considers that electric cars are built and sold separately from the battery pack . As customers are not allowed to purchase battery packs , they must lease them from Better Place which will deploy a network of battery swapping stations thus expanding EVs range and allowing long distance trips . Subscribed users pay a per @-@ distance fee to cover battery pack leasing , charging and swap infrastructure , the cost of sustainable electricity , and other costs . Better Place signed agreement for deployment in Australia , Denmark , Israel , Canada , California , and Hawaii . The Renault Fluence Z.E. was the electric car built with switchable battery technology sold for the Better Place network . The robotic battery @-@ switching operation was completed in about five minutes .
+
+After implementing the first modern commercial deployment of the battery swapping model in Israel and Denmark , Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel in May 2013 . The company 's financial difficulties were caused by the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure , about US $ 850 million in private capital , and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi . Less than 1 @,@ 000 Fluence Z.E. cars were deployed in Israel and around 400 units in Denmark .
+
+Tesla Motors designed its Model S to allow fast battery swapping . In June 2013 , Tesla announced their goal to deploy a battery swapping station in each of its supercharging stations . At a demonstration event Tesla showed that a battery swap operation with the Model S takes just over 90 seconds , about half the time it takes to refill a gasoline @-@ powered car used for comparison purposes during the event . The first stations are planned to be deployed along Interstate 5 in California where , according to Tesla , a large number of Model S sedans make the San Francisco @-@ Los Angeles trip regularly . These will be followed by the Washington , DC to Boston corridor .
+
+= = = = Other charging solutions = = = =
+
+The REVA NXR exhibited in the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show and the Nissan Leaf SV trim both have roof @-@ mounted solar panels . These solar panels are designed to trickle charge the batteries when the car is moving or parked . Another proposed technology is REVive , by REVA . When the REVA NXR 's batteries are running low or are fully depleted , the driver is able to send an SMS to REVive and unlock a hidden reserve in the battery pack . REVA has not provided details on how the system will work . The Fisker Karma uses solar panel in the roof to recharge the 12 @-@ volt lead @-@ acid accessory battery . The Nissan Leaf SL trim also has a small solar panel at the rear of the roof / spoiler that can trickle charge the auxiliary 12 @-@ volt lead @-@ acid battery .
+
+= = = Potential overload of the electrical grid = = =
+
+The existing electrical grid , and local transformers in particular , may not have enough capacity to handle the additional power load that might be required in certain areas with high plug @-@ in electric car concentrations . As recharging a single electric @-@ drive car could consume three times as much electricity as a typical home , overloading problems may arise when several vehicles in the same neighborhood recharge at the same time , or during the normal summer peak loads . To avoid such problems , utility executives recommend owners to charge their vehicles overnight when the grid load is lower or to use smarter electric meters that help control demand . When market penetration of plug @-@ in electric vehicles begins to reach significant levels , utilities will have to invest in improvements for local electrical grids in order to handle the additional loads related to recharging to avoid blackouts due to grid overload . Also , some experts have suggested that by implementing variable time @-@ of @-@ day rates , utilities can provide an incentive for plug @-@ in owners to recharge mostly overnight , when rates are lower .
+
+General Motors is sponsoring the Pecan Street demonstration project in Austin , Texas . The project objective is to learn the charging patterns of plug @-@ in electric car owners , and to study how a residential fleet of electric vehicles might strain the electric grid if all owners try to charge them at the same , which is what the preliminary monitoring found when the plug @-@ in cars return home in the evening . The Mueller neighborhood is the test ground , and as of June 2013 , the community has nearly 60 Chevrolet Volt owners alone . This cluster of Volts was achieved thanks to GM 's commitment to match the federal government 's $ 7 @,@ 500 rebate incentive , which effectively halves the purchase price of the plug @-@ hybrid electric cars .
+
+= = = Risks associated with noise reduction = = =
+
+Electric cars and plug @-@ in hybrids when operating in all @-@ electric mode at low speeds produce less roadway noise as compared to vehicles propelled by an internal combustion engine , thereby reducing harmful noise health effects . However , blind people or the visually impaired consider the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets , hence plug @-@ in electric cars and conventional hybrids could pose an unexpected hazard when operating at low speeds .
+
+Several tests conducted in the U.S. have shown that this is a valid concern , as vehicles operating in electric mode can be particularly hard to hear below 20 mph ( 30 km / h ) for all types of road users and not only the visually impaired . At higher speeds the sound created by tire friction and the air displaced by the vehicle start to make sufficient audible noise . However , a 2011 study , commissioned by the UK Department for Transport ( DfT ) and conducted by the Transport Research Laboratory , found little correlation between pedestrian vehicle involvement density and noise level for the majority of vehicles . In addition , the analysis found no evidence of a pattern in pedestrian vehicle involvement densities when only considering those accidents occurring on 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) or slower roads , or where the pedestrian was disabled . A previous study did not found an increased pedestrian vehicle involvement density for electric and hybrid vehicles with respect to their conventional counterparts which raised the question as to whether added sound is necessarily required .
+
+Some carmakers announced they have decided to address this safety issue , and as a result , the new Nissan Leaf electric car and Chevrolet Volt plug @-@ in hybrid , both launched in December 2010 , as well as the Fisker Karma plug @-@ in hybrid launched in 2011 launched in 2012 , include electric warning sounds to alert pedestrians , the blind and others to their presence . As of January 2014 , most of the hybrids and plug @-@ in electric and hybrids available in the United States , Japan and Europe make warning noises using a speaker system . The Tesla Model S is one of the few electric cars without warning sounds , because Tesla Motors will await until regulations are enacted . Volkswagen and BMW also decided to add artificial sounds to their electric drive cars only when required by regulation .
+
+The Japanese Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism issued guidelines for hybrid and other near @-@ silent vehicles in January 2010 . In the United States the Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010 was approved by the U.S. Senate and the House of Representatives in December 2010 . The act does not stipulate a specific speed for the simulated noise but requires the U.S. Department of Transportation to study and establish a motor vehicle safety standard that would set requirements for an alert sound . A proposed rule was published for comment by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) in January , 2013 . It would require hybrids and electric vehicles traveling at less than 18 @.@ 6 miles per hour ( 30 km / h ) to emit warning sounds that pedestrians must be able to hear over background noises . According to the NHTSA proposal carmakers would be able to pick the sounds the vehicles make from a range of choices , and similar vehicles would have to make the same sounds . The rules were scheduled to go into effect in September 2014 . However , in January 2015 the NHTSA rescheduled the date for a final ruling to the end of 2015 . Since the regulation comes into force three years after being rendered as a final rule , compliance was delayed to 2018 .
+
+On 6 February 2013 , the European Parliament approved a draft law to tighten noise limits for cars to protect public health , and also to add alerting sounds to ensure the audibility of hybrid and electric vehicles to improve the safety of vulnerable road users in urban areas , such as blind , visually and auditorily challenged pedestrians , cyclists and children . The draft legislation states a number of tests , standards and measures that must first be developed for an Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems ( AVAS ) to be compulsory in the future . The approved amendment establishes that the sound to be generated by the AVAS should be a continuous sound and should be easily indicative of vehicle behavior and should sound similar to the sound of a vehicle of the same category equipped with an internal combustion engine . " In April 2014 the European Parliament approved legislation that requires the mandatory use of the AVAS for all new electric and hybrid electric vehicles and car manufacturers have to comply within 5 years .
+
+= = = Risks of battery fire = = =
+
+Lithium @-@ ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell rupture if overheated or overcharged , and in extreme cases this can lead to combustion . To reduce these risks , lithium @-@ ion battery packs contain fail @-@ safe circuitry that shuts down the battery when its voltage is outside the safe range . When handled improperly , or if manufactured defectively , some rechargeable batteries can experience thermal runaway resulting in overheating . Especially prone to thermal runaway are lithium @-@ ion batteries . Reports of exploding cellphones have been reported in newspapers . In 2006 , batteries from Apple , HP , Toshiba , Lenovo , Dell and other notebook manufacturers were recalled because of fire and explosions . Also , during the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 's first year of service , at least four aircraft suffered from electrical system problems stemming from its lithium @-@ ion batteries , resulting in the whole Dreamliner fleet being voluntarily grounded in January 2013 .
+
+Several plug @-@ in electric vehicle fire incidents have taken place since the introduction of mass @-@ production plug @-@ in electric vehicles in 2008 . Most of them have been thermal runaway incidents related to the lithium @-@ ion batteries and have involved the Zotye M300 EV , Chevrolet Volt , Fisker Karma , BYD e6 , Dodge Ram 1500 Plug @-@ in Hybrid , Toyota Prius Plug @-@ in Hybrid , Mitsubishi i @-@ MiEV and Outlander P @-@ HEV . As of November 2013 , four fires after a crash have been reported associated with the batteries of all @-@ electric cars involving a BYD e6 and three Tesla Model S cars .
+
+The first modern crash @-@ related fire was reported in China in May 2012 , after a high @-@ speed car crashed into a BYD e6 taxi in Shenzhen . The second reported incident occurred in the United States in October 1 , 2013 , when a Tesla Model S caught fire after the electric car hit metal debris on a highway in Kent , Washington state , and the debris punctured one of 16 modules within the battery pack . A second reported fire occurred on October 18 , 2013 in Merida , Mexico . In this case the vehicle was being driven at high speed through a roundabout and crashed through a wall and into a tree . On November 6 , 2013 , a Tesla Model S being driven on Interstate 24 near Murfreesboro , Tennessee caught fire after it struck a tow hitch on the roadway , causing damage beneath the vehicle .
+
+The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) is conducting a study due in 2014 to establish whether lithium @-@ ion batteries in plug @-@ electric vehicles pose a potential fire hazard . The research is looking at whether the high @-@ voltage batteries can cause fires when they are being charged and when the vehicles are involved in an accident . Both General Motors and Nissan have published a guide for firefighters and first responders to properly handle a crashed plug @-@ in electric @-@ drive vehicle and safely disable its battery and other high voltage systems .
+
+= = = Rare earth metals availability and supply security = = =
+
+Common technology for plug @-@ ins and electric cars is based on the lithium @-@ ion battery and an electric motor which uses rare earth elements . The demand for lithium , heavy metals , and other specific elements ( such as neodymium , boron and cobalt ) required for the batteries and powertrain is expected to grow significantly due to the future sales increase of plug @-@ in electric vehicles in the mid and long term . As of 2011 , the Toyota Prius battery contains more than 20 lb ( 9 @.@ 1 kg ) of the rare earth element lanthanum , and its motor magnets use neodymium and dysprosium . While only 0 @.@ 25 oz ( 7 g ) of lithium carbonate equivalent ( LCE ) are required in a smartphone and 1 @.@ 1 oz ( 30 g ) in a tablet computer , electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems for homes , businesses or industry use much more lithium in their batteries . As of 2016 a hybrid electric passenger car might use 11 lb ( 5 kg ) of LCE , while one of Tesla 's high performance electric cars could use as much as 180 lb ( 80 kg ) .
+
+Some of the largest world reserves of lithium and other rare metals are located in countries with strong resource nationalism , unstable governments or hostility to U.S. interests , raising concerns about the risk of replacing dependence on foreign oil with a new dependence on hostile countries to supply strategic materials .
+
+Lithium
+
+The main deposits of lithium are found in China and throughout the Andes mountain chain in South America . In 2008 Chile was the leading lithium metal producer with almost 30 % , followed by China , Argentina , and Australia . In the United States lithium is recovered from brine pools in Nevada .
+
+Nearly half the world 's known reserves are located in Bolivia , and according to the US Geological Survey , Bolivia 's Salar de Uyuni desert has 5 @.@ 4 million tons of lithium . Other important reserves are located in Chile , China , and Brazil . Since 2006 the Bolivian government have nationalized oil and gas projects and is keeping a tight control over mining its lithium reserves . Already the Japanese and South Korean governments , as well as companies from these two countries and France , have offered technical assistance to develop Bolivia 's lithium reserves and are seeking to gain access to the lithium resources through a mining and industrialization model suitable to Bolivian interests .
+
+According to a 2011 study conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California Berkeley , the currently estimated reserve base of lithium should not be a limiting factor for large @-@ scale battery production for electric vehicles , as the study estimated that on the order of 1 billion 40 kWh Li @-@ based batteries ( about 10 kg of lithium per car ) could be built with current reserves , as estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey . Another 2011 study by researchers from the University of Michigan and Ford Motor Company found that there are sufficient lithium resources to support global demand until 2100 , including the lithium required for the potential widespread use of hybrid electric , plug @-@ in hybrid electric and battery electric vehicles . The study estimated global lithium reserves at 39 million tons , and total demand for lithium during the 90 @-@ year period analyzed at 12 @-@ 20 million tons , depending on the scenarios regarding economic growth and recycling rates .
+
+A 2016 study by Bloomberg New Energy Finance ( BNEF ) found that availability of lithium and other finite materials used in the battery packs will not be a limiting factor for the adoption of electric vehicles . BNEF estimated that battery packs will require less than 1 % of the known reserves of lithium , nickel , manganese , and copper through 2030 , and 4 % of the world ’ s cobalt . After 2030 , the study states that new battery chemistries will probably shift to other source materials , making packs lighter , smaller , and cheaper .
+
+Rare earth elements
+
+China has 48 % of the world 's reserves of rare earth elements , the United States has 13 % , and Russia , Australia , and Canada have significant deposits . Until the 1980s , the U.S. led the world in rare earth production , but since the mid @-@ 1990s China has controlled the world market for these elements . The mines in Bayan Obo near Baotou , Inner Mongolia , are currently the largest source of rare earth metals and are 80 % of China 's production . In 2010 China accounted for 97 % of the global production of 17 rare earth elements . Since 2006 the Chinese government has been imposing export quotas reducing supply at a rate of 5 % to 10 % a year .
+
+Prices of several rare earth elements increased sharply by mid @-@ 2010 as China imposed a 40 % export reduction , citing environmental concerns as the reason for the export restrictions . These quotas have been interpreted as an attempt to control the supply of rare earths . However , the high prices have provided an incentive to begin or reactivate several rare earth mining projects around the world , including the United States , Australia , Vietnam , and Kazakhstan .
+
+In September 2010 , China temporarily blocked all exports of rare earths to Japan in the midst of a diplomatic dispute between the two countries . These minerals are used in hybrid cars and other products such wind turbines and guided missiles , thereby augmenting the worries about the dependence on Chinese rare earth elements and the need for geographic diversity of supply . A December 2010 report published by the US DoE found that the American economy vulnerable to rare earth shortages and estimates that it could take 15 years to overcome dependence on Chinese supplies . China raised export taxes for some rare earths from 15 to 25 % , and also extended taxes to exports of some rare earth alloys that were not taxed before . The Chinese government also announced further reductions on its export quotas for the first months of 2011 , which represent a 35 % reduction in tonnage as compared to exports during the first half of 2010 .
+
+On September 29 , 2010 , the U.S. House of Representatives approved the Rare Earths and Critical Materials Revitalization Act of 2010 ( H.R.6160 ) . The approved legislation is aimed at restoring the U.S. as a leading producer of rare earth elements , and would support activities in the U.S. Department of Energy ( US DoE ) to discover and develop rare earth sites inside of the U.S. in an effort to reduce the auto industry 's near @-@ complete dependence on China for the minerals . A similar bill , the Rare Earths Supply Technology and Resources Transformation Act of 2010 ( S. 3521 ) , is being discussed in the U.S. Senate .
+
+In order to avoid its dependence on rare earth minerals , Toyota Motor Corporation announced in January 2011 that it is developing an alternative motor for future hybrid and electric cars that does not need rare earth materials . Toyota engineers in Japan and the U.S. are developing an induction motor that is lighter and more efficient than the magnet @-@ type motor used in the Prius , which uses two rare earths in its motor magnets . Other popular hybrids and plug @-@ in electric cars in the market that use these rare earth elements are the Nissan Leaf , the Chevrolet Volt and Honda Insight . For its second generation RAV4 EV due in 2012 , Toyota is using an induction motor supplied by Tesla Motors that does not require rare earth materials . The Tesla Roadster and the Tesla Model S use a similar motor .
+
+= = = Car dealers reluctance to sell = = =
+
+With the exception of Tesla Motors , almost all new cars in the United States are sold through dealerships , so they play a crucial role in the sales of electric vehicles , and negative attitudes can hinder early adoption of plug @-@ in electric vehicles . Dealers decide which cars they want to stock , and a salesperson can have a big impact on how someone feels about a prospective purchase . Sales people have ample knowledge of internal combustion cars while they do not have time to learn about a technology that represents a fraction of overall sales . As with any new technology , and in the particular case of advanced technology vehicles , retailers are central to ensuring that buyers , especially those switching to a new technology , have the information and support they need to gain the full benefits of adopting this new technology .
+
+There are several reasons for the reluctance of some dealers to sell plug @-@ in electric vehicles . PEVs do not offer car dealers the same profits as gasoline @-@ powered car . Plug @-@ in electric vehicles take more time to sell because of the explaining required , which hurts overall sales and sales people commissions . Electric vehicles also may require less maintenance , resulting in loss of service revenue , and thus undermining the biggest source of dealer profits , their service departments . According to the National Automobile Dealers Association ( NADS ) , dealers on average make three times as much profit from service as they do from new car sales . However , a NADS spokesman said there was not sufficient data to prove that electric cars would require less maintenance . According to the New York Times , BMW and Nissan are among the companies whose dealers tend to be more enthusiastic and informed , but only about 10 % of dealers are knowledgeable on the new technology .
+
+A study conducted at the Institute of Transportation Studies ( ITS ) , at the University of California , Davis ( UC Davis ) published in 2014 found that many car dealers are less than enthusiastic about plug @-@ in vehicles . ITS conducted 43 interviews with six automakers and 20 new car dealers selling plug @-@ in vehicles in California ’ s major metro markets . The study also analyzed national and state @-@ level J.D. Power 2013 Sales Satisfaction Index ( SSI ) study data on customer satisfaction with new car dealerships and Tesla retail stores . The researchers found that buyers of plug @-@ in electric vehicles were significantly less satisfied and rated the dealer purchase experience much lower than buyers of non @-@ premium conventional cars , while Tesla Motors earned industry @-@ high scores . According to the findings , plug @-@ in buyers expect more from dealers than conventional buyers , including product knowledge and support that extends beyond traditional offerings .
+
+In 2014 Consumer Reports published results from a survey conducted with 19 secret shoppers that went to 85 dealerships in four states , making anonymous visits between December 2013 and March 2014 . The secret shoppers asked a number of specific questions about cars to test the salespeople ’ s knowledge about electric cars . The consumer magazine decided to conduct the survey after several consumers who wanted to buy a plug @-@ in car reported to the organization that some dealerships were steering them toward gasoline @-@ powered models . The survey found that not all sales people seemed enthusiastic about making PEV sales ; a few outright discouraged it , and even one dealer was reluctant to even show a plug @-@ in model despite having one in stock . And many sales people seemed not to have a good understanding of electric @-@ car tax breaks and other incentives or of charging needs and costs . Consumer Reports also found that when it came to answering basic questions , sales people at Chevrolet , Ford , and Nissan dealerships tended to be better informed than those at Honda and Toyota . The survey found that most of the Toyota dealerships visited recommended against buying a Prius Plug @-@ in and suggested buying a standard Prius hybrid instead . Overall , the secret shoppers reported that only 13 dealers “ discouraged sale of EV , ” with seven of them being in New York . However , at 35 of the 85 dealerships visited , the secret shoppers said sales people recommended buying a gasoline @-@ powered car instead .
+
+The ITS @-@ Davis study also found that a small but influential minority of dealers have introduced new approaches to better meet the needs of plug @-@ in customers . Examples include marketing carpool lane stickers , enrolling buyers in charging networks , and preparing incentive paperwork for customers . Some dealers assign seasoned sales people as plug @-@ in experts , many of whom drive plug @-@ ins themselves to learn and be familiar with the technology and relate the car ’ s benefits to potential buyers . The study concluded also that carmakers could do much more to support dealers selling PEVs .
+
+= = Government incentives = =
+
+Several national and local governments around the world have established tax credits , grants and other financial and non @-@ financial incentives for consumers to purchase a plug @-@ in electric vehicle as a policy to promote the introduction and mass market adoption of this type of vehicles .
+
+= = = Asia = = =
+
+Japan
+
+In May 2009 the Japanese Diet passed the " Green Vehicle Purchasing Promotion Measure " that went into effect on June 19 , 2009 , but retroactive to April 10 , 2009 . The program established tax deductions and exemptions for environmentally friendly and fuel efficient vehicles , according to a set of stipulated environmental performance criteria , and the requirements are applied equally to both foreign and domestically produced vehicles . The program provides purchasing subsidies for two type of cases , consumers purchasing a new passenger car without trade @-@ in ( non @-@ replacement program ) , and for those consumers buying a new car trading an used car registered 13 years ago or earlier ( scrappage program ) .
+
+China
+
+On June 1 , 2010 , The Chinese government announced a trial program to provide incentives up to 60 @,@ 000 yuan ( ~ US $ 8 @,@ 785 ) for private purchase of new battery electric vehicles and 50 @,@ 000 yuan ( ~ US $ 7 @,@ 320 ) for plug @-@ in hybrids in five cities .
+
+= = = Europe = = =
+
+As of 2010 , 17 of the 27 European Union member states provide tax incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles . The incentives consist of tax reductions and exemptions , as well as of bonus payments for buyers of PEVs and hybrid vehicles .
+
+In the UK the Plug @-@ in Car Grant scheme provided a 25 % incentive towards the cost of new plug @-@ in electric cars that qualify as ultra @-@ low carbon vehicles , capped at GB £ 5 @,@ 000 ( US $ 7 @,@ 800 ) until February 2016 . Both private and business fleet buyers are eligible for the government grant . In December 2015 , the Department for Transport ( DfT ) announced that Plug @-@ in car grant was extended to encourage more than 100 @,@ 000 UK motorists to buy cleaner vehicles . The criteria for the Plug @-@ in Car Grant was updated and the maximum grant dropped from GB £ 5 @,@ 000 ( ~ US $ 7 @,@ 450 ) to GB £ 4 @,@ 500 ( ~ US $ 6 @,@ 700 ) . The eligible ultra @-@ low emission vehicles ( ULEVs ) must meet criteria in one of three categories depending on emission levels ( CO2 emissions bands between 50 and 75g / km ) and zero @-@ emission @-@ capable mileage ( minimum of 10 mi ( 16 km ) ) .
+
+A price cap is in place , with all Category 1 plug @-@ in vehicles eligible for the full grant no matter what their purchase price , while Category 2 and 3 models with a list price of more than GB £ 60 @,@ 000 ( ~ US $ 90 @,@ 000 ) will not be eligible for the grant . Vehicles with a zero @-@ emission range of at least 70 miles ( 110 km ) ( category 1 ) , including hydrogen fuel cell vehicles , will get a full GB £ 4 @,@ 500 ( ~ US $ 6 @,@ 700 ) , but plug @-@ in hybrids ( categories 2 and 3 ) costing under GB £ 60 @,@ 000 ( ~ US $ 90 @,@ 000 ) will receive GB £ 2 @,@ 500 ( ~ US $ 3 @,@ 725 ) . Under the extended scheme , some plug @-@ in hybrid sports car will no longer be eligible for the grant , such as the BMW i8 because of its GB £ 100 @,@ 000 ( ~ US $ 150 @,@ 000 ) purchase price tag . The updated scheme went into force on 1 March 2016 .
+
+Germany approved an incentive scheme in April 2016 with a budget of € 1 billion ( US $ 1 @.@ 13 billion ) . The cost of the purchase incentive will be shared equally between the government and automakers . Electric car buyers will get a € 4 @,@ 000 ( US $ 4 @,@ 520 ) discount while buyers of plug @-@ in hybrid vehicles will get a discount of € 3 @,@ 000 ( US $ 3 @,@ 390 ) . Premium cars , such as the Tesla Model S and BMW i8 , are not eligible to the incentive because there is a cap of € 60 @,@ 000 ( US $ 67 @,@ 800 ) for the purchase price . The scheme is scheduled to start as early as May 2016 . Nissan , Volkswagen , Daimler and BMW have signed up to participate in the scheme .
+
+= = = North America = = =
+
+United States
+
+In the United States the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 , and later the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 ( ACES ) granted tax credits for new qualified plug @-@ in electric vehicles . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( ARRA ) also authorized federal tax credits for converted plug @-@ ins , though the credit is lower than for new PEVs .
+
+The federal tax credit for new plug @-@ in electric vehicles is worth $ 2 @,@ 500 plus $ 417 for each kilowatt @-@ hour of battery capacity over 5 kWh , and the portion of the credit determined by battery capacity cannot exceed $ 5 @,@ 000 . Therefore , the total amount of the credit allowed for a new PEV is $ 7 @,@ 500 . Several states have established incentives and tax exemptions for BEVs and PHEV , and other non @-@ monetary incentives .
+
+President Barack Obama set the goal of bringing 1 million plug @-@ in electric vehicles on the road by 2015 . However , considering the actual slow rate of PEV sales , as of mid @-@ 2012 several industry observers have concluded that this goal is unattainable . In September 2014 Governor of California Jerry Brown signed a bill , the Charge Ahead California Initiative , that sets a goal of placing at least 1 million zero @-@ emission vehicles and near @-@ zero @-@ emission vehicles on the road in California by January 1 , 2023 .
+
+Canada
+
+Ontario established a rebate between CA $ 5 @,@ 000 to CA $ 8 @,@ 500 ( ~ US $ 4 @,@ 900 to US $ 8 @,@ 320 ) , depending on battery size , for purchasing or leasing a new plug @-@ in electric vehicle after July 1 , 2010 . The rebates are available to the first 10 @,@ 000 applicants who qualify .
+
+Quebec offers rebates of up to CA $ 8 @,@ 500 ( US $ 8 @,@ 485 ) from January 1 , 2012 , for the purchase of new plug @-@ in electric vehicles equipped with a minimum of 4 kWh battery , and new hybrid electric vehicles are eligible for a CA $ 1 @,@ 000 rebate . All @-@ electric vehicles with high @-@ capacity battery packs are eligible for the full C $ 8 @,@ 000 rebate , and incentives are reduced for low @-@ range electric cars and plug @-@ in hybrids .
+
+= = Production plug @-@ in electric vehicles available = =
+
+During the 1990s several highway @-@ capable plug @-@ in electric cars were produced in limited quantities , all were battery electric vehicles , and they were available through leasing mainly in California . Popular models included the General Motors EV1 and the Toyota RAV4 EV . Some of the latter were sold to the public and are in use still today . In the late 2000s began a new wave of mass production plug @-@ in electric cars , motorcycles and light trucks . However , as of 2011 , most electric vehicles in the world roads were low @-@ speed , low @-@ range neighborhood electric vehicles ( NEVs ) or electric quadricycles . Pike Research estimated there were almost 479 @,@ 000 NEVs on the world roads in 2011 . Just in China , a total of 200 @,@ 000 low @-@ speed small electric cars were sold in 2013 , most of which are powered by lead @-@ acid batteries . As of October 2015 , the GEM neighborhood electric vehicle is the market leader in North America , with global sales of more than 50 @,@ 000 units since 1998 .
+
+As of August 2015 , there were almost 70 models of highway @-@ capable plug @-@ in electric passenger cars and light @-@ utility vans available in the world , with 45 different plug @-@ in electric passenger car models offered in Europe , 20 available in North America , 19 in China , 14 in Japan , and 7 in Australia . There are also available several commercial models of plug @-@ in motorcycles , all @-@ electric buses , and heavy @-@ duty trucks .
+
+As of December 2015 , the Renault @-@ Nissan Alliance is the leading electric vehicle manufacturer with global sales of 302 @,@ 000 all @-@ electric vehicles delivered since December 2010 , representing about half of the global light @-@ duty all @-@ electric market segment . Mitsubishi Motors ranks second , with global sales of about 135 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in electric vehicles since 2009 through December 2015 , consisting of all @-@ electric cars of the Mitsubishi i @-@ MiEV family , all @-@ electric Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV utility vans and trucks , and the plug @-@ in hybrid Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV . Ranking third is Tesla Motors with almost 125 @,@ 000 electric cars sold between 2008 and March 2016 . Next is General Motors with combined global sales since December 2010 of almost 113 @,@ 000 vehicles through December 2015 , consisting of over 106 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in hybrids of the Volt / Ampera family , over 4 @,@ 300 Chevrolet Spark EVs , and over 2 @,@ 400 Cadillac ELRs .
+
+BYD Auto ended 2015 as the world 's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles , with 61 @,@ 722 units sold , mostly plug @-@ in hybrids , followed by Tesla Motors , with 50 @,@ 580 units sold in 2015 .
+
+= = = Sales and main markets = = =
+
+By mid @-@ September 2015 , the global stock of highway legal plug @-@ in electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the one million sales milestone . When global sales are broken down by type of powertrain , all @-@ electric cars have oversold plug @-@ in hybrids , with the pure electrics capturing 60 % of global sales as of December 2015 . Sales of plug @-@ in electric vehicles achieved the one million milestone almost twice as fast as hybrid electric vehicles ( HEV ) . While it took four years and 10 months to reach one @-@ million PEV sales , it took more than around nine years and a few months for HEVs to reach its first million sales .
+
+Between 2007 and 2010 , only 11 @,@ 768 plug @-@ in electric vehicles were sold worldwide . By comparison , during the Golden Age of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century , the EV stock peaked at approximately 30 @,@ 000 vehicles . After the introduction of the Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt in late December 2010 , the first mass @-@ production plug @-@ in cars by major carmakers , plug @-@ in car sales grew to about 50 @,@ 000 units in 2011 , jumped to 125 @,@ 000 in 2012 , and rose to almost 213 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in electric cars and utility vans in 2013 . Sales totaled over 315 @,@ 000 units in 2014 , up 48 % from 2013 . In five years , global sales of highway legal light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles have increased more than ten @-@ fold , totaling more than 565 @,@ 00 units in 2015 . Plug @-@ in sales in 2015 increased about 80 % from 2014 , driven mainly by China and Europe . Both markets passed in 2105 the U.S. as the largest plug @-@ in electric car markets in terms of total annual sales , with China ranking as the world 's best @-@ selling plug @-@ in electric passenger car country market in 2015 . Over 220 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in cars and vans were sold during the first five months of 2016 .
+
+Since 2004 , cumulative global sales totaled over 1 @.@ 5 million plug @-@ in cars and utility vans by the end of May 2016 . Despite the rapid growth experienced , the plug @-@ in electric car segment represented just 0 @.@ 1 % of the one billion cars on the world 's roads by the end of 2015 . JATO Dynamics , based on LMC Automotive ’ s forecasts , estimates the global market is expected to reach sales in excess of 700 @,@ 000 units in 2016 due to strong growth in China , Europe and the United States .
+
+Research published by Bloomberg New Energy Finance in February 2016 predicts that as battery prices continue to fall , light @-@ duty electric vehicles without government subsidies will be as affordable as internal combustion engine cars in most countries by the mid @-@ 2020s . As a result , the study forecasts that annual sales of electric vehicles will hit 41 million by 2040 , representing 35 % of new light duty vehicle sales . In another scenario the study considers that if new carsharing services are successful , together with the adoption of autonomous cars , they could boost electric @-@ vehicle market share to 50 % of new car saless by 2040 . On the other hand , the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) in its 2015 World Oil Outlook projected that the market share of battery electric cars and fuel cell cars will remain below 1 % in 2040 , while the share of hybrid electric cars is projected to grow from 1 % in 2013 to 14 % in 2040 .
+
+As of June 2016 , cumulative sales of highway legal light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles by country are led by the United States with a stock of about 474 @,@ 000 cars delivered since 2008 . China ranks second with 389 @,@ 885 units sold between 2011 and May 2016 , followed by Japan with 150 @,@ 142 plug @-@ in units sold between 2009 and April 2016 . As of May 2016 , more than 500 @,@ 000 light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles have been registered in Europe , making the continent the world 's largest plug @-@ in regional market in the light @-@ duty segment , which includes utility vans . European registrations are led by Norway with about 105 @,@ 306 units registered since 2004 through May 2016 , followed by the Netherlands with 93 @,@ 310 units registered at the end of May 2016 , France with 89 @,@ 629 units registered since 2010 through May 2016 , the UK with 75 @,@ 914 plug @-@ in cars and vans registered since 2006 , Germany with 57 @,@ 452 plug @-@ in cars registered since 2010 , and Sweden with 21 @,@ 439 registrations since 2011 . The other top selling country is Canada with 20 @,@ 352 new plug @-@ in cars sold between 2011 and May 2016 . As of April 2016 , over 534 @,@ 000 new energy vehicles have been sold in China since 2011 , making the country the world 's leader in the plug @-@ in heavy @-@ duty segment , including electric buses , plug @-@ in trucks , and sanitation trucks . As of December 2015 , China is also the world 's largest electric bus market .
+
+Sales of series production PEVs during its first two years in the global market have been lower than initially expected in all countries . However , an analysis by Scientific American found that at the international level and considering the global top selling PEVs over a 36 @-@ month introductory period , monthly sales of the Volt , Prius PHV and Leaf are performing better than the conventional Prius during their respective introductory periods , with the exception of the Mitsubishi i @-@ MiEV , which has been outsold most of the time by the Prius HEV over their 36 @-@ month introductory periods . A similar trend was found by the U.S. Department of Energy for the American market . Combined sales of plug @-@ in hybrids and battery electric cars are climbing more rapidly and outselling by more than double sales of hybrid @-@ electric vehicles over their respective 24 month introductory periods , as shown in the graph at the left .
+
+During 2014 , four of the ten top selling countries achieved plug @-@ in electric car sales with a market share higher than 1 % of new car sales , Norway ( 13 @.@ 84 % ) , the Netherlands ( 3 @.@ 87 % ) , Sweden ( 1 @.@ 53 % ) , and Japan ( 1 @.@ 06 % ) . Also two small countries achieved this mark in 2014 , Iceland ( 2 @.@ 71 % ) and Estonia ( 1 @.@ 57 % ) . In 2015 nine countries achieved plug @-@ in electric car sales with a market share equal or higher than 1 % of total new car sales , up from six in 2014 . The nine countries are Norway ( 22 @.@ 39 % ) , the Netherlands ( 9 @.@ 74 % ) , Hong Kong ( 4 @.@ 84 % ) , Iceland ( 2 @.@ 93 % ) , Sweden ( 2 @.@ 62 % ) , Denmark ( 2 @.@ 29 % ) , Switzerland ( 1 @.@ 98 % ) , France ( 1 @.@ 2 % ) , and the UK ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) . In 2015 the European plug @-@ in passenger car market share passed the one percent mark ( 1 @.@ 41 % ) for the first time .
+
+The following table presents the top 10 countries according to their PEV market share of total new car sales between 2015 and 2013 . The market share for two selected regions , Europe and California , is also shown .
+
+= = = = United States = = = =
+
+As of June 2016 , the United States is the country with the largest fleet of light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles in the world , with about 474 @,@ 000 highway @-@ capable plug @-@ in electric cars sold since the market launch of the Tesla Roadster in 2008 . As of May 2016 , the American plug @-@ in stock represented 30 @.@ 7 % of the global stock of light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles . California is the country 's largest regional market with 200 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in electric vehicles delivered by March 2016 , representing 47 % of all plug @-@ in cars sold in American market since 2008 . As of mid 2013 , 52 % of American plug @-@ in electric car registrations were concentrated in five metropolitan areas : San Francisco , Los Angeles , Seattle , New York , and Atlanta .
+
+Nationwide sales climbed from 17 @,@ 800 units delivered in 2011 to 53 @,@ 200 during 2012 , and reached 97 @,@ 100 in 2013 , up 83 % from the previous year . Cumulative plug @-@ in electric car sales since 2008 reached the 250 @,@ 000 unit milestone in August 2014 . During 2014 plug @-@ in electric car sales totaled 123 @,@ 248 units , up 27 @.@ 0 % from 2013 , and fell to 114 @,@ 248 in 2015 , down 7 @.@ 4 % from 2014 . A total of 64 @,@ 165 plug @-@ in cars were sold during the first half of 2016 , up 18 @.@ 9 % from the same period in 2015 . June 2016 is the best monthly plug @-@ in sales volume on record , with 13 @,@ 772 units delivered . The previous record was set in December 2015 , with over 13 @,@ 274 units delivered .
+
+The market share of plug @-@ in electric passenger cars increased from 0 @.@ 14 % of new car sales in 2011 to 0 @.@ 37 % in 2012 , 0 @.@ 62 % in 2013 , and reached 0 @.@ 75 % of new car sales during 2014 . As plug @-@ in car sales slowed down during 2015 , the segment 's market share fell to 0 @.@ 66 % of new car sales . The market share increased to 0 @.@ 75 % during the first half of 2016 . The highest @-@ ever market share for plug @-@ in vehicles was achieved also in June 2016 with 0 @.@ 91 % of new car sales . California plug @-@ in sales in 2015 achieved a 3 @.@ 1 % market share , 4 @.@ 7 times higher than the U.S. , and its plug @-@ in market share was surpassed only by two countries , Norway ( 22 @.@ 4 % ) and the Netherlands ( 9 @.@ 7 % ) .
+
+As of December 2014 , cumulative sales of plug @-@ in electric vehicles in the U.S. since December 2010 were led by plug @-@ in hybrids , with 150 @,@ 946 units sold representing 52 @.@ 7 % of all plug @-@ in car sales , while 135 @,@ 444 all @-@ electric cars ( 47 @.@ 3 % ) have been delivered to retail customers . This trend was reversed in 2015 , as the all @-@ electric segment grew much faster , with a total of 72 @,@ 303 all @-@ electric cars sold , up 6 @.@ 6 % year @-@ on @-@ year , while plug @-@ in hybrid were down 22 @.@ 4 % year @-@ on @-@ year , with 42 @,@ 959 units sold . As of December 2015 , a total of 206 @,@ 508 all @-@ electric cars and 193 @,@ 904 plug @-@ in hybrids had been sold in the U.S. since 2010 , with all @-@ electrics representing 51 @.@ 6 % of cumulative sales .
+
+As of June 2016 , cumulative sales are led by the Chevrolet Volt plug @-@ in hybrid with 98 @,@ 558 units , followed by the Nissan Leaf all @-@ electric car with 95 @,@ 384 units delivered . The Leaf passed the Chevrolet Volt as the top selling PEV in March 2015 , but the Volt became once again the best selling plug @-@ in car in the American market in March 2016 . Both plug @-@ in cars were released in December 2010 . Launched in the U.S. market in June 2012 , the Tesla Model S ranks as the third top selling plug @-@ in electric car with 74 @,@ 861 units sold , followed by the Prius PHV , launched in February 2012 , with 42 @,@ 335 units . Ranking fifth is the Ford Fusion Energi with 34 @,@ 624 units delivered through June 2016 .
+
+Plug @-@ in electric car sales in 2014 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 30 @,@ 200 units , followed the Volt with 18 @,@ 805 , and the Model S with 16 @,@ 689 units . The Tesla Model S was the top selling plug @-@ in car in the U.S. in 2015 with 25 @,@ 202 units delivered , followed by the Nissan Leaf with 17 @,@ 269 units , the Volt with 15 @,@ 393 , and the BMW i3 with 11 @,@ 024 . During the first half of 2016 the Model S continued as the top selling plug @-@ in car in the country with about 11 @,@ 700 units , followed by the Volt with 9 @,@ 808 , and the Fusion Energi with 7 @,@ 235 .
+
+= = = = China = = = =
+
+New energy vehicle sales between January 2011 and April 2016 totaled 534 @,@ 344 units , of which , almost 93 % were sold between January 2014 and April 2016 . These figures include heavy @-@ duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks , and only include vehicles manufactured in the country as imports are not subject to government subsidies . As of March 2016 , the Chinese stock of plug @-@ in electric vehicles consisted of 366 @,@ 219 all @-@ electric vehicles ( 72 @.@ 9 % ) and 136 @,@ 353 plug @-@ in hybrids ( 27 @.@ 1 % ) .
+
+As of December 2014 , a total of 83 @,@ 198 plug @-@ in electric passenger cars had been registered in the country since 2008 . With 176 @,@ 627 plug @-@ in passenger cars sold in 2015 , China passed the U.S. , the top selling country in 2014 , and became the world 's best @-@ selling plug @-@ in electric car country market in 2015 . As of March 2016 , in terms of light @-@ duty plug @-@ in passenger car stock , China ranks second after the United States , with cumulative sales of around 300 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in cars . As of December 2015 , the Chinese plug @-@ in stock represented 21 % of the global cumulative sales of highway legal plug @-@ in electric passenger cars .
+
+The stock of new energy vehicles sold in China since 2011 , and accounting for all segments , passed the 500 @,@ 000 unit milestone in March 2016 , making the country the world 's leader in the plug @-@ in heavy @-@ duty segment , including electric buses , plug @-@ in trucks , and sanitation trucks . Over 160 @,@ 000 heavy @-@ duty new energy vehicles have been sold between 2011 and 2015 , of which , 123 @,@ 710 ( 77 @.@ 2 % ) were sold in 2015 . Sales of commercial new energy vehicles in 2015 consisted of 100 @,@ 763 all @-@ electric vehicles ( 81 @.@ 5 % ) and 22 @,@ 947 plug @-@ in hybrid vehicles ( 18 @.@ 5 % ) . The share of all @-@ electric bus sales in the Chinese bus market climbed from 2 % in 2010 to 9 @.@ 9 % in 2012 , and was expected to be closed to 20 % for 2013 . As of December 2014 , China had about 36 @,@ 500 all @-@ electric buses . As of December 2015 , China is the world 's largest electric bus market , and by 2020 , the country is expected to account for more than 50 % of the global electric bus market .
+
+A total of 8 @,@ 159 new energy vehicles were sold in China during 2011 , including passenger cars ( 61 % ) and buses ( 28 % ) . Of these , 5 @,@ 579 units were all @-@ electric vehicles and 2 @,@ 580 plug @-@ in hybrids . Electric vehicle sales represented 0 @.@ 04 % of total new car sales in 2011 . Sales of new energy vehicles in 2012 reached 12 @,@ 791 units , which includes 11 @,@ 375 all @-@ electric vehicles and 1 @,@ 416 plug @-@ in hybrids . New energy vehicle sales in 2012 represented 0 @.@ 07 % of the country 's total new car sales . During 2013 new energy vehicle sales totaled 17 @,@ 642 units , up 37 @.@ 9 % from 2012 and representing 0 @.@ 08 % of the nearly 22 million new car sold in the country in 2013 . Deliveries included 14 @,@ 604 pure electric vehicles and 3 @,@ 038 plug @-@ in hybrids . The QQ3 EV was the top selling new energy car in China between 2011 and 2013 , with 2 @,@ 167 units sold in 2011 , 3 @,@ 129 in 2012 , and 5 @,@ 727 in 2013 . Cumulative sales since January 2011 through March 2014 reached 13 @,@ 039 units .
+
+New energy vehicle sales during 2014 reached 74 @,@ 763 units , up 320 % from 2013 , and representing a market share of 0 @.@ 32 % of the 23 @.@ 5 million new car sales sold in the country that year . Of these , 71 % were passenger cars , 27 % buses , and 1 % trucks . A total of 45 @,@ 048 all @-@ electric vehicles were sold in 2014 , up 210 % from a year earlier , and 29 @,@ 715 plug @-@ in hybrids , up 880 % from 2013 . The BYD Qin plug @-@ in hybrid , introduced in December 2013 , ranked as the top selling plug @-@ in electric car in China in 2014 with 14 @,@ 747 units sold , and became the country 's top selling passenger NEV ever . The Qin was followed by the all @-@ electrics Zotye Zhidou E20 , with 7 @,@ 341 units , and BAIC E150 EV , with 5 @,@ 234 .
+
+Domestically produced new energy vehicle sales in 2015 totaled a record 331 @,@ 092 units , consisting of 247 @,@ 482 all @-@ electric vehicles and 83 @,@ 610 plug @-@ in hybrid vehicles , up 449 % and 191 % from 2014 , respectively . Sales of plug @-@ in passenger cars , excluding imports , totaled 176 @,@ 627 units in 2015 , allowing China to rank as the world 's best @-@ selling plug @-@ in electric car country market in 2015 . The plug @-@ in electric passenger car segment market share rose to 0 @.@ 84 % in 2015 , up from 0 @.@ 25 % in 2014 . The top selling passenger models in 2015 were the BYD Qin plug @-@ in hybrid with 31 @,@ 898 units sold , followed by the BYD Tang ( 18 @,@ 375 ) , and the all @-@ electrics Kandi EV ( 16 @,@ 736 ) , BAIC E150 / 160 / 200 EV ( 16 @,@ 488 ) , and the Zotye Z100 EV ( 15 @,@ 467 ) .
+
+As of December 2015 , the BYD Qin continues to rank as the all @-@ time top selling plug @-@ in passenger car in the country , with cumulative sales of 46 @,@ 787 units since its introduction . The BYD Qin was the world 's second best selling plug @-@ in hybrid car in 2015 after the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV , and also ranked fifth among the world 's top selling plug @-@ in electric cars in 2015 . As a reflexion of the explosive growth of the Chinese plug @-@ in electric car market in 2015 , BYD Auto ended 2015 as the world 's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles , with around 60 @,@ 000 units sold , ahead of Tesla Motors ( 50 @,@ 580 ) .
+
+Sales of domestically produced new energy vehicle sales totaled 58 @,@ 125 units during the first quarter of 2016 , consisting of 42 @,@ 131 all @-@ electric vehicles and 15 @,@ 994 plug @-@ in hybrid vehicles , up 140 % and 43 % from the same quarter in 2015 , respectively . Sales in the new energy passenger segment totaled 39 @,@ 500 units , consisting of 24 @,@ 480 all @-@ electric cars and 14 @,@ 800 plug @-@ in hybrids , up 63 % and 37 % from the same quarter in 2015 , correspondinly .
+
+= = = = Japan = = = =
+
+As of March 2016 , the stock of light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles in Japan is the third largest in the world after the United States and China , with about 150 @,@ 000 highway legal plug @-@ in electric vehicles sold in the country since 2009 . During 2012 , global sales of pure electric cars were led by Japan with a 28 % market share of total sales , followed by the United States with a 26 % share . Japan ranked second after the U.S. in terms of its share of plug @-@ in hybrid sales in 2012 , with a 12 % of global sales . A total of 30 @.@ 587 highway @-@ capable plug @-@ in electric vehicles were sold in Japan in 2013 . In 2014 the segment sales remained flat with 30 @,@ 390 units sold , and a market share of 1 @.@ 06 % of total new car sales in the country ( kei cars not included ) .
+
+As of December 2014 , the Nissan Leaf is the market leader with 48 @,@ 641 units sold since December 2010 , followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV with 19 @,@ 672 units sold since January 2013 . The Prius PHV has sold 19 @,@ 100 units between January 2012 and September 2014 , and the Mitsubishi i @-@ MiEV , launched for fleet customers in Japan in late July 2009 , with cumulative sales of 10 @,@ 423 i @-@ MiEVs through September 2014 . Combined sales of the van and truck version of the Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV reached 6 @,@ 291 units through December 2014 . Other models available in Japan are the Honda Accord Plug @-@ in Hybrid , Tesla Model S , BMW i3 , BMW i8 , and the Nissan e @-@ NV200 , but official sales figures are not available .
+
+During 2013 sales were led by the Nissan Leaf with 13 @,@ 021 units , followed by the Outlander P @-@ HEV with 9 @,@ 608 units . The Leaf continued as the market leader in 2014 with 14 @,@ 177 units sold , followed by the Outlander P @-@ HEV with 10 @,@ 064 units , together representing about 80 % of the plug @-@ in segment sales in Japan in 2014 ( 30 @,@ 390 ) .
+
+= = = = Europe = = = =
+
+Cumulative sales of light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles in Europe passed the 500 @,@ 000 unit milestone in May 2016 , representing about a third of global sales . Of these , 192 @,@ 827 units ( 38 @.@ 6 % ) were registered in 2015 . Out of the plug @-@ in stock registered in 2015 , passenger cars accounted for 186 @,@ 170 units ( 96 @.@ 5 % ) . European sales in the light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric segment , which includes utility vans , were led by the Netherlands with almost 90 @,@ 000 units registered at the end of 2015 . Almost 25 % of the European stock is on the roads in the Nordic countries , with over 100 @,@ 000 registered plug @-@ in electric cars as of December 2015 . Combined registrations in the four countries in 2015 were up 91 % from 2014 . The stock of light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles registered in Norway passed the 100 @,@ 000 unit milestone in April 2016 , making the country the fourth largest plug @-@ in market in the world after the U.S. , China and Japan , and becoming the leading European market .
+
+A total of 1 @,@ 614 all @-@ electric cars and 1 @,@ 305 light @-@ utility vehicles were sold in 2010 . Sales jumped from 2 @,@ 919 units in 2010 to 13 @,@ 779 in 2011 , consisting of 11 @,@ 271 pure electric cars and 2 @,@ 508 commercial vans . In addition , over 300 plug @-@ in hybrids were sold in 2011 , mainly Opel Amperas . Light @-@ duty plug @-@ in vehicle sales totaled 34 @,@ 333 units in 2012 , consisting of 24 @,@ 713 all @-@ electric cars and vans , and 9 @,@ 620 plug @-@ in hybrids . The Opel / Vauxhall Ampera plug @-@ in hybrid was Europe 's top selling plug @-@ in electric car in 2012 with 5 @,@ 268 units , closely followed by the all @-@ electric Nissan Leaf with 5 @,@ 210 units .
+
+The plug @-@ in segment sales more than double to 71 @,@ 943 units in 2013 . Pure electric passenger and light commercial vehicles sales increased by 63 @.@ 9 % to 40 @,@ 496 units . In addition , a total of 31 @,@ 477 extended @-@ range cars and plug @-@ in hybrids were sold in 2013 . Registrations reached 104 @,@ 746 light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles in 2014 , up 45 @.@ 6 % from 2013 . A total of 65 @,@ 199 pure electric cars and light @-@ utility vehicles were registered in Europe in 2014 , up 60 @.@ 9 % from 2013 . All @-@ electric passenger cars represented 87 % of the European all @-@ electric segment registrations . Extended @-@ range cars and plug @-@ in hybrid registrations totaled 39 @,@ 547 units in 2014 , up 25 @.@ 8 % from 2013 .
+
+For the first time in the region , in 2015 plug @-@ in hybrids ( 195 @,@ 140 ) outsold all @-@ electric cars ( 89 @,@ 640 ) in the passenger car segment , however , when light @-@ duty plug @-@ in utility vehicles are accounted for , the all @-@ electric segment totaled 97 @,@ 687 registrations in 2015 , up 65 @,@ 199 in 2014 , and ahead of the plug @-@ in hybrid segment . Also in 2015 , the European market share of plug @-@ in electric cars passed the 1 % mark for the first time , with a 1 @.@ 41 % share of new car sales that year .
+
+During 2013 took place a surge in sales of plug @-@ in hybrids in the European market , particularly in the Netherlands , with 20 @,@ 164 PHEVs registered during the year . Out of the 71 @,@ 943 highway @-@ capable plug @-@ in electric passenger cars and utility vans sold in the region during 2013 , plug @-@ in hybrids totaled 31 @,@ 447 units , representing 44 % of the plug @-@ in electric vehicle segment sales that year . This trend continued in 2014 . Plug @-@ in hybrids represented almost 30 % of the plug @-@ in electric drive sales during the first six months of 2014 , and with the exception of the Nissan Leaf , sales of the previous European best selling models fell significantly , while recently introduced models captured a significant share of the segment sales , with the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV , Tesla Model S , BMW i3 , Renault Zoe , Volkswagen e @-@ Up ! , and the Volvo V60 Plug @-@ in Hybrid ranking among the top ten best selling models .
+
+In 2014 Norway was the top selling country in the light @-@ duty all @-@ electric market segment , with 18 @,@ 649 passenger cars and utility vans registered , more than doubling its 2013 sales . France ranked second with 15 @,@ 046 units registered , followed by Germany with 8 @,@ 804 units , the UK with 7 @,@ 730 units , and the Netherlands with 3 @,@ 585 car and vans registrations . The Netherlands was the top selling country in the plug @-@ in hybrid segment with 12 @,@ 425 passenger cars registered , followed by the UK with 7 @,@ 821 , Germany with 4 @,@ 527 , and Sweden 3 @,@ 432 units . Five European countries achieved plug @-@ in electric car sales with a market share higher than 1 % of new car sales in 2014 , Norway ( 13 @.@ 84 % ) , the Netherlands ( 3 @.@ 87 % ) , Iceland ( 2 @.@ 71 % ) , Estonia ( 1 @.@ 57 % ) , and Sweden ( 1 @.@ 53 % ) .
+
+In 2013 the top selling plug @-@ in was the Leaf with 11 @,@ 120 units sold , followed by the Outlander P @-@ HEV with 8 @,@ 197 units . The Mitsubishi Outlander plug @-@ in hybrid was the top selling plug @-@ in electric vehicle in Europe in 2014 with 19 @,@ 853 units sold , surpassing of the Nissan Leaf ( 14 @,@ 658 ) , which fell to second place . Ranking third was the Renault Zoe with 11 @,@ 231 units .
+
+For a second year running , the Mitsubishi ’ s Outlander P @-@ HEV was the top selling plug @-@ in electric car in Europe with 31 @,@ 214 units sold in 2015 , up 57 % from 2014 . The Renault Zoe ranked second among plug @-@ in electric cars , with 18 @,@ 727 registrations , and surpassed the Nissan Leaf to become best selling pure electric car in Europe in 2015 . Ranking next were the Volkswagen Golf GTE plug @-@ in hybrid ( 17 @,@ 300 ) , followed by the all @-@ electric Tesla Model S ( 15 @,@ 515 ) and the Nissan Leaf ( 15 @,@ 455 ) , the BMW i3 , including its REx variant , ( 12 @,@ 047 ) , and the Audi A3 e @-@ tron plug @-@ in hybrid ( 11 @,@ 791 ) .
+
+The Netherlands was the top selling country in the European light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric market segment , with 43 @,@ 971 passenger cars and utility vans registered in 2015 . Norway ranked second with 34 @,@ 455 units registered , followed by the UK with 28 @,@ 188 units , France with 27 @,@ 701 car and vans registrations , and Germany with 23 @,@ 464 plug @-@ in cars . Eight European countries achieved plug @-@ in electric car sales with a market share higher than 1 % of new car sales in 2015 , Norway ( 22 @.@ 4 % ) , the Netherlands ( 9 @.@ 7 % ) , Iceland ( 2 @.@ 9 % ) , Sweden ( 2 @.@ 6 % ) , Denmark ( 2 @.@ 3 % ) , Switzerland ( 2 @.@ 0 % ) , France ( 1 @.@ 2 % ) and the UK ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) .
+
+As of December 2015 , and accounting for cumulative sales since 2010 , the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV is the all @-@ time top selling plug @-@ in electric car in the region with 59 @,@ 264 units delivered , followed by the Nissan Leaf with 48 @,@ 936 units , Renault Zoe with 38 @,@ 890 units , Tesla Model S with 28 @,@ 149 , and the BMW i3 with 23 @,@ 268 units . The Renault Kangoo Z.E. is the top selling all @-@ electric utility van with 21 @,@ 016 units .
+
+= = = = = Norway = = = = =
+
+The stock of light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles registered in Norway passed the 100 @,@ 000 unit milestone in April 2016 , making the country the fourth largest plug @-@ in market in the world . Accounting for registrations of both new car sales and used imports , the Norwegian light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric fleet consist of about 81 @,@ 500 all @-@ electric passenger cars , almost 17 @,@ 100 plug @-@ in hybrids , and over 2 @,@ 000 all @-@ electric vans . The government 's target of 50 @,@ 000 all @-@ electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached in April 2015 , more than two years earlier than expected .
+
+Sales of used imports in Norway are significant , and as of December 2015 , over 11 @,@ 500 used plug @-@ in vehicles from neighboring countries had been imported , mainly pure electric cars . Registrations of used all @-@ electric cars totaled 2 @,@ 086 units in 2013 , 3 @,@ 063 in 2014 and 5 @,@ 122 in 2015 . In addition , about 1 @,@ 300 used electric cars were imported into Norway before 2013 .
+
+The Norwegian fleet of electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because almost 100 % of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydropower . Norway , with about 5 @.@ 2 million people , is the country with the largest EV ownweship per capita in the world . In March 2014 , Norway became the first country where over one in every 100 registered passenger cars is plug @-@ in electric . The segment 's market penetration reached 2 % in March 2015 , and passed 3 % in December 2015 .
+
+The Norwegian plug @-@ in electric vehicle market share of new car sales is the highest in the world , the EV segment market share rose from 1 @.@ 6 % in 2011 , to 3 @.@ 1 % in 2012 , and reached 5 @.@ 6 % of new car sales in 2013 . The Norwegian all @-@ electric segment increased its market share of new car sales to 12 @.@ 5 % in 2014 , and rises to 13 @.@ 8 % if plug @-@ in hybrids are accounted for . The combined sales of new plug @-@ in cars reached a market share of 23 @.@ 4 % of all new passenger cars sold in 2015 , with the all @-@ electric car segment reaching 17 @.@ 1 % , while the plug @-@ in hybrid segment reached 5 @.@ 2 % .
+
+Also , Norway was the first country in the world to have electric cars topping the new car sales monthly ranking . The Tesla Model S has been the top selling new car four times , twice in 2013 , first in September and again in December , one more time in March 2014 , and again in March 2015 . The Nissan Leaf has topped the monthly new car sales ranking twice , first in October 2013 and again in January 2014 . In March 2014 the Tesla Model S also broke the 28 @-@ year @-@ old record for monthly sales of a single model regardless of its power source , with 1 @,@ 493 units sold , surpassing the Ford Sierra , which sold 1 @,@ 454 units in May 1986 . In March 2015 another record was set , with three all @-@ electric cars ranking as the top 3 selling new cars in the country , the Tesla Model S with 1 @,@ 140 units , the Volkswagen e @-@ Golf with 956 ( out of a total of 1 @,@ 421 units sold by the Golf nameplate ) , and the Nissan Leaf with 526 .
+
+Plug @-@ in electric vehicle registrations totaled 10 @,@ 769 units in 2013 , and the segment achieved a 6 @.@ 9 % market share of total 2013 car registrations . The Leaf continued as the top selling plug @-@ in electric car in 2013 , with 4 @,@ 604 new units sold , followed by the Tesla Model S with 1 @,@ 986 units , and the Volkswagen e @-@ Up ! with 580 . A total of 23 @,@ 390 plug @-@ in electric vehicles were registered in 2014 including used imports . Combined sales of new and used plug @-@ in electric vehicles captured a 13 @.@ 84 % market share of total passenger car registrations in 2014 . Plug @-@ in electric car sales in 2014 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 4 @,@ 781 new registrations , followed by Tesla Model S with 4 @,@ 040 units . Norway ended 2014 as the top selling European country in the light @-@ duty all @-@ electric market segment , with 18 @,@ 649 passenger cars and utility vans registered .
+
+A total of 39 @,@ 632 light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2015 , up 69 @.@ 3 % from 2014 . New plug @-@ in sales totaled 34 @,@ 455 units , consisting of 25 @,@ 779 pure electric cars , 7 @,@ 964 plug @-@ in hybrids , and 712 all @-@ electric utility vans . A total of 5 @,@ 177 used imports were registered , of which , 5 @,@ 122 were pure electric cars . The Norwegian fleet of light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vechicles reached 84 @,@ 401 units registered as of December 2015 , including both new and used imports , and consisting of 74 @,@ 024 all @-@ electric passenger and light @-@ duty vehicles , and 10 @,@ 377 plug @-@ in hybrids .
+
+The combined sales of new plug @-@ in cars reached a market share of 23 @.@ 4 % of all new passenger cars sold in 2015 , with the all @-@ electric car segment reaching 17 @.@ 1 % , up from 12 @.@ 5 % in 2014 , while the plug @-@ in hybrid segment reached 5 @.@ 2 % , up from 1 % in 2014 . The VW e @-@ Golf , with 8 @,@ 943 units sold , was the best @-@ selling plug @-@ in electric car in Norway in 2015 , ahead of the Tesla Model S ( 4 @,@ 039 ) and the Nissan Leaf ( 3 @,@ 189 ) . The top selling plug @-@ in hybrid in 2015 was the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV with 2 @,@ 875 units , followed by the Volkswagen Golf GTE with 2 @,@ 000 , and the Audi A3 e @-@ tron with 1 @,@ 684 units .
+
+As of December 2015 , the Nissan Leaf continued as the all @-@ time best selling plug @-@ in electric car in the country with a total of 15 @,@ 245 new Leafs registered since 2011 . In addition , a significant number of used imported Leafs from neighboring countries have been registered in the country , raising the stock of registered Leafs to over 20 @,@ 000 units , meaning that more than 10 % of Leafs sold in the world are on Norwegian roads by November 2015 . Ranking second is the Volkswagen e @-@ Golf , with 10 @,@ 961 new units registered since 2014 , flowed by the Tesla Model S , with 10 @,@ 062 new units registered in Norway through December 2015 , representing about 10 % of the Model S global sales .
+
+The highest @-@ ever monthly market share for plug @-@ in electric passenger segment was achieved in March 2016 with 33 @.@ 5 % of new car sales ; the all @-@ electric car segment had a 18 @.@ 7 % market share among new passenger cars , while the plug @-@ in hybrid segment had a 14 @.@ 8 % . Sales of new light @-@ duty plug @-@ in vehicles totaled 22 @,@ 425 units during the first half of 2016 , consisting of 11 @,@ 744 all @-@ electric cars , 10 @,@ 338 plug @-@ in hybrids , and 343 all @-@ electric vans . The combined sales of new plug @-@ in cars reached a market share of 28 @.@ 4 % of all new passenger cars sold during the first six months of 2016 , with the all @-@ electric car segment reaching 15 @.@ 1 % , down from 18 @.@ 4 % in the same period in 2015 , while the plug @-@ in hybrid segment reached a record 13 @.@ 3 % , up from 4 @.@ 5 % in 2015 . The all @-@ electric van segment captured 2 @.@ 2 % of new van sales , up from 0 @.@ 4 % during the same period the previous year . The VW e @-@ Golf continued as top selling all @-@ electric car during the first half of 2016 with 2 @,@ 859 units , representing 24 @.@ 3 % of the all @-@ electric car sales , while the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV was the top selling plug @-@ in hybrid , with 2 @,@ 843 units representing 27 @.@ 5 % of the segment sales .
+
+= = = = = Netherlands = = = = =
+
+A total of 93 @,@ 310 highway legal light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles were registered in the Netherlands by the end of May 2016 , consisting of 81 @,@ 124 range @-@ extended and plug @-@ in hybrids , 10 @,@ 690 pure electric cars , and 1 @,@ 496 all @-@ electric light utility vans . When buses , trucks , motorcycles , quadricycles and tricycles are accounted for , the Dutch plug @-@ in electric @-@ drive fleet climbs to 94 @,@ 726 units . The country 's electric vehicle stock reaches 128 @,@ 936 units when fuel cell electric vehicles ( 23 ) , mopeds ( 3 @,@ 682 ) , electric bicycles ( 30 @,@ 265 ) , and microcars ( 240 ) are accounted for .
+
+As of May 2016 , the Netherlands ranks as the second top selling European market after Norway , and also has the world 's fifth largest light @-@ duty plug @-@ in vehicle stock . With 43 @,@ 971 plug @-@ in passenger cars and utility vans registered in 2015 , the Netherlands was the world 's third best @-@ selling country market for light @-@ duty plug @-@ in vehicles that year . The Netherlands is also among the country 's with the highest EV market penetration in the world .
+
+Registrations of plug @-@ in electric car represented a 0 @.@ 57 % share of total new car registrations in the country during 2011 and 2012 . During 2013 plug @-@ in electric passenger car registrations totaled 22 @,@ 415 units , climbing 338 % from 2012 , the highest rate of growth of any country in the world in 2013 . The segment 's market share surged almost ten times from 2012 to 5 @.@ 37 % new car sales in the country during that year , the world 's second highest in 2013 after Norway ( 5 @.@ 6 % ) . The rapid growth of segment during 2013 , allowed the Netherlands to reach a market penetration for plug @-@ in vehicles of around 1 @.@ 71 vehicles per 1 @,@ 000 people , second only to Norway ( 4 @.@ 04 ) . The market share of the plug @-@ in electric passenger car segment in 2014 fell to 3 @.@ 86 % of total new passenger car registrations , after the end of some of the tax incentives . With 43 @,@ 769 plug @-@ in passenger cars registered in 2015 , the segment market share rose to a record 9 @.@ 7 % of new car sales in the Dutch market in 2015 , the second highest after Norway ( 22 @.@ 4 % ) .
+
+In November 2013 , a total of 2 @,@ 736 Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEVs were sold , making the plug @-@ in hybrid the top selling new car in the country that month , representing a market share of 6 @.@ 8 % of all the new cars sold . Again in December 2013 , the Outlander P @-@ HEV ranked as the top selling new car in the country with 4 @,@ 976 units , representing a 12 @.@ 6 % market share of new car sales , contributing to a world record plug @-@ in vehicle market share of 23 @.@ 8 % of new car sales . The Netherlands is the second country , after Norway , where plug @-@ in electric cars have topped the monthly ranking of new car sales . The strong increase of plug @-@ in car sles during the last months of 2013 was due to the end of the total exemption of the registration fee for corporate cars , which is valid for 5 years . From January 1 , 2014 , all @-@ electric vehicles pay a 4 % registration fee and plug @-@ in hybrids a 7 % fee .
+
+A total of 15 @,@ 678 light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles were registered in the Netherlands in 2014 , consisting of 12 @,@ 425 plug @-@ in hybrids , down 38 @.@ 4 % from 2013 , 2 @,@ 664 all @-@ electric cars , up 18 @.@ 3 % from a year earlier , and 589 vans , up 236 @.@ 6 % from 2013 . Sales in 2014 were led by the Outlander P @-@ HEV with 7 @,@ 666 units , followed by Volvo V60 Plug @-@ in Hybrid with 3 @,@ 126 units , and Tesla Model S with 1 @,@ 465 units sold .
+
+The top 5 best @-@ selling plug @-@ in electric cars in 2015 were all plug @-@ in hybrids , led by the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV ( 8 @,@ 757 ) , followed by the Volkswagen Golf GTE ( 8 @,@ 183 ) , Audi A3 e @-@ tron ( 4 @,@ 354 ) , Volvo V60 Plug @-@ in Hybrid ( 3 @,@ 851 ) , and Volkswagen Passat GTE ( 2 @,@ 879 ) . The top selling all @-@ electric car was the Tesla Model S ( 1 @,@ 842 ) . Plug @-@ in car sales achieved its best monthly volume on record ever in December 2015 , with about 15 @,@ 900 units sold , and allowing the segment to reach a record market share of about 23 % . The surge in plug @-@ in car sales was due to reduction of the registration fees for plug @-@ in hybrids . From January 1 , 2016 , all @-@ electric vehicles continue to pay a 4 % registration fee , but for a plug @-@ in hybrid the fee rises from 7 % to 15 % if its CO2 emissions do not exceed 50 g / km . The rate for a conventional internal combustion car is 25 % of its book value .
+
+As of December 2015 , the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV continues as the all @-@ time top @-@ selling plug @-@ in car in the country with 24 @,@ 506 registered . Ranking second is the Volvo V60 Plug @-@ in Hybrid ( 14 @,@ 470 ) , followed by the Volkswagen Golf GTE ( 8 @,@ 806 ) , Opel Ampera ( 4 @,@ 947 units ) , Tesla Model S ( 4 @,@ 832 ) , and Audi A3 e @-@ tron ( 4 @,@ 657 ) . A total of 78 @,@ 163 plug @-@ in hybrids out of 87 @,@ 531 passenger plug @-@ in electric vehicles were registered in the Netherlands as of 31 December 2015 , meaning that plug @-@ in hybrids dominate the Dutch market with a share of 89 @.@ 3 % of the country 's highway legal plug @-@ in electric car stock .
+
+= = = = = France = = = = =
+
+Since January 2010 , a total of 86 @,@ 909 light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles have been registered in France through April 2016 , consisting of 54 @,@ 066 electric passenger cars , 22 @,@ 473 all @-@ electric utility vans , and 10 @,@ 370 plug @-@ in hybrids . Electric car registrations increased from 184 units in 2010 to 2 @,@ 630 in 2011 . Sales in 2012 increased 115 % from 2011 to 5 @,@ 663 cars , allowing France to rank 4th among the top selling EV countries , with an 11 % market share of global all @-@ electric car sales in 2012 . Registrations reached 8 @,@ 779 electric cars in 2013 , up 55 @.@ 0 % from 2012 , and the all @-@ electric market share of total new car sales went up to 0 @.@ 49 % from 0 @.@ 3 % in 2012 .
+
+In addition , 5 @,@ 175 electric utility vans were registered in 2013 , up 42 % from 2012 , and representing a market share of 1 @.@ 4 % of all new light commercial vehicles sold in 2013 . Sales of electric passenger cars and utility vans totaled 13 @,@ 954 units in 2013 , capturing a combined market share of 0 @.@ 65 of these two segments new car sales . When sales of pure electric cars and light utility vehicles are accounted together , France was the leading the European all @-@ electric market in 2012 and 2013 .
+
+During 2014 sales of all @-@ electric vehicles in France passed the 10 @,@ 000 unit milestone for the first time . A total of 15 @,@ 045 all @-@ electric cars and vans were registered in 2014 , up 7 @.@ 8 % from 2013 . A total of 10 @,@ 560 pure electric passenger cars registered in 2014 , up 20 @.@ 3 % from the previous year . This figure rises to 10 @,@ 968 units if the BMW i3 with range extender is accounted for . All @-@ electric utility vans continued to be a significant share of the all @-@ electric segment , with 4 @,@ 485 units registered in 2014 , but down 13 @.@ 3 % from 2013 . All @-@ electric cars captured a 0 @.@ 59 % market share of the 1 @.@ 7 million new car registered in France in 2014 , while light @-@ duty electric vehicles reached a 1 @.@ 22 % market share of their segment . Combined both segments represented a market share of 0 @.@ 70 % of new registrations in the country in 2014 . Light @-@ duty all @-@ electric vehicle sales achieved its best monthly volume on record ever in December 2014 , with 2 @,@ 227 units registered , twice the volume registered the same month in 2013 . The slow down in sales that took place in the French EV market during the first half of 2014 , allowed Norway , with 18 @,@ 649 new all @-@ electric vehicles registered , to end 2014 as the top selling European market in the light @-@ duty all @-@ electric segment , and France ranked second . A total of 14 @,@ 833 light @-@ duty all @-@ electric vehicles were sold during the first nine months of 2015 , up 48 % from 2014 year @-@ on @-@ year .
+
+In the French market plug @-@ in hybrids or rechargeable hybrids are classified and accounted together with conventional hybrid electric vehicles . Almost 1 @,@ 500 plug @-@ in hybrids were registered during 2012 and 2013 , 666 units in 2012 , and 808 units in 2013 . Plug @-@ in hybrid car registrations totaled 1 @,@ 519 units in 2014 , almost doubling registrations from a year earlier . Plug @-@ in hybrid sales were driven by the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV , with 820 units registered in 2014 , representing 54 % of the segment registrations in France that year . Between 2012 and 2014 , cumulative plug @-@ in hybrid registrations totaled 2 @,@ 985 units , rising cumulative French registrations of light @-@ duty plug @-@ in electric vehicles since 2005 to 46 @,@ 590 units , just ahead of the Netherlands ( 45 @,@ 020 ) , and making France the European country where there are more plug @-@ in electric vehicles on the road .
+
+During 2012 , all @-@ electric car registrations in France were led by the Bolloré Bluecar with 1 @,@ 543 units . The Renault Kangoo Z.E. was the top selling utility electric vehicle with 2 @,@ 869 units registered in 2012 , representing a market share of 82 % of the segment . The Renault Twizy electric quadricycle , launched in March 2012 , sold 2 @,@ 232 units during 2012 , surpassing the Bolloré Bluecar , and ranked as the second best selling plug @-@ in electric vehicle after the Kangoo Z.E. During 2013 , registrations of pure electric cars were led by the Renault Zoe with 5 @,@ 511 units , representing 62 @.@ 8 % of total EV sales . Registrations of all @-@ electric light utility vehicles were led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with 4 @,@ 174 units , representing 80 @.@ 7 % of the segment sales .
+
+The Zoe continued leading all @-@ electric vehicle registration in 2014 , with 5 @,@ 970 units registered , followed by the Kangoo Z.E. van with 2 @,@ 657 registrations , and the Nissan Leaf ranked next with 1 @,@ 600 units . As of December 2014 , the French leader in the all @-@ electric segment is the Renault Zoe with 11 @,@ 529 units registered since 2012 , followed by the Kangoo Z.E. utility van with 10 @,@ 483 units registered since 2010 , the Bolloré Bluecar with 3 @,@ 770 units , and the Nissan Leaf with 3 @,@ 645 units . Most units of the Bluecar are in operation for the Autolib ' carsharing service in Paris , and similar carsharing programs in Lyon and Bordeaux .
+
+= = = = = United Kingdom = = = = =
+
+About 71 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in electric vehicles have been registered in the UK up until March 2016 , including about 67 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in hybrids and all @-@ electric cars , and about 4 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in commercial vans . This figure includes a significant number of registered plug @-@ in electric cars and vans which were not eligible for the grant schemes . Since the launch of the Plug @-@ In Car Grant in January 2011 , a total of 66 @,@ 296 eligible cars have been registered through June 2016 , and , as of March 2016 , the number of claims made through the Plug @-@ in Van Grant scheme totaled 2 @,@ 167 units since the launch of the scheme in 2012 .
+
+Before the introduction of series production plug @-@ in vehicles , a total of 1 @,@ 096 all @-@ electric vehicles were registered in the UK between 2006 and December 2010 . All @-@ electric car sales grew from 138 units in 2010 to 1 @,@ 082 units during 2011 . Before 2011 , the G @-@ Wiz , a heavy quadricycle , listed as the top @-@ selling EV for several years . During 2012 , a total of 2 @,@ 254 plug @-@ in electric cars were registered in the UK . Sales in 2012 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 699 units , followed by the Toyota Prius Plug @-@ in Hybrid with 470 . Vehicles eligible for the Plug @-@ in Car Grant accounted for 0 @.@ 1 % of total new car sales in 2012 . Plug @-@ in electric car registrations totaled 3 @,@ 584 units in 2013 , up 59 @.@ 0 % from 2012 . Plug @-@ in car sales represented a 0 @.@ 16 % market share of new cars sold in the UK in 2013 . The top selling plug @-@ in electric car in 2013 was the Nissan Leaf , with over 1 @,@ 650 units sold , and the Prius PHV ended 2013 as the top selling plug @-@ in hybrid with 509 units .
+
+The British market experienced a rapid growth of plug @-@ in car sales during 2014 , driven by the introduction of new models such as the BMW i3 , Tesla Model S , Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV , Renault Zoe , and Volkswagen e @-@ Up ! . Plug @-@ in electric car registrations in the UK quadruple from 3 @,@ 586 in 2013 to 14 @,@ 518 units in 2014 . Registrations consisted of 6 @,@ 697 pure electrics and 7 @,@ 821 plug @-@ in hybrids . Total registrations in 2014 were up 305 % from 2013 , with all @-@ electric cars growing 167 % while plug @-@ in hybrid registrations were up 628 % from a year earlier . The plug @-@ in electric car segment captured a 0 @.@ 59 % market share of new car sales in 2014 , up from 0 @.@ 16 % in 2013 . In November 2014 the passenger plug @-@ in segment 's market share passed 1 % of monthly new car sales for the first time in the UK .
+
+The Mitsubishi plug @-@ in hybrid became the top selling plug @-@ in electric vehicle in July 2014 and captured 43 % of all applications to the Plug @-@ in Car Grants scheme that month . The Outlander P @-@ HEV ended 2014 as the top selling plug @-@ in electric car in the UK that year with 5 @,@ 370 units sold . The Nissan Leaf sales also experienced a significant growth in 2014 , with 4 @,@ 051 units sold , up 124 % from the 1 @,@ 812 units sold in 2013 .
+
+The surge in demand for plug @-@ in cars continued during 2015 . Plug @-@ in electric car registrations in the UK totaled 28 @,@ 188 units in 2015 , consisting of 9 @,@ 934 pure electric cars and 18 @,@ 254 plug @-@ in hybrids . Total registrations in 2015 were up 94 @.@ 0 % from 2014 , with all @-@ electric cars growing 48 @.@ 3 % year @-@ on @-@ year , while plug @-@ in hybrid registrations were up 133 @.@ 0 % year @-@ on @-@ year . The plug @-@ in electric car segment raised its market share of new car sales in 2015 to almost 1 @.@ 1 % , up from 0 @.@ 59 % in 2014 . The plug @-@ in segment reached a record market share of 1 @.@ 7 % of new car sales in the UK , the highest ever .
+
+Sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV in the British market reached the 10 @,@ 000 unit milestone in March 2015 , allowing the plug @-@ in hybrid to overtake the Leaf as the all @-@ time top selling plug @-@ in electric vehicle in the UK . Sales of the Nissan Leaf sales passed the 10 @,@ 000 unit milestone in June 2015 . The top selling models in 2015 were the Outlander P @-@ HEV with 11 @,@ 681 units registered , up 118 % from 2014 , followed by the Leaf with 5 @,@ 236 units ( up 29 % ) , and the BMW i3 with 2 @,@ 213 units ( up 59 % ) . As of December 2015 , the Outlander P @-@ HEV continued to rank as the top selling plug @-@ in electric car in the UK ever , with 17 @,@ 045 units registered , and the Nissan Leaf , the top selling all @-@ electric car ever , totaled 12 @,@ 433 units registered . Plug @-@ in car sales in March 2016 achieved the best monthly plug @-@ in sales volume on record ever , with 7 @,@ 144 grant eligible cars registered , exceeding the previous high of 6 @,@ 104 units , recorded in March 2015 .
+
+A total of 19 @,@ 252 plug @-@ in electric cars were registered in the UK during the first half of 2016 , consisting of 5 @,@ 267 pure electrics , up 12 @.@ 5 % from the same period in 2015 , and 13 @,@ 985 plug @-@ in hybrids , up 40 @.@ 8 % from 2015 . During the first half of 2016 the plug @-@ in car segment 's market share reached 1 @.@ 36 % of new car sales . While overall new car registrations year @-@ to @-@ date increased 3 @.@ 2 % from the same period in 2015 , total plug @-@ in car registrations during the quarter increased 31 @.@ 8 % from 2015 .
+
+= = = = = Germany = = = = =
+
+As of April 2016 , there were about 57 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in electric cars registered in Germany . About 73 % of the about 50 @,@ 000 plug @-@ in cars registered in the country by the end of 2015 took place during the last two years , with 13 @,@ 049 units registered in 2014 , and 23 @,@ 464 registered in 2015 . The official German definition of electric vehicles changed at the beginning of 2013 , before that , official statistics only registered all @-@ electric vehicles because plug @-@ in hybrids were accounted together with conventional hybrids . As a result , the registrations figures for 2012 and older do not account for total new plug @-@ in electric car registrations . As of November 2014 , the country had 4 @,@ 800 public charging stations .
+
+Total plug @-@ in electric car registrations increased from 1 @,@ 558 units in 2009 to 2 @,@ 307 in 2010 . The total registered plug @-@ in electric stock in 2011 increased 96 @.@ 8 % from 2010 to 4 @,@ 541 cars , to 7 @,@ 114 in 2012 , and reached 12 @,@ 156 registered cars on 1 January 2014 . Registrations of plug @-@ in electric drive vehicles represented a 0 @.@ 028 % market share of all passenger vehicles registered in Germany at the beginning of 2014 . The plug @-@ in hybrid segment in the German market in 2014 experienced an explosive growth of 226 @.@ 9 % year @-@ over @-@ year , and the overall plug @-@ in segment increased 75 @.@ 5 % from a year earlier . The surge in sales continued in 2015 , the plug @-@ in hybrid segment grew 125 @.@ 1 % year @-@ over @-@ year , while the all @-@ electric segment climbed 91 @.@ 2 % from the previous year .
+
+During 2011 , a total of 2 @,@ 154 pure electric cars were registered in the country , up from 541 units in 2010 . All @-@ electric car sales for 2011 were led by the Mitsubishi i @-@ MiEV family with 683 i @-@ MiEVs , 208 Peugeot iOns and 200 Citroën C @-@ Zeros , representing 50 @.@ 6 % of all electric car registrations in 2011 . Plug @-@ in hybrid registrations totaled 266 units in 2011 , 241 Opel Amperas and 25 Chevrolet Volts , for a total of 2 @,@ 420 plug @-@ in electric vehicles registered in 2011 .
+
+A total of 2 @,@ 956 all @-@ electric vehicles were registered in Germany during 2012 , a 37 @.@ 2 % increase over 2011 . When 901 registered plug @-@ in hybrids are accounted for , 2012 registrations climb to 3 @,@ 857 units , and sales of plug @-@ in electric car represented a 0 @.@ 12 % market share of new passenger vehicles sold in the country in 2012 . Most sales in the country were made by corporate and fleet customers and 1 @,@ 493 all @-@ electric vehicles were registered by the automobile industry , as demonstration or research vehicles . Registrations of plug @-@ in electric @-@ drive vehicles were led by the Opel Ampera extended @-@ range electric car with 828 units , followed by the Smart electric drive with 734 units . In addition , a total of 2 @,@ 413 Renault Twizys were sold during 2012 , making Germany the top selling European market for the electric quadricycle .
+
+A total of 5 @,@ 042 plug @-@ in electric cars were registered in Germany in 2013 . Registrations were led by the Smart electric drive with 2 @,@ 146 units , followed by Renault Zoe with 1 @,@ 019 , the Nissan Leaf with 855 units , and the BMW i3 with 559 . During the first six months of 2014 the BMW i3 was the leader , with 1 @,@ 378 units registered , followed by the Volkswagen e @-@ Up ! with 884 and the Smart ED with 645 . Accounting for registrations of plug @-@ in electric cars between January 2010 and June 2014 , the leading model is the Smart electric drive with 3 @,@ 959 units registered , with a significant number in use by carsharing services , followed by the BMW i3 with 1 @,@ 937 units , the Renault Zoe with 1 @,@ 532 , and the Opel Ampera with 1 @,@ 450 units .
+
+= = = = Canada = = = =
+
+Cumulative sales of plug @-@ in electric cars in Canada passed the 20 @,@ 000 unit mark in May 2016 . The Chevrolet Volt , released in 2011 , is the all @-@ time top selling plug @-@ in electric vehicle in the country , with cumulative sales of 6 @,@ 387 units through May 2015 , representing over 30 % of all plug @-@ in cars sold in the country . Ranking second is the Tesla Model S with 4 @,@ 160 units sold through April 2016 , followed by the Nissan Leaf with 3 @,@ 692 units delivered as of May 2016 .
+
+As of December 2015 , there were 18 @,@ 451 highway legal plug @-@ in electric cars registered in Canada , consisting of 10 @,@ 034 ( 54 % ) all @-@ electric cars and 8 @,@ 417 ( 46 % ) plug @-@ in hybrids . Until 2014 Canadian sales were evenly split between all @-@ electric cars ( 50 @.@ 8 ) % and plug @-@ in hybrids ( 49 @.@ 2 % ) . The Model S was the top selling plug @-@ in electric car in Canada in 2015 with 2 @,@ 010 units sold .
+
+= = = Top selling PEV models = = =
+
+= = = = All @-@ electric cars and vans = = = =
+
+The world 's top selling highway @-@ capable all @-@ electric car ever is the Nissan Leaf with global sales of almost 220 @,@ 000 units by mid @-@ April 2016 . The top markets for Leaf sales is the United States with 93 @,@ 309 units delivered through April 2016 , followed by Japan with 64 @,@ 635 units sold through March 2016 , and Europe with over 55 @,@ 000 Leafs sold through March 2016 . The European market is led by Norway with 17 @,@ 199 new units registered up until April 2016 .
+
+Ranking second is the all @-@ electric Tesla Model S , with global deliveries of about 120 @,@ 000 units through March 2016 . The United States is the leading market with about 71 @,@ 000 units sold through April 2016 . Norway is the Model S largest overseas market , with 10 @,@ 871 new units registered through April 2016 , followed by China with 5 @,@ 524 units registered through September 2015 . The world 's top selling all @-@ electric light utility vehicle is the Renault Kangoo Z.E. , with global sales of 21 @,@ 220 electric vans delivered through December 2015 .
+
+The following table presents global sales of the top selling highway @-@ capable electric cars and light utility vehicles produced between 2008 and December 2015 . The table includes all @-@ electric passenger cars and utility vans with cumulative sales of about or over 25 @,@ 000 units since the introduction of the first modern production all @-@ electric car in 2008 , the Tesla Roadster .
+
+= = = = Plug @-@ in hybrids = = = =
+
+The Volt / Ampera family is the world 's best selling plug @-@ in hybrid and the third best selling plug @-@ in electric car after the Model S , with combined sales of over 110 @,@ 000 units worldwide through March 2016 , including about 10 @,@ 000 Opel / Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe through the end of 2015 . As of April 2016 , sales are led by the United States with 94 @,@ 720 Volts delivered , followed by Canada with 6 @,@ 117 units sold . The Netherlands is the leading Ampera market with 4 @,@ 947 units registered as of December 2015 .
+
+Ranking next is the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV with almost 102 @,@ 000 units sold worldwide as of March 2016 . Europe is the leading market with 65 @,@ 529 units sold , followed by Japan with 33 @,@ 730 units . European sales are led by the Netherlands with 24 @,@ 572 units registered , followed by the UK with 21 @,@ 053 units registered , both at the end of March 2016 , and Sweden with 4 @,@ 433 units sold through November 2015 .
+
+Ranking third is the first generation Toyota Prius Plug @-@ in Hybrid with 75 @,@ 400 units sold worldwide through April 2016 . The United States is the market leader with 42 @,@ 320 units delivered through April 2016 . Japan ranks next with about 22 @,@ 100 units , followed by Europe with 10 @,@ 500 units , both , through April 2016 . The leading European market is the Netherlands with 4 @,@ 134 units registered as of 30 November 2015 . Production of the first generation Prius Plug @-@ in ended in June 2015 . The second generation Prius plug @-@ in hybrid , the Toyota Prius Prime , is expected to be released in the U.S. by the end of 2016 .
+
+The following table presents cumulative sales through December 2015 of those plug @-@ in hybrid models that have sold about 10 @,@ 000 units since the introduction of the first modern production plug @-@ in hybrid vehicle in December 2008 , the BYD F3DM .
+
+= = Books = =
+
+David B. Sandalow , ed . ( 2009 ) . Plug @-@ In Electric Vehicles : What Role for Washington ? ( 1st. ed . ) . The Brookings Institution . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8157 @-@ 0305 @-@ 1 .
+
+Mitchell , William J. ; Borroni @-@ Bird , Christopher ; Burns , Lawrence D. ( 2010 ) . Reinventing the Automobile : Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century ( 1st. ed . ) . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 262 @-@ 01382 @-@ 6 .
+
+= Wonder World Tour ( Miley Cyrus ) =
+
+The Wonder World Tour is the second concert tour by American recording artist Miley Cyrus . The tour was held to promote her second studio album Breakout ( 2008 ) and first extended play ( EP ) The Time of Our Lives ( 2009 ) . It began in September 2009 and concluded in December 29 , visiting cities in the United States and United Kingdom ; thus , the Wonder World Tour became Cyrus ' first world tour . It also became Cyrus ' first tour not to incorporate performances as Hannah Montana . Alternative band Metro Station served as opening act for all tour venues . It was sponsored by Wal @-@ Mart and promoted by AEG Live . All tickets from the Wonder World Tour were sold using paperless ticketing , in order to prevent ticket scalping similar to what had occurred during Cyrus ' previous tour . One dollar from each ticket sold was donated to the City of Hope National Medical Center , an organization devoted to the fight against cancer .
+
+The Wonder World Tour has been described as part of Cyrus ' transitional period , with more elaborate and edgier characteristics . Each concert was divided into seven segments , each of which bared different themes , the subject of matter for the tour 's title . The show opened with Cyrus performing rock @-@ oriented songs . It also featured her and backup dancers being suspended above the stage with aerial rigging various times . At one point , she mounted a Harley @-@ Davidson motorcycle as it was elevated and made its path across the venue . Cyrus also rendered a tribute to the deceased singer Michael Jackson and performed two Hannah Montana @-@ credited songs as herself .
+
+The tour received positive to mixed reception from critics . Some praised it and deemed it a spectacle , while others believed it lacked profundity and portrayal of Cyrus ' personality . The Wonder World Tour was commercially successful despite the financial recession that was present in 2009 . It was able to sell @-@ out all European dates in ten minutes and marks the largest attendance at The O2 Arena in London . During the first leg of the tour , one bus overturned several times on a highway . The accident resulted in the injury of one person and the death of another . The cause of the accident is yet to be specified , yet multiple theories for it exist . A filtered version of the Wonder World Tour was broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on June 18 , 2010 and received a total of over 2 @.@ 6 million viewers . The full @-@ length concert film was released on the limited , deluxe edition of Cyrus ' third studio album Can 't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+Cyrus is a singer @-@ songwriter and actress who starred on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana as Miley Stewart , a girl with a secret double life as the popstar Hannah Montana . Through the television series , Cyrus developed fame as a teen idol and released music credited to Hannah Montana . Cyrus ' debut studio album , titled Meet Miley Cyrus , was released as the second disc of the Hannah Montana 2 / Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) double @-@ disc album . In order to promote the album , Cyrus embarked on her first tour , the Best of Both Worlds Tour ( 2007 – 08 ) , a North American tour where she performed both under character , as Hannah Montana , and as herself . With the release of Cyrus ' second studio album , Breakout ( 2008 ) , her first not be affiliated with the Hannah Montana franchise , and an extended play ( EP ) The Time of Our Lives ( 2009 ) , Cyrus decided to embark on tour again with the Wonder World Tour , however , without incorporating performances as Hannah Montana , a step which the media interpreted as furthering her distance from the Hannah Montana franchise .
+
+The concert tour was announced alongside Cyrus ' joint apparel line with Max Azria on June 3 , 2009 , through various outlets , including Miley ' Twitter account , a press release , and MileyWorld , Cyrus ' official fan club . It was confirmed that the tour would be sponsored by American retailing company Wal @-@ Mart and promoted by AEG Live . It would expand throughout the United States , from September 14 , 2009 in Portland , Oregon to December 2 , 2009 in Miami , Florida , with a total of forty @-@ five dates . Alternative rock band Metro Station , where Cyrus ' older brother , Trace Cyrus , integrates in , was confirmed as the opening act for all dates . Two days later , a European leg , with nine dates in the United Kingdom , was announced , marking Cyrus ' first concerts to visit another continent . On June 16 , 2009 , two more dates were annexed , and one final date was annexed in October 2009 , in order to meet demand .
+
+All tickets for the Wonder World Tour were sold exclusively through paperless ticket delivery , meaning that fans did not receive a physical concert ticket for their entry into the event . Ticket buyers were required to bring the credit card used to make the purchase and photo identification to the concert venue in order to gain entry . All groups were to enter the concert together , and ushers issued seat locator slips . The method of ticket sales was relatively new at the time , although Ticketmaster first experimented it with AC / DC 's Black Ice World Tour ( 2008 – 10 ) . However , it marked the first time for an arena tour to sell all tickets through paperless ticketing . This was done in response to the extensive ticket scalping that occurred during the Best of Both Worlds Tour and in order to give fans the opportunity to purchase good tickets at face value . Cyrus ' manager and president of Morey Management Group , Jason Morey , stated , " The focus was , ' How do we take all the information we gathered last time out and do a better job of it ? ' It was important to us to address the issue of demand . We thought that of every single option that was available out there , this was a really viable option , to go with the paperless ticketing . " As with the Best of Both Worlds Tour , one dollar from each ticket purchased was donated to the City of Hope National Medical Center , a center dedicated to the prevention , treatment and research for the cure of cancer .
+
+= = Development = =
+
+The tour was titled the Wonder World Tour because of its diversity in themes and styles . Cyrus believed the tour was good transition for solidifying a more rock music @-@ based career . She described the tour to be edgy and " more of a mature show " , with the target audience being teenagers relatively her age , which was sixteen at the time . However , performances that would please younger audiences were added to the setlist . It was conceptualized to be a more elaborate than Cyrus ' previous tour and to reflect Cyrus as an individual . The reason for this to occur was because Cyrus felt more confident as a vocalist to perform stunts and use props while singing . Also , more resources were available , for more companies were willing to invest in the tour . Ideas were suggested by different individuals and were tested during filmed rehearsals in order to decide which would make the final cut . " Each person has their own character and their own story . So , we 've added everyone 's kind of specialty into our show [ ... ] This is not just a concert , it is an absolute show " , Cyrus said . After having completed filming for The Last Song ( 2010 ) in Tybee Island , Georgia , Cyrus returned to Los Angeles for tour rehearsals at The Forum in mid @-@ August . Due to filming The Last Song , Cyrus was only able to rehearse for three weeks although the average rehearsal period for musicians is about three months .
+
+Jammal Simms was hired as the tour 's director and main choreographer . Octavious Terry served as an assistant for directing , meanwhile Dondraico Johnson assisted choreography . They , along with twelve other members , composed the tour 's creative team . In total , the Wonder World Tour included 124 traveling workers , 19 truckloads of equipment , and 15 buses . The stage was quite different from that of the Best of Both Worlds Tour . It consisted of a rectangular main stage , which featured staircases that elevated the center of the stage , and a narrow runway , which connected the main stage to a B @-@ stage that ran the length of the main stage . Regarding the stage , Cyrus noted that it was " something not many people get to have . I 'm able to move around to each side so there 's no one person who feels like they don 't have the best seat . Every seat is the best seat . " Six LED multi @-@ screen video units were located throughout the stage ; the three largest were placed as the upstage wall , while the other three were hung by rigs above the stage . The center unit consisted of three screens that faced outward ; two others were hung right and left to the center unit , both were double faced toward the center of the venue at a 45 ° angle , while the backside faced the upper @-@ seat audience . The structure of the video panels was designed by Sims to ensure that all seats within the 270 ° angle at each venue received an equal view of the video screens . Video content and lighting were designed by Seán Burke ; the latter was provided by Production Resource Group ( PRG ) .
+
+The tour used seven individual rigs for performers and props to become airborne . For dancers to be flown to the center of each upstage , a wench , which dropped 18 inches off the face of the panel , was placed in the rig . Cyrus ' flying required two wenches , one for a vertical lift and one for a horizontal move that coursed the audience and back to the stage . Four elevators , or trap doors , were located throughout the stage , some of which had the option of a 4 × 4 or an 8 × 8 foot opening . All of the fly rigs and elevators were built and operated by Show Group Production Services ( SGPS ) / Showrig . The challenge that presented the most difficulty for SGPS was time constraint , as there were only three weeks of rehearsal . Brian White , co @-@ owner of SGPS , explained ,
+
+There wasn ’ t a lot of time , but the good news was that it was at the [ L.A. ] Forum , which gave us a lot of height to fly things around , and there was also a lot of room to lay stuff out on the floor . The other good thing was that our offices are only 10 minutes away . So if I had to send a welder down there to make some changes I could do it pretty fast . The biggest thing we had going for us was a great crew . We had some really good people out there . " [ ... ] I ’ d say that about 90 percent of what we built on Miley Cyrus fit the first time in rehearsal . The only reason we had to retro fit anything was because of last minute design changes that came about once everything was up and they could see it all .
+
+Special effects and pyrotechnics were provided by Pyritz Pyrotechnics Group . Terry Ritz , founder of the organization , and his partner Steve Aleff had created various ideas based on the tour soundtrack that was provided to them by the Wonder World Tour 's personnel . They met with the tour 's choreographer , band manager , and lighting designer , asking them to bring their " hopes , wishes , and dreams . " Out of these meetings , the show was completed and a lighting crew , who monitored the stage with a four @-@ camera monitor system when cues were executed , was selected . The pyrotechnics for the show were described as more elegant and subtle , being composed of pink flames with accentuation of silver and white glitter . Because of the extensive automation executed throughout the concert , two personnel were in charge of running it . Neville Emerton ran the automation from under the stage , and Sean Conner ran all of the flying moves from a position at the front of each venue . Meanwhile , assistant stage manager Seth Posner called cues for each concert . " Normally , in a rock show you don ’ t need someone calling the show . In this one we had to take a more theatrical approach with someone calling cues every step of the way because there was so much going on at once between props and automation " , explained production manager Omar Abderrahman . One of the props that required much attention on the part of Posner was a car made to resemble a tractor , designed and built by effects designer and stage manager Scott " Stryker " Christensen . Because it came along late in the design process , the main elevator was not built to handle the weight of the car , though it was eventually reinforced to support the weight and movement of the car . The car was also modified ; it was made electric , instead of using a combustion engine , for fire @-@ safety and changed to turn around by adjusting its turning radius to automate steering with all four wheels . In order to translate the concert tour overseas to the United Kingdom , the Wonder World Tour paired with Sound Moves , a company that was already providing minor support for the North American leg of the tour .
+
+= = Concert synopsis = =
+
+The main show commenced with Cyrus emerging from the bottom of the stage inside a large , crystal @-@ like glacier . She wore a black leather hot pantsuit , a tank top , and a white fur vest with a silver sequined hood as she escaped the cocoon to perform the concert 's opening number , " Breakout " . Numerous backup dancers accompanied her and , towards the conclusion , she performed atop movable scaffolding . After removing the fur vest , Cyrus performed " Start All Over " atop the scaffolding and continued the remainder of the first segment of the show with " 7 Things " and " Kicking and Screaming " . Cyrus then executed the show 's second segment with a performance of " Bottom of the Ocean " , which featured an aquatic theme for the stage and Cyrus donning a silver , flowing evening gown that bared a bejeweled bodysuit underneath . The performance ended with Cyrus diving into the stage , succeeded by a simulation of her underwater on the video screens . Cyrus returned to the stage for the show 's third segment atop a tractor @-@ resembling car to perform " Fly on the Wall " . During the performance , Cyrus wore an extravagant white dress with a feathered skirt . Backup dancers were flown up into contact with panels in order to resemble a fly on a window ; meanwhile , Cyrus was flown across the arena . Once back in the stage , Cyrus and backup dancers performed a brief dance interlude of Michael Jackson 's " Thriller " ( 1984 ) . Replacing the feathered bottom with a tutu , Cyrus performed the Hannah Montana @-@ credited song " Let 's Get Crazy " and " Hoedown Throwdown " . The latter was followed by a video in which will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas spoke about Cyrus , as she left the stage . When the video was completed , the dancers performed a remix of the Black Eyed Peas ' " Boom Boom Pow " ( 2009 ) .
+
+The show 's fourth segment opened with " These Four Walls " , in which Cyrus wore a black high @-@ low dress . The song was performed in B @-@ stage with various acoustic musicians . The show proceeded with " When I Look at You " , a performance that featured the trailer for Cyrus ' film The Last Song ( 2010 ) and her performing with a grand piano . It concluded with " Obsessed " , which the singer performed atop a simple suspension bridge . She re @-@ entered the stage , clothed by a black tee , red cheetah @-@ patterned hot pants , and black boots , to perform the second Hannah Montana @-@ credited song " Spotlight " and , later , " G.N.O. ( Girl 's Night Out ) " , replacing the prior hot pants with black ones and adding a denim vest . She followed with a cover of Arrows ' " I Love Rock ' n ' Roll " , where Cyrus mounted a red Harley @-@ Davidson Dyna Fat Bob FXDF 2010 that was suspended above the stage and traveled in a semi @-@ oval path across the venue . Performances of " Party in the U.S.A. " , which made use of a luggage cart , and " Hovering " , which featured Cyrus ' older brother Trace Cyrus , rounded off the segment . The sixth segment of the show featured Cyrus performing " Simple Song " , in which she dressed in a long , white shirt and a black tuxedo , in order to simulate a music conductor . Midway through the performance , Cyrus stepped onto an elevator that rose eight feet from the stage . She exited the stage and returned for the final section . During the encore , Cyrus dressed in a white tank top and shorts , boots , and a metallic vest to perform " See You Again " , later removing the vest to conclude the concert with " The Climb " . Immediately after finishing , she exited through a passageway in the stage as fireworks were fired above .
+
+= = Critical reception = =
+
+Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times , in reference to Hannah Montana , commented , " Once again , make @-@ believe Miley was more compelling than the real thing . " Wood believed Cyrus possessed charisma , commenting that she portrayed superstar authority , but failed because she was unable or unwilling to " give her fans a deeper idea of who she is and what her music means . For all its eye @-@ popping detail , the concert offered nothing that viewers of her TV show or buyers of her records don 't already know about her . " Dave Paulson of The Tennessean stated , " Cyrus ' spectacle sets her apart from nearly every other A @-@ list act touring today . She 's not a renowned vocalist by any stretch , but her show 's choreography barely provides a moment for her to catch her breath , and she 's still able to deliver . " Michael Hann of the United Kingdom @-@ based Guardian was impressed by the concert , praising the setlist and deeming it enjoyable for both children and adults . He continued , " Good as the best songs are , though , they take a backseat to the staging [ ... ] The one misstep is when a trailer for her next movie is shown during a costume change . It 's a tacky moment and doesn 't reflect the attention to detail that makes the rest of it a laugh @-@ out @-@ loud delight . " Lael Loewenstein of Variety magazine said , " Cyrus knows how to deliver the goods without losing her core audience . " Loewenstein deemed the concert a mission accomplished because of inevitable hits and Cyrus ' charisma , drive , spunk , and a merely @-@ limited vocal range . Erik Ensrst of The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel praised the show , stating that it was " a pure visual spectacle " , but commented that producers forgot a place for Cyrus ' personality .
+
+Jim Harrington of The Oakland Tribune described the show as a human embodiment of Britney Spears ' " I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman " ( 2002 ) . He presumed that the tour was a conscious transition for fans who did not want Cyrus to separate herself from the Hannah Montana franchise . Kirsty Cameron of The Daily Telegraph wrote , " Despite her relatively young age , Cyrus showed her unfailing capability as performer . With the help of her back @-@ up dancers , Cyrus provided her audience with choreographed set pieces and a different spectacle for each song . " James Reed of The Boston Globe noted that the Wonder World Tour presented Cyrus as both a " PG @-@ rated tween pop star and an edgy rocker eager " . He stated that although she played both roles well , it was apparent that she was more at ease with the latter . Reed also felt the concert did little to display Cyrus ' personality and ability to engage with the audience . " We know she 's got impressive vocal chops , but now we need to feel what she 's trying to put across in her songs , something beyond the standard ' You guys are awesome ! ' banter . " Scott Iwasaki of Deseret News reviewed a concert in which Cyrus was ill . He mentioned that because of her illness , her voice went flat . Iwasaki also expressed his viewpoint that " if there [ were ] any worries that Miley Cyrus would become another Britney Spears train wreck , those worries were quelled during Tuesday night 's show . She kept the show family @-@ friendly and , although obviously sick , looked like she had a good time . " Marlin Levison of The Star Tribune believed the concert lacked much profundity until the last performance .
+
+= = Commercial performance = =
+
+The Wonder World Tour was commercially successful and represented stability in the touring industry , despite the financial recession . In North America , the tour sold out twenty @-@ nine out of forty @-@ five concert dates and grossed over US $ 45 @.@ 2 million . The tour was able to remain as one of the hottest tours in the United States during its expansion . The Wonder World Tour 's entire , ten @-@ date European leg sold out in only ten minutes . In order to meet demand , an eleventh date was added and scheduled for December 29 , 2009 . In December 2009 , the tour ranked atop Billboard 's Hot Tours , based on the tour 's European performances . For the month , box office grossed US $ 21 @.@ 9 million for eleven shows in four markets . The five concerts held at The O2 Arena in London produced ticket sales that topped $ 11 million ( £ 6 @.@ 8 million ) . On December 19 , 2009 , with an audience of 16 @,@ 196 , Cyrus broke the record for the largest attendance at The O2 Arena ; a record that surpassed the previously tied records by Beyoncé Knowles ' I Am ... Tour ( 2009 – 10 ) , Bon Jovi 's Lost Highway Tour ( 2007 – 08 ) , and Coldplay 's Viva la Vida Tour ( 2008 – 10 ) . In total , the tour grossed over $ 67 @.@ 1 million , $ 15 million which were earned by Cyrus .
+
+= = Bus accident = =
+
+On November 20 , 2009 , in its attempt to arrive at the destination of Greensboro , North Carolina , one of the buses for the Wonder World Tour overturned on a Virginian highway . The accident occurred around 8 : 15 A.M. in Dinwiddie County , about 40 miles south of Richmond , Virginia . The bus ran off the left side of Interstate 85 , struck an embankment , rolled onto its right side . An eye witness of the accident explained that the bus appeared to have drifted off the road for a fairly long stretch before tipping over . The bus had nine passengers aboard , including members of the lighting crew , though Cyrus was not on board during the incident . Most of the passengers on the bus suffered only minor injuries and escaped the crashed bus through the broken front windshield . One person , Assistant Stage Manager Martin Zilio , required medical attention and was hospitalized overnight . Zilio recovered from his injuries and was later able to return to work on the tour . One person , bus driver Bill " Uncle Bill " Douglas , a 53 @-@ year @-@ old of Austin , Texas , died at the scene of the accident .
+
+In response to the accident , the Cyrus family released a statement via Cyrus ' official website ; it stated , " We are deeply saddened by the loss of Bill ' Uncle Bill ' Douglas . Members of our tour are like members of our family . Our thoughts and prayers go out to his family in the midst of this tragedy . He will truly be missed . " Omar Abderrahman , the tour 's production manager , said , " That was real tough . It 's always a tragedy to lose anyone . Uncle Bill was a great driver and a good friend . He ’ d done a lot of tours with me , and we ’ re all going to miss him . " Although the cause for the accident remains undefined , authorities confirmed the roads were wet from overnight rain . However , CBS News reported that speed and weather were not attributed as factors for the accident 's occurrence . Despite the incident , the tour 's following concert on November 22 , 2009 at the Greensboro Coliseum in Greensboro , North Carolina proceeded as scheduled . During the concert , Cyrus dedicated the performance of " The Climb " to Douglas as overhead screens displayed a video commemorating him .
+
+= = Broadcast and recordings = =
+
+The concerts held on December 13 , 14 , 19 , 20 , and 29 , 2009 at The O2 Arena in London were filmed . On May 26 , 2010 , it was announced that the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) would broadcast an hour @-@ long television special entitled Miley Cyrus : Live from London on June 18 , 2010 , as part of promotion for Cyrus ' third studio album Can 't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) . The special was executively produced by Leticia " Tish " Cyrus , Cyrus ' mother , and Jason Morey , Cyrus ' manager . It was directed by Russell Thomas and produced by Jim Parsons . Miley Cyrus : Live from London was described by Cyrus ' official website with the following statement : " The program captures how Miley , who has grown up in the public eye , has grown as an artist and reveals her natural progression and sophistication . " The concert special was watched by over 2 @.@ 6 million viewers in the United States . Miley Cyrus : Live from London 's airing on ABC was a filtered version of the full @-@ length concert , which became available on the limited , deluxe edition of Can 't Be Tamed , released on June 21 , 2010 . The deluxe edition featured the audio CD , containing the album 's music , and a DVD , which contains nineteen live performances and behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage with Cyrus . " We anticipate an overindexing , if you will , of those who buy the CD / DVD over just the music because it 's never been seen before " , stated Abbey Konowitch , general manager of Hollywood Records . The performances of " Fly on the Wall " and " Start All Over " were included in Cyrus ' second video album Can 't Be Tamed : Mini DVD ( 2010 ) , released only in the United Kingdom and Japan .
+
+= = Set list = =
+
+" Breakout "
+
+" Start All Over "
+
+" 7 Things "
+
+" Kicking and Screaming "
+
+" Bottom of the Ocean "
+
+" Fly on the Wall "
+
+" Thriller ( Dance interlude )
+
+" Let 's Get Crazy "
+
+" Hoedown Throwdown "
+
+" Boom Boom Pow ( Dance interlude )
+
+" These Four Walls "
+
+" When I Look at You "
+
+" Obsessed "
+
+" Spotlight "
+
+" G.N.O. ( Girl 's Night Out ) "
+
+" I Love Rock ' n ' Roll "
+
+" Party in the U.S.A. "
+
+" Hovering " ¹
+
+" Simple Song "
+
+" See You Again "
+
+" The Climb "
+
+= = = Set list information = = =
+
+¹ " Wake Up America " as performed at some shows .
+
+= = Shows = =
+
+= = Personnel = =
+
+Source :
+
+= Jon Huntsman presidential campaign , 2012 =
+
+The Jon Huntsman presidential campaign of 2012 began in mid @-@ 2011 when Ambassador and former Governor of Utah Jon Huntsman , Jr. announced his candidacy for the Republican Party ( GOP ) nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 election . On May 3 , 2011 , Huntsman announced his intentions to file a political action committee with the Federal Election Commission ( named " H @-@ PAC " ) . Subsequently , Huntsman announced on June 14 , 2011 , he was running for president and made an official announcement in Liberty State Park one week later on June 21 .
+
+Huntsman sought to establish himself as an anti @-@ negative candidate and take the " high road " . In his announcement , he also stated " I don 't think you need to run down someone 's reputation in order to run for the office of president . " Huntsman aggressively touted himself as a fiscal conservative , pledging considerable business and personal tax cuts as well as a foreign policy moderate , calling for a decrease in defense spending and withdrawal from Afghanistan , while increasing pressure on Iran and support for Israel .
+
+Huntsman announced his withdrawal from the race on January 16 , 2012 , prior to the South Carolina primary and endorsed eventual nominee Mitt Romney .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+= = = Experience = = =
+
+Huntsman served as Governor of Utah from January 2005 until August 2009 , but resigned during the first year of his second term to serve as United States Ambassador to China , a position to which he was appointed by Democratic President Barack Obama . Speculation of a Huntsman candidacy for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination began circulating in the media as early as 2008 and 2009 , while Huntsman was still unsure about his political future . In August 2010 , a group of political strategists with ties to Huntsman formed a political action committee now called " Horizon PAC " that had the resources to provide a framework for launching Huntsman 's campaign in the event he chose to run . The PAC was formed in part as an effort to draft Huntsman into seeking the GOP nomination .
+
+On January 31 , 2011 , Huntsman submitted his formal resignation from his post as U.S. Ambassador to China . The resignation was to take effect April 30 , 2011 , and Huntsman indicated his plans to return to the United States by May 2011 . This move spurred further widespread speculation of Huntsman making a 2012 Republican presidential bid .
+
+On May 3 , after having left his post as Ambassador and returned to the United States , Huntsman formed an official fundraising political action committee , building on the efforts of the previously established Horizon PAC . On May 18 , Huntsman opened his 2012 national campaign headquarters in Orlando , Florida .
+
+= = = Political positions = = =
+
+Huntsman has been described as " a conservative technocrat @-@ optimist with moderate positions who was willing to work substantively with President Barack Obama " by Huffington Post political reporter , Jason Linkins . As Governor , Huntsman listed economic development , health @-@ care reform , education , and energy security as his top priorities . Huntsman oversaw large tax cuts and advocated reorganizing the way that services were distributed so that the government would not become overwhelmed by the state 's fast growing population . Huntsman also proposed a plan to reform health @-@ care , mainly through the private sector , by using tax breaks and negotiation to keep prices down .
+
+In a 2008 evaluation of state Governors ' fiscal policies , the libertarian Cato Institute praised Huntsman 's conservative tax policies , ranking him in a tie for fifth place on overall fiscal policy . He was particularly lauded for his efforts to cut taxes , where he received the highest score on tax policy of all 50 governors . The report specifically highlighted his reductions of the sales tax and simplification of the tax code .
+
+Huntsman strongly supported civil unions for years but not same @-@ sex marriage ; and supported legislation as Governor that would have allowed civil unions for same @-@ sex couples in the state . In 2007 , in response to the problem of global warming , Huntsman signed the Western Climate Initiative , by which Utah joined with other governments in agreeing to pursue targets for reduced production of greenhouse gases . He also appeared in an advertisement sponsored by Environmental Defense , in which he said , " Now it 's time for Congress to act by capping greenhouse @-@ gas pollution . "
+
+On foreign policy , Huntsman has repeatedly stated : " We need to continue working closely with China to convince North Korea to abandon its nuclear weapons program . " He has also named Taiwan , human rights , and Tibet among the " areas where we have differences with China " and vowed " robust engagement " on human rights .
+
+On August 31 , Huntsman made a major policy announcement , calling for , amongst other things such as more aggressive action on completing free trade agreements , a tax policy modeled on the Simpson @-@ Bowles plan , specifically : elimination of the Alternative Minimum Tax , elimination of taxes on capital gains and dividends , elimination of all deductions and credits , in favor of significantly lower general rates , with brackets of 8 , 14 and 23 percent , and lowering the general corporate rate from 35 to 25 % .
+
+= = Campaign details = =
+
+In January 2011 , Newsweek published an article entitled " The Manchurian Candidate " which featured an interview with Huntsman . When asked whether he intended to run for president in 2012 , Huntsman declined to comment . The article generated significant speculation about a likely Huntsman 2012 presidential bid .
+
+= = = Announcement = = =
+
+Huntsman announced his campaign on June 21 , 2011 in Liberty State Park , with the Statue of Liberty visible behind him while delivering his speech . The location was chosen in homage to President Ronald Reagan , who launched his own presidential campaign from the same location . Referring to Reagan 's announcement , Huntsman remarked in his own speech , " He assured us we could ' make America great again , ' and under his leadership we did . I stand in his shadow as well as the shadow of this magnificent monument to our liberty . "
+
+In the lead @-@ up to his official announcement , Huntsman gained attention for his campaign 's unconventional TV ads , produced by veteran GOP strategist Fred Davis III , featuring a lone motocross rider traveling through rugged terrain as music plays in the background , while facts about Huntsman appear on the screen . The ads were widely parodied , including by the Utah Democratic Party and Rick Santorum 's campaign .
+
+A notable gaffe made by the Huntsman campaign in the moments before the announcement speech were misspelled press passes distributed to reporters on hand to cover the announcement which read " John Huntsman for President " , erroneously adding an extra " H " to Huntsman 's name . Aides reportedly scrambled in an effort to cease the distribution of the misspelled passes .
+
+= = = Staff = = =
+
+Susie Wiles , who ran Rick Scott 's successful 2010 gubernatorial campaign in Florida , worked first as executive director of H @-@ PAC and then as Huntsman 's campaign manager . Her appointment dovetailed with Huntsman 's strategic emphasis on winning the early Florida primary . She resigned on July 21 , 2011 , stating , " I signed up to get it started . It ’ s like a phase . This morning I said it ’ s time to move on . " She went on to explain that she had never intended to stay on with the campaign indefinitely , but instead had plans " to resume [ her ] life and get home . " Wiles stated her intention to continue to be a " friend and confidante of Huntsman . " Matt David , previously the campaign 's communications director , replaced Wiles as campaign manager .
+
+The campaign hired Neil Ashdown , chief of staff to Huntsman when he was Governor of Utah and Ambassador to China , as deputy campaign manager . Conyers Davis , who worked with former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and David Cameron 's Conservative Party was hired as campaign operations director . Matt David served as the campaign 's first communications director , before replacing Wiles as campaign manager , with Jake Suski as deputy communications director and Tim Miller serving as Huntsman 's spokesperson . Kris Anderson is leading research for the campaign , with Shawn Reinschmiedt and Dan Comstock 's M Street Insight doing research consulting work .
+
+In June 2011 , C. Boyden Gray joined the Huntsman team as policy chair . Gray served as White House Counsel to President George H. W. Bush and EU Ambassador under George W. Bush . In early July 2011 , Mark McIntosh was appointed as the Huntsman campaign 's policy director . McIntosh had been working as counsel on energy and natural resource issues at Boyden Gray & Associates , and he previously served as Deputy General Counsel for the White House Council on Environmental Quality under President George W. Bush . Randy Schriver and Steve Bogden served as Huntsman 's respective chief foreign policy and economic advisors .
+
+John Weaver served as Huntsman 's chief political strategist , with Fred Davis as a key media strategist in charge of developing Huntsman 's online web videos and branding efforts . James Richardson served as the campaign 's director of online communications .
+
+= = = Fundraising = = =
+
+A day after announcing his campaign for president , Huntsman raised $ 1 @.@ 2 million , and approximately $ 4 @.@ 1 million in the first weeks of his candidacy . Huntsman , who has a speculated net @-@ worth between $ 11 and $ 74 million , was reported to have contributed " less than half " of his campaign 's $ 4 @.@ 1 million haul . Before his entry into the race , Huntsman was adamant about avoiding self @-@ financing a campaign , stating " Unless you can raise it legitimately , you 're not going to win " . However , Huntsman stated he would contribute in order to " prime the pump " during a campaign visit in South Carolina . In September , Huntsman reportedly contributed $ 500 @,@ 000 to his campaign in order to make payroll . One of Huntsman 's greatest contributors was his father Jon Huntsman , Sr. , who donated around $ 2 million to his campaign .
+
+With no obligation to do so due to his late entry into the race , the Huntsman Campaign agreed not to file FEC paperwork for the Second Quarter of 2011 ending on June 30 , 2011 as reported by the ABC .
+
+= = 2011 developments = =
+
+= = = Twitter remark and political positioning = = =
+
+Huntsman gained media attention when he responded to Texas Governor Rick Perry 's entrance into the GOP primary by attacking Perry 's views on climate change and evolution through Twitter . Huntsman 's tweet was reportedly " re @-@ tweeted " over 3 @,@ 600 times – the most of any GOP presidential candidate . Although the tweet fed the impression that Huntsman was a moderate and provoked some backlash among strong conservatives , a few populist conservative commentators such as Erick Erickson declined to oppose Huntsman 's candidacy overall , with Erickson writing on December 27 that he " continue [ d ] to hope Perry surprises in Iowa and Huntsman surprises in New Hampshire " and stating on January 10 , 2012 , that he would rather have Huntsman " than Romney or Santorum " .
+
+Huntsman was scheduled to speak at the Republican Leadership Conference held in New Orleans in June 2011 , but canceled . He received 25 % of the vote in the annual presidential straw @-@ poll , finishing second behind Ron Paul ( 41 % ) and ahead of Michele Bachmann ( 13 % ) .
+
+In interviews following his apparent centrist attacks on Perry and Bachmann , Huntsman reiterated a " center right " position . On a This Week interview in August , Huntsman labeled himself a " center right candidate " for a " center right country " and criticized President Obama and his GOP opponents for representing " fringes " on the political spectrum . Huntsman was frequently described as " the media 's favorite Republican " , with a Florida Today columnist calling him " our man Huntsman " .
+
+= = = August debate = = =
+
+Huntsman participated in his first presidential debate on August 11 , 2011 , in Iowa . The debate was co @-@ sponsored by the Republican Party of Iowa , Fox News , and the Washington Examiner . Huntsman 's first question , directed by moderator Chris Wallace was :
+
+You supported a stimulus package in 2009 . In fact , you said the Obama stimulus package was not big enough . As governor , you signed onto a regional cap @-@ and @-@ trade market . You endorsed civil unions for same @-@ sex couples . And you served as President Obama 's ambassador to China . Some people have suggested that maybe you 're running for president in the wrong party .
+
+Huntsman responded by deflecting Wallace 's criticism and argued that his compromise was necessary and that his record as Governor of Utah represented a fiscally conservative position :
+
+I 'm proud of my service to this country . If you love your country , you serve her . During a time of war , during a time of economic hardship , when asked to serve your country in a sensitive position where you can actually bring a background to help your nation , I 'm the kind of person who 's going to stand up and do it , and I 'll take that philosophy to my grave ... In terms of the stimulus you talked about , it was failed . And let me tell you what I talked about with respect to the stimulus . I talked about the need for more tax cuts in the stimulus ... We had done historic tax cuts . We created a flat tax in the state of Utah , exactly what needs to happen in this country . We got the economy moving . We became the number @-@ one job creator in this nation and the best managed state . That 's exactly what needs to happen in this nation . I am running on my record , and I am proud to run on my record .
+
+= = = September to January = = =
+
+In early September , Huntsman began shifting campaign resources from Florida to New Hampshire ; by moving staffers , Huntsman had the largest operational staff there at the time . The development came as the campaign reorganized New Hampshire operations , firing its campaign manager in charge of the state , Ethan Elion . Elion was replaced by Sarah Crawford Stewart , who had served as state @-@ director of Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty 's New Hampshire campaign before he suspended his bid after the Ames Straw Poll .
+
+Huntsman received a major endorsement in late @-@ September 2011 from Tom Ridge , former Governor of Pennsylvania and Secretary of Homeland Security under George W. Bush . Ridge appeared with Huntsman at an event at Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire who called Huntsman " the only candidate with demonstrated success at the state , national and international levels . " After the endorsement and a series of campaign events in New Hampshire , a Suffolk University poll showed Huntsman in third place in New Hampshire with 10 % of likely voters , behind Mitt Romney ( 41 % ) and Ron Paul ( 14 % ) and ahead of Rick Perry , Michele Bachmann , Sarah Palin ( who had not yet declared an intention of running ) and Newt Gingrich among others . Huntsman made New Hampshire the focus of his campaign , and held over 100 campaign events there .
+
+When the state of Nevada threatened to move up its nominating contest which would have interfered with the New Hampshire primary , Huntsman elected to " boycott " Nevada and skip a presidential debate held in Las Vegas on October 18 , 2011 , in protest .
+
+In late 2011 , Huntsman was endorsed by several New Hampshire @-@ based newspapers . The Keene Sentinel and the Valley News , both endorsed Huntsman on December 18 over neighboring Governor and front @-@ runner in the state Mitt Romney . In addition , the Concord Monitor endorsed Huntsman on December 22 . Huntsman increased his presence in the state as the year closed , as the pro @-@ Huntsman " Our Destiny " PAC began to increase ad buys in the state A Boston Globe poll released in late December had Huntsman polling in double digits , drawing 11 % versus 17 % for Gingrich and Paul . All three nonetheless remained well back of Romney at 39 % support , however .
+
+Although Huntsman emphasized his opposition to negative campaigning , he did run an ad attacking Ron Paul with Twilight Zone theme as background music , and implying that Paul 's views were outside the mainstream .
+
+During the January 7 debate , Huntsman was attacked by Romney for serving as President Barack Obama 's Ambassador to China . In response , at the debate the following day , Huntsman responded : " I was criticized last night by Governor Romney for putting my country first , I just want to remind the people here in New Hampshire and throughout the United States that he criticized me while he was out raising money for serving my country in China , yes under a Democrat , like my two sons who are in the United States Navy . They ’ re not asking what the affiliation of the President is . I want to be clear ... I will always put my country first . I think that ’ s important " .
+
+= = 2012 Caucuses and primaries = =
+
+= = = Iowa = = =
+
+Huntsman , who held no events in Iowa , finished seventh in the January 3 Iowa caucuses with 739 votes , or 0 @.@ 6 percent ; ahead of only withdrawn candidate Herman Cain and minor candidate Buddy Roemer . Huntsman reiterated a focus on the January 10 New Hampshire primary .
+
+= = = New Hampshire = = =
+
+Ahead of the New Hampshire primary , Huntsman received newspaper endorsements from The Citizen as well as the Boston Globe , the largest newspaper in neighboring Massachusetts , rival Romney 's home @-@ state . According to Politico reporter Jonathan Martin , Huntsman campaigned in a dual manner , with a style and manner suggesting moderation while his SuperPAC aired TV ads which depicted him as conservative .
+
+It was in New Hampshire where Huntsman adopted his new " Country First " campaign slogan . The slogan was borrowed from John McCain 's 2008 campaign , though the context of the slogan was different . Huntsman , who , as Governor of Utah at the time , endorsed McCain over Mitt Romney in the 2008 Republican presidential primary , had hoped McCain would return the favor ; however , McCain endorsed Romney in a rally at Manchester 's Manchester Central High School on January 4 . Huntsman later characterized McCain 's endorsement of his main rival as a " petty betrayal " . He told McCain " I don 't care if you support Romney , that 's great – but just to have given me the dignity of waiting until after the New Hampshire primary . " McCain replied , " I didn 't mean to offend . I hope your family is well . "
+
+By the weekend before the January 10 primary , polls showed Huntsman in strong competition with Ron Paul for a second place showing in New Hampshire , behind front @-@ runner Romney . A Pulse Opinion Research poll on January 4 showed Huntsman narrowly behind Paul 19 – 16 % , while an American Research Group poll on January 7 showed Huntsman edging Paul 17 – 16 % , though both remained well behind Romney .
+
+Huntsman ultimately received 17 % of the vote in New Hampshire for a third @-@ place finish , although exit polls suggested he won just 10 % of Republicans in a primary that was not restricted to registered Republicans .
+
+= = = South Carolina = = =
+
+Huntsman stayed in the race after his 3rd @-@ place finish in New Hampshire , campaigning in South Carolina ahead of the January 21 primary , though he expressed that his expectations in the state were " very low " , and stated that his primary goal was to " stay relevant " in the race . Nonetheless , Huntsman received the endorsement of South Carolina 's largest newspaper , The State on January 15 .
+
+= = Withdrawal = =
+
+On January 15 , 2012 , it was announced that Huntsman would be withdrawing from the race the next day and endorsing Mitt Romney .
+
+After dropping out , Huntsman still received votes due to him having ballot access to every state besides Arizona and Virginia , due to failure to collect enough signatures . At the end of the GOP primaries , Huntsman placed fifth out of the ten candidates , with a total of 83 @,@ 173 popular votes and 1 delegate at the Republican National Convention .
+
+= = Endorsements = =
+
+= Robin Olds =
+
+Robin Olds ( July 14 , 1922 – June 14 , 2007 ) was an American fighter pilot and general officer in the U.S. Air Force . He was a " triple ace " , with a combined total of 16 victories in World War II and the Vietnam War . He retired in 1973 as a brigadier general .
+
+The son of Army Air Forces Major General Robert Olds , educated at West Point , and the product of an upbringing in the early years of the U.S. Army Air Corps , Olds epitomized the youthful World War II fighter pilot . He remained in the service as it became the United States Air Force , despite often being at odds with its leadership , and was one of its pioneer jet pilots . Rising to the command of two fighter wings , Olds is regarded among aviation historians , and his peers , as the best wing commander of the Vietnam War , for both his air @-@ fighting skills , and his reputation as a combat leader .
+
+Olds was promoted to brigadier general after returning from Vietnam but did not hold another major command . The remainder of his career was spent in non @-@ operational positions , as Commandant of Cadets at the United States Air Force Academy and as an official in the Air Force Inspector General 's Office . His inability to rise higher as a general officer is attributed to both his maverick views and his penchant for drinking .
+
+Olds had a highly publicized career and life , including marriage to Hollywood actress Ella Raines . As a young man he was also recognized for his athletic prowess in both high school and college , being named an All @-@ American as a lineman in college football . Olds expressed his philosophy regarding fighter pilots in the quote : " There are pilots and there are pilots ; with the good ones , it is inborn . You can 't teach it . If you are a fighter pilot , you have to be willing to take risks . "
+
+= = Early life = =
+
+Olds was born " Robert Oldys , Jr . " in Honolulu into an Army family and spent much of his boyhood in Hampton , Virginia , where he attended elementary and high school . His father was Captain ( later Major General ) Robert Oldys ( later Olds ) , an instructor pilot in France during World War I , former aide to Brigadier General Billy Mitchell from 1922 to 1925 , and a leading advocate of strategic bombing in the Air Corps . His mother , Eloise Wichman Nott Olds , died when Robin was four and he was raised by his father . Olds was the eldest of four brothers , followed by Stevan ( 1924 ) , Sterling ( 1935 ) , and Frederick ( 1936 ) .
+
+Growing up primarily at Langley Field , Virginia , Olds virtually made daily contact with the small group of officers who would lead the US Army Air Forces in World War II ( one neighbor was Major Carl Spaatz , destined to become the first Chief of Staff of the USAF ) , and as a result was imbued with an unusually strong dedication to the air service , and conversely , with a low tolerance for officers who did not exhibit the same . On November 10 , 1925 , his father appeared as a witness on behalf of Billy Mitchell during Mitchell 's court @-@ martial in Washington , D.C .. He brought three @-@ year @-@ old Robin with him to court , dressed in an Air Service uniform , and posed with him for newspaper photographers before testifying .
+
+Olds first flew at the age of eight , in an open cockpit biplane operated by his father . At the age of 12 , Olds made attending the U.S. Military Academy at West Point an objective to accomplish his goals of becoming an officer , a military aviator , and playing football .
+
+His father was made commander of the pioneer B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress 2nd Bombardment Group at Langley Field on March 1 , 1937 , and promoted to lieutenant colonel on March 7 . Olds attended Hampton High School where he was elected president of his class three successive years , and played varsity high school football on a team that won the state championship of Virginia in 1937 . Olds was aggressive , even mean , as a player , and received offers to attend Virginia Military Institute and Dartmouth College on football scholarships .
+
+Instead of entering college after graduating in 1939 , Olds enrolled at Millard Preparatory School in Washington , D.C. , a school established to prepare men for the entrance examinations to the military academies . When Germany invaded Poland , Olds attempted to join the Royal Canadian Air Force but was thwarted by his father 's refusal to approve his enlistment papers . Olds completed Millard Prep and applied for admission to the United States Military Academy at West Point . After he received a conditional commitment for nomination from Pennsylvania Congressman J. Buell Snyder , Olds moved to Uniontown , Pennsylvania , where he lived in the YMCA and supported himself working odd jobs . He passed the West Point entrance examination and was accepted into the Class of 1944 on June 1 , 1940 . He entered the academy a month later but after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Olds was sent to the Spartan School of Aeronautics in Tulsa , Oklahoma , for flight training . This training ended a year later by Christmas 1942 . Olds returned to West Point , hoping to graduate early and see action in the war .
+
+= = = West Point and football = = =
+
+As a plebe , Olds played football on a freshman squad that began the season with three losses but finished 3 @-@ 4 @-@ 1 while the varsity won only one game in its second consecutive losing season . As a result , the new academy superintendent , Maj. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger , replaced the head coach ( an Army officer ) with Earl " Red " Blaik , a 1920 graduate and head coach at Dartmouth , who had recruited Olds in 1939 .
+
+Olds played on the varsity college football team in both 1941 and 1942 . At 6 foot 2 inches in height ( 1.88m ) and weighing 205 pounds ( 92 kg ) , he played tackle on both offense and defense , lettering both seasons . Army 's record in 1941 was 5 @-@ 3 @-@ 1 , with wins over The Citadel , VMI , Yale , Columbia , and West Virginia , a scoreless tie with Notre Dame , and losses to Harvard , Penn and Navy . The loss to the midshipmen was followed eight days later by the attack on Pearl Harbor .
+
+In 1942 he was named by Collier 's Weekly as its " Lineman of the Year " and by Grantland Rice as " Player of the Year . " Olds was also selected as an All @-@ American as the cadets compiled a 6 @-@ 3 record , beating Lafayette College , Cornell , Columbia , Harvard , VMI , and Princeton , and falling to Notre Dame , Penn , and Navy . In the Army – Navy Game of 1942 , which was played at Annapolis instead of Philadelphia , Olds had both upper front teeth knocked out when he received a forearm blow to the mouth while making a tackle . Olds returned to the game and reportedly was cheered by the Navy Third and Fourth Classes , which were assigned as the Army cheering section when wartime travel restrictions prevented the Corps of Cadets from attending . In 1985 Olds was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame .
+
+Olds developed ambivalent feelings about West Point , admiring its dedication to " Duty , Honor , Country " , but disturbed by the tendency of many tactical officers to distort the purpose of its Honor Code . In March 1943 , Olds was braced by an officer upon returning from leave in New York City , and compelled on penalty of an honor violation to admit he had consumed alcohol . The infraction reduced him in rank from cadet captain to cadet private , characterized by Olds in his memoirs as " only the second cadet in the history of West Point to earn that dubious honor . "
+
+He walked punishment tours until the day of his graduation in June . The incident left its mark on Olds such that when he became Commandant of Cadets at the Air Force Academy , use of the Honor Code as an instrument for integrity rather than as a tool for petty enforcement of discipline became a point of emphasis in his administration . During his Academy years Olds also acquired a strong contempt for alumni networking , commonly called " ring knocking " , to the degree that he went out of his way to conceal his West Point background .
+
+By an act of Congress on October 1 , 1942 , during Olds ' Second Class year , the academy began a three @-@ year curriculum for the duration of the war for cadets entering after July 1939 . Cadets applying to the Air Corps were classified as Air Cadets , with a modified curriculum that provided flying training but eliminated Military Topography and Graphics required for Ground Cadets . Olds ' class was given an abridged second class course of study until January 19 , 1943 , when it began an abridged first class course .
+
+Olds completed primary training in the summer of 1942 at the Spartan School of Aviation in Tulsa , Oklahoma , and basic and advanced training at Stewart Field , New York . 208 cadets including Olds completed the course , while five classmates died in accidents . Olds received his pilot 's wings personally from Gen. Henry H. Arnold on May 30 , 1943 , and graduated on June 1 as a member of the Class of June 1943 , 194th in general merit of 514 graduates .
+
+= = World War II fighter pilot = =
+
+= = = P @-@ 38 Lightning missions = = =
+
+Lieutenant Olds completed fighter pilot training with the 329th Fighter Group , an operational training unit based at Grand Central Air Terminal in Glendale , California . His initial twin @-@ engine training at Williams Field , Arizona , was in the Curtiss AT @-@ 9 , followed by transition fighter training to the Lockheed P @-@ 38 Lightning in its P @-@ 322 variant . After gunnery training at Matagorda , Texas in the first half of August 1943 , he was assigned to P @-@ 38 phase training at Muroc Army Air Field , California .
+
+In early 1944 he became part of the cadre assigned to build up the newly activated 434th Fighter Squadron and its parent 479th Fighter Group , based at Lomita , California . Olds logged 650 hours of flying time during training , including 250 hours in the P @-@ 38 Lightning , as the 479th built its proficiency as a combat group . It departed the Los Angeles area on April 15 for Camp Kilmer , New Jersey , and shipped aboard the USS Argentina for Europe on May 3 . The 479th arrived in Scotland on May 14 , 1944 , and entrained for RAF Wattisham , England , where it arrived the next day .
+
+The 479th began combat on May 26 , flying bomber escort missions and attacking transportation targets in occupied France in advance of the invasion of Normandy . Olds flew a new P @-@ 38J Lightning that he nicknamed Scat II . Olds ' crew chief , T / Sgt. Glen A. Wold , said that he showed an immediate interest in aircraft maintenance and learned emergency servicing under Wold . He also insisted his aircraft be waxed to reduce air resistance and helped his maintenance crew carry out their tasks . On July 24 Olds was promoted to captain and became a flight and later squadron leader . Following a low @-@ level bridge @-@ bombing mission to Montmirail , France , on August 14 , Olds shot down his first German aircraft , a pair of Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190s .
+
+On an escort mission to Wismar on August 25 , his flight was on the far left of the group 's line abreast formation and encountered 40 @-@ 50 Messerschmitt Bf 109s near Wittenberge , flying north at the same 28 @,@ 000 ft ( 8 @,@ 500 m ) altitude in a loose formation of three large vees . Olds turned his flight left and began a ten @-@ minute pursuit in which they climbed to altitude above and behind the Germans . Over Bützow , undetected by the Germans , Olds and his wingman jettisoned their fuel drop tanks and attacked , although the second element of the flight had been unable to keep up during the climb .
+
+Just as Olds began firing , both engines of his P @-@ 38 quit from fuel exhaustion ; in the excitement of the attack he had neglected to switch to his internal fuel tanks . He continued attacking in " dead @-@ stick mode " , hitting his target in the fuselage and shooting off part of its engine cowling . After fatally damaging the Bf 109 he dived away and restarted his engines . Despite battle damage to his own plane , including loss of a side window of its canopy , Olds shot down two during the dogfight and another on the way home to become the first ace of the 479th FG . His combat report for that date concluded :
+
+Still in a shallow dive , I observed another P @-@ 38 and an Me 109 going round and round . It seemed that the 38 needed help so I started down . At about 4 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) , the Jerry , still way out of my range , turned under me and slightly to the right . I rolled over on my back , following him and gave him an ineffective burst at long range . By this time I was traveling in excess of 500 mph ( 800 km / h ) . My left window blew out , scaring the hell out of me . I thought I had been hit by some of the ground fire I had observed in the vicinity . I regained control of the aircraft and pulled out above a wheat field . I tried to contact the flight to get myself recognized , but observed an Me 109 making a pass at me from about seven o 'clock high . I broke left as well as my plane could and the Jerry overshot . I straightened out and gave him a burst . He chandelled steeply to the left and I shot some more . He passed right over me and I slipped over in an Immelmann . As I straightened out at the top , I saw the pilot bail out .
+
+He made eight claims while flying the P @-@ 38 ( five of which are sustained by the Air Force Historical Research Agency ) and was originally credited as the top @-@ scoring P @-@ 38 pilot of the European Theater of Operations .
+
+= = = P @-@ 51 Mustang pilot = = =
+
+The 479th FG converted to the P @-@ 51 Mustang in mid @-@ September . On his second transition flight , at the point of touchdown during landing , Olds learned a lesson in " false confidence " when the powerful torque of the single @-@ engined fighter forced him to ground loop after the Mustang veered off the runway . Olds shot down an Fw 190 in his new Scat IV on October 6 during a savage battle near Berlin in which he was nearly shot down by his own wingman . He completed his first combat tour on November 9 , 1944 , accruing 270 hours of combat time and six kills .
+
+After returning to the United States for a two @-@ month leave , Olds began a full second tour at Wattisham on January 15 , 1945 . He was assigned duties as operations officer of the 434th Fighter squadron . Promoted to major on February 9 , 1945 , Olds claimed his seventh victory southeast of Magdeburg , Germany the same day , downing another Bf 109 . On February 14 , he claimed three victories , two Bf 109s and an Fw 190 , but one of the former was credited only as a " probable " .
+
+His final World War II aerial kill occurred on April 7 , 1945 , when Olds in Scat VI led the 479th Fighter Group on a mission escorting B @-@ 24s bombing an ammunition dump in Lüneburg , Germany . The engagement marked the only combat appearance of Sonderkommando Elbe , a German Air Force Squadron formed to ram Allied bombers . South of Bremen , Olds noticed contrails popping up above a bank of cirrus clouds , of aircraft flying above and to the left of the bombers . For five minutes these bogeys paralleled the bomber stream while the 479th held station . Turning to investigate , Olds saw pairs of Me 262s turn towards and dive on the Liberators . After damaging one of the jets in a chase meant to lure the fighter escort away from the bombers , the Mustangs returned to the bomber stream . Olds observed a Bf 109 of Sonderkommando Elbe attack the bombers and shoot down a B @-@ 24 . Olds pursued the Bf 109 through the formation , and shot it down .
+
+Olds achieved the bulk of his strafing credits the following week in attacks on Lübeck Blankensee and Tarnewitz airdromes on April 13 , and Reichersburg airfield in Austria on April 16 , when he destroyed six German planes on the ground . He later reflected on the hazards of such missions :
+
+I was hit by flak as I was pulling out of a dive @-@ strafing pass on an airfield called Tarnewitz , up on the Baltic . Five P @-@ 51s made a pass on the airdrome that April day . I was the only one to return home ... When I tested the stall characteristics of my wounded bird over our home airfield , I found it quit flying at a little over 175 mph ( 282 km / h ) indicated and rolled violently into the dead wing ( note : the right flap had been blown away and two large holes knocked in the same wing ) . What to do ? Bailout seemed the logical response , but here 's where sentiment got in the way of reason . That airplane ( note : " Scat VI " ) had taken me through a lot and I was damned if I was going to give up on her ... why the bird and I survived the careening , bouncing and juttering ride down the length of the field , I guess I 'll never know .
+
+Olds had not only risen in rank to field grade but was given command of his squadron on March 25 , less than two years out of West Point and at only 22 years of age . By the end of his combat service he was officially credited with 12 German planes shot down and 11 @.@ 5 others destroyed on the ground . Olds became an ace on both of his combat tours and was twice awarded the Silver Star , for the mission of August 25 and for the achievements of himself and his squadron during his combined tours .
+
+= = Career highlights and assignments = =
+
+Returning to the United States after the war , Olds was assigned at West Point as an assistant football coach for Red Blaik . Apparently resented by many on the staff for his rapid rise in rank and plethora of combat decorations , Olds transferred in February 1946 to the 412th Fighter Group at March Field , California , to fly the P @-@ 80 Shooting Star , which began a career @-@ long professional struggle with superiors he viewed as more promotion- than warrior @-@ minded .
+
+In April 1946 , he and Lieutenant Colonel John C. " Pappy " Herbst formed what he believed was the Air Force 's first jet aerobatic demonstration team . In late May , the 412th was ordered to undertake PROJECT COMET , a nine @-@ city transcontinental mass formation flight . Olds and Herbst performed a two @-@ ship acro routine that thrilled the crowds at every stop , the highlight being a three @-@ day layover in Washington , D.C. In June , Olds was one of four pilots who participated in the first one @-@ day , dawn @-@ to @-@ dusk , transcontinental round trip jet flight from March Field to Washington , D.C.
+
+The jet demonstration performances with Herbst ended tragically on July 4 , 1946 , when Herbst crashed at the Del Mar Racetrack after his aircraft stalled during an encore of their routine finale in which the P @-@ 80s did a loop while configured to land . Later that same year Olds took second place in the Thompson Trophy Race ( Jet Division ) of the Cleveland National Air Races at Brook Park , Ohio over the Labor Day weekend . In this first " closed course " jet race , six P @-@ 80s competed against each other on a three pylon course 30 miles in length .
+
+Olds went to England under the U.S. Air Force / Royal Air Force Exchange Program in 1948 . Flying the Gloster Meteor jet fighter , he commanded No. 1 Squadron at Royal Air Force Station Tangmere between October 20 , 1948 and September 25 , 1949 , the first foreigner to command an RAF unit in peacetime . Following his exchange assignment , Olds returned to March AFB to become operations officer of the 94th Fighter Squadron of the 1st Fighter Group , flying F @-@ 86A Sabres , on November 15 , 1949 .
+
+Olds was assigned to command the 71st Fighter Squadron , which was soon detached from the 1st FG to the Air Defense Command and based at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport in Pennsylvania . As a result , he missed service in the Korean War despite repeated applications for a combat assignment . Discouraged and at odds with the Air Force , in which he was seen as an iconoclast , Olds reportedly was in the process of resigning when he was talked out of it by a mentor , Maj Gen Frederic H. Smith , Jr . , who brought him to work at Eastern Air Defense Command headquarters at Stewart AFB .
+
+Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel on February 20 , 1951 , and Colonel April 15 , 1953 , while just thirty years of age , Olds served unenthusiastically in several staff assignments until returning to flying in 1955 . At first on the command staff of the 86th Fighter @-@ Interceptor Wing at Landstuhl Air Base , Germany , Olds then commanded its Sabre @-@ equipped 86th Fighter @-@ Interceptor Group from October 8 , 1955 , to August 10 , 1956 . He then was made chief of the Weapons Proficiency Center at Wheelus Air Base , Libya , in charge of all fighter weapons training for the United States Air Forces Europe until July 1958 .
+
+Olds had administrative and staff duty assignments at the Pentagon between 1958 and 1962 as the Deputy Chief , Air Defense Division , Headquarters USAF . In this assignment he prepared a number of papers , iconoclastic at the time , which soon became prophetic , including identifying the need for upgraded conventional munitions ( foretelling the " bomb shortage " of the Vietnam War ) , and the dearth of any serious tactical air training in conventional warfare . From November 1959 to March 1960 , his section worked intensely to develop a program reducing the entire structure of the ADC with the purpose of generating $ 6 @.@ 5 billion for classified funding to develop the SR @-@ 71 Blackbird . Following his Pentagon assignment , Olds attended the National War College , graduating in 1963 .
+
+Olds next became commander of the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Bentwaters , England , an F @-@ 101 Voodoo fighter @-@ bomber wing , on September 8 , 1963 . The 81st TFW was a major combat unit in United States Air Forces Europe , having both a tactical nuclear and conventional bombing role supporting NATO . Olds commanded the wing until July 26 , 1965 . As his Deputy Commander of Operations Olds brought with him Colonel Daniel " Chappie " James , Jr . , whom he had met during his Pentagon assignment and who would go on to become the first African @-@ American 4 @-@ star Air Force general . James and Olds worked closely together for a year as a command team and developed both a professional and social relationship which was later renewed in combat .
+
+Olds formed a demonstration team for the F @-@ 101 using pilots of his wing , without command authorization , and performed at an Air Force open house at Bentwaters . He asserted that his superior at Third Air Force attempted to have him court @-@ martialed , but the commander of USAFE , General Gabriel P. Disosway , instead authorized his removal from command of the 81st TFW , cancellation of a recommended Legion of Merit award , and transfer to the headquarters of the Ninth Air Force at Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina .
+
+In September 1966 , Olds was tapped to command an F @-@ 4C Phantom wing in Southeast Asia . En route he arranged with the 4453rd Combat Crew Training Wing , Davis @-@ Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona , ( where Col. James was now Deputy Commander of Operations ) to be checked out in the Phantom , completing the 14 @-@ step syllabus in just five days . His instructor was Major William L. Kirk , the 4453rd CCTW 's Standardization and Evaluation officer , who had been one of Olds ' pilots at RAF Bentwaters , and who later commanded the United States Air Forces Europe as a full general . Kirk accompanied Olds for practice firing of AIM @-@ 7 Sparrow and AIM @-@ 9 Sidewinder missiles on the Point Mugu missile range while Olds was en route to Travis Air Force Base for his charter flight overseas . Olds rewarded Kirk by granting him a transfer to his command in Thailand in March 1967 .
+
+= = Vietnam = =
+
+On September 30 , 1966 , Olds took command of the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing , based at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base . A lack of aggressiveness and sense of purpose in the wing had led to the change in command ( Olds ' predecessor had flown only 12 missions during the 10 months the wing had been in combat ) . The 44 @-@ year @-@ old colonel also set the tone for his command stint by immediately placing himself on the flight schedule as a rookie pilot under officers junior to himself , then challenging them to train him properly because he would soon be leading them .
+
+Olds ' vice commander was Col. Vermont Garrison , an ace in both World War II and Korea , and in December Olds brought in James to replace an ineffective deputy commander for operations , creating arguably the strongest and most effective tactical command triumvirate of the Vietnam War . The Olds @-@ James combination became popularly nicknamed " Blackman and Robin " . Olds took to the air war over North Vietnam in an F @-@ 4C Phantom he nicknamed " Scat XXVII " , in keeping with his previous combat aircraft that all carried the " Scat " name .
+
+= = = MiG Killer = = =
+
+After suggesting the idea to Seventh Air Force commander Major General William Momyer , himself a former commander of the 8th TFW , Olds was directed to plan a mission designed to draw the North Vietnamese Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 21s into an aerial trap , and " Operation Bolo " resulted .
+
+In October 1966 , strike force F @-@ 105 Thunderchiefs were equipped with QRC @-@ 160 radar jamming pods whose effectiveness virtually ended their losses to surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles . As a result , SAM attacks shifted to the Phantoms , unprotected because of a shortage of pods . To protect the F @-@ 4s , rules of engagement that allowed the MiGCAP to escort the strike force in and out of the target area were revised in December to restrict MiGCAP penetration to the edge of SAM coverage . MiG interceptions increased as a result , primarily by MiG @-@ 21s using high speed hit @-@ and @-@ run tactics against bomb @-@ laden F @-@ 105 formations , and although only two bombers had been lost , the threat to the force was perceived as serious .
+
+The Bolo plan reasoned that by equipping F @-@ 4s with jamming pods , using the call signs and communications codewords of the F @-@ 105 wings , and flying their flight profiles through northwest Vietnam , the F @-@ 4s could effectively simulate an F @-@ 105 bombing mission and entice the MiG @-@ 21s into intercepting not bomb @-@ laden Thunderchiefs , but Phantoms configured for air @-@ to @-@ air combat .
+
+After an intensive planning , maintenance , and briefing period , the mission was scheduled for January 1 , 1967 . Poor weather caused a 24 @-@ hour delay , but even then , a solid overcast covered the North Vietnamese airbases at Phúc Yên , Gia Lam , Kép , and Cat Bai when the bogus strike force began arriving over the target area , five @-@ minute intervals separating the flights of F @-@ 4s . Leading the first flight , Olds overflew the primary MiG @-@ 21 base at Phúc Yên and was on a second pass when MiGs finally began popping up through the cloud base . Although at first seemingly random in nature , it quickly became apparent that the MiGs were ground @-@ controlled intercepts designed to place the supposed F @-@ 105s in a vise between enemies to their front and rear .
+
+The F @-@ 4s and their crews , however , proved equal to the situation and claimed seven MiG @-@ 21s destroyed , almost half of the 16 then in service with the VPAF without loss to USAF aircraft . Olds himself shot down one of the seven , for which he and the other aircrew were awarded Silver Stars . Follow @-@ up interceptions over the next two days by MiGs against RF @-@ 4C reconnaissance aircraft led to a similar mission on a smaller scale on January 6 , with another two MiG @-@ 21s shot down . VPAF fighter activity diminished to almost nothing for 10 weeks afterwards , thereby accomplishing the main goal of Operation Bolo : to eliminate or diminish the threat of MiGs to the strike formations .
+
+On May 4 , Olds destroyed another MiG @-@ 21 over Phúc Yên . Two weeks later , on May 20 , he destroyed two MiG @-@ 17s in what one of his pilots described as a " vengeful chase " after they shot down his wingman during a large dogfight , bringing his total to 16 confirmed kills ( 12 in World War II and four in Vietnam ) , making him a triple ace . Olds states that following the shoot down of his fourth MiG , he intentionally avoided shooting down a fifth , even though he had at least ten opportunities to do so , because he had learned in the middle of June that Seventh Air Force , at the direction of Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown , would immediately relieve him of command to return to the United States as a publicity asset .
+
+He was awarded a fourth Silver Star for leading a three @-@ aircraft low @-@ level bombing strike on March 30 , 1967 , and the Air Force Cross for an attack on the Paul Doumer Bridge in Hanoi on August 11 , one of five awarded to Air Force pilots for that mission . He flew his final combat mission over North Vietnam on September 23 , 1967 .
+
+His 259 total combat missions included 107 in World War II and 152 in Southeast Asia , 105 of those over North Vietnam . Scat XXVII ( F @-@ 4C @-@ 24 @-@ MC 64 @-@ 0829 ) was retired from operational service and placed on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force , Wright @-@ Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio .
+
+= = = Olds 's mustache = = =
+
+Olds was known for the extravagantly waxed ( and decidedly non @-@ regulation ) handlebar moustache he sported in Vietnam . It was a common superstition among airmen to grow a " bulletproof mustache " , but Olds also used his as " a gesture of defiance . The kids on base loved it . Most everybody grew a mustache . " Olds started the mustache in the wake of the success of Operation Bolo and let it grow beyond regulation length because " It became the middle finger I couldn 't raise in the PR photographs . The mustache became my silent last word in the verbal battles ... with higher headquarters on rules , targets , and fighting the war . " Returning home , however , marked the end of this flamboyance . When he reported to his first interview with Air Force Chief of Staff General John P. McConnell , McConnell walked up to him , stuck a finger under his nose and said , " Take it off . " Olds replied , " Yes , sir . "
+
+For his part , Olds was not upset with the order , recalling :
+
+To tell the truth , I wasn 't all that fond of the damned thing by then , but it had become a symbol for the men of the 8th Wing . I knew McConnell understood . During his visits to Ubon over the past year he had never referred to my breach of military standards , just seemed rather amused at the variety of ' staches sported by many of the troops . ( It ) was the most direct order I had received in twenty @-@ four years of service .
+
+The incident with the mustache is given credit as the impetus for a new Air Force tradition , " Mustache March " , in which aircrew , aircraft maintainers , and other airmen worldwide show solidarity by a symbolic , albeit good @-@ natured " protest " for one month against Air Force facial hair regulations .
+
+= = = Dogfighting advocate = = =
+
+" We weren 't allowed to dogfight . Very little attention was paid to strafing , dive @-@ bombing , rocketry , stuff like that . It was thought to be unnecessary . Yet every confrontation America faced in the Cold War years was a ' bombs and bullets ' situation , raging under an uneasy nuclear standoff . " The Vietnam War " proved the need to teach tactical warfare and have fighter pilots . It caught us unprepared because we weren 't allowed to learn it or practice it in training . "
+
+Olds often lamented the lack of an internal gun in the F @-@ 4C he flew during his tour in Vietnam , but would not allow his fighters to be equipped with the gun pods then available . While he knew that he would be capable of effectively using them , he was also aware that none of his pilots were trained in the use of a gun or dogfighting . He also reasoned that the drag of the pod would both degrade the performance characteristics of the F @-@ 4 while not gaining it any advantage against the more maneuverable MiG @-@ 17s and MiG @-@ 21s , result in unnecessary losses strafing worthless targets , and reduce the number of bombs carried by the Phantoms , the delivery of which was the 8th 's primary mission .
+
+The History Channel , in its series Dogfights , recreated Operation Bolo using a computer animation for an episode entitled " Air Ambush " , first telecast on November 10 , 2006 . Olds , then 84 years old , appeared as a commentator , and as background , dogfights he experienced as a P @-@ 38 pilot were also recreated .
+
+= = Post @-@ Southeast Asia career = =
+
+= = = Air Force Academy 1967 – 71 = = =
+
+After relinquishing command of the 8th TFW on September 23 , 1967 , Olds reported for duty to the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs , Colorado , in December 1967 . He served as Commandant of Cadets for three years and sought to restore morale in the wake of a major cheating scandal . Olds was promoted to brigadier general on June 1 , 1968 , with seniority dating from May 28 .
+
+= = = Director of Aerospace Safety = = =
+
+In February 1971 he began his last duty assignment as director of aerospace safety in the Office of the Inspector General , Headquarters USAF , and after December 1971 as part of the Air Force Inspection and Safety Center , a newly activated separate operating agency located at Norton Air Force Base , California . Olds oversaw the creation of policies , standards , and procedures for Air Force accident prevention programs , and dealt with work safety education , workplace accident investigation and analysis , and safety inspections .
+
+= = = 1971 inspector general tour and 1973 retirement = = =
+
+Air Force Inspector General and Olds ' West Point classmate Lt Gen Louis L. Wilson , Jr . , sent Olds to Southeast Asia in the autumn of 1971 to determine the state of readiness of Air Force pilots . Olds toured USAF bases in Thailand ( flying several unauthorized combat missions in the process ) and brought back a blunt assessment . Air Force pilots , he reported to the Air Force Chief of Staff , Gen John D. Ryan ( a former SAC general and bomber pilot often at odds with the tactical fighter community ) , " ... couldn 't fight their way out of a wet paper bag , " because of a systemic lack of interest by the USAF in air @-@ to @-@ air combat training for fighter crews . He warned that losses would be severe in any resumption of aerial combat . Olds recalled that Ryan expressed surprise at this assessment and reflected his disagreement .
+
+When Operation Linebacker began in May 1972 , American fighter jets returned to the offense in the skies over North Vietnam for the first time in nearly four years . Navy and Marine Corps fighters , reaping the benefits of their TOPGUN program , immediately enjoyed considerable success . In contrast by June , as Olds had predicted , the Air Force 's fighter community was struggling with a nearly 1 : 1 kill @-@ loss ratio . To the new Inspector General , Lt Gen Ernest C. Hardin , Jr . , Olds offered to take a voluntary reduction in rank to colonel so he could return to operational command and straighten out the situation . Olds decided to leave the Air Force when the offer was refused ( he was offered another inspection tour instead ) and he retired on June 1 , 1973 .
+
+= = Awards and decorations = =
+
+Robin Olds ' ribbons as they appeared at retirement .
+
+From top , and from left to right : Command pilot .
+
+Row 1 : Air Force Cross ; Air Force Distinguished Service Medal , one oak leaf cluster .
+
+Row 2 : Silver Star , three oak leaf clusters ; Legion of Merit ; Distinguished Flying Cross , five oak leaf clusters .
+
+Row 3 : Air Medal , with 39 oak leaf clusters .
+
+Row 4 : Air Force Commendation Medal ; Presidential Unit Citation , with oak leaf cluster ; Outstanding Unit Award , with two oak leaf clusters ; American Defense Service Medal .
+
+Row 5 : American Campaign Medal ; European @-@ African @-@ Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with six campaign stars ; World War II Victory Medal ; National Defense Service Medal , with second service star .
+
+Row 6 : Vietnam Service Medal ; Air Force Longevity Service Award , with six oak leaf clusters ; Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Medal ; Légion d 'honneur .
+
+Row 7 : Distinguished Flying Cross ( United Kingdom ) ; Croix de Guerre ( France ) , with star ; Vietnam Air Gallantry Cross with Gold Wings ; Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal .
+
+Not shown :
+
+Vietnam Air Force Distinguished Service Order , 2nd Class
+
+Vietnam Air Force Meritorious Service Medal
+
+= = = Air Force Cross citation = = =
+
+Colonel Robin Olds
+
+U.S. Air Force
+
+Date Of Action : August 11 , 1967
+
+The President of the United States of America , authorized by Title 10 , Section 8742 , United States Code , takes pleasure in presenting the Air Force Cross to Colonel Robin Olds ( AFSN : 0 @-@ 26046 ) , United States Air Force , for extraordinary heroism in military operations against an opposing armed force while serving as Strike Mission Commander in the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing , Ubon Royal Thai Air Base , Thailand , against the Paul Doumer Bridge , a major north @-@ south transportation link on Hanoi 's Red River in North Vietnam , on 11 August 1967 . On that date , Colonel Olds led his strike force of eight F @-@ 4C aircraft against a key railroad and highway bridge in North Vietnam . Despite intense , accurately directed fire , multiple surface @-@ to @-@ air missile attacks on his force , and continuous harassment by MiG fighters defending the target , Colonel Olds , with undaunted determination , indomitable courage , and professional skill , led his force through to help destroy this significant bridge . As a result the flow of war materials into this area was appreciably reduced . Through his extraordinary heroism , superb airmanship , and aggressiveness in the face of hostile forces , Colonel Olds reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force .
+
+= = Personal = =
+
+Olds was briefly a stepbrother of author Gore Vidal after Olds ' father married for the fourth time in June 1942 , to Nina Gore Auchinloss . His father died of pneumonia on April 28 , 1943 , after hospitalization for constrictive pericarditis and Libman @-@ Sacks endocarditis , at the age of 46 , just prior to Olds ' graduation from West Point .
+
+In 1946 , while based at March Field , Olds met Hollywood actress ( and " pin @-@ up girl " ) Ella Raines on a blind date in Palm Springs . They married in Beverly Hills on February 6 , 1947 , and had two daughters , Christina and Susan , and a son , Robert Ernest , who was stillborn in 1958 . Most of their 29 @-@ year marriage , marked by frequent extended separations and difficult homecomings , was turbulent because of a clash of lifestyles , particularly her refusal to ever live in government housing on base . Robin Olds and Ella Raines separated in 1975 and divorced in 1976 . Robin married Abigail Morgan Sellers Barnett in January 1978 , and they divorced after fifteen years of marriage .
+
+In his retirement at Steamboat Springs , Colorado , Olds pursued his love of skiing and served on the city 's planning commission . He was active in public speaking , making 21 events as late in his life as 2005 and 13 in 2006 .
+
+Olds ' fondness for alcohol was well known . John Darrell Sherwood , in his book Fast Movers : Jet Pilots and the Vietnam Experience , posits that Olds ' heavy drinking hurt his post @-@ Vietnam career . On July 12 , 2001 , Olds was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol and resisting arrest near his home in Steamboat Springs . Olds , briefly hospitalized during the incident for facial cuts , pleaded guilty in return for charges of weaving and felony vehicular eluding being dropped . Olds was placed on one year probation , and ordered to pay almost $ 900 in fines and costs , attend an alcohol education course , and perform 72 hours of community service .
+
+Days later , on July 21 , 2001 , Olds was enshrined at Dayton , Ohio , in the National Aviation Hall of Fame class of 2001 , along with test pilot Joseph H. Engle , Marine Corps ace Marion E. Carl , and Albert Lee Ueltschi . He became the only person enshrined in both the National Aviation Hall of Fame and the College Football Hall of Fame .
+
+In March 2007 Olds was hospitalized in Colorado for complications of Stage 4 prostate cancer . On the evening of June 14 , 2007 , General Olds died from congestive heart failure in Steamboat Springs , Colorado . Olds was honored with a flyover and services at the United States Air Force Academy on June 30 , where his ashes are kept . General Olds is remembered as the Class Exemplar of the Academy Class of 2011 , which had begun Basic Cadet Training , the first step towards becoming Air Force officers , two days before Olds ' funeral .
+
+= Indio Comahue Monument =
+
+The Monumento al Indio Comahue ( Monument to the Comahue Indian ) is a monument located in Villa Regina , in the Argentine province of Río Negro . It was constructed to honor the native inhabitants of the Comahue Region . The monument was completed in time for the inaugural Comahue National Fair in 1964 .
+
+Commissioned by the organizers of the fair , Bartolo Pasin and Rogelio Chimenti , it was designed by Miguel De Lisi and constructed in two months by local bricklayer Aldo Cardozo . Presently it is used as an overlook for its panoramic view . The monument is considered to be a symbol of the town , and as such it is depicted in the coat of arms .
+
+= = History = =
+
+The monument was erected to commemorate the native inhabitants of Comahue . It was constructed for the first Comahue National Fair , in 1964 . This was a 45 @-@ day event that aimed to highlight the economic potential of the Comahue Region , and at the same time commemorate the 40th anniversary of the founding of Villa Regina . Bartolo Pasin and Rogelio Chimenti , who organized the fair , proposed the construction to designer Miguel De Lisi , after seeing his work at the City Hotel in Mar del Plata .
+
+= = = Construction = = =
+
+De Lisi sent the drawings to the local construction team , led by Aldo Humberto Cardozo and Alberto Sartor . The monument had been originally planned to be 10 metres ( 33 ft ) tall , but Cardozo re @-@ scaled it to be nearly 11 metres ( 36 ft ) , and later also added a high base of 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) . The completed monument , now standing at almost 13 metres ( 42 @.@ 4 ft ) , depicts a native who is holding a long spear while watching the horizon .
+
+Work started in July 1964 , with the structure being built of reinforced concrete . It had an iron skeleton made up of 4 inch pipes ( 100mm ) , which was reinforced with radial sections that were soldered every 50 centimetres ( 20 in ) . Later , the figure was filled from the feet to the hips with ceramic brick and concrete , with the top half finished using a layer of reinforced concrete . The monument was completed in two months with an estimated weight of 80 tons , and a height of 12 @.@ 90 metres ( 42 @.@ 3 ft ) . In its construction , five hundred bags of cement , 2 @,@ 500 kilograms ( 5 @,@ 500 lb ) of iron , 60 metres ( 200 ft ) of steel , and 80 square metres ( 860 sq ft ) of sand were used .
+
+It was later painted by a local man , Carlos Basabe Cerdá . The job proved to be very difficult due to strong winds that blew the wooden planks off the scaffolding and into a nearby ditch . A construction team later tied on the planks , solving the problem . The painters first applied a primer coat , then linseed oil , varnish , and finally a coat of copper glitter . The monument was inaugurated during the opening of the Comahue National Fair on September 7 , 1964 .
+
+= = The monument and Villa Regina = =
+
+The structure is located on the northern hill of the town , which has an elevation of 70 to 80 metres ( 230 to 260 feet ) . The hill is mostly covered in bushes and can be accessed by two paths . Currently it is used as an overlook for its panoramic view of the town . It also serves to mark the finishing line for the annual trekking trail competition , Desafío al Indio Comahue .
+
+Considered as the symbol of Villa Regina , the Indio Comahue is depicted in the city 's coat of arms . It was also depicted in the previous seal of the Río Negro Province , designed by the government of the Argentine Revolution . The seal was replaced in 2009 by the one that the overthrown government designed in 1966 , months before the coup d 'état . The Comahue National Fair was relaunched in 2004 , and is currently celebrated every two years .
+
+= 2012 Football League Cup Final =
+
+The 2012 Football League Cup Final was a football match between Cardiff City and Liverpool on 26 February 2012 at Wembley Stadium , London . It was the final match of the 2011 – 12 Football League Cup , the 52nd season of the Football League Cup , a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and the Football League . Cardiff were appearing in their first final , while Liverpool were appearing in the final for the eleventh time ; they had previously won seven and lost three finals .
+
+As Cardiff were in the Football League they played one more round than Liverpool who received a bye in the first round . Therefore , Cardiff progressed through six rounds to reach the final , whereas Liverpool progressed through five . Matches up to the semi @-@ final were contested on a one @-@ off basis with the exception of the semi @-@ finals which were contested over two @-@ legs , with a match at each team 's home ground . Both Liverpool and Cardiff 's matches were close affairs ; their biggest margins of victory was by two goals . Liverpool beat Manchester City to reach the final , whereas Cardiff progressed via a penalty shoot @-@ out against Crystal Palace .
+
+Watched by a crowd of 89 @,@ 041 , Cardiff took the lead in the first half when Joe Mason scored . The score remained the same through half @-@ time until Liverpool equalised in the 60th minute , when Martin Škrtel scored . With the score 1 – 1 at full @-@ time , the match went to extra @-@ time as neither side were able to score a second goal . The first half of extra @-@ time was goalless , but three minutes into the second half Liverpool took the lead when Dirk Kuyt scored . However two minutes before the end of extra @-@ time Cardiff equalised to make the score 2 – 2 , courtesy of a goal from Ben Turner . With the score at 2 – 2 at the end of extra @-@ time the match went to a penalty shoot @-@ out . Despite missing their first two penalties , Liverpool won the shoot @-@ out 3 – 2 to win the League Cup for a record eighth time .
+
+Liverpool 's manager Kenny Dalglish stated in the aftermath , that the victory would lead to more trophies . The club reached the 2012 FA Cup Final , but were beaten 2 – 1 by Chelsea . Their league form faltered after the victory and they finished the season in 8th place . Despite this , victory in the final ensured Liverpool had qualified for the 2012 – 13 UEFA Europa League . Cardiff manager Malky Mackay was proud of his team despite their defeat . They finished the season in 6th place in the 2011 – 12 Football League Championship , reaching the playoffs where they were beaten by West Ham United over two @-@ legs .
+
+= = Route to the final = =
+
+= = = Cardiff City = = =
+
+Cardiff entered the 2011 – 12 Football League Cup in the first round where they faced Oxford United . The match played at the Kassam Stadium saw Cardiff take the lead in the 10th minute when Craig Conway scored . Oxford equalised 20 minutes later courtesy of a Simon Clist goal . Neither side was able to score a winning goal during the remainder of the match , which went into extra @-@ time at 1 – 1 . Two goals from Peter Whittingham and Nathaniel Jarvis secured a 3 – 1 victory for Cardiff . Their opponents in the second round were Huddersfield Town . Two goals in the first 16 minutes courtesy of Gabor Gyepes and Jon Parkin gave Cardiff an early 2 – 0 lead , which they held until the 55th minute when Huddersfield reduced the deficit to 2 – 1 courtesy of a Jordan Rhodes goal . Daniel Ward equalised for Huddersfield in the 69th minute before Rhodes scored his second goal of the match to give Huddersfield a 3 – 2 lead in the 87th minute . Cardiff equalised two minutes into stoppage time when Don Cowie headed the ball in from close range . With the score at 3 – 3 after 90 minutes the match went to extra @-@ time . A goal each from Conway and Cowie gave Cardiff a 5 – 3 victory and progression to the third round .
+
+Leciester City were the opponents in the third round . Cardiff playing at their home ground the Cardiff City Stadium took the lead in the 32nd minute when Cowie scored . Leicester equalised seven minutes later when Steve Howard scored from close range . Leicester then took the lead in the 65th minute courtesy of a Lloyd Dyer goal . Cardiff equalised when Rudy Gestede with nine minutes of the match remaining . The score remained 2 – 2 until full @-@ time and throughout extra @-@ time , which mean the match would be decided by a penalty shoot @-@ out . Cardiff won the shoot @-@ out 7 – 6 to progress to the fourth round .
+
+Cardiff were drawn at home against Burnley in the fourth round . They won the match 1 – 0 courtesy of a Joe Mason goal in the first half . The result was the first time in the competition Cardiff 's match didn 't go into extra @-@ atime and it was the first they had reached the quarter @-@ finals of the League Cup since 1965 . Their opponents in the quarter @-@ finals were Blackburn Rovers . Two goals from Kenny Miller and Anthony Gerrard secured a 2 – 0 victory for Cardiff and their progression to the semi @-@ finals .
+
+Crystal Palace were Cardiff 's opponents in the semi @-@ final which was played over two @-@ legs . The first leg was played at Palace 's home ground Selhurst Park . Cardiff started the match the better of the two sides but were unable to convert their chances . Palace took the lead in the 43rd minute when Anthony Gardner headed in Darren Ambrose 's cross . Neither side scored again and the match ended 1 – 0 . The second leg at the Cardiff City Stadium started well for Cardiff when they went ahead in the seventh minute after an own @-@ goal from Palace defender Gardner , which levelled the aggregate score at 1 – 1 . Palace were reduced to ten men in the second half when Paddy McCarthy was sent @-@ off . Despite their numerical advantage Cardiff were unable to a second goal during the 90 minutes and extra @-@ time and the tie went to a penalty shoot @-@ out . Cardiff goalkeeper Tom Heaton saved two penalties as Cardiff won the shoot @-@ out 3 – 1 to progress to their first League Cup final .
+
+= = = Liverpool = = =
+
+Liverpool entered the competition in the second round , as one of the twelve teams from the Premier League who were not involved in European competition during the season . They were drawn against Exeter City in the second round . The match , played at Exeter 's home ground , St James Park was won by Liverpool ; goals from Luis Suárez , Maxi Rodríguez and Andy Carroll helped the team win 3 – 1 .
+
+Liverpool 's opponents in the third round were Brighton & Hove Albion . The match was played at Brighton 's home ground , the Falmer Stadium . Liverpool took the lead in the 7th minute when Craig Bellamy scored . Dirk Kuyt extended the lead in the second half , scoring in the 82nd minute . Brighton pulled a goal back courtesy of an Ashley Barnes penalty kick , but were unable to score an equaliser ; the match finished 2 – 1 to Liverpool .
+
+Stoke City were Liverpool 's opponents in the fourth round . The match , held at Stoke 's home ground the Britannia Stadium saw Stoke take the lead towards the end of the first @-@ half when Kenwyne Jones scored . Liverpool equalised in the 54th minute courtesy of a goal from Suárez , and he scored the winner in the 84th minute to give Liverpool a 2 – 1 victory and a place in the fifth round . Liverpool were drawn against Chelsea in the subsequent round . At Stamford Bridge , Carroll missed a penalty in a goalless first half . Despite this Liverpool scored twice after the interval , courtesy of goals from Maxi and Martin Kelly . They won the match 2 – 0 to reach the semi @-@ finals .
+
+Liverpool were drawn against Manchester City in the semi @-@ finals which were held over two @-@ legs . The first leg was at City 's home ground , the Etihad stadium . Liverpool won the match 1 – 0 , courtesy of a Steven Gerrard penalty . The second leg was held at Liverpool 's home ground Anfield . City took the lead in the first half when Nigel de Jong scored , ten minutes later Gerrard equalised when he scored a penalty . At half @-@ time , the score was 1 – 1 with Liverpool leading 2 – 1 on aggregate . City took the lead in the match when Edin Džeko scored in the 67th minute . The goal meant the aggregate score was 2 – 2 but City would progress to the final if the score remained the same due to the away goals rule . Liverpool needed to find an equaliser , and seven minutes after Džeko 's goal they did , when Bellamy scored . City tried to score an equaliser but to no avail , and the match finished 2 – 2 , with Liverpool progressing to the final courtesy of a 3 – 2 aggregate victory .
+
+= = Match = =
+
+= = = Background = = =
+
+Cardiff were appearing in their first League Cup final ; they had previously reached the semi @-@ final of the competition in the 1965 – 66 season , when they were beaten by West Ham United 5 – 1 on aggregate . They were also the first team from outside the Premier League to reach the final since 2001 , when Birmingham City lost to Liverpool . Liverpool were appearing in their eleventh final ; they had won seven ( 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1995 , 2001 , 2003 ) and lost three ( 1978 , 1987 , 2005 ) . The last meeting between the two teams was in the 2007 – 08 Football League Cup on 31 October 2007 , Liverpool won 2 – 1 to progress to the fifth round .
+
+This was the fourth time in as many years that Cardiff City had played at Wembley Stadium . They played at the stadium twice during the 2007 – 08 FA Cup ; they beat Barnsley 1 – 0 in the semi @-@ final before losing 1 – 0 to Portsmouth in the final . Their last match at the stadium was the 2010 Championship play @-@ off Final against Blackpool , which they lost 3 – 2 . The final represented the first time Liverpool had visited the new Wembley Stadium ; their previous appearances in the final in 2001 , 2003 and 2005 had been played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff while Wembley was being rebuilt . Their last visit to Wembley was in 1996 when they reached the final of the FA Cup , match they lost 1 – 0 to Manchester United at the old Wembley Stadium .
+
+A week before the final Cardiff played Ipswich Town in the 2011 – 12 Football League Championship – it was their last match before the final , which they lost 3 – 0 . Cardiff had a few injury concerns ahead of the final . Captain Mark Hudson had a calf problem , while midfielder Stephen McPhail had missed Cardiff 's last four matches as he was suffering from Sjögren 's syndrome , an immune system disorder . Goalkeeper Heaton was also a doubt with a knock on his ankle , but he was considered likely to start the match . Cardiff manager Malky Mackay acknowledged that Liverpool went into the match as favourites , but he was confident his team could provide a shock : " Obviously we are underdogs but we have a chance in the final , Maybe only a one in 10 chance but that 's still a chance if you turn up motivated , fit and organised and I think I can promise that . "
+
+Liverpool 's last match before the final was against Brighton & Hove Albion in the FA Cup , which they won 6 – 1 . Despite the margin of victory , Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish was adamant that the result meant nothing in regards to the final : " Defeating Brighton has got us to the next round , but it doesn 't really help us in the Carling Cup , we 've got a cup final but we won 't get carried away . " Despite missing the match against Brighton , Dalglish was confident that Daniel Agger and Craig Bellamy would be fit for the final . Going into the match Liverpool had not won a trophy since they beat West Ham United in the 2006 FA Cup Final . Dalglish stated that victory : " means a lot to me , more importantly it means a lot to a lot of people who have had to endure a few years when we 've not been [ to Wembley ] . "
+
+Both clubs received an allocation of approximately 31 @,@ 000 tickets . Cardiff fans would be housed in the East End of the stadium , while Liverpool fans were allocated the West End of the stadium . Ticket prices were increased from last year 's final , with the most expensive tickets costing £ 90 up £ 4 from the previous year . The least expensive tickets cost £ 40 , which was £ 2 more than last year . It was decided that before the match started national anthems would not be played . This decision was made to avoid spectators jeering the anthems , as happened during the 2008 FA Cup Final between Portsmouth and Cardiff .
+
+= = = First @-@ half = = =
+
+Cardiff set up in a 4 – 4 – 1 – 1 formation with Rudy Gestede in the striker position supported by Kenny Miller . Liverpool lined up in a 4 – 2 – 3 – 1 formation , with Andy Carroll starting as the lone striker , with Luis Suárez playing behind him and Jordan Henderson and Stewart Downing either side . Cardiff kicked @-@ off , but Liverpool had the first chance of the match . Steven Gerrard passed the ball to Stewart Downing on the left hand side of the pitch , he passed to Glen Johnson whose shot hit the crossbar , the ball rebounded to Gerrard , but he sent his shot over the Cardiff goal . Liverpool had the best of the opening minutes of the match , with Cardiff unable to keep possession of the ball . Liverpool had another chance in the sixth minute , Downing went past Cardiff defender Kevin McNaughton down the left of the pitch and crossed the ball into the penalty area , which was cleared for a corner kick . The resulting corner found Andy Carroll , but his header was deflected out for another corner which was caught by Cardiff goalkeeper Tom Heaton .
+
+Cardiff began to exert themselves in the match and had their first chance in the 10th minute . Peter Whittingham and Aron Gunnarsson exchanged the ball before it was passed to Rudy Gestede who found Kenny Miller in the Liverpool penalty area , however his resulting shot went over the Liverpool goal . Carroll had a chance to score in the 19th minute but his header was saved by Heaton . Cardiff immediately went on the attack and scored the first goal of the match . Martin Škrtel 's clearance from McNaughton 's initial cross went back to the Cardiff player who passed to Miller , he passed the ball to Joe Mason who had run onto the pass from the right hand side of the pitch . His subsequent shot went through the legs of Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina and into the Liverpool goal to give Cardiff a 1 – 0 lead . Liverpool responded by pushing men forward in an attempt to level the score . The first chance after Cardiff 's goal saw defender Daniel Agger advance from his own half towards the Cardiff goal but his shot from 30 yards ( 27 m ) was blocked and went out for a throw @-@ in . Liverpool had another chance from a similar distance a few minutes later but Carroll sent his shot over the crossbar . Liverpool had a penalty appeal turned down in the 32nd minute when Ben Turner was adjudged not to have handled the ball . Immediately afterwards Johnson 's cross was cleared by Mark Hudson , the ball fell to Charlie Adam who sent his shot just wide of the Cardiff goal . Just before half @-@ time Liverpool had a chance to equalise , but Agger 's header from Gerrard 's free @-@ kick was saved by Heaton .
+
+= = = Second @-@ half = = =
+
+Liverpool had the first attack of the half when they were awarded a free @-@ kick for foul on Jose Enrique . The subsequent free @-@ kick was cleared by Whittingham only as far as Henderson whose shot was wide of the Cardiff goal . Two minutes later Cardiff had a chance to extend their lead ; Whittingham went past Agger and passed to Don Cowie , who back heeled the ball to Miller , his subsequent shot went wide of the Liverpool goal . Henderson received the first yellow card of the match after his tackle on Mason was deemed to be too high . Cardiff had another chance in the 56th minute ; a Gunnarsson long throw was punched away by Reina , but the clearance fell to Hudson , who headed the ball into the Liverpool penalty area to Gestede , his subsequent header was blocked by the Liverpool goalkeeper . Liverpool made the first substitution of the match a minute later when Henderson was replaced by Craig Bellamy . Two minutes after the substitution Liverpool equalised . Downing took a corner kick , which was headed on by Carroll to Suarez whose header hit the post , it rebounded to Škrtel , his shot went into the Cardiff goal to level the match at 1 – 1 . Cardiff had the first chance after Liverpool 's goal , but Mason 's shot was saved by Reina .
+
+The minutes after Škrtel 's goal saw Liverpool dominate but they were unable to score a second goal , despite a number of chances . Liverpool conceded a free @-@ kick 22 yards ( 20 m ) from their goal after Miller was fouled . Whittingham 's subsequent shot hit Liverpool players and went out for a Cardiff throw @-@ in . The resulting throw from Gunnarsson was flicked on by Gestede , but it was headed away by Liverpool . Minutes later Cardif had a chance to score , but Turner 's header from Cowie 's pass went wide of the Liverpool goal . Two minutes later Liverpool had another chance to score , but Charlie Adam 's shot was saved by Heaton . Liverpool made their second substitution of the match in the 87th minute when Jamie Carragher replaced Agger . Two minutes before the end of the match Cardiff had a chance to score . Liverpool conceded a free @-@ kick , which was passed to Miller , who was in space , but his went over the Liverpool goal . With the scores level at 1 – 1 , the match went into extra time after the referee brought an end to the 90 minutes of play .
+
+= = = Extra time = = =
+
+Before the start of extra time Cardiff made their first substitution of the match , goalscorer Mason was replaced by Filip Kiss . Liverpool had the first chance to score in extra time , but Suarez 's header was cleared off the line by Andrew Taylor . Cardiff appeared to be playing for a penalty shoot @-@ out , as they were positioning the majority of their team behind the ball and in front of their goal . Cardiff captain Hudson was replaced in the 98th minute by Anthony Gerrard after suffering from cramp . Liverpool had another chance in the 101st minute , when a pass by Gerrard was cleared for a corner kick by Taylor . The resulting corner was met by Carroll , but his header was wide of the Cardiff goal . Immediately after the attack Carroll was replaced by Dirk Kuyt . Just before the end of the first half of extra time Liverpool had another chance . Bellamy went past two men down the left hand side of the pitch before exchanging passes with Kuyt , however his subsequent shot went wide .
+
+Just after the start of the second half of extra time Cardiff made their final substitution , replacing McNaughton with Darcy Blake . Two minutes later Kuyt made a run from deep in the Liverpool half , his initial shot was blocked , but the ball rebounded towards him . As the ball came back to him he shot again and the ball went past Heaton and into the Cardiff goal to give Liverpool a 2 – 1 lead . Cardiff were struggling after the goal with a number of their players suffering from cramp . Nevertheless , they had a chance in the 111th minute , when a Gunnarsson long throw was only half @-@ cleared by Liverpool , but they were unable to convert the chance . Towards the end of the half Cardiff began to exert more pressure on Liverpool . Turner , who had been moved into the striker position won a corner for Cardiff , which was punched away by Reina for a throw @-@ in . Cardiff won another from the throw , which found Kiss , whose shot was cleared off the line of the Liverpool goal by Kuyt for another corner . The subsequent corner was headed on by Gunnarsson to Turner , who beat Kuyt to the ball and put his shot past Reina into the Liverpool goal to level the score at 2 – 2 . Turner was shown a yellow card for removing his shirt during the celebration of the goal . Liverpool won a corner with a minute remaining but they were unable to score and the referee brought extra time to an end with the scores level , resulting in a penalty shoot @-@ out .
+
+= = = Penalty shoot @-@ out = = =
+
+Liverpool were the first team to take a penalty , but Gerrard 's effort was saved by Heaton . Cardiff 's first penalty was taken by Miller , but he also missed with his shot hitting the post . Adam took the next penalty for Liverpool , he also missed , placing his shot over the Cardiff goal . Cowie took the next penalty for Cardiff and scored to give them a 1 – 0 lead . Liverpool also scored with their next penalty courtesy of Kuyt to level the shoot @-@ outat 1 – 1 . Gestede was next for Cardiff , but his penalty hit the post . Liverpool took the lead in the shoot @-@ out when Downing converted his penalty . Whittingham was next for Cardiff and he scored to level the shoot @-@ out at 2 – 2 . Johnson took the next penalty for Liverpool and scored , to give Liverpool a 3 – 2 lead and leave Cardiff needing to score or Liverpool would win . The Cardiff was taken by Anthony Gerrard , but he missed his penalty , which meant Liverpool won the shoot @-@ out 3 – 2 and won their eighth League Cup .
+
+= = = Details = = =
+
+= = = Statistics = = =
+
+= = Post match = =
+
+Liverpool 's victory meant they won the trophy for the eighth time , extending their record number of victories in the competition . Midfielder Stewart Downing was awarded the Alan Hardaker Trophy as the man of the match . Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish was delighted to have won the League Cup and was adamant that the club would continue to win trophies : " Although we have won something today , that is not us finished , we don 't want to stop here . We want to keep going . We 've won it and we are going to really enjoy it . I know how much the players have enjoyed it and it gives you a wee flavour to come back and do it again . " The victory meant that Dalglish became the seventh manager to win all three major domestic trophies in English football . Goalscorer Dirk Kuyt was equally delighted to have won the competition : " We wanted this so desperately , this is why I came to Anfield . To get my first medal is great . " Meanwhile , captain Steven Gerrard had mixed emotions , due to his cousin Anthony Gerrard missing the deciding penalty : " One of Anthony or I was going to be sad , one was going to be celebrating . It happens . I 've got mixed emotions at the moment because I feel for Anthony and Cardiff . "
+
+Cardiff manager Malky Mackay was proud of his players despite their defeat : " We wanted to come here and win today but the players have done the club proud , I think today we were playing against a top team and I think we have got a lot to be proud of . " Anthony Gerrard , who missed the decisive penalty took to Twitter to apologise to Cardiff fans stating that the miss would " ... haunt me for the rest of my days ! " Despite Gerrard 's apology , Cardiff goalkeeper Tom Heaton was adamant that none of the players should take the blame for the defeat : " There is definitely no blame attached to any of the lads who missed . They all had the strength of character to stand up and take a penalty in front of 90 @,@ 000 people and the world watching in a pressure situation . They should be credited and congratulated for taking them . Sadly , it wasn ’ t our day . ”
+
+Liverpool 's first match after the final was against Arsenal , a match the club needed to win to stay in touch with the top four . Two goals from Robin van Persie , after Liverpool had scored in the first half meant that Liverpool lost 2 – 1 and were 10 points behind the team in 4th place , which would ensure qualification for the UEFA Champions League the following season . Liverpool 's league form continued to falter after the final ; they won four of their last thirteen matches and ended the season in eighth place . Despite their poor league form , Liverpool reached the final of the FA Cup against Chelsea . But they were unable to win a second trophy and lost 2 – 1 . Cardiff played West Ham United in their first match after the final , which they lost 2 – 0 . Despite the loss , they only needed to win one more in their remaining thirteen matches to finish in 6th place and qualify for the Championship playoffs . They faced third placed West Ham United , in the playoffs , which were contested over two @-@ legs , with one at each team 's home ground . Cardiff were unable to secure a second Wembley final , as West Ham United won 5 – 0 on aggregate .
+
+= Wide Awake in Europe =
+
+Wide Awake in Europe is a live extended play ( EP ) by rock band U2 . The release was created by the organizers of Record Store Day to bring customers into independent record shops for holiday shopping . A limited number of 5 @,@ 000 EPs were produced , and were released on Black Friday in 2010 , mostly to record shops in North America . The EP features three live tracks on a 12 @-@ inch vinyl record , taken from three different concerts during the U2 360 ° Tour in 2009 and 2010 . The EP comprises the songs " I 'll Go Crazy If I Don 't Go Crazy Tonight " , " Moment of Surrender " , and " Mercy " , the latter a previously unreleased track that was debuted on tour .
+
+= = Background and release = =
+
+The potential release of an EP was first announced by U2 bassist Adam Clayton in an August 2010 U2.com video , after stating that the band was not yet ready to release another album . In mid @-@ October , listings for the EP appeared on Amazon.com , with a release date of 22 November . Details of the release were officially announced by website SlicingUpEyeballs.com on 26 October with the track listing and release date information , along with details about its exclusive release to independent record stores , despite its listing on Amazon.com. U2.com officially announced the release on 16 November , and " Moment of Surrender " from the release was streamed on the website exclusively for the site 's subscribers , beginning the following the day . On the day of the EP 's release , U2.com streamed all three tracks for the site 's subscribers for a 48 @-@ hour period .
+
+The EP was created by the creators of Record Store Day for an exclusive release as part of the " Back to Black Friday " program , along over 30 releases from other artists . The program 's objective was to draw customers to independent record shops on Black Friday and throughout the 2010 holiday shopping season , as opposed to big @-@ box stores and shopping malls . The EP was released by Interscope Records on 26 November 2010 , exclusively for independent record shops in the North America , with a select number of copies available in Europe . U2.com stated copies would be available in the United Kingdom and Ireland , although the London newspaper Daily Mail reported that it was only available at Tower Records in Dublin .
+
+The release was limited to 5 @,@ 000 copies , all of which were individually numbered , although some pressings had higher numbers , as jackets damaged during the manufacturing process were destroyed and reprinted with newer numbers . An owner of a Milwaukee , Wisconsin store compared ordering the EP to a roulette , and said he " ordered 15 [ copies ] hoping to get 6 " . Twenty of the copies were given away in a December 2010 sweepstakes for U2.com site subscribers .
+
+Pre @-@ orders for the EP were available from online retailer The Ideal Copy , but had sold out by the end of October , almost a month prior to the release . New Jersey @-@ based retailer Vintage Vinyl Records described the EP as an " Indie @-@ Exclusive Black Friday item " , and also sold pre @-@ orders online , but had ended pre @-@ orders early to ensure copies were available for Black Friday . On the day of its release , several record shops in the US reported Wide Awake in Europe as one of their best @-@ sellers . The EP was sold for around US $ 10 – 20 , but copies were selling on eBay the following day for $ 75 .
+
+= = Content = =
+
+The title and cover of the EP are references to U2 's 1985 EP Wide Awake in America . All the tracks were recorded by Alastair McMillan , and mixed by the EP 's producer , Declan Gaffney .
+
+Side A of the record features " Mercy " , which was debuted during the U2 360 ° Tour in September 2010 . Previously , " Mercy " had leaked online as a track from the sessions for U2 's 2004 album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb , but Wide Awake in Europe was the first official release of the song . The performance included on the EP is taken from band 's concert in Brussels during the month of its debut , and was the fourth @-@ ever live performance of the song .
+
+Side B features performances of " I 'll Go Crazy If I Don 't Go Crazy Tonight " ( from Dublin in July 2009 ) and " Moment of Surrender " ( from Paris in September 2010 ) , both of which are from U2 's 2009 studio album , No Line on the Horizon . The EP 's live version of the " I 'll Go Crazy " live remix from Dublin was previously released on the 2009 U2.com member @-@ exclusive remix album , Artificial Horizon , and was remixed by Redanka and Dirty South . The track also features a clip of " Beshno Az Ney / Windfall " by Sussan Deyhim .
+
+In a review published by Sputnikmusic two weeks after Wide Awake in Europe 's release , critic Irving Tan praised the EP , stating how " Mercy " was " the biggest treat to fans " , while the " I 'll Go Crazy " remix gives the EP a " party vibe " , and that " Moment of Surrender " " manages to be hopeful , glorious , and resplendent all at once " . Tan concluded by saying that the EP sends a message of the band 's " youthful defiance " and stated that he looks forward to U2 's fourth decade .
+
+= = Track listing = =
+
+All lyrics written by Bono , all music composed by U2 .
+
+= = Personnel = =
+
+Production – Declan Gaffney
+
+Recording – Alastair McMillan
+
+Mixing – Declan Gaffney , Russell Fawcus ( assistance on " I 'll Go Crazy If I Don 't Go Crazy Tonight " )
+
+Mastering – Scott Sedillo at Bernie Grundman Mastering
+
+Audio post production – Cheryl Engles at Partial Productions
+
+Photography – Aaron Harris
+
+Sleeve design – Shaughn McGrath at Amp Visual
+
+= The Quest Begins =
+
+The Quest Begins is the first novel in the Seekers series . It was written by Erin Hunter , which is a pseudonym used by authors Cherith Baldry , Kate Cary , Tui Sutherland and editor Victoria Holmes . The novel follows the adventures of four bears , Toklo , Kallik , Lusa and Ujurak . Each bear is stranded by themselves in the wild and must learn to survive . The declining environment of the bears is the main theme conveyed throughout the novel . Like the Warriors series also written by Erin Hunter , Seekers began as a request from HarperCollins who requested another animal story . The company and Victoria Holmes agreed to write about bears after discarding dogs , horses and dolphins . The novel was released in the US on 27 May 2008 and has also been released in the UK , Canada and translated into Russian . Critical reception was positive with reviewers praising the realistic behaviour of the bears .
+
+= = Development and publication = =
+
+= = = Conception = = =
+
+The Quest Begins began as a request from HarperCollins who wanted Victoria Holmes , editor and creator of the Warriors series which followed the adventures of feral cats , to write another series about animals . The company suggested dogs to Holmes , but the idea was rejected since dogs behave very similarly to the cats in the Warriors series . Both horses and dolphins were suggested , but rejected due to their tendency to run away rather than fight and the slowness of battles underwater . Out of ideas , HarperCollins consulted with Holmes on what she wanted to write about . After a bit of thinking Holmes replied , " BEARS ! They live much more solitary lifestyles than cats , they are wild through and through with no history of domestication whatsoever ( performing bears don ’ t count ) , and they are much bigger animals , with a whole lot more potential for fighting " .
+
+= = = Publication history = = =
+
+The Quest Begins was first featured on the HarperCollin 's FirstLook Program in November 2007 . Readers who signed up for the program had a chance to read an early edition of this book , an Advanced Reader 's Copy , before it was published in stores . The Quest Begins was released in the US on 27 May 2008 . The book was also released as a paperback on 10 February 2009 and an e @-@ book on 6 October 2009 .
+
+The books have also been released in the UK and Canada . Canada received the first book on 25 May 2008 . The first three books have also been translated into Russian .
+
+= = Plot summary = =
+
+The novel follows the adventure of four bears , Kallik ( a polar bear ) , Lusa ( a black bear ) , Toklo ( a brown bear ) and Ujurak ( a brown bear ) .
+
+The novel first follows Kallik who lives with her mother and brother . However , they are separated on ice when a group of killer whales attacks them and Kallik must survive by herself . On her own , Kallik decides to go to a gathering place for polar bears that her mom told her about . At the gathering , Kallik asks other polar bears if they have seen her brother , but no one has . Alone , Kallik meets a female bear Nanuk who helps Kallik around the area . However , Nanuk is killed by a helicopter crash shipping her and Kallik back to the wild . Before she dies , Nanuk tells Kallik about a place where the ice never melts . Hearing this , Kallik sets off to this place .
+
+Somewhere is the Rocky Mountains in southern Canada , Toklo 's mom is bringing Toklo and his sickly brother to a river to teach them how to catch salmon . However , in insanity , Toklo 's mom abandons Toklo after a mental break because his brother died . Now Toklo must survive on his own , just like Kallik . Wandering randomly , Toklo gets chased by human hunters and then meets a bear who is also getting chased by hunters . The bear gets injured , but they make it to safety and requests that Toklo to retrieve certain herbs , which he does . The bear turns into a human and later introduces himself as Ujurak . It is revealed that Ujurak is a Shapeshifter , to Toklo 's disbelief , before turning back into a bear . The two end up traveling together .
+
+Lusa is a pampered black bear living in the Bear Bowl , a zoo in Canada . Despite knowing that the wilderness is harsh , Lusa has dreams about one day escaping and living outside . Her father , King , once lived in the wild and is strongly against Lusa 's idea . One day , Toklo 's mom is brought into the Bear Bowl . She talks with Lusa about how much she regretted abandoning her cubs , but that it was too late and that she couldn 't find them . Hearing this , Lusa decides to bring a message to Toklo about how sorry his mother is . Although Lusa succeeds in escaping , she realizes the dangers of the wild . At the end of the story , Ujurak and Toklo meet up with Lusa .
+
+= = Style and themes = =
+
+The novel is written in a similar style to the Warriors series . Holly Koelling from Booklist notes that " Despite the change in species , much will be familiar to readers . Alternating narratives tell the tales of three young bear cubs , who will be brought together in future installments " . Nancy Gilson from the Columbus Dispatch praised how easily the separate stories are handled and noticed how many chapters end on a cliffhanger .
+
+The main theme addressed throughout the novel is decline of the environment and habitats of the bears . In the novel , Kallik watches her mother die by a pod of killer whales while Toklo is abandoned by his mother . Koelling realised how " Each tale touches on environmental issues " . Publishers Weekly noted how the " bears ' struggle to survive , along with Hunter 's environmental theme " . At the same time , older bears are " comforted by their belief in mythical bear spirits as they navigate the harsh realities of life in the wild " . Jennifer @-@ Lynn Draper from School Library Journal recognised that " The bears ' declining habitat is evident , and often throughout their journey the animals have to dodge cars and humans with guns " . Gilson noticed that every adventure " involves hunger , hardship and the loss of family that turns the young bears into solitary travelers " . Gilson also noted the environmental theme writing " This one offers prominent themes about the dangers of global warming and diminished wild places " .
+
+= = Critical reception = =
+
+The Quest Begins reached number 6 on Publishers Weekly 's Children 's Fiction Bestsellers during the week of 9 June 2008 . The novel was also chosen as number 9 on Al Roker 's Al 's Book Club on The Today Show .
+
+Reception to the novel was positive and many reviewers praised the realistic setting and behaviours of the main characters . Koelling noted how the novel has a balance of cute anthropomorphic characterisation and also gives a realistic view of how hard it is for the bears to survive on their own . Koelling also recommended the novel to Warriors fans . Kirkus Reviews praised how " Hunter creates a richly sensuous world filled with cruelty , beauty , tenderness , savagery and just enough underlying legendary background to add mystery " , but felt that there is little advancement of the plot due to the time introducing and developing the characters . Still , the reviewer felt that the novel would appeal the animal fantasy lovers for the its extreme detail . Publishers Weekly found the novel written more loosely than the Warriors series , but still appealing to readers as they follow the bears survival . Draper praised the fast pace and how Erin Hunter " is apt at creating and sustaining the adrenaline @-@ charged mood of these youngsters on their own " . Matt Berman , writing for Half Moon Bay Review , praised the cliffhanger ending which would invite in more readers for the second novel , but felt that Warriors fans would be disappointed while " animal lovers will find this story ’ s mix of anthropomorphism and realism appealing , and Hunter may find an entirely new audience " .
+
+= Ancient Egyptian literature =
+
+Ancient Egyptian literature was written in the Egyptian language from ancient Egypt 's pharaonic period until the end of Roman domination . It represents the oldest corpus of Egyptian literature . Along with Sumerian literature , it is considered the world 's earliest literature .
+
+Writing in ancient Egypt — both hieroglyphic and hieratic — first appeared in the late 4th millennium BC during the late phase of predynastic Egypt . By the Old Kingdom ( 26th century BC to 22nd century BC ) , literary works included funerary texts , epistles and letters , hymns and poems , and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials . It was not until the early Middle Kingdom ( 21st century BC to 17th century BC ) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created . This was a " media revolution " which , according to Richard B. Parkinson , was the result of the rise of an intellectual class of scribes , new cultural sensibilities about individuality , unprecedented levels of literacy , and mainstream access to written materials . However , it is possible that the overall literacy rate was less than one percent of the entire population . The creation of literature was thus an elite exercise , monopolized by a scribal class attached to government offices and the royal court of the ruling pharaoh . However , there is no full consensus among modern scholars concerning the dependence of ancient Egyptian literature on the sociopolitical order of the royal courts .
+
+Middle Egyptian , the spoken language of the Middle Kingdom , became a classical language during the New Kingdom ( 16th century BC to 11th century BC ) , when the vernacular language known as Late Egyptian first appeared in writing . Scribes of the New Kingdom canonized and copied many literary texts written in Middle Egyptian , which remained the language used for oral readings of sacred hieroglyphic texts . Some genres of Middle Kingdom literature , such as " teachings " and fictional tales , remained popular in the New Kingdom , although the genre of prophetic texts was not revived until the Ptolemaic period ( 4th century BC to 1st century BC ) . Popular tales included the Story of Sinuhe and The Eloquent Peasant , while important teaching texts include the Instructions of Amenemhat and The Loyalist Teaching . By the New Kingdom period , the writing of commemorative graffiti on sacred temple and tomb walls flourished as a unique genre of literature , yet it employed formulaic phrases similar to other genres . The acknowledgment of rightful authorship remained important only in a few genres , while texts of the " teaching " genre were pseudonymous and falsely attributed to prominent historical figures .
+
+Ancient Egyptian literature has been preserved on a wide variety of media . This includes papyrus scrolls and packets , limestone or ceramic ostraca , wooden writing boards , monumental stone edifices and coffins . Texts preserved and unearthed by modern archaeologists represent a small fraction of ancient Egyptian literary material . The area of the floodplain of the Nile is under @-@ represented because the moist environment is unsuitable for the preservation of papyri and ink inscriptions . On the other hand , hidden caches of literature , buried for thousands of years , have been discovered in settlements on the dry desert margins of Egyptian civilization .
+
+= = Scripts , media , and languages = =
+
+= = = Hieroglyphs , hieratic , and Demotic = = =
+
+By the Early Dynastic Period in the late 4th millennium BC , Egyptian hieroglyphs and their cursive form hieratic were well @-@ established written scripts . Egyptian hieroglyphs are small artistic pictures of natural objects . For example , the hieroglyph for door @-@ bolt , pronounced se , produced the s sound ; when this hieroglyph was combined with another or multiple hieroglyphs , it produced a combination of sounds that could represent abstract concepts like sorrow , happiness , beauty , and evil . The Narmer Palette , dated c . 3100 BC during the last phase of Predynastic Egypt , combines the hieroglyphs for catfish and chisel to produce the name of King Narmer .
+
+The Egyptians called their hieroglyphs " words of god " and reserved their use for exalted purposes , such as communicating with divinities and spirits of the dead through funerary texts . Each hieroglyphic word both represented a specific object and embodied the essence of that object , recognizing it as divinely made and belonging within the greater cosmos . Through acts of priestly ritual , like burning incense , the priest allowed spirits and deities to read the hieroglyphs decorating the surfaces of temples . In funerary texts beginning in and following the Twelfth dynasty , the Egyptians believed that disfiguring , and even omitting certain hieroglyphs , brought consequences , either good or bad , for a deceased tomb occupant whose spirit relied on the texts as a source of nourishment in the afterlife . Mutilating the hieroglyph of a venomous snake , or other dangerous animal , removed a potential threat . However , removing every instance of the hieroglyphs representing a deceased person 's name would deprive his or her soul of the ability to read the funerary texts and condemn that soul to an inanimate existence .
+
+Hieratic is a simplified , cursive form of Egyptian hieroglyphs . Like hieroglyphs , hieratic was used in sacred and religious texts . By the 1st millennium BC , calligraphic hieratic became the script predominantly used in funerary papyri and temple rolls . Whereas the writing of hieroglyphs required the utmost precision and care , cursive hieratic could be written much more quickly and was therefore more practical for scribal record @-@ keeping . Its primary purpose was to serve as a shorthand script for non @-@ royal , non @-@ monumental , and less formal writings such as private letters , legal documents , poems , tax records , medical texts , mathematical treatises , and instructional guides . Hieratic could be written in two different styles ; one was more calligraphic and usually reserved for government records and literary manuscripts , the other was used for informal accounts and letters .
+
+By the mid @-@ 1st millennium BC , hieroglyphs and hieratic were still used for royal , monumental , religious , and funerary writings , while a new , even more cursive script was used for informal , day @-@ to @-@ day writing : Demotic . The final script adopted by the ancient Egyptians was the Coptic alphabet , a revised version of the Greek alphabet . Coptic became the standard in the 4th century AD when Christianity became the state religion throughout the Roman Empire ; hieroglyphs were discarded as idolatrous images of a pagan tradition , unfit for writing the Biblical canon .
+
+= = = Writing implements and materials = = =
+
+Egyptian literature was produced on a variety of media . Along with the chisel , necessary for making inscriptions on stone , the chief writing tool of ancient Egypt was the reed pen , a reed fashioned into a stem with a bruised , brush @-@ like end . With pigments of carbon black and red ochre , the reed pen was used to write on scrolls of papyrus — a thin material made from beating together strips of pith from the Cyperus papyrus plant — as well as on small ceramic or limestone ostraca known as potsherds . It is thought that papyrus rolls were moderately expensive commercial items , since many are palimpsests , manuscripts that have their original contents erased to make room for new written works . This , alongside tearing off pieces of papyrus documents to make smaller letters , suggests that there were seasonal shortages caused by the limited growing season of Cyperus papyrus . It also explains the frequent use of ostraca and limestone flakes as writing media for shorter written works . In addition to stone , ceramic ostraca , and papyrus , writing media also included wood , ivory , and plaster .
+
+By the Roman Period of Egypt , the traditional Egyptian reed pen had been replaced by the chief writing tool of the Greco @-@ Roman world : a shorter , thicker reed pen with a cut nib . Likewise , the original Egyptian pigments were discarded in favor of Greek lead @-@ based inks . The adoption of Greco @-@ Roman writing tools influenced Egyptian handwriting , as hieratic signs became more spaced , had rounder flourishes , and greater angular precision .
+
+= = = Preservation of written material = = =
+
+Underground Egyptian tombs built in the desert provide possibly the most protective environment for the preservation of papyrus documents . For example , there are many well @-@ preserved Book of the Dead funerary papyri placed in tombs to act as afterlife guides for the souls of the deceased tomb occupants . However , it was only customary during the late Middle Kingdom and first half of the New Kingdom to place non @-@ religious papyri in burial chambers . Thus , the majority of well @-@ preserved literary papyri are dated to this period .
+
+Most settlements in ancient Egypt were situated on the alluvium of the Nile floodplain . This moist environment was unfavorable for long @-@ term preservation of papyrus documents . Archaeologists have discovered a larger quantity of papyrus documents in desert settlements on land elevated above the floodplain , and in settlements that lacked irrigation works , such as Elephantine , El @-@ Lahun , and El @-@ Hiba .
+
+Writings on more permanent media have also been lost in several ways . Stones with inscriptions were frequently re @-@ used as building materials , and ceramic ostraca require a dry environment to ensure the preservation of the ink on their surfaces . Whereas papyrus rolls and packets were usually stored in boxes for safekeeping , ostraca were routinely discarded in waste pits ; one such pit was discovered by chance at the Ramesside @-@ era village of Deir el @-@ Medina , and has yielded the majority of known private letters on ostraca . Documents found at this site include letters , hymns , fictional narratives , recipes , business receipts , and wills and testaments . Penelope Wilson describes this archaeological find as the equivalent of sifting through a modern landfill or waste container . She notes that the inhabitants of Deir el @-@ Medina were incredibly literate by ancient Egyptian standards , and cautions that such finds only come " ... in rarefied circumstances and in particular conditions . "
+
+John W. Tait stresses , " Egyptian material survives in a very uneven fashion ... the unevenness of survival comprises both time and space . " For instance , there is a dearth of written material from all periods from the Nile Delta but an abundance at western Thebes , dating from its heyday . He notes that while some texts were copied numerous times , others survive from a single copy ; for example , there is only one complete surviving copy of the Tale of the shipwrecked sailor from the Middle Kingdom . However , Tale of the shipwrecked sailor also appears in fragments of texts on ostraca from the New Kingdom . Many other literary works survive only in fragments or through incomplete copies of lost originals .
+
+= = = Classical , Middle , Late , and Demotic Egyptian language = = =
+
+Although writing first appeared during the very late 4th millennium BC , it was only used to convey short names and labels ; connected strings of text did not appear until about 2600 BC , at the beginning of the Old Kingdom . This development marked the beginning of the first known phase of the Egyptian language : Old Egyptian . Old Egyptian remained a spoken language until about 2100 BC , when , during the beginning of the Middle Kingdom , it evolved into Middle Egyptian . While Middle Egyptian was closely related to Old Egyptian , Late Egyptian was significantly different in grammatical structure . Late Egyptian possibly appeared as a vernacular language as early as 1600 BC , but was not used as a written language until c . 1300 BC during the Amarna Period of the New Kingdom . Late Egyptian evolved into Demotic by the 7th century BC , and although Demotic remained a spoken language until the 5th century AD , it was gradually replaced by Coptic beginning in the 1st century AD .
+
+Hieratic was used alongside hieroglyphs for writing in Old and Middle Egyptian , becoming the dominant form of writing in Late Egyptian . By the New Kingdom and throughout the rest of ancient Egyptian history , Middle Egyptian became a classical language that was usually reserved for reading and writing in hieroglyphs . For the rest of ancient Egyptian history , Middle Egyptian remained the spoken language for more exalted forms of literature , such as historical records , commemorative autobiographies , hymns , and funerary spells . However , Middle Kingdom literature written in Middle Egyptian was also rewritten in hieratic during later periods .
+
+= = Literary functions : social , religious and educational = =
+
+Throughout ancient Egyptian history , reading and writing were the main requirements for serving in public office , although government officials were assisted in their day @-@ to @-@ day work by an elite , literate social group known as scribes . As evidenced by Papyrus Anastasi I of the Ramesside Period , scribes could even be expected , according to Wilson , " ... to organize the excavation of a lake and the building of a brick ramp , to establish the number of men needed to transport an obelisk and to arrange the provisioning of a military mission " . Besides government employment , scribal services in drafting letters , sales documents , and legal documents would have been frequently sought by illiterate people . Literate people are thought to have comprised only 1 % of the population , the remainder being illiterate farmers , herdsmen , artisans , and other laborers , as well as merchants who required the assistance of scribal secretaries . The privileged status of the scribe over illiterate manual laborers was the subject of a popular Ramesside Period instructional text , The Satire of the Trades , where lowly , undesirable occupations , for example , potter , fisherman , laundry man , and soldier , were mocked and the scribal profession praised . A similar demeaning attitude towards the illiterate is expressed in the Middle Kingdom Teaching of Khety , which is used to reinforce the scribes ' elevated position within the social hierarchy .
+
+The scribal class was the social group responsible for maintaining , transmitting , and canonizing literary classics , and writing new compositions . Classic works , such as the Story of Sinuhe and Instructions of Amenemhat , were copied by schoolboys as pedagogical exercises in writing and to instill the required ethical and moral values that distinguished the scribal social class . Wisdom texts of the " teaching " genre represent the majority of pedagogical texts written on ostraca during the Middle Kingdom ; narrative tales , such as Sinuhe and King Neferkare and General Sasenet , were rarely copied for school exercises until the New Kingdom . William Kelly Simpson describes narrative tales such as Sinuhe and The shipwrecked sailor as " ... instructions or teachings in the guise of narratives " , since the main protagonists of such stories embodied the accepted virtues of the day , such as love of home or self @-@ reliance .
+
+There are some known instances where those outside the scribal profession were literate and had access to classical literature . Menena , a draughtsman working at Deir el @-@ Medina during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt , quoted passages from the Middle Kingdom narratives Eloquent Peasant and Tale of the shipwrecked sailor in an instructional letter reprimanding his disobedient son . Menena 's Ramesside contemporary Hori , the scribal author of the satirical letter in Papyrus Anastasi I , admonished his addressee for quoting the Instruction of Hardjedef in the unbecoming manner of a non @-@ scribal , semi @-@ educated person . Hans @-@ Werner Fischer @-@ Elfert further explains this perceived amateur affront to orthodox literature :
+
+What may be revealed by Hori 's attack on the way in which some Ramesside scribes felt obliged to demonstrate their greater or lesser acquaintance with ancient literature is the conception that these venerable works were meant to be known in full and not to be misused as quarries for popular sayings mined deliberately from the past . The classics of the time were to be memorized completely and comprehended thoroughly before being cited .
+
+There is scant but solid evidence in Egyptian literature and art for the practice of oral reading of texts to audiences . The oral performance word " to recite " ( šdj ) was usually associated with biographies , letters , and spells . Singing ( ḥsj ) was meant for praise songs , love songs , funerary laments , and certain spells . Discourses such as the Prophecy of Neferti suggest that compositions were meant for oral reading among elite gatherings . In the 1st millennium BC Demotic short story cycle centered on the deeds of Petiese , the stories begin with the phrase " The voice which is before Pharaoh " , which indicates that an oral speaker and audience was involved in the reading of the text . A fictional audience of high government officials and members of the royal court are mentioned in some texts , but a wider , non @-@ literate audience may have been involved . For example , a funerary stela of Senusret I ( r . 1971 – 1926 BC ) explicitly mentions people who will gather and listen to a scribe who " recites " the stela inscriptions out loud .
+
+Literature also served religious purposes . Beginning with the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom , works of funerary literature written on tomb walls , and later on coffins , and papyri placed within tombs , were designed to protect and nurture souls in their afterlife . This included the use of magical spells , incantations , and lyrical hymns . Copies of non @-@ funerary literary texts found in non @-@ royal tombs suggest that the dead could entertain themselves in the afterlife by reading these teaching texts and narrative tales . See also Egyptian influences in the Hebrew Bible .
+
+Although the creation of literature was predominantly a male scribal pursuit , some works are thought to have been written by women . For example , several references to women writing letters and surviving private letters sent and received by women have been found . However , Edward F. Wente asserts that , even with explicit references to women reading letters , it is possible that women employed others to write documents .
+
+= = Dating , setting , and authorship = =
+
+Richard B. Parkinson and Ludwig D. Morenz write that ancient Egyptian literature — narrowly defined as belles @-@ lettres ( " beautiful writing " ) — was not recorded in written form until the early Twelfth dynasty of the Middle Kingdom . Old Kingdom texts served mainly to maintain the divine cults , preserve souls in the afterlife , and document accounts for practical uses in daily life . It was not until the Middle Kingdom that texts were written for the purpose of entertainment and intellectual curiosity . Parkinson and Morenz also speculate that written works of the Middle Kingdom were transcriptions of the oral literature of the Old Kingdom . It is known that some oral poetry was preserved in later writing ; for example , litter @-@ bearers ' songs were preserved as written verses in tomb inscriptions of the Old Kingdom .
+
+Dating texts by methods of palaeography , the study of handwriting , is problematic because of differing styles of hieratic script . The use of orthography , the study of writing systems and symbol usage , is also problematic , since some texts ' authors may have copied the characteristic style of an older archetype . Fictional accounts were often set in remote historical settings , the use of contemporary settings in fiction being a relatively recent phenomenon . The style of a text provides little help in determining an exact date for its composition , as genre and authorial choice might be more concerned with the mood of a text than the era in which it was written . For example , authors of the Middle Kingdom could set fictional wisdom texts in the golden age of the Old Kingdom ( e.g. Kagemni , Ptahhotep , and the prologue of Neferti ) , or they could write fictional accounts placed in a chaotic age resembling more the problematic life of the First Intermediate Period ( e.g. Merykare and The Eloquent Peasant ) . Other fictional texts are set in illo tempore ( in an indeterminable era ) and usually contain timeless themes .
+
+Parkinson writes that nearly all literary texts were pseudonymous , and frequently falsely attributed to well @-@ known male protagonists of earlier history , such as kings and viziers . Only the literary genres of " teaching " and " laments / discourses " contain works attributed to historical authors ; texts in genres such as " narrative tales " were never attributed to a well @-@ known historical person . Tait asserts that during the Classical Period of Egypt , " Egyptian scribes constructed their own view of the history of the role of scribes and of the ' authorship ' of texts " , but during the Late Period , this role was instead maintained by the religious elite attached to the temples .
+
+There are a few exceptions to the rule of pseudonymity . The real authors of some Ramesside Period teaching texts were acknowledged , but these cases are rare , localized , and do not typify mainstream works . Those who wrote private and sometimes model letters were acknowledged as the original authors . Private letters could be used in courts of law as testimony , since a person 's unique handwriting could be identified as authentic . Private letters received or written by the pharaoh were sometimes inscribed in hieroglyphics on stone monuments to celebrate kingship , while kings ' decrees inscribed on stone stelas were often made public .
+
+= = Literary genres and subjects = =
+
+Modern Egyptologists categorize Egyptian texts into genres , for example " laments / discourses " and narrative tales . The only genre of literature named as such by the ancient Egyptians was the " teaching " or sebayt genre . Parkinson states that the titles of a work , its opening statement , or key words found in the body of text should be used as indicators of its particular genre . Only the genre of " narrative tales " employed prose , yet many of the works of that genre , as well as those of other genres , were written in verse . Most ancient Egyptian verses were written in couplet form , but sometimes triplets and quatrains were used .
+
+= = = Instructions and teachings = = =
+
+The " instructions " or " teaching " genre , as well as the genre of " reflective discourses " , can be grouped in the larger corpus of wisdom literature found in the ancient Near East . The genre is didactic in nature and is thought to have formed part of the Middle Kingdom scribal education syllabus . However , teaching texts often incorporate narrative elements that can instruct as well as entertain . Parkinson asserts that there is evidence that teaching texts were not created primarily for use in scribal education , but for ideological purposes . For example , Adolf Erman ( 1854 – 1937 ) writes that the fictional instruction given by Amenemhat I ( r . 1991 – 1962 BC ) to his sons " ... far exceeds the bounds of school philosophy , and there is nothing whatever to do with school in a great warning his children to be loyal to the king " . While narrative literature , embodied in works such as The Eloquent Peasant , emphasize the individual hero who challenges society and its accepted ideologies , the teaching texts instead stress the need to comply with society 's accepted dogmas .
+
+Key words found in teaching texts include " to know " ( rh ) and " teach " ( sba.yt ) . These texts usually adopt the formulaic title structure of " the instruction of X made for Y " , where " X " can be represented by an authoritative figure ( such as a vizier or king ) providing moral guidance to his son ( s ) . It is sometimes difficult to determine how many fictional addressees are involved in these teachings , since some texts switch between singular and plural when referring to their audiences .
+
+Examples of the " teaching " genre include the Maxims of Ptahhotep , Instructions of Kagemni , Teaching for King Merykare , Instructions of Amenemhat , Instruction of Hardjedef , Loyalist Teaching , and Instructions of Amenemope . Teaching texts that have survived from the Middle Kingdom were written on papyrus manuscripts . No educational ostraca from the Middle Kingdom have survived . The earliest schoolboy 's wooden writing board , with a copy of a teaching text ( i.e. Ptahhotep ) , dates to the Eighteenth dynasty . Ptahhotep and Kagemni are both found on the Prisse Papyrus , which was written during the Twelfth dynasty of the Middle Kingdom . The entire Loyalist Teaching survives only in manuscripts from the New Kingdom , although the entire first half is preserved on a Middle Kingdom biographical stone stela commemorating the Twelfth dynasty official Sehetepibre . Merykare , Amenemhat , and Hardjedef are genuine Middle Kingdom works , but only survive in later New Kingdom copies . Amenemope is a New Kingdom compilation .
+
+= = = Narrative tales and stories = = =
+
+The genre of " tales and stories " is probably the least represented genre from surviving literature of the Middle Kingdom and Middle Egyptian . In Late Egyptian literature , " tales and stories " comprise the majority of surviving literary works dated from the Ramesside Period of the New Kingdom into the Late Period . Major narrative works from the Middle Kingdom include the Tale of the Court of King Cheops , King Neferkare and General Sasenet , The Eloquent Peasant , Story of Sinuhe , and Tale of the shipwrecked sailor . The New Kingdom corpus of tales includes the Quarrel of Apepi and Seqenenre , Taking of Joppa , Tale of the doomed prince , Tale of Two Brothers , and the Report of Wenamun . Stories from the 1st millennium BC written in Demotic include the story of the Famine Stela ( set in the Old Kingdom , although written during the Ptolemaic dynasty ) and short story cycles of the Ptolemaic and Roman periods that transform well @-@ known historical figures such as Khaemweset ( Nineteenth Dynasty ) and Inaros ( First Persian Period ) into fictional , legendary heroes . This is contrasted with many stories written in Late Egyptian , whose authors frequently chose divinities as protagonists and mythological places as settings .
+
+Parkinson defines tales as " ... non @-@ commemorative , non @-@ functional , fictional narratives " that usually employ the key word " narrate " ( sdd ) . He describes it as the most open @-@ ended genre , since the tales often incorporate elements of other literary genres . For example , Morenz describes the opening section of the foreign adventure tale Sinuhe as a " ... funerary self @-@ presentation " that parodies the typical autobiography found on commemorative funerary stelas . The autobiography is for a courier whose service began under Amenemhat I. Simpson states that the death of Amenemhat I in the report given by his son , coregent , and successor Senusret I ( r . 1971 – 1926 BC ) to the army in the beginning of Sinuhe is " ... excellent propaganda " . Morenz describes The shipwrecked sailor as an expeditionary report and a travel @-@ narrative myth . Simpson notes the literary device of the story within a story in The shipwrecked sailor may provide " ... the earliest examples of a narrative quarrying report " . With the setting of a magical desert island , and a character who is a talking snake , The shipwrecked sailor may also be classified as a fairy tale . While stories like Sinuhe , Taking of Joppa , and the Doomed prince contain fictional portrayals of Egyptians abroad , the Report of Wenamun is most likely based on a true account of an Egyptian who traveled to Byblos in Phoenicia to obtain cedar for shipbuilding during the reign of Ramesses XI .
+
+Narrative tales and stories are most often found on papyri , but partial and sometimes complete texts are found on ostraca . For example , Sinuhe is found on five papyri composed during the Twelfth and Thirteenth dynasties . This text was later copied numerous times on ostraca during the Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties , with one ostraca containing the complete text on both sides .
+
+= = = Laments , discourses , dialogues , and prophecies = = =
+
+The Middle Kingdom genre of " prophetic texts " , also known as " laments " , " discourses " , " dialogues " , and " apocalyptic literature " , include such works as the Admonitions of Ipuwer , Prophecy of Neferti , and Dispute between a man and his Ba . This genre had no known precedent in the Old Kingdom and no known original compositions were produced in the New Kingdom . However , works like Prophecy of Neferti were frequently copied during the Ramesside Period of the New Kingdom , when this Middle Kingdom genre was canonized but discontinued . Egyptian prophetic literature underwent a revival during the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty and Roman period of Egypt with works such as the Demotic Chronicle , Oracle of the Lamb , Oracle of the Potter , and two prophetic texts that focus on Nectanebo II ( r . 360 – 343 BC ) as a protagonist . Along with " teaching " texts , these reflective discourses ( key word mdt ) are grouped with the wisdom literature category of the ancient Near East .
+
+In Middle Kingdom texts , connecting themes include a pessimistic outlook , descriptions of social and religious change , and great disorder throughout the land , taking the form of a syntactic " then @-@ now " verse formula . Although these texts are usually described as laments , Neferti digresses from this model , providing a positive solution to a problematic world . Although it survives only in later copies from the Eighteenth dynasty onward , Parkinson asserts that , due to obvious political content , Neferti was originally written during or shortly after the reign of Amenemhat I. Simpson calls it " ... a blatant political pamphlet designed to support the new regime " of the Twelfth dynasty founded by Amenemhat , who usurped the throne from the Mentuhotep line of the Eleventh dynasty . In the narrative discourse , Sneferu ( r . 2613 – 2589 BC ) of the Fourth dynasty summons to court the sage and lector priest Neferti . Neferti entertains the king with prophecies that the land will enter into a chaotic age , alluding to the First Intermediate Period , only to be restored to its former glory by a righteous king — Ameny — whom the ancient Egyptian would readily recognize as Amenemhat I. A similar model of a tumultuous world transformed into a golden age by a savior king was adopted for the Lamb and Potter , although for their audiences living under Roman domination , the savior was yet to come .
+
+Although written during the Twelfth dynasty , Ipuwer only survives from a Nineteenth dynasty papyrus . However , A man and his Ba is found on an original Twelfth dynasty papyrus , Papyrus Berlin 3024 . These two texts resemble other discourses in style , tone , and subject matter , although they are unique in that the fictional audiences are given very active roles in the exchange of dialogue . In Ipuwer , a sage addresses an unnamed king and his attendants , describing the miserable state of the land , which he blames on the king 's inability to uphold royal virtues . This can be seen either as a warning to kings or as a legitimization of the current dynasty , contrasting it with the supposedly turbulent period that preceded it . In A man and his Ba , a man recounts for an audience a conversation with his ba ( a component of the Egyptian soul ) on whether to continue living in despair or to seek death as an escape from misery .
+
+= = = Poems , songs , hymns , and afterlife texts = = =
+
+The funerary stone slab stela was first produced during the early Old Kingdom . Usually found in mastaba tombs , they combined raised @-@ relief artwork with inscriptions bearing the name of the deceased , their official titles ( if any ) , and invocations .
+
+Funerary poems were thought to preserve a monarch 's soul in death . The Pyramid Texts are the earliest surviving religious literature incorporating poetic verse . These texts do not appear in tombs or pyramids originating before the reign of Unas ( r . 2375 – 2345 BC ) , who had the Pyramid of Unas built at Saqqara . The Pyramid Texts are chiefly concerned with the function of preserving and nurturing the soul of the sovereign in the afterlife . This aim eventually included safeguarding both the sovereign and his subjects in the afterlife . A variety of textual traditions evolved from the original Pyramid Texts : the Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom , the so @-@ called Book of the Dead , Litany of Ra , and Amduat written on papyri from the New Kingdom until the end of ancient Egyptian civilization .
+
+Poems were also written to celebrate kingship . For example , at the Precinct of Amun @-@ Re at Karnak , Thutmose III ( r . 1479 – 1425 BC ) of the Eighteenth dynasty erected a stela commemorating his military victories in which the gods bless Thutmose in poetic verse and ensure for him victories over his enemies . In addition to stone stelas , poems have been found on wooden writing boards used by schoolboys . Besides the glorification of kings , poems were written to honor various deities , and even the Nile .
+
+Surviving hymns and songs from the Old Kingdom include the morning greeting hymns to the gods in their respective temples . A cycle of Middle @-@ Kingdom songs dedicated to Senusret III ( r . 1878 – 1839 BC ) have been discovered at El @-@ Lahun . Erman considers these to be secular songs used to greet the pharaoh at Memphis , while Simpson considers them to be religious in nature but affirms that the division between religious and secular songs is not very sharp . The Harper 's Song , the lyrics found on a tombstone of the Middle Kingdom and on Papyrus Harris 500 from the New Kingdom , was to be performed for dinner guests at formal banquets .
+
+During the reign of Akhenaten ( r . 1353 – 1336 BC ) , the Great Hymn to the Aten — preserved in tombs of Amarna , including the tomb of Ay — was written to the Aten , the sun @-@ disk deity given exclusive patronage during his reign . Simpson compares this composition 's wording and sequence of ideas to those of Psalm 104 .
+
+Only a single poetic hymn in the Demotic script has been preserved . However , there are many surviving examples of Late @-@ Period Egyptian hymns written in hieroglyphs on temple walls .
+
+No Egyptian love song has been dated from before the New Kingdom , these being written in Late Egyptian , although it is speculated that they existed in previous times . Erman compares the love songs to the Song of Songs , citing the labels " sister " and " brother " that lovers used to address each other .
+
+= = = Private letters , model letters , and epistles = = =
+
+The ancient Egyptian model letters and epistles are grouped into a single literary genre . Papyrus rolls sealed with mud stamps were used for long @-@ distance letters , while ostraca were frequently used to write shorter , non @-@ confidential letters sent to recipients located nearby . Letters of royal or official correspondence , originally written in hieratic , were sometimes given the exalted status of being inscribed on stone in hieroglyphs . The various texts written by schoolboys on wooden writing boards include model letters . Private letters could be used as epistolary model letters for schoolboys to copy , including letters written by their teachers or their families . However , these models were rarely featured in educational manuscripts ; instead fictional letters found in numerous manuscripts were used . The common epistolary formula used in these model letters was " The official A. saith to the scribe B " .
+
+The oldest @-@ known private letters on papyrus were found in a funerary temple dating to the reign of Djedkare @-@ Izezi ( r . 2414 – 2375 BC ) of the Fifth dynasty . More letters are dated to the Sixth dynasty , when the epistle subgenre began . The educational text Book of Kemit , dated to the Eleventh dynasty , contains a list of epistolary greetings and a narrative with an ending in letter form and suitable terminology for use in commemorative biographies . Other letters of the early Middle Kingdom have also been found to use epistolary formulas similar to the Book of Kemit . The Heqanakht papyri , written by a gentleman farmer , date to the Eleventh dynasty and represent some of the lengthiest private letters known to have been written in ancient Egypt .
+
+During the late Middle Kingdom , greater standardization of the epistolary formula can be seen , for example in a series of model letters taken from dispatches sent to the Semna fortress of Nubia during the reign of Amenemhat III ( r . 1860 – 1814 BC ) . Epistles were also written during all three dynasties of the New Kingdom . While letters to the dead had been written since the Old Kingdom , the writing of petition letters in epistolary form to deities began in the Ramesside Period , becoming very popular during the Persian and Ptolemaic periods .
+
+The epistolary Satirical Letter of Papyrus Anastasi I written during the Nineteenth dynasty was a pedagogical and didactic text copied on numerous ostraca by schoolboys . Wente describes the versatility of this epistle , which contained " ... proper greetings with wishes for this life and the next , the rhetoric composition , interpretation of aphorisms in wisdom literature , application of mathematics to engineering problems and the calculation of supplies for an army , and the geography of western Asia " . Moreover , Wente calls this a " ... polemical tractate " that counsels against the rote , mechanical learning of terms for places , professions , and things ; for example , it is not acceptable to know just the place names of western Asia , but also important details about its topography and routes . To enhance the teaching , the text employs sarcasm and irony .
+
+= = = Biographical and autobiographical texts = = =
+
+Catherine Parke , Professor Emerita of English and Women 's Studies at the University of Missouri in Columbia , Missouri , writes that the earliest " commemorative inscriptions " belong to ancient Egypt and date to the 3rd millennium BC . She writes : " In ancient Egypt the formulaic accounts of Pharaoh 's lives praised the continuity of dynastic power . Although typically written in the first person , these pronouncements are public , general testimonials , not personal utterances . " She adds that as in these ancient inscriptions , the human urge to " ... celebrate , commemorate , and immortalize , the impulse of life against death " , is the aim of biographies written today .
+
+Olivier Perdu , a professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France , states that biographies did not exist in ancient Egypt , and that commemorative writing should be considered autobiographical . Edward L. Greenstein , Professor of Bible at the Tel Aviv University and Bar @-@ Ilan University , disagrees with Perdu 's terminology , stating that the ancient world produced no " autobiographies " in the modern sense , and these should be distinguished from ' autobiographical ' texts of the ancient world . However , both Perdu and Greenstein assert that autobiographies of the ancient Near East should not be equated with the modern concept of autobiography .
+
+In her discussion of the Ecclesiastes of the Hebrew Bible , Jennifer Koosed , associate professor of Religion at Albright College , explains that there is no solid consensus among scholars as to whether true biographies or autobiographies existed in the ancient world . One of the major scholarly arguments against this theory is that the concept of individuality did not exist until the European Renaissance , prompting Koosed to write " ... thus autobiography is made a product of European civilization : Augustine begat Rosseau begat Henry Adams , and so on " . Koosed asserts that the use of first @-@ person " I " in ancient Egyptian commemorative funerary texts should not be taken literally since the supposed author is already dead . Funerary texts should be considered biographical instead of autobiographical . Koosed cautions that the term " biography " applied to such texts is problematic , since they also usually describe the deceased person 's experiences of journeying through the afterlife .
+
+Beginning with the funerary stelas for officials of the late Third dynasty , small amounts of biographical detail were added next to the deceased men 's titles . However , it was not until the Sixth dynasty that narratives of the lives and careers of government officials were inscribed . Tomb biographies became more detailed during the Middle Kingdom , and included information about the deceased person 's family . The vast majority of autobiographical texts are dedicated to scribal bureaucrats , but during the New Kingdom some were dedicated to military officers and soldiers . Autobiographical texts of the Late Period place a greater stress upon seeking help from deities than acting righteously to succeed in life . Whereas earlier autobiographical texts exclusively dealt with celebrating successful lives , Late Period autobiographical texts include laments for premature death , similar to the epitaphs of ancient Greece .
+
+= = = Decrees , chronicles , king lists , and histories = = =
+
+Modern historians consider that some biographical — or autobiographical — texts are important historical documents . For example , the biographical stelas of military generals in tomb chapels built under Thutmose III provide much of the information known about the wars in Syria and Palestine . However , the annals of Thutmose III , carved into the walls of several monuments built during his reign , such as those at Karnak , also preserve information about these campaigns . The annals of Ramesses II ( r . 1279 – 1213 BC ) , recounting the Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites include , for the first time in Egyptian literature , a narrative epic poem , distinguished from all earlier poetry , which served to celebrate and instruct .
+
+Other documents useful for investigating Egyptian history are ancient lists of kings found in terse chronicles , such as the Fifth dynasty Palermo stone . These documents legitimated the contemporary pharaoh 's claim to sovereignty . Throughout ancient Egyptian history , royal decrees recounted the deeds of ruling pharaohs . For example , the Nubian pharaoh Piye ( r . 752 – 721 BC ) , founder of the Twenty @-@ fifth dynasty , had a stela erected and written in classical Middle Egyptian that describes with unusual nuances and vivid imagery his successful military campaigns .
+
+An Egyptian historian , known by his Greek name as Manetho ( c . 3rd century BC ) , was the first to compile a comprehensive history of Egypt . Manetho was active during the reign of Ptolemy II ( r . 283 – 246 BC ) and used The Histories by the Greek Herodotus ( c . 484 BC – c . 425 BC ) as his main source of inspiration for a history of Egypt written in Greek . However , the primary sources for Manetho 's work were the king list chronicles of previous Egyptian dynasties .
+
+= = = Tomb and temple graffiti = = =
+
+Fischer @-@ Elfert distinguishes ancient Egyptian graffiti writing as a literary genre . During the New Kingdom , scribes who traveled to ancient sites often left graffiti messages on the walls of sacred mortuary temples and pyramids , usually in commemoration of these structures . Modern scholars do not consider these scribes to have been mere tourists , but pilgrims visiting sacred sites where the extinct cult centers could be used for communicating with the gods . There is evidence from an educational ostracon found in the tomb of Senenmut ( TT71 ) that formulaic graffiti writing was practiced in scribal schools . In one graffiti message , left at the mortuary temple of Thutmose III at Deir el @-@ Bahri , a modified saying from The Maxims of Ptahhotep is incorporated into a prayer written on the temple wall . Scribes usually wrote their graffiti in separate clusters to distinguish their graffiti from others ' . This led to competition among scribes , who would sometimes denigrate the quality of graffiti inscribed by others , even ancestors from the scribal profession .
+
+= = Legacy , translation and interpretation = =
+
+After the Copts converted to Christianity in the first centuries AD , their Coptic Christian literature became separated from the pharaonic and Hellenistic literary traditions . Nevertheless , scholars speculate that ancient Egyptian literature , perhaps in oral form , influenced Greek and Arabic literature . Parallels are drawn between the Egyptian soldiers sneaking into Jaffa hidden in baskets to capture the city in the story Taking of Joppa and the Mycenaean Greeks sneaking into Troy inside the Trojan Horse . The Taking of Joppa has also been compared to the Arabic story of Ali Baba in One Thousand and One Nights . It has been conjectured that Sinbad the Sailor may have been inspired by the pharaonic Tale of the shipwrecked sailor . Some Egyptian literature was commented on by scholars of the ancient world . For example , the Jewish Roman historian Josephus ( 37 – c . 100 AD ) quoted and provided commentary on Manetho 's historical texts .
+
+The most recently carved hieroglyphic inscription of ancient Egypt known today is found in a temple of Philae , dated precisely to 394 AD during the reign of Theodosius I ( r . 379 – 395 AD ) . In the 4th century AD , the Hellenized Egyptian Horapollo compiled a survey of almost two hundred Egyptian hieroglyphs and provided his interpretation of their meanings , although his understanding was limited and he was unaware of the phonetic uses of each hieroglyph . This survey was apparently lost until 1415 , when the Italian Cristoforo Buondelmonti acquired it at the island of Andros . Athanasius Kircher ( 1601 – 1680 ) was the first in Europe to realize that Coptic was a direct linguistic descendant of ancient Egyptian . In his Oedipus Aegyptiacus , he made the first concerted European effort to interpret the meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphs , albeit based on symbolic inferences .
+
+It was not until 1799 , with the Napoleonic discovery of a trilingual ( i.e. hieroglyphic , Demotic , Greek ) stela inscription on the Rosetta Stone , that modern scholars were able to decipher ancient Egyptian literature . The first major effort to translate the hieroglyphs of the Rosetta Stone was made by Jean @-@ François Champollion ( 1790 – 1832 ) in 1822 . The earliest translation efforts of Egyptian literature during the 19th century were attempts to confirm Biblical events .
+
+Before the 1970s , scholarly consensus was that ancient Egyptian literature — although sharing similarities with modern literary categories — was not an independent discourse , uninfluenced by the ancient sociopolitical order . However , from the 1970s onwards , a growing number of historians and literary scholars have questioned this theory . While scholars before the 1970s treated ancient Egyptian literary works as viable historical sources that accurately reflected the conditions of this ancient society , scholars now caution against this approach . Scholars are increasingly using a multifaceted hermeneutic approach to the study of individual literary works , in which not only the style and content , but also the cultural , social and historical context of the work are taken into account . Individual works can then be used as case studies for reconstructing the main features of ancient Egyptian literary discourse .
+
+= Music of Barbados =
+
+The music of Barbados includes distinctive national styles of folk and popular music , including elements of Western classical and religious music . The culture of Barbados is a syncretic mix of African and British elements , and the island 's music reflects this mix through song types and styles , instrumentation , dances , and aesthetic principles .
+
+Barbadian folk traditions include the Landship movement , which is a satirical , informal organization based on the British navy , tea meetings , tuk bands and numerous traditional songs and dances . In modern Barbados , popular styles include calypso , spouge , contemporary folk and world music . Barbados is , along with Guadeloupe , Martinique , Trinidad , Cuba , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands , one of the few centers for Caribbean jazz .
+
+= = Characteristics and musical identity = =
+
+Bajan culture is syncretic , and the island 's musical culture is perceived as a mixture of African and British musics , with certain unique elements that may derive from indigenous sources . Tension between African and British culture has long been a major element of Bajan history , and has included the banning of certain African @-@ derived practices and black Barbadian parodies of British traditions . Simple entertainment is the basis for most Barbadians ' participation in music and dance activities , though religious and other functional musics also occur . Barbadian folk culture declined in importance in the 20th century , but then rekindled in the 1970s , when many Barbadians became interested in their national culture and history . This change was heralded by the arrival of spouge , a popular national genre that reflects Barbadian heritage and African origins ; spouge helped kindle a resurgence in national pride , and became viewed as Barbados ' answer to the popular Caribbean genres reggae and calypso from Jamaica and Trinidad , respectively .
+
+The religious music of the Barbadian Christian churches plays an important role in Barbadian musical identity , especially in urban areas . Many distinctive Barbadian musical and other cultural traditions derive from parodies of Anglican church hymns and British military drills . The British military performed drills to both provide security for the island 's population , as well as intimidate slaves . Modern Barbadian tea meetings , tuk bands , the Landship tradition and many folk songs come from slaves parodying the practices of white authorities . British @-@ Barbadians used music for cultural and intellectual enrichment and to feel a sense of kinship and connection with the British Isles through the maintenance of British musical forms . Plantation houses featured music as entertainment at balls , dances and other gatherings . For Afro @-@ Barbadians , drum , vocal and dance music was an integral part of everyday life , and songs and performance practices were created for normal , everyday events , as well as special celebrations like Whitsuntide , Christmas , Easter , Landship and Crop Over . These songs remain a part of Barbadian culture and form a rich folk repertoire .
+
+Western classical music is the most socially accepted form of musical expression for Barbadians in Bridgetown , including a variety of vocal music , chamber and orchestral music , and piano and violin . Along with hymns , oratorios , cantatas and other religious music , chamber music of the Western tradition remains an important part of Barbadian music through an integral role in the services of the Anglican church .
+
+= = History = =
+
+Though inhabited prior to the 16th century , little is known about Barbadian music before the arrival of the Portuguese in 1536 and then the English in 1627 . The Portuguese left little influence , but English culture and music helped shape the island 's heritage . Irish and Scottish settlers emigrated in the 17th century , working in the tobacco industry , bringing still more new music to the island . The middle of the 17th century saw the decline of the tobacco industry and the rise of sugarcane , as well as the introduction of large numbers of African slaves . Brazilian exiles however , along with sugarcane introduced Samba to the island which featured a mixture of Latin music with African influences which soon developed into Soca @-@ Samba which is indigenous to Barbados . Modern Barbadian music is thus largely a combination of English and African elements , with Irish , Scottish , and modern American and Caribbean ( especially Jamaican ) influences as well .
+
+By the 19th century , the Barbadian colonialists grew to fear slave revolts , and specifically , the use of music as a tool of communication and planning for revolution . As a result , the government passed laws to restrict musical activities among slaves . At the same time , American and other forms of imported music were brought to Barbados , while many important elements of modern Barbadian music , like tuk bands , also emerged . In the 20th century , many new styles were imported to Barbados , most influentially including jazz , ska , reggae , calypso and soca . Barbados became home to many performers of these new genres , especially soca and calypso , while the island also produced an indigenous style called spouge , which became an important symbol of Barbadian identity .
+
+= = Folk music = =
+
+Barbadian culture and music are mixtures of European and African elements , with minimal influence from the indigenous peoples of the island , about whom little is known . Significant numbers of Asian , specifically Chinese and Japanese , people have moved to Barbados , but their music is unstudied and has had little impact on Barbadian music .
+
+The earliest reference to Afro @-@ Barbadian music may come from a description of a slave rebellion , in which the rebels were inspired to fight by music played on skin drums , conch trumpets and animal horns . Slavery continued , however , and the colonial and slaveowning authorities eventually outlawed musical instruments among slaves . By the end of the 17th century , a distinctly Barbadian folk culture developed , based around influences and instruments from Africa , Britain and other Caribbean islands .
+
+Early Barbadian folk music , despite legal restrictions , was a major part of life among the island 's slave population . For the slaves , music was " essential for recreation and dancing and as a part of the life cycle for communication and religious meaning " . African musicians also provided the music for the white landowners ' private parties , while the slaves developed their own party music , culminating in the crop over festival , which began in 1688 . The earliest crop over festivals featured dancing and call @-@ and @-@ response singing accompanied by shak @-@ shak , banjo , bones and bottles containing varying amounts of water .
+
+= = = Folk song = = =
+
+Barbadian traditional folk songs are heavily influenced by the music of England . Many traditional songs concern events current at the time of their composition , such as the emancipation of the slaves of Barbados , and the coronations of Victoria , George V , and Elizabeth II ; this song tradition dates back to 1650 . The most influential Barbadian folk songs are associated with the island 's lower @-@ class laborers , who have held on to their folk heritage .
+
+Some Barbadian songs and stories made their way back to England , most famously " Inckle the English Sailor " and " Yarico the Indian Maid " , which became English plays and an opera by George Coleman with music by Samuel Arnold , and first performed in London in 1787 .
+
+Contemporary Barbadian folk songs , especially through the pioneering albums of author and singer @-@ songwriter Anthony Kellman , show a bold fusion of indigenous rhythms such as tuk and calypso with African , Latin , jazz , pop , and East Indian influences . Kellman 's songs such as " Mountain " ( from 2000 album " Wings of A Stranger " ) ; " King Jaja " and " My Dog , Your Dog " ( from 2005 album " Limestone " ) ; and " If You See My Girl " and " Tuk , Tabla , and Fedounoum " ( from 2009 album Blood Mates ) , exemplify his eclectic style . More than any of his contemporaries , Kellman , through his songs , poems , and novels , demonstrates what it means to be Barbadian through a hybrid mix of African and European cultural elements . ≤ [ 25 ]
+
+= = = Dance = = =
+
+Barbadian folk dances include a wide variety of styles , performed at Landship , holidays and other occasions . Dancers and other performers at the crop over festivals , for example , are popular and an iconic part of Barbadian culture , known for dancing in the costumes of sugarcane @-@ cutters . The Landship movement features song and dance meant to imitate the passage of a British navy ship through rough seas ; Landship and other occasions also feature African @-@ derived improvised and complexly @-@ rhythmic dances , and British hornpipes , jigs , maypole dances and Marches .
+
+The Jean and Johnnie dance was an important part of Barbadian culture until it was banned in the 19th century . This was a popular fertility dance performed outdoors at plantation fairs and other festivals , and was functional in that it allowed women to show off to men , and more rarely , vice versa . The dance was eventually banned because the dance was associated with non @-@ Christian African traditions .
+
+= = = Instrumentation = = =
+
+The Barbadian folk tradition is home to a great variety of musical instruments , imported from Africa , Great Britain or other Caribbean islands . The most central instrument group in Barbadian culture is the percussion instruments . These include numerous drums , among them the pump and the tum tum , made from a hollowed @-@ out tree trunk , the side snare drum and a double @-@ headed bass drum of tuk bands . Folk musicians also use gongs made from tree trunks , bones , rook jaw , triangle , cymbals , bottles filled with water , and xylophones . Rattles are also widespread , and include the pan @-@ Antillean shak @-@ shak and the calabash , de shot and rattle . More recently imported folk percussion instruments include the conga and bongo from Puerto Rico , Dominican Republic and Cuba , and the tambourine .
+
+String and wind instruments play an important role in Barbadian folk culture , especially the bow @-@ fiddle , banjo and acoustic guitar ; more modern groups also use an electric and bass guitar . The shukster is a distinctive instrument , made by stretching a guitar string between two sides of a house . Traditional Barbadian wind instruments are largely metal , but in their folk origins , were made out of locally found materials . Barbadian villagers burned fingerholes , for example , on bamboo tubes , made trumpets out of conch shells and pipes from pumpkin vines . Many modern groups use harmonica , accordion , alto and tenor saxophone , trumpet and trombone .
+
+= = = Religious music = = =
+
+Though Western classical and other musics play an important role in Anglican church services on Barbados , religion and folk music are closely intertwined in the everyday lives of most Barbadians . The basis for religious folk music is the Anglican hymn , a kind of praise song mostly sung on Sundays , a day when Christian Barbadians come together with family members to sing and praise God to ask for strength for the next week 's work .
+
+Pentecostal music has become a part of Barbadian religious and musical traditions since the 1920s . Music plays a role in Pentecostal ceremonies , and is provided by emotional and improvised performances accompanied tambourines . In addition to the Anglican and Pentecostal traditions , Rastafarian music has spread to the island in more recent years , along with African American musical forms , especially gospel , and the Spiritual Baptist religion , which derives from the Trinidadian Shango cult that spread to Barbados in the 1960s . One of the more Internationally known religious music groups from Barbados are The Silvertones of Barbados .
+
+= = = Holidays , festivals and other celebrations = = =
+
+A number of holidays , festivals and other celebrations play an integral role in Barbadian folk , and popular , music . Whitsuntide , Christmas , and Easter are important , each associated with their own musical traditions , as are distinctly Barbadian festivities like the crop over festival and the Landship movement .
+
+The original crop over festival celebrated the end of the sugarcane harvest . These festivals were held in the great house of the plantations , and included both slaves and plantation managers . Celebrations included drinking competitions , feasting , song and dance , and climbing a greased pole . Musical accompaniment was provided by triangle , fiddle , drums and a guitar , played by slave entertainers . Crop over festivals continue to play a part of Barbadian culture , and always feature music by performers in sugarcane @-@ cutting costumes , even though many modern performers are not themselves sugarcane @-@ cutters .
+
+The Barbadian Landship movement is an informal entertainment organization which mocks , through mimicry and satire , the British navy . Landship began in 1837 , founded by an individual known variously as Moses Ward and Moses Wood , in Britton 's Hall in Seamen 's Village . The structure of the Landship organization mirrors the structure of the British navy , with a " ship " which is connected to a " dock " ( a wooden house similar to a chattel house ) , and leaders known as Lord High Admiral , Captain , Boatswain and other navy ranks . Each unit is named like a typical navy ship and may include actual names of British ships or places . Landship performances symbolize and reflect the passage of ships through rough seas . Parades , jigs , hornpipes , maypole dances and other music and dance types are a part of the Landship Society 's celebrations . The Council of the Barbados Landship Association regulates the movement .
+
+Barbadian Christmas music is mostly based on church and concert hall performances , where typical North American Christmas carols are performed , such as " White Christmas " and " Silver Bells " , alongside works by English composers like William Byrd , Henry Walford Davies and Thomas Tallis . In more recent years , calypso , reggae and other new elements have become a part of local Christmas traditions . As recently as the 1960s , Barbados was home to a distinctive practice , in which scrubbers traveled from house to house singing hymns and receiving rewards from households .
+
+= = = Tuk bands and tea meetings = = =
+
+Tuk bands are Barbadian musical ensembles , consisting of a bow @-@ fiddle or pennywhistle flute , kittle triangle and a snare and double @-@ headed bass drum . The kittle and bass drum provide the rhythm , while the flute gives the melody . The drums are light @-@ weight so they can be carried easily , and are made by both rural villagers and drummers using cured sheepskin and goatskin . Tuk bands are based on the British military 's regimental bands , which played for many years for special occasions , like visiting royalty and coronations . The tuk sound has evolved over the years , as has the instrumentation , with the bow @-@ fiddle used before being most commonly replaced by the pennywhistle flute . Tuk bands are now most common in Landship events , but are still sometimes independent . On their own , tuk bands are generally accompanied by a range of iconic Barbadian characters , including " shaggy bears " , " mother sally " , " the steel donkey " and " green monkeys " . The upbeat modern sound of tuk ensembles are a distinctly Barbadian blend of African and British musics .
+
+Tea meetings are celebrations held in society lodges or school halls , and feature both solo and group performance , theatrical rhetoric and oratory , and other activities . After declining following World War I , tea meetings have recently been revived and have regained their widespread popularity . They are held at nighttime , beginning at 9 : 00 pm and continuing until midnight , when there is a two @-@ hour break for food and drink before the tea meeting is resumed .
+
+= = Popular music = =
+
+Barbados has produced few internationally popular musicians , with worldwide pop superstar Rihanna being the most famous . It has however created a well @-@ developed local scene playing imported styles like American jazz and calypso , as well as the indigenous spouge style . Calypso was the first popular music in Barbados , and dates back to the 1930s . Barbadian calypso is a comedic song form , accompanied by guitar and banjo . More recent styles of calypso have also kept a local scene alive , and produced a number of famous calypsonians . Spouge is a mixture of calypso and other styles , especially ska , and became very popular in the 1960s , around the same time as the Barbadian jazz scene grew in stature and became home to a number of famous performers . Modern Barbadian popular music is largely based around reggae , ragga and soca , and includes some elements of indigenous styles . Artists like Terencia Coward have used modern popular music with instrumentation borrowed from folk tuk bands . Two of the more popular bands of Barbadian popular music are Krosfyah and Square One [ now defunct ] ; the new wave of singers , largely soca , include Rupee , Lil ' Rick and Jabae with lead vocalist Bruce and Barry Chandler , all recent winners at crop over . A more experimental artist such as poet and fiction writer Anthony Kellman writes thoughtful poetic lyrics delivered in a musical style deeply rooted in Barbadian indigenous folk music with strong elements of African and Latin influences . His albums Wings of a Stranger , Limestone , and Blood Mates have been described as groundbreaking due to his highly original style .
+
+= = Calypso = =
+
+Prior to the 1930s , Barbadian calypso was called banja , and was performed by laborers in village @-@ tenantry areas . Itinerant minstrels like Mighty Jerry , Shilling Agard and Slammer were well @-@ known forerunners of modern Barbadian calypso . Their song tradition embraced sentimentality , humor , and opinionated lyrics that continued to the 1960s , often by then accompanied by guitar or banjo .
+
+The mid @-@ 20th century brought new forms of music from Trinidad , Brazil , the United States , Cuba and the Dominican Republic to Barbados , and the Barbadian calypso style came to be viewed as lowbrow or inferior . Promoters like Lord Silvers and Mighty Dragon , however , kept the popular tradition alive through shows at the Globe Theatre , featuring pioneers Mighty Romeo , Sir Don Marshall , Lord Radio and the Bimshire Boys and Mike Wilkinson . These performers set the stage for the development of popular Barbadian calypso in the 1960s .
+
+In the early 1960s , Barbadian calypso grew in popularity and stature , led by Viper , Mighty Gabby and The Merrymen . The first calypso competitions were held in 1960 , and they quickly grew larger and more prominent . The Merrymen became the island 's most prominent contribution to calypso by the 1970s and into the 80s . Their style , known as blue beat , incorporated Barbadian folk songs and ballads , as well as American blues , country music , and a distinctive sound created by harmonica , guitar and banjo .
+
+By the beginning of the 1980s , kaiso , a form of stage @-@ presented calypso pioneered in Trinidad , was widespread at crop over and other celebrations . The foundation of the National Cultural Foundation in 1984 helped to promote and administer calypso festivals , which attracted tourists , stimulating the calypso industry . As a result , calypso has become a very visible and iconic part of Barbadian culture , and some calypsonians have become internationally renowned , including Mighty Gabby and Red Plastic Bag .
+
+= = = Spouge = = =
+
+Spouge is a style of Barbadian popular music created by Jackie Opel in the 1960s . It is primarily a fusion of Jamaican ska with Trinidadian calypso , but is also influenced by a wide variety of musics from the British Isles and United States , include sea shanties , hymns and spirituals . Spouge instrumentation originally consisted of cowbell , bass guitar , trap set and various other electronic and percussion instruments , later augmented by saxophone , trombone and trumpets . Of these , the cowbell and the guitar are widely seen as the most integral part of the instrumentation , and are said to reflect the African origin of much of Barbadian music .
+
+Two different kinds of spouge were popular in the 1960s , raw spouge ( Draytons Two style ) and dragon spouge ( Cassius Clay style ) . The spouge industry grew immensely by the end of the 1970s , and produced popular stars like Blue Rhythm Combo , the Draytons Two and The Troubadours . Recent years has seen a resurgence of interest in spouge among some quarters , with people like Desmond Weekes of the Draytons Two indicating that spouge should be encouraged because it is a national form that can reach international audiences and inspire the nation 's pride in their cultural heritage .
+
+= = = Jazz = = =
+
+Jazz is a genre of music from the United States which reached Barbados by the end of the 1920s . The first major performer from the island was Lionel Gittens , who was followed by Percy Green , Maggie Goodridge and Clevie Gittens . These bandleaders played a variety of music , including swing , a kind of pop @-@ jazz , Barbadian calypso and waltzes . With little recorded music on the island , radio broadcasts such as Willis Conover 's Voice of America had a major influence . In 1937 , riots over poverty and disenfranchisement occurred , and people like Clement Payne had risen to fame advocating reform . In that year , Payne was deported and riots broke out in Bridgetown , spreading throughout the island . The following year , the Barbados Labour Party was formed by C. A. Braithwaite and Grantley Adams .
+
+As political awareness among the black majority on the island spread , so did bebop , a kind of jazz which was associated , in the United States , with social activism and Afrocentrism . The first Barbadian bebop musician from the island was Keith Campbell , a pianist who had learned to play many styles while living in Trinidad during a time when American soldiers were stationed there , providing a ready market for bands that could play American music . Other musicians of this period included Ernie Small , a trumpeter and pianist , and bandleader St. Clare Jackman .
+
+In the 1950s , R & B and rock and roll became popular on the island , and many jazz bands found themselves pushed aside . A wave of Guyanese musicians also appeared on the island , including Colin Dyall , a saxophonist who later joined the Police Band , and the Ebe Gilkes Quartet . Though mainstream audiences were still listening to R & B and rock , modern jazz retained a small core of followers into the 1960s . The foundation of the Belair Jazz Club in Bridgetown in 1961 helped to keep this scene alive . With independence in 1966 came a focus on black Barbadian culture , and music like calypso , reggae and spouge , rather than the preoccupation with British standards of musical development . Calypso jazz arose during this period , pioneered by groups like the Schofield Pilgrim . The genre had developed by 1965 , when original works like " Jouvert Morning " and " Calypso Lament " were composed . Artists like the pianist Adrian Clarke became popular during the 60s as well .
+
+In the early 1970s , jazz fan and critic Carl Moore launched a project to keep jazz alive on the island , while Zanda Alexander 's performance in Bridgetown in 1972 is said to be the first Caribbean jazz festival . Oscar Peterson 's 1976 performance in Trinidad also inspired Barbadian musicians , as did the radio program Jazz Jam , which was broadcast starting in the mid @-@ 70s on the Caribbean Broadcast Corporation . In 1983 , however , the Belair Jazz Club closed , and was not replaced by any long @-@ term clubs . Later in the 1980s , jazz declined greatly in popularity , though The National Cultural foundation organized the International Barbados / Caribbean Jazz Festival , which after a brief hiatus due to lack of sponsorship was resurrected by Gilbert Rowe of GMR international tours . Other performances were organized by a group called the Friends of Jazz . More jazz calypso fusion musicians appeared on the scene during this period , including Arturo Tappin , Nicholas Brancker , Andre Woodvine and Raf Robertson .
+
+= = = Rock = = =
+
+Rock music is alive and well in Barbados , there have been several bands through the years that perform alternative , rock and even metal music . Most recently the Alt / Rock / Metal band Standing Penance formed in 2009 . The band continues to operate in present @-@ day and is the only act of this genre to be signed to an American record label .
+
+= = Education and musicology = =
+
+Academic study of Barbadian music remains limited . Some song collections and other activities have been conducted , but there remain significant holes in scholarship , such as the musics of recent immigrants from China and India , who presumably have brought with them styles of Indian and Chinese musics . Due to a lack of archaeological and historical records , the island 's indigenous music is unknown . Since the 1970s , an increase in general interest in Barbadian culture has spurred greater study of music , and given an incentive to radio and television stations to create and maintain archives of cultural practices .
+
+On modern Barbados , oral transmission remains the primary mode of music education , and there are few opportunities for most people to become formally educated in music of any kind . The elders of the island , who are the most educated in oral traditions , are held in high esteem due to their knowledge of folk culture . Modern Barbados is home to several institutions of musical education . There are dedicated schools for ballet : Dance Place and the Liz Mahon Dancers . A number of schools sponsor orchestras , steelbands and tuk bands , including the St. Lucy Secondary School Steel Orchestra . Music is a part of the curriculum for early childhood as well as primary and secondary education . The Barbados Community College has an associate degree programme in music . However , the University of the West Indies , though it has a campus on Barbados , does not offer degree programs in music . As a matter of fact , only recently has the University started offering students the opportunity to pursue a minor in music .
+
+= = Music institutions and festivals = =
+
+The main music festival in Barbados is crop over , which is celebrated with song , dance , calypso tent competitions and parades , especially leading up to the first Monday in August , Kadooment Day . The crop over festival celebrates the end of the sugarcane harvest , and is inaugurated by the ritual delivery of the last of the harvest on a cart pulled by mules . The champion sugarcane workers are crowned King and Queen for the event . In addition to crop over , music plays an important role in many other Barbadian holidays and festivals . The Easter Oistins Fish Festival , for example features a street party with music to celebrate the signing of the Charter of Barbados and the fishing industry of the island , and the Holetown Festival , which commemorates the arrival of the first settlers in 1627 .
+
+The annual December Classical / Pops Festival comprises an all @-@ star orchestra accompanied by pop and rock stars , Broadway performers , opera singers , and film composers as featured guests . Opera , cabaret and sports are a major part of the Easter Holders Season . On 30 November , the Barbadian Independence Day , military bands in parades play marches , calypsos and other popular songs . This is preceded for several weeks by the National Independence Festival of Creative Arts . The National Independence Festival of Creative Arts and Crop Over are two of the festivals sponsored by the National Cultural Foundation ( NCF ) ; the other is Congaline , a recently organized street party that begins in April and ends on May Day . NCF also assists with the Holers Opera Season , Oistins Fish Festival , Holetown Festival and the B 'dos Jazz Festival .
+
+Other major musical institutions in Barbados include the Barbados Chamber Orchestra and the Cavite Choral . There are also dance and ballet groups known as Dance National Afrique , Barbados Dance Theatre Company , Dance Strides , The Dance Place and Dancing Africa . The island 's music industry is home to several recording studios , the largest being Blue Wave , a 48 @-@ track system , and Paradise Alley , a 24 @-@ track system . Others include Chambers ' Studio , Gray Lizard Productions and Ocean Lab Studios .
+
+= Brazilian Dreams =
+
+Brazilian Dreams is a live album by Cuban jazz performer Paquito D 'Rivera . It was recorded at the Manchester Craftsmen 's Guild in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , between April 26 and 29 , 2001 , and released by MCG Jazz on August 27 , 2002 . The album features guest performances by the American vocal group New York Voices and trumpeter Claudio Roditi . In the United States , it peaked at number 22 on Billboard 's Top Jazz Albums chart .
+
+Produced by Jay Ashby , the album features seven songs written by Brazilian performers including Antônio Carlos Jobim , Luiz Bonfá , João Donato and Caetano Veloso , and three original songs , and was conceived as a tribute to the music of Brazil of which D 'Rivera has always been an admirer . Brazilian Dreams received mixed reviews by critics , some praising the performers and the musical selection , and others being critical about the lack of improvement on the arrangements on the classic songs of the genre included . The album earned D 'Rivera the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album .
+
+= = Background and release = =
+
+Cuban saxophonist and clarinet player Paquito D 'Rivera decided to record an album paying tribute to Brazilian music after being invited by several Brazilian performers to play their native music . D 'Rivera also featured in Americanos : Latino Life in the United States , a 2000 documentary produced by American actor Edward James Olmos , representing Brazil . " I feel a great passion for the culture and music of Brazil , and it gives me pleasure to declare publicly that my heart is half Brazilian , " D 'Rivera declared on his autobiography My Sax Life ( 2005 ) . The album features the American group New York Voices since D 'Rivera has always been an admirer of vocal quartets and wanted to " kill two birds with one stone " . He further explained that in Cuba " musicians listened to radio stations from Miami mostly for the jingles sung by gringo vocal groups . " Brazilian Dreams was released by MCG Jazz on August 27 , 2002 and was the tenth album recorded by the Manchester Craftsmen 's Guild , following A Nancy Wilson Christmas by Nancy Wilson , Joe Williams Presents : Nicole Yarling Live at The Manchester Craftsman Guild and the Dizzy Gillespie All @-@ Stars 's Things to Come , among others .
+
+= = Content = =
+
+Brazilian Dreams was recorded live at the Manchester Craftsmen 's Guild in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania between April 26 and 29 , 2001 . The album includes ten songs and features Kim Nazarian , Lauren Kinhan , Darmon Meader and Peter Eldridge of the New York Voices as backing vocalists . Performer Claudio Roditi is also featured playing trumpet , while D 'Rivera plays clarinet . Most of the songs included are written by Brazilian songwriters paying homage to the music of the country ; the setlist includes eight songs written by Antônio Carlos Jobim , Gene Lees , Luiz Bonfá , Matt Dubey , João Donato , Caetano Veloso and three original songs by Roditi and D 'Rivera . The first track , " Corcovado " , includes a " vocal texture " inspired by Brazilian vocal groups Quarteto em Cy , MPB4 and The Swingle Singers . " One for Tom " is based on " Se todos fossem iguas a voce " by Jobim and features a tenor sax solo by Darmon Meader . " Meu Amigo " is supported by D 'Rivera 's clarinet and backing vocals in " an exquisite interplay of harmonies and solo sax with the slightest bass . " " Retrato Em Branco E Prêto " features Nazarian performing vocals in Portuguese language .
+
+= = Reception and accolades = =
+
+Brazilian Dreams received mixed reviews from critics . Paula Edelstein of AllMusic gave the album four stars out of five , praising the performer skills " leading his own ensembles or playing with renowned jazz masters , Paquito D 'Rivera continues to make a decidedly fresh imprint on Latin and Brazilian jazz . " William Grim of All About Jazz wrote that Brazilian Dreams was " a very satisfying album " hoping that D 'Rivera , Roditi and the New York Voices record another album based on Brazilian music due to the large extension of the musical catalog of the country . C. Michael Bailey , also of All About Jazz , stated that the album " is superb and fantastic in every way . " Morrice Blackwell of Jazz Review named the album a " musical match made in heaven " , praising the performers and the sound quality , considering that it is a live performance . Blackwell also commented on the Manchester Craftsmen 's Guild which " continually offer a complete jazz experience . " On a second review by Jazz Review , Lee Prosser referred to the album as a " classic Brazilian music collection ... something all jazz listeners can appreciate , enjoy , and want to have in their CD library collections " , to finally declare that it was " one of the very finest collections of music released in the year 2002 . " Maurice Bottomley of PopMatters wrote that the record is " gentle , cultured , and perhaps overly refined , but it is very accomplished and does actually swing , " further commenting that " it is also truer to the spirit of bossa nova in its first North American flowering than some will care to admit . "
+
+However , Leila Cobo of Billboard magazine was critical about the fact that some tracks do not add much to the originals , but the album " stays merely pleasant , notably in ' Desafinado ' and ' Manhã de Carnaval / Gentle Rain ' . " On a negative review by Mike Quinn of JazzTimes stated that the album should be renamed " Brazilian Nightmares " a it is " impossible to escape the insipid vocal stylings of the ' New York Voices ' or the cliched horn arrangements that can be heard on bossa nova records going back as far as the ' 50s . " Quinn was also critical of the repertoire since " Brazil has produced more music than the usual 20 or 30 tunes that keep getting led to the butcher 's block . "
+
+Brazilian Dreams reached number 35 at the CMJ Jazz Albums chart and peaked at number 22 on Billboard 's Top Jazz Albums chart . D 'Rivera was awarded the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album at the 4th Latin Grammy Awards , and with this recognition became the only performer to receive accolades in the Jazz and Classical music fields , after his album Historia del Soldado ( Histoire du soldat by Igor Stravinsky ) earned the Best Classical Album at the same ceremony .
+
+= = Track listing = =
+
+Track listing adapted from AllMusic .
+
+= = Personnel = =
+
+Credits are adapted from AllMusic .
+
+= Hurricane Allen =
+
+Hurricane Allen was a rare and extremely powerful Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane which struck the Caribbean , eastern and northern Mexico then southern Texas . It was the first and strongest hurricane of the 1980 Atlantic hurricane season . The first named storm and first tropical cyclone of the 1980 Atlantic hurricane season , it was one of the strongest hurricanes in recorded history and one of the few hurricanes to reach Category 5 status on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale on three separate occasions , and spent more time as a Category 5 than any other Atlantic hurricane . Allen is the only hurricane in the recorded history of the Atlantic basin to achieve sustained winds of 190 mph ( 305 km / h ) , thus making it the strongest Atlantic hurricane by wind speed . Until Hurricane Patricia in 2015 , this was also the highest sustained winds in the entire Western Hemisphere .
+
+Throughout its life , Allen moved through the deep tropics on a west @-@ northwesterly course through the tropical Atlantic Ocean , Caribbean Sea , and Gulf of Mexico before making its final landfall near the United States – Mexico border . At peak strength , it passed near Haiti , causing hundreds of deaths and heavy damage . After crossing the Gulf of Mexico , Allen weakened as it struck the lower Texas coast , causing high winds , a significant storm surge , and heavy rainfall , which caused damage to southern Texas . Overall , Allen killed 290 people and left just over 1 @.@ 24 billion in damage ( 1980 USD ) , mostly within the United States and Haiti . Due to its impact , the name Allen was retired from the six @-@ year revolving list of Atlantic tropical cyclone names in 1981 and the name was replaced by Andrew . The name Andrew was subsequently retired after the 1992 season 's Hurricane Andrew . The dissipating storm precipitated the end of the Heat Wave of 1980 in places like Dallas / Fort Worth , Texas , which had recorded 69 days of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) heat .
+
+= = Meteorological history = =
+
+Allen was an early Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane which originated from a tropical wave that previously moved off the African coastline on July 30 . The system developed as it moved westward , becoming a tropical depression on August 1 . However , the National Hurricane Center did not initiate advisories on Allen until almost 24 hours later , while centered 1 @,@ 300 mi ( 2 @,@ 100 km ) east of the Windward Islands . Early on August 2 , as the depression moved towards the Caribbean , it had intensified , and became the first named storm of the season . The National Hurricane Center noted that conditions appeared favorable for further intensification . However , it was also noted that a large cold @-@ low north of Puerto Rico was producing strong westerly wind shear , which would cause Allen to possibly encounter unfavorable conditions within 72 hours . Although slower forward movement was anticipated , Allen kept at generally the same westward pace between 17 and 23 mph ( 27 and 37 km / h ) . By August 3 , the National Hurricane Center retracted predictions of less favorable conditions from the cold @-@ low north of Puerto Rico , since that weather system was weakening and moving westward .
+
+At 1600 UTC on August 3 , the National Hurricane Center upgraded Allen to hurricane status , as an Air Force Plane recorded winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) . However , in post @-@ analysis , it was discovered that Allen had been a hurricane since 0000 UTC on August 3 . Shortly after the upgrade , Allen began a period of rapid deepening , and intensified into a major hurricane at 0000 UTC August 4 , while roughly 38 mi ( 61 km ) northwest of Bridgetown , Barbados . Six hours later , Allen passed only 8 mi ( 13 km ) south of St. Lucia at 0600 UTC . Although the National Hurricane Center noted that conditions favored slow strengthening , Allen continued to rapidly intensify , and became a Category 4 hurricane only two hours after that advisory . Later on August 4 , the National Hurricane Center noted a barometric pressure of 946 mbar ( 946 hPa ; 27 @.@ 9 inHg ) , and that the it would not drop significantly within 24 hours . Shortly before 0000 UTC on August 5 , the minimum pressure decreased to 924 mbar ( 924 hPa ; 27 @.@ 3 inHg ) , which was noted as equivalent to Hurricane David in the previous season .
+
+By August 5 , Allen intensified into a Category 5 hurricane while south of Puerto Rico . This made Allen the earliest Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic on record , but was later surpassed by Hurricane Emily which reached that intensity on July 16 , 2005 . During this time , Allen attained a central pressure of 911 mbar ( 911 hPa ; 26 @.@ 9 inHg ) , the lowest pressure on record in the eastern Caribbean sea . Hence , the barometric pressure dropped by 35 mbar ( 35 hPa ; 1 @.@ 0 inHg ) less than 10 hours after the National Hurricane Center stated that the pressure would not decrease significantly within 24 hours .
+
+The eye passed between Hispaniola and Jamaica as a Category 4 hurricane . After weakening due to friction with the mountains of Haiti and Jamaica , Allen intensified back to a Category 5 hurricane , retaining this intensity for over a day . It then moved past the islands of Cayman Brac and Little Cayman causing moderate damage on Cayman Brac with winds near 135 mph . The storm then moved between Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula , reaching its peak intensity of 190 mph ( 310 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 899 mbar ( 899 hPa ; 26 @.@ 5 inHg ) while crossing the Yucatán Channel . During Allen 's trek through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico , its center of circulation never crossed over land despite its close passage to various islands in and around the Caribbean sea .
+
+Allen again weakened to a Category 4 storm due to friction with Mexico and Eyewall replacement cycle , but restrengthened into a Category 5 hurricane for a third time as it moved over the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico , keeping this intensity for nearly a full day and with a pressure drop to 909 mbar ( 909 hPa ; 26 @.@ 8 inHg ) , the lowest pressure ever recorded in the western Gulf of Mexico . Shortly before landfall , a dry air mass in the western Gulf of Mexico caused the storm to weaken substantially . Allen made landfall north of Brownsville , Texas as a Category 3 storm with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . Allen became extratropical on August 11 .
+
+= = Preparations = =
+
+As Allen approached the Caribbean Sea , gale warnings and a hurricane watch were issued for the islands of Barbados , St. Lucia , St. Vincent , Dominica , Grenada , Martinique , and Guadeloupe during the daylight hours of August 3 . Gale warnings were in effect for Antigua from 11 am on August 3 until 11 am on August 4 . Hurricane warnings were raised for Barbados , St. Vincent , St. Lucia , Martinique , and Dominica from the early afternoon of August 3 until the late morning of August 4 . As Allen moved into the Caribbean sea , hurricane watches were issued for southeastern sections of the Dominican Republic and the southwestern peninsula of Haiti from 11 am on August 4 until the morning of August 5 . Gale warnings were then in effect for the southern Dominican Republic from the night of August 4 into the night of August 5 , while southern Haiti maintained the warnings from the night of August 4 into the morning of August 5 . The hurricane watch was issued for Jamaica during the morning hours of August 5 , while hurricane warnings were raised for the southwest peninsula of Haiti from the late morning of August 5 into the morning of August 6 . Hurricane warnings went into effect for Jamaica from around noon on August 5 until late in the afternoon of August 6 . The Cayman Islands saw hurricane watches issued from the afternoon of August 5 into the morning of August 6 before the watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings from the morning until late afternoon of August 6 .
+
+As Allen approached the Gulf of Mexico , hurricane warnings were raised for the northeast Yucatán peninsula of Mexico from the afternoon of August 6 into the morning of August 8 . Gale warnings were in effect for the Florida Keys from the evening of August 6 into the early morning of August 8 . As Allen approached its final landfall , the northeast Mexican coast and Texas coast were placed under a hurricane watch from the morning of August 8 until the morning of August 9 for Mexico and the afternoon of August 9 for Texas . Hurricane warnings were posted for the Texas coast during the afternoon of August 8 , and were lowered north of Freeport , Texas during the afternoon of August 9 and south of Freeport during the afternoon of August 10 . Gale warnings and a hurricane watch were issued for the Louisiana coast from Vermilion Bay westward from the afternoon of August 8 into the afternoon of August 9 . Hurricane warnings were in effect for northeast Mexico from the early afternoon of August 9 into the late afternoon of August 10 . Hurricane warnings were downgraded to gale warnings between High Island , Texas and Freeport , Texas between the late afternoon of August 9 and the late afternoon of August 10 . Hurricane watches were dropped for the Louisiana coast during the late afternoon of August 9 . Hurricane warnings were downgraded to gale warnings for the lower Texas coast south of Freeport from the late afternoon of August 10 into the early morning of August 11 .
+
+= = Impact = =
+
+Allen caused just under $ 1 billion ( 1980 USD ) in damages and killed at least 269 people throughout its course ( including indirect deaths ) .
+
+= = = Caribbean islands = = =
+
+In Barbados , preliminary damages were estimated to be $ 1 @.@ 5 million ( 1980 USD ) . About 500 houses were either damaged or destroyed . No deaths were reported . St. Lucia sustained catastrophic damage from the strong category 3 hurricane . Sustained winds of 90 knots ( 170 km / h ) and a sea level pressure as low as 967 millibars ( 28 @.@ 6 inHg ) were reported at Hewanorra . Eighteen people lost their lives as a result of the storm 's passage . One death in Guadeloupe was attributed to Allen . In Martinique , damage was extensive as the storm passed 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the island . Waves 6 metres ( 20 ft ) high battered the coast of the island during the storm .
+
+In the central Caribbean , Cayman Brac was hit by winds in excess of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) which caused considerable property damage . A coral reef at Discover Bay , Jamaica was devastated by the wave action from the storm . Offshore Jamaica , greater numbers of smaller @-@ sized Damselfishes was witnessed in the wake of Allen . Eight deaths in Jamaica were attributed to Allen . Damage was very significant along the northeast coast , where the hurricane made its closest approach to the island and created a 12 metres ( 39 ft ) storm surge . Three deaths were attributed to Allen in Cuba .
+
+Extensive damage occurred in Haiti due to high winds and flash flooding . Total costs for that country were estimated to be at more than $ 400 million ( 1980 USD ) . Roughly 60 % of the nation 's coffee crop was destroyed . In all , 220 people were killed and 835 @,@ 000 were left homeless . In Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , 41 deaths were caused by tin roofs flying off and around 1200 were made homeless by flooding . Another 140 people were reported dead from flooding .
+
+= = = Mexico = = =
+
+Areas of northeastern Mexico saw heavy rains with the passage of Allen , with the highest totals exceeding 7 inches ( 180 mm ) . The hurricane earlier brushed the Yucatán Peninsula . As Allen only affected sparsely populated regions of Mexico , there were no reports of significant damage .
+
+= = = United States = = =
+
+In Texas , the storm surge was reported as high as 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) at Port Mansfield , though it may have been higher elsewhere along the Texas coast . A peak wind gust of 129 mph ( 208 km / h ) was also measured at Port Mansfield . Tropical storm @-@ force winds in Corpus Christi , Texas blew roof gravel through the city , which led to substantial glass breakage to the 18 @-@ story Guarantee Bank Building and a 12 @-@ story wing of Spohn hospital . The storm caused seven deaths in Texas and 17 in Louisiana ( most resulting from the crash of a helicopter evacuating workers from an offshore platform ) . Allen spawned several tornadoes in Texas . One tornado caused $ 100 million in damage when it hit Austin , Texas , making it the costliest tropical cyclone @-@ spawned tornado in recorded history . Overall , however , the storm caused limited damage in the United States due to its suddenly diminished power and because its highest tides and winds hit a sparsely @-@ populated portion of the Texas coast .
+
+Allen dumped 10 inches ( 250 mm ) to 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain in south Texas , ending a summer @-@ long drought during the Heat Wave of 1980 .
+
+= = Retirement = =
+
+Because of the destruction , extreme death tolls and intensity , the name Allen was retired from the Atlantic tropic storms list by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 1981 , and will never be used again for a future Atlantic hurricane . It was replaced with Andrew in the 1986 season , which was also retired due to widespread damage in Florida following its second usage in 1992 and was replaced with Alex in 1998 .
+
+= = Records = =
+
+When Allen reached Category 5 intensity on August 5 , it became the earliest Category 5 storm ever recorded . This record stood until Hurricane Emily surpassed it on July 16 , 2005 . Allen is one of three Atlantic hurricanes to reach Category 5 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson hurricane scale on three separate occasions , the others being Hurricane Ivan and Hurricane Isabel . Allen also produced the fifth @-@ lowest minimum pressure ever recorded in the Atlantic basin at 899 mbar ( hPa ) and was the strongest known hurricane in the basin , in terms of pressure , since 1935 . Until then , it was the second strongest hurricane by pressure in the Atlantic Basin , but was since pushed down to fifth , and no hurricane has achieved 190 miles per hour ( 310 km / h ) winds in this basin since then . It remains the most intense storm ever in August . Allen spent nearly 3 days as a Category 5 storm , initially the longest stretch of any previous Atlantic hurricane on record . However , a reanalysis of the 1932 Cuba hurricane showed that it spent 3 hours longer at Category 5 intensity than Allen . Five typhoons have spent longer as Category 5 storms , including most recently Karen and Nancy in the early 1960s .
+
+= 2000 – 01 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season =
+
+The 2000 @-@ 01 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season was fairly quiet with only five named storms , although there was an additional unnamed tropical storm and two subtropical cyclones with gale @-@ force winds . It started early , with a tropical disturbance forming on August 1 – the first day of the cyclone year . However , the first named storm , Ando , was not named until January 2 , which at the time was the 4th latest on record . Ando would become the most intense cyclone of the year , reaching peak winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) according to the Météo @-@ France office ( MFR ) on Réunion , the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the basin . The agency tracked storms south of the Equator and west of 90 ° E to the east coast of Africa .
+
+In addition to being the strongest storm , Cyclone Ando was one of two deadly storms during the season . It passed about 205 km ( 105 mi ) west of Réunion , producing 1 @,@ 255 mm ( 49 @.@ 4 in ) of rainfall in the mountainous peaks . The rains led to flooding that killed two people . Ando was one of three storms to attain tropical cyclone status – winds of at least 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) – in the month of January . The others were Bindu , which alternated its trajectory several times over open waters , and Charly , which rapidly weakened after encountering hostile wind shear . The next storm to form was Tropical Cyclone Dera , which intensified near Mozambique in early March and killed two people there due to flooding rains . It later moved southward through the Mozambique Channel , maintaining its intensity unusually far to the south before becoming extratropical . There was a month of inactivity in March , including three weeks in which there were no storms worldwide , the first such instance . Subsequently , two storms formed in early April ; one was a small , unnamed tropical storm , and the other was Severe Tropical Storm Evariste , which brought light rainfall to two islands . The season ended with an unusual subtropical storm forming rapidly in the southern Mozambique Channel on June 19 , the only such storm to form in that body of water in the month . It became the strongest storm on record for so late in the season , although it weakened without affecting land , dissipating on June 24 .
+
+= = Season summary = =
+
+During the season , the Météo @-@ France office ( MFR ) on Réunion island issued warnings in tropical cyclones within the basin . The agency estimated intensity through the Dvorak technique , and warned on tropical cyclones in the region from the coast of Africa to 90 ° E , south of the equator to 30 ° S. At the time , the cyclone year was from August 1 to July 31 of the subsequent year . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , which is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force , also issued tropical cyclone warnings for the southwestern Indian Ocean in an unofficial capacity .
+
+Aside from a tropical disturbance in August , the season began later than usual , the fourth consecutive season to do so . At the time it had the 4th latest start on record for the first named storm . Only about 20 % of seasons have their first storm form after the middle of December , and the first named storm of this season , Ando , did not become a tropical storm until early January . However , January was active with three tropical cyclones , two of which became intense tropical cyclones , due to the active phase of the Madden – Julian oscillation ( MJO ) . February returned to a period of inactivity , and generally there was minimal convection across the basin due to unusually dry air . This was spread by a powerful and persistent ridge that extended eastward from Madagascar , as well as an inactive phase of the MJO . Drought conditions occurred on Réunion due to the lack of rainfall . After three weeks of no tropical cyclones developing worldwide , an event unseen since 1995 , the tropics became active again in early April .
+
+In contrast with the busy preceding season , this season had much lower activity than usual , with only 36 days in which there was a tropical storm or cyclone active ; this was 17 less than normal . However , the number of days with a tropical cyclone was slightly above normal at 15 . In general , the southern hemisphere as a whole had the least active season since 1954 . There were only five named storms , only the fifth such time since the beginning of the satellite era in 1967 . As most storms formed toward the eastern periphery of the basin , damage was much less than the preceding year .
+
+= = Storms = =
+
+= = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Ando = = =
+
+The beginnings of Ando can be traced to a circulation within the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) about 400 km ( 250 mi ) south @-@ west of Diego Garcia , which became evident on satellite imagery on December 30 . Associated convection , or thunderstorms , gradually organized into a central dense overcast , and the system became Tropical Disturbance 3 at 06 : 00 UTC on December 31 . The upper @-@ level environment generally favored further development , but the system failed to develop more initially due to some easterly wind shear . A large ridge to the south steered the nascent disturbance to the west @-@ southwest . After the shear subsided , the system intensified into a moderate tropical storm on January 2 , given the name " Ando " by the Mauritius Meteorological Service . Also on that day , the JTWC began issuing advisories on the storm as Tropical Cyclone 04S , and around that time , Ando was passing about 465 km ( 290 mi ) east @-@ southeast of Agalega island .
+
+Ando rapidly intensified after forming and attained tropical cyclone status early on January 4 , developing an eye in the center of the thunderstorms and outflow to the east . A tropical low over the southern Mozambique Channel weakened the ridge , causing Ando to turn more to the southwest . Late on January 4 , the storm intensified further into an intense tropical cyclone , and early the next day passed about 120 km ( 75 mi ) northeast of Tromelin Island . According to the JTWC , however , Ando attained peak 1 minute winds of 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) late on January 5 . In contrast , the MFR assessed Ando as weakening due to the becoming larger and less defined , while still maintaining a small cloud diameter of about 400 km ( 250 mi ) . However , the eye re @-@ organized , and Ando attained peak 10 minute winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) on January 6 , with a 60 km ( 35 mi ) eye at the time . Continuing around the ridge , the cyclone passed about 205 km ( 125 mi ) west of Réunion that day before starting to weaken due to increased wind shear . On January 8 , Ando weakened below tropical cyclone status , and the convection increasingly separated from the circulation while turning to the southeast . On January 10 , the storm became extratropical , although the remnants turned back to the northwest due to the ridge , dissipating on January 13 .
+
+As a developing storm , Ando produced some heavy rain between December 30 and January 2 over Seychelles . Swaziland also reported that Ando drew moisture from the continent , aggravating a persistent dry spell . While near Agalega island , Ando dropped 108 mm ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) of rainfall , compared to a January average precipitation there of 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) . On Tromelin Island , gusts peaked at 125 km / h ( 78 mph ) and rainfall reached 141 mm ( 5 @.@ 6 in ) . Passing north of Réunion , Ando produced gusts of 70 km / h ( 45 mph ) along the coast , but 133 km / h ( 83 mph ) was recorded at Plaine des Cafres in the mountainous peaks . Most parts of the island did not receive much rain , with the exception of mountainous peaks due to orographic lift , particularly after the center passed to the west . Pas de Bellecombe at an elevation of 2 @,@ 200 m ( 7 @,@ 200 ft ) reported 1 @,@ 255 mm ( 49 @.@ 4 in ) over 48 hours . The rains caused flooding and some landslides , which washed away one house and killed two people . Ando also damaged crops and killed several livestock . The highest wave recorded was 5 @.@ 4 m ( 18 ft ) in La Possession . High waves injured several people , several of whom required rescue from lifeguards .
+
+= = = Tropical Cyclone Bindu = = =
+
+On January 2 , an area of convection persisted in the eastern portion of the ITCZ in the Australian basin , located northwest of Cocos Island , or about 1165 km ( 625 mi ) southwest of Sumatra . With a ridge to the south , the system moved generally westward . A nearby ship confirmed that a circulation formed , and on January 3 , it crossed 90 ° E into the south @-@ west Indian Ocean as a tropical disturbance . With easterly wind shear , the system initially remained weak , but convection increased and organized on January 5 . On the next day , the disturbance intensified into a tropical depression , although the circulation was still exposed from the thunderstorms at that time . After turning to the southwest , wind shear decreased , and the depression became Moderate Tropical Storm Bindu on January 7 . On the same day , the JTWC also initiated advisories as Tropical Cyclone 05S . Moving around the ridge to the south , Bindu slowly intensified , developing outflow and improved rainbands . Early on January 9 , the MFR upgraded the storm to tropical cyclone status as an eye 19 km ( 12 mi ) in diameter formed . The next day , Bindu weakened due to increased wind shear , causing the circulation to be exposed from the convection and for the cyclone to be downgraded into a severe tropical storm .
+
+The building ridge caused the storm to slow and turn back to the west . After the formerly hostile shear relaxed , Bindu became a tropical cyclone again on January 11 , redeveloping an eye . On the next day , the MFR estimated peak 10 minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , while the JTWC estimated maximum 1 minute winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . By that time , the cyclone had turned back to the south @-@ southwest . Drier air and wind shear resulted in weakening , and Bindu was downgraded to a severe tropical storm on January 14 . At 18 : 00 UTC the next day , the storm passed about 140 km ( 85 mi ) southeast of Rodrigues island , by which time the circulation was exposed north of the dwindling convection . The MFR downgraded Bindu to tropical depression status on January 16 . An approaching trough turned the system to the south on the next day , and Bindu became extratropical late on January 17 . The remnants turned sharply eastward due to a ridge , later looping back to the west on January 20 . Another trough turned the storm southward on January 21 and absorbed the circulation the next day .
+
+= = = Intense Tropical Cyclone Charly = = =
+
+A small circulation formed north of the Cocos Islands on January 8 within the near @-@ equatorial trough . For about a week , it drifted west @-@ southwestward without much development , although an area of convection formed within the system on January 11 about 1240 km ( 770 mi ) southwest of Sumatra . Persistent wind shear prevented much strengthening , and the circulation crossed into the south @-@ west Indian Ocean on January 16 . Another increase in convection merited its classification as a tropical disturbance on the next day , which organized into a central dense overcast . Slow development continued , allowing the disturbance to become a tropical depression and later Tropical Storm Charly on January 19 . On the same day , the JTWC also began tracking it as Tropical Cyclone 06S . Taking a track similar to earlier Tropical Cyclone Bindu , the storm moved southwestward around a ridge to the south . Charly gradually developed outflow and increasingly organized convection due to decreasing wind shear . A ragged eye formed on January 20 and became better defined , and early on January 21 , Charly intensified into a tropical cyclone .
+
+By January 22 , Charly developed a 37 km ( 23 mi ) wide eye , surrounded by deep convection . Based on the increased organization , the storm became an intense tropical cyclone , reaching peak 10 minute winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , according to the MFR . In contrast , the JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) . Late on January 22 , the wind shear and dry air increased while waters became cooler , all of which became detrimental to the storm 's structure . The eye rapidly dissipated as the convection dwindled , and within 24 hours of peak intensity , Charly was downgraded to tropical storm status . On January 24 , the storm passed about 320 km ( 200 mi ) southeast of Rodrigues . By that time , the circulation was exposed from the thunderstorms , and Charly weakened to tropical depression status on January 25 . Caught in the weak low @-@ level flow , the circulation moved erratically , first to the west , then drifting before turning to the southeast . It continued to produce some convection during this time , which spread rainfall over Mauritius and Réunion . A cold front swept Charly to the southeast , absorbing it on January 31 .
+
+= = = Tropical Cyclone Dera = = =
+
+After an extended period of inactivity lasting nearly a month , the ITCZ produced an area of convection on March 1 between Diego Garcia and the Seychelles . There were initially two weak circulations , although the one south @-@ southwest of Diego Garcia ultimately became Cyclone Dera . It moved southwestward without much development at first due to hostile wind shear , with the circulation often exposed from the thunderstorms . On March 4 , the system developed into a tropical disturbance off the northeast coast of Madagascar . Two days later , the storm moved ashore Madagascar about 50 km ( 30 mi ) southeast of Antsiranana . It weakened and became indistinct over land , emerging into the Mozambique Channel near Nosy Be as a weak low . Convection gradually increased across the region as the track shifted westward . After moving toward Mozambique , the system rounded the ridge and turned to the south just off the coast , passing only 10 km ( 6 mi ) east of Angoche . Around that time , the thunderstorms began organizing more , allowing the disturbance to intensify into a tropical depression on March 8 . With warm waters and an anticyclone providing outflow , the depression quickly intensified , becoming Tropical Storm Dera on March 9 and soon after developing an eye feature . Also on that day , the JTWC initiated advisories on the system as Tropical Cyclone 15S .
+
+Late on March 9 , Dera passed about 20 km ( 12 mi ) east of Europa Island , although the large eye passed over the island . On March 10 , Dera attained tropical cyclone status , and after a brief bout of wind shear , the eye became better defined . The cyclone attained peak 10 minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) on March 11 , according to the MFR , and 1 minute winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) according to the JTWC . Despite being located unusually far to the south , Dera maintained its intensity due to warm waters , and it accelerated southeastward due to an approaching cold front . Wind shear increased on March 12 , and only on that day did water temperatures drop off , causing a marked decrease in intensity and for the eye to dissipate . Late on March 12 , Dera became extratropical , which continued southeastward along the cold front .
+
+The precursor of Dera dropped heavy rainfall in Mayotte , reaching 193 mm ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) on Pamanzi . The precipitation came in intense squalls , with hourly peaks of 49 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) recorded , which flooded rivers and some houses . In addition , the system produced gusts of 101 km / h ( 63 mph ) , strong enough to damage roofs , cause power outages , and damage fields and trees . Heavy rainfall also spread across Mozambique , producing additional river flooding Zambezi in a region that had been flooded for weeks . The floods wrecked dozens of homes and covered many roads , while killing two people . Later , gusts peaked at 155 kilometres per hour ( 96 mph ) on Europa Island , while rainfall reached 72 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) .
+
+= = = Severe Tropical Storm Evariste = = =
+
+The ITCZ became active in late March , spawning several areas of convection across the Indian Ocean and into the adjacent Australian basin . The westernmost system had a circulation as of March 31 about 600 km ( 370 mi ) west @-@ southwest of Diego Garcia . Despite favorable conditions , the system failed to organize at first , although it became Tropical Disturbance 9 on April 2 after the structure improved . Drifting to the southwest and later to the south , the associated convection waxed and waned , finally organizing more on April 4 ; on that day , the disturbance quickly intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Evariste . A day prior , the JTWC had initiated advisories on the system as Tropical Cyclone 18S . A trough to the south weakened the ridge , turning the storm to the southwest . A small eye formed on April 5 , but later dissipated after an increase in thunderstorm activity . On that day , the MFR estimated peak 10 minute winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) , just shy of tropical cyclone status , while the JTWC estimated 1 minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . On April 6 , increased wind shear from the approaching trough began weakening Evariste and turned it to the south . That day , it passed about 135 km ( 85 mph ) east of St. Brandon , and on April 7 , Evariste bypassed Rodrigues about 200 km ( 125 mi ) to the southwest . The convection gradually deteriorated and left the circulation exposed . Late on April 7 , the storm suddenly turned southwestward toward a developing low east of Madagascar , although the southwest motion resumed soon after . On April 8 , Evariste dissipated , dissipating ahead of the nearby trough .
+
+Evariste produced peak gusts of 91 km / h ( 57 mph ) on St. Brandon , with 23 mm ( 0 @.@ 91 in ) of rainfall recorded . Stronger winds were recorded on Rodrigues while the storm passed , reaching 109 km / h ( 68 mph ) . Rainfall was minimal , reaching only 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) , and failing to alleviate drought conditions .
+
+= = = Moderate Tropical Storm 10 = = =
+
+A small area of convection not associated from the ITCZ became Tropical Disturbance 10 on April 1 , about 215 km ( 350 mi ) west @-@ northwest of the Cocos Islands in the Australian region . It moved west @-@ southwestward , entering the south @-@ west Indian Ocean on April 2 , and on the same date the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 16S . The thunderstorms organized into a small central dense overcast , and there was evidence of an eye feature , suggesting the system could have been much stronger . Although satellite imagery had difficulty in tracking the low @-@ level circulation , a nearby ship on April 3 confirmed the presence of a circulation . Operationally the system was only classified as a tropical depression . However , data from QuikSCAT helped upgrade the system to moderate tropical storm status in a post @-@ season analysis , with peak winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) on April 3 ; as a result , it was not named . After previously moving to the west @-@ southwest , the small storm turned back to the west due to a strengthening ridge to the south . Wind shear increased on April 4 , which rapidly dwindled the convection and thereby leaving behind an exposed circulation . It underwent the Fujiwhara effect with a larger disturbance to the east , causing the system to turn back to the north and dissipate on April 5 .
+
+= = = Subtropical Cyclone 11 = = =
+
+Similar to a Subtropical Depression 13 in April 2000 , there was an unusual subtropical cyclone that formed in June to end the season . A trough exited South Africa on June 18 with an associated frontal wave in the southern Mozambique Channel . On the next day , the system separated from the front and became a cut @-@ off low . It moved north @-@ northwestward along the eastern periphery of a ridge in southern Africa , becoming a subtropical depression on June 20 . The associated convection initially diminished , although the thunderstorms redeveloped due to the atmospheric instability in the region . On June 21 , the depression passed about 100 km ( 60 mi ) east of Maputo , Mozambique , while moving into an area of much warmer waters . As such , the structure became more tropical , with a small central dense overcast forming over the circulation only 75 km ( 45 mi ) in diameter . The JTWC initiated advisories on June 21 as Tropical Cyclone 12S . The small size of the storm merited the MFR calling it a " midget cyclone " , with a small eye forming late on June 21 . Based on the feature , the JTWC estimated peak 1 winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) ; in contrast , the MFR estimated 10 minute winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) . Despite the structure , the convection was shallow , which brought uncertainty to the true intensity of the storm . Turning to the northeast and east , the subtropical storm rapidly weakened on June 22 to depression status after the environment became hostile , and the convection largely dissipated . The exposed low turned northwestward on June 23 , dissipating the next day .
+
+The storm was the only one on record to form in the Mozambique Channel in June . In addition , it was the strongest storm to form so late in the season .
+
+= = = Other storms = = =
+
+On August 1 , in the middle of the southern hemisphere 's winter , an area of convection persisted in the northeastern portion of the basin about 740 km ( 460 mi ) northeast of Diego Garcia . At that time , an associated circulation was exposed to the east of the thunderstorms . At 06 : 00 UTC that day , the MFR initiated advisories on Tropical Disturbance 1 . After the system organized further , the JTWC also began tracking the system as Tropical Cyclone 01S , estimating winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . With a ridge to the south , the system tracked generally westward , briefly becoming a tropical depression on August 1 . An approaching trough weakened the ridge , allowing the depression to turn southwestward . Located in an area of moderate wind shear , the system failed to intensify further , and it dissipated on August 3 .
+
+An area of convection formed on November 9 to the east of Diego Garcia , possibly the result of the MJO . A circulation was evident by November 11 , and the following day it developed into Tropical Disturbance 2 about 830 km ( 515 mi ) southeast of Diego Garcia . Also on November 12 , the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 02S . It moved to the southwest , but looped back to the east on November 13 , during which time the MFR upgraded it to tropical depression status . Later that day , the agency ceased issuing advisories , but the system reorganized on November 14 . On November 17 , it turned back to the southwest , but the MFR discontinued advisories on the next day .
+
+An area of convection persisted on January 19 off the east coast of Madagascar , which became Tropical Disturbance 6 two days later . It drifted to the east , strengthening to tropical depression status on January 22 , and passing 330 km ( 205 mi ) west of Réunion . Increased wind shear caused the system to weaken as it turned back to the west , dissipating over Madagascar on January 24 . On Réunion , the system dropped about 100 mm ( 4 in ) of rainfall , including a total of 50 mm ( 2 in ) falling in a 90 minute period in Cape Bernard .
+
+On January 23 , a weak tropical low began affecting Mozambique for two days , causing flooding that killed six people . Although newspaper sources indicated that the system was a tropical storm , it remained unclassified by MFR .
+
+Toward the end of January , a broad low persisted south of the Chagos archipelago , becoming a tropical disturbance on January 30 about 650 km ( 400 mi ) south of Diego Garcia . The convection gradually organized as the system moved to the south @-@ southwest , steered by a break in the ridge to the south caused by the remnants of Cyclone Charly . Initially the circulation was very broad , and due to its involvement with the monsoon , it resembled a monsoon depression . Early on February 1 , the disturbance intensified into a tropical depression while turning more to the south . Around that time , it passed about 500 km ( 310 mi ) east of Rodrigues . The system became extratropical on February 3 , after increased wind shear weakened the convection . The former depression intensified as an extratropical storm , attaining gale force winds while accelerating its forward motion due to an approaching trough . The system was no longer tracked after February 6 as it approached the polar latitudes .
+
+On April 17 , a weak low exited from the coast of South Africa and moved southeastward over the warm waters of the southern Mozambique Channel . By April 19 , it had organized into a subtropical depression and produced gale force winds . The MFR did not classify the system , however , due to it being located from 33 – 35 ° S , which was outside of the agency 's area of warning responsibility at the time .
+
+= = Storm names = =
+
+A tropical disturbance is named when it reaches moderate tropical storm strength . If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status west of 55 ° E , then the Sub @-@ regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm . If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status between 55 ° E and 90 ° E , then the Sub @-@ regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Mauritius assigns the appropriate name to the storm . A new annual list is used every year so no names are retired .
+
+= = Contemporaneous seasons = =
+
+List of Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons
+
+Atlantic hurricane seasons : 2000 , 2001
+
+Pacific hurricane seasons : 2000 , 2001
+
+Pacific typhoon seasons : 2000 , 2001
+
+North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons : 2000 , 2001
+
+= Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801 =
+
+Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801 was an international charter flight that , on 29 August 1996 at 10 : 22 : 23 Central European Summer Time , crashed in Operafjellet , Svalbard , Norway . All 141 people aboard the Tupolev Tu @-@ 154M were killed during the approach to Svalbard Airport , Longyear , making it the deadliest aviation accident ever in Norway . The accident was the result of a series of small navigational errors causing the aircraft to be 3 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 mi ) from the approach centerline at the time of impact . The accident was investigated by the Accident Investigation Board Norway with assistance from the Interstate Aviation Committee and became known as the Operafjell Accident ( Norwegian : Operafjell @-@ ulykken ) .
+
+The Vnukovo Airlines aircraft , registration number RA @-@ 85621 , was chartered by Arktikugol , a Russian state owned coal mining company , to fly Russian and Ukrainian workers from Vnukovo International Airport in Moscow , Russia to Svalbard Airport , Longyear in Longyearbyen , Norway . The passengers all belonged to the Russian communities of Barentsburg and Pyramiden . The fatalities included 11 crew members and 130 passengers , of which 3 were children . The accident was a contributing cause for Arktikugol 's closure of Pyramiden two years later . After the accident , there were a series of lawsuits to determine the compensations to the victims ' families .
+
+= = History = =
+
+= = = Flight = = =
+
+Flight 2801 was a chartered flight flown by Vnukovo Airlines on behalf of Arktikugol , which operated mines at the two company towns of Barentsburg and Pyramiden in Svalbard . The aircraft was a Tupolev Tu @-@ 154M , with registration RA @-@ 85621 , serial number 86A 742 and date of manufacture 14 January 1987 . The flight consisted of a crew of eleven , including a cockpit crew of four ( two aircraft pilots , one engineer and one navigator ) , a cabin crew of five and two technicians . The pilot in command ( PiC ) had previously landed at Svalbard Airport ; the first officer had not and was the piloting pilot .
+
+On board were 130 passengers , of whom 3 were children , consisting of Arktikugol employees and their families . Waiting at the airport for the return flight were 120 other employees and their families . The aircraft left Vnukovo Airport at 04 : 44 Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) or 08 : 44 Moscow Summer Time . Estimated flight time was 3 hours and 30 minutes , and alternative airports were Murmansk Airport and Severomorsk @-@ 3 , both in Murmansk Oblast , Russia . The flight proceeded normally until descent , following the routing W 29 from Moscow to Padun ( west of Murmansk ) , before crossing to Bodø Flight Information Region over the Barents Sea cruising at FL 350 at an average airspeed of 500 kilometres per hour ( 310 mph ) . It then proceeded over Bjørnøya non @-@ directional beacon ( NDB ) , Isfjord NDB and Advent NDB .
+
+The weather at the accident area was dominated by a low pressure trough , giving rain showers and wind from 15 to 30 knots ( 28 to 56 km / h ; 17 to 35 mph ) at 240 – 270 ° . Visibility exceeded 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) . Between 08 : 00 and 09 : 00 , a weak trough passed , reducing visibility to 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) and a cloud base at 400 to 450 metres ( 1 @,@ 300 to 1 @,@ 500 ft ) .
+
+Svalbard Airport , Longyear , is the main airport serving the Svalbard archipelago . It is located on the south shore of Isfjord , with high terrain to the south , southeast and east . It has a single , 10 / 28 runway ( roughly east – west ) which is 2 @,@ 140 metres ( 7 @,@ 020 ft ) long . The airport has an elevation of 28 metres ( 92 ft ) above mean sea level ( MSL ) , and has an aerodrome flight information service ( AFIS ) , which is subordinate Bodø Air Traffic Control Center ( Bodø ATCC ) . The airport is regarded as uncontrolled and does not provide approach service . On that day , all aircraft had used Runway 28 , due to favorable wind conditions , climb @-@ up conditions and short distance from the terminal .
+
+= = = Accident = = =
+
+At 07 : 55 UTC ( 09 : 55 local Central European Summer Time , CEST ) , the crew requested clearance to start descent . Because of lack of communication with Bodø ATCC , this was not obtained . At 07 : 56 , information from Longyear AFIS was given that there was no conflicting traffic , allowing a descent to 1 @,@ 800 metres ( 6 @,@ 000 ft ) MSL . The crew tried to request use of Runway 10 , but this was , due to language problems , not understood as such by AFIS . Instead , Longyear communicated the actual weather and informed that Runway 28 was in use . An additional request for use of Runway 10 was again not understood , because of the misunderstanding of the term " runway in use " . Because of this , the crew decided to instead use Runway 28 .
+
+The crew used Jeppesen charts dated 21 January 1994 . According to procedures , both horizontal situation indicators ( HSI ) were set to 283 ° , but the magnetic localizer course of 300 ° was not set . A global positioning system ( GPS ) was used as a back @-@ up . No requests were made for VHF direction finding . From 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 10 @,@ 000 ft ) MSL until impact , the flight was carried out in instrument meteorological conditions ( IMC ) and the flight controlled by automatic stabilization mode , with lateral navigation controlled by the navigator .
+
+At 08 : 10 UTC , the aircraft reached 1 @,@ 524 metres ( 5 @,@ 000 ft ) MSL , which is the minimum altitude to Advent and the initial approach altitude . At 08 : 15 : 32 UTC , it reached Advent and entered a base turn , reaching a magnetic heading of 160 ° at 08 : 16 : 28 UTC . While the crew had adjusted for the wind drift , they did not attempt to intercept the magnetic course 155 ° outbound from Advent . During this turn , there was a malfunction in the electric trimming mechanism , which caused the piloting pilot to deactivate the aircraft flight control systems ' servogear in the pitch channel at 08 : 15 : 58 . This was again activated at 08 : 16 : 42 UTC .
+
+At 08 : 17 : 08 UTC , the crew started the turn to bring the aircraft to 300 ° magnetic inbound , however , the lateral deviation from the outbound magnetic course was 155 ° , or 3 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 mi ) to the left . At 08 : 17 : 57 UTC , the navigator said " Ah , abeam eight miles 2801 inbound " , to which AFIS replied two seconds later " Correct " . This was the last radio communication between the crew and Longyear . At 08 : 18 : 30 UTC , the piloting pilot turned off the autopilot pitch channel . For the rest of the flight , the plane continued with autopilot only in roll .
+
+Following the aircraft passing through the localizer centerline and having rolled out on 290 ° , there was a discussion among the crew if the turn had been made at the right time . The initial comment about this was made by the first officer at 08 : 19 : 06 UTC . This resulted in a roll out of the turn to final approach and corrective turn to magnetic heading 306 ° . At this time , the aircraft was 27 @.@ 4 nautical miles ( 50 @.@ 7 km ; 31 @.@ 5 mi ) from the airport and 2 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) right of the centerline at 1 @,@ 520 metres ( 5 @,@ 000 ft ) MSL with an airspeed of 330 kilometres per hour ( 210 mph ) . Instead of intercepting the centerline , the crew continued to track on the right side , nearly paralleling the localizer course .
+
+At 08 : 20 : 17 UTC , the pilot in command ordered the aircraft turned to 291 ° , which adjusted for drift resulted in a course close to 300 ° . At this time , the aircraft had a lateral deviation from the approach centerline of 3 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 mi ) . The aircraft started descending at 08 : 20 : 24 UTC . A corrective turn was made at 08 : 21 : 13 UTC and completed 11 seconds later at magnetic heading 300 ° . At the time , the aircraft was descending 5 to 7 metres per second ( 16 to 23 ft / s ) . The aircraft started turning left at 08 : 22 : 05 UTC , and immediately entered an area of turbulence created by the surrounding mountains .
+
+During initial approach , the radio altimeter warning had been activated several times , which indicated less than 750 metres ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) from the aircraft to the terrain . During final approach , the ground proximity warning system was activated nine seconds before impact , which lasted until impact . Six seconds before impact , the radio altimeter warning was activated . At 08 : 22 : 23 UTC ( 10 : 22 : 23 local CEST ) the aircraft collided with the top of Operafjellet at 907 metres ( 2 @,@ 976 ft ) elevation , located 14 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 8 @.@ 8 mi ) from Svalbard Airport and 3 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 3 mi ) right of the approach centerline . The aircraft was destroyed and all occupants perished instantly . It is the single deadliest plane crash to have occurred on Norwegian soil .
+
+= = = Recovery = = =
+
+The Joint Rescue Coordination Centre of Northern Norway received a message about the crash at 10 : 30 CEST ( 8 : 30 UTC ) and the search and rescue service was immediately deployed . This included seven Norwegian aircraft that were in the area . The area had bad weather with a low cloud height , resulting in difficult searching conditions . The aircraft was found at 12 : 06 CEST at Operafjellet , 14 kilometres ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) east of Svalbard Airport . Most of the aircraft was located on the mountain 's plateau , although some debris had slid down a vertical cliff and was scattered along the valley and partially covered by an avalanche . Rescue workers and medics from Longyearbyen Hospital arrived at 12 : 36 , and quickly established that there were no survivors .
+
+The responsibility of the recovery was transferred to the Governor of Svalbard on 30 August , since there were no survivors . In addition , police personnel from the mainland were transferred to Svalbard to work with the investigation and recovery . The work was supplemented by local volunteers . Because of the bad weather , which included fog and snow , it was often impossible to transport workers to the plateau , and work therefore started in the valley .
+
+Governor Ann @-@ Kristin Olsen traveled to Barentsburg on 30 August to inform the communities about the accident , and distributed ample written information in Russian about the then @-@ known details about the crash . Later in the day , a Russian aircraft arrived with Deputy Minister Aleksandr Petrovich of the Ministry of Emergency Situations along with a team of 11 rescue workers , and representatives from the Interstate Aviation Committee ( IAC ) , the Embassy of Ukraine in Moscow , the Federal Air Transport Agency and Vnukovo Airlines . In a meeting that evening , the Governor accepted Russia assistance , while it was confirmed by international agreement that the investigation would be led by the authorities in the country where the accident occurred , Norway . On 31 August , Minister of Justice Grete Faremo visited the Russian settlements as a representative from the Government of Norway .
+
+The accident had a large impact on the community , with only 1 @,@ 600 people living in the two Russian settlements . The population in the communities do not speak Norwegian , and do not have a road connection to Longyearbyen . This made it difficult for the Governor to give accurate and detailed information . Issues were further complicated by erroneous reports in Russian media that there were five survivors . The Governor 's cabin in Barentsburg was manned during the aftermath , and bulletins were distributed with updated information in Russian . The accident was one of the triggers causing Aktikugol to abandon Pyramiden in 1998 .
+
+= = Investigation = =
+
+Agreements between Norwegian and Russian authorities were made on 31 August , where Norway resumed full responsibility for the recovery and investigation , but Russian help was accepted . To allow the Russian workers access from the morning of 1 September , the crew was allowed to fly in and establish a base camp , but no work was to be done until Norwegian supervisors arrived in the morning . However , two people were observed at the wreck at about 20 : 00 CEST , who were brought to the Governor 's offices for questioning . As they were both members of the Russian team , it was decided that the base would be disbanded .
+
+There was still fog on the plateau on 1 September , but by 15 : 00 CEST it was possible to fly a team there by helicopter . Because the fog stayed , the team retained work until 03 : 00 CEST in the night . In the following days , the fog lifted , making work and transport easier . By 5 September , all bodies had been recovered and the work at the plateau could be terminated . The recovery in the valley was completed two days later . The accident resulted in about 40 journalists staying in Svalbard to cover the story . The Norwegian authority 's costs related to the investigation and other activities related to the accident were estimated at 30 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) .
+
+All identification of people was performed in Tromsø , as a cooperation between Troms Police District , National Criminal Investigation Service and the University Hospital of North Norway . By 18 September , all people had been identified , and the bodies were transported to Russia and Ukraine on 20 September after a short memorial in Tromsøhallen . An autopsy was performed on all crew members , without finding any abnormalities .
+
+The official responsibility for investigating the incident lay with the Air Accident Investigation Board / Norway ( AAIB / N ) , although the investigation and report was a close cooperation with the Interstate Aviation Committee and to a lesser extent , the Federal Air Transport Agency . AAIB / N had the primary responsibility for investigations at the crash site , cooperation with the Norwegian police and the Norwegian Civil Aviation Administration , and writing the report . IAC was responsible for handling the investigations in Russia , the reading of the cockpit voice recorder , the flight data recorder , the relationship with Vnukovo Airlines and a test flight . Both agencies agreed that English was to be the language of the final report ; English is one of the ICAO languages .
+
+= = = Cause = = =
+
+The official investigation concluded that the flight , regarded as a controlled flight into terrain , was caused by pilot errors and that there was no fault with the aircraft . Contributing factors causing the accident were lack of a procedure for offset localizer approach for setting approach course on the HSIs . Thus , both HSIs were set incorrectly , which along with the course deviation indicator hinted that the plane was being blown to the left and needed to adjust course to the right . Because he was in a stressed situation , the navigator set the GPS in the wrong mode . He also did not have sufficient time to recheck his work , allowing mistakes to happen , and his work was not monitored by the pilots . As the navigator was overworked , it was inappropriate for the first officer to transfer the responsibility of lateral control to him .
+
+The AFIS air controller has a different role in Norway than in Russia , and the crew were not aware that they were being given information and advice , rather than orders . Communication with AFIS was left with the navigator , which is a breach of norms . Communication between air control and the crew was problematic , since the crew lacked sufficient English skills . The pilot in command had insufficient crew resource management . After the crew decided to carry out the approach to Runway 28 , a new approach briefing was not accomplished . The aircraft overshot the approach centerline when turning inbound , because they did not try to intercept the outbound track from Advent . The crew showed a lack of situational awareness following their uncertainty of the aircraft position in relation to LLZ 28 , caused by indications on the HSIs .
+
+Situational awareness was also reduced because the pilots did not have a chart in front of them at all times . The crew was not aware that they could check the aircraft location in relation to the centerline with a VDF . The crew probably put too much emphasis on the indications displayed by the GPS . The aircraft descended into mountainous terrain without control over the lateral navigation . Despite uncertainty and disagreement in the group , the approach was not abandoned , as the aircraft should have climbed to a safe altitude while the problem was solved .
+
+= = Aftermath = =
+
+On 20 September , the surviving relatives of each decedent received 2 million Russian rubles about US $ 40 @,@ 000 for each person who died in the accident . Ukrainian relatives stated to Norwegian media that they had not received information about the cause and other issues surrounding the accident . At the time , Ukraine was experiencing very high unemployment , and Arktikugol offered wages many times what was then offered in mainland Ukraine . Many miners not only had to support their immediate family , but also relatives . Vnukovo Airlines stated on Ukrainian television that the relatives would receive US $ 20 @,@ 000 per deceased person . About a year after the accident , all relatives had been offered US $ 20 @,@ 000 , but about two @-@ thirds of them chose not to accept the amount , and instead started a process to sue the insurance company . Their lawyer , Gunnar Nerdrum , stated that according to both Norwegian and Russian law , they could demand at least US $ 140 @,@ 000 .
+
+In February 1998 , the Norwegian Ministry of Justice stated that the relatives did not have a right to occupational injury compensation from the Norwegian National Insurance . Because of the Svalbard Treaty , the archipelago is an economic free zone and Arktikugol is exempt from paying social insurance , so its employees did not have a right to Norwegian benefits . Had this been the case , widows would have received about NOK 600 @,@ 000 per worker . By 1998 , a few of the relatives had accepted the US $ 20 @,@ 000 compensation , while the rest of them were planning to sue both the airline 's insurance company and Arktikugol . Among the issues in the case , which took place at Nord @-@ Troms District Court , was whether the accident was to be considered a working accident , and thus result in injury compensation from the mining company . In November , it was decided that the Ukrainians needed to make a guarantee for NOK 2 @.@ 5 million to run the case , which they could not afford . They therefore had no alternative than to accept the proposal from the insurance company . In June 1999 , the parties agreed on a settlement , where the compensation was not disclosed to the public . It was later disclosed that the settlement was about three times the initial offer from the insurance company . In 1999 , the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs established a scholarship to help children who lost a parent in the accident to take senior secondary and tertiary education .
+
+= Alapalooza =
+
+Alapalooza is the eighth studio album by " Weird Al " Yankovic , released in 1993 . By the completion of his previous album , Off the Deep End , Yankovic had already written all of the original songs that he planned to use on his next release . This new album , which would eventually be titled Alapalooza in reference to the music festival Lollapalooza , consisted of seven original songs and five parodies . It produced three parody singles : " Jurassic Park " , " Bedrock Anthem " , and " Achy Breaky Song " . " Jurassic Park " was a top five hit on the Canadian magazine The Record 's single chart .
+
+Among the album 's original creations were " Talk Soup " , a tune originally intended to replace the theme song of the television show of the same name , and " Harvey the Wonder Hamster " , a oft @-@ requested jingle from one of Yankovic 's Al TV specials . A music video compilation , entitled Alapalooza : the Videos , was released the following year and contained four videos , only two of which were from its eponymous album . One of the videos , the one for " Jurassic Park " , was animated entirely in the style of claymation and received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video at the 37th Grammy Awards , losing to " Love Is Strong " from The Rolling Stones .
+
+Alapalooza met with average to negative reception upon its release , with some critics commenting that the album seemed hurried and out of touch with contemporary music . The video offering received a similarly lukewarm response . Nonetheless the album was certified " gold " in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America by the end of the year , peaking at number 46 on the Billboard 200 , and went " double platinum " in Canada .
+
+= = Production = =
+
+= = = Background = = =
+
+Yankovic 's 1992 album Off the Deep End , his best @-@ selling album since 1984 's " Weird Al " Yankovic in 3 @-@ D , had revived his career and displayed his " credibility as an evolving artist " after the commercial failures of his 1986 work Polka Party ! and his feature film UHF . By the time production for Off the Deep End was nearing completion , Yankovic had already written all of the original songs that would be eventually included on Alapalooza . Fearing that his track " I Was Only Kidding " would be outdated by the time of his next album , he rearranged Off the Deep End to allow for the song to be released with the album , saving " Waffle King " for Alapalooza . Nevertheless , " Waffle King " was released as a B @-@ side to Off the Deep End 's " Smells Like Nirvana " single , " just in case there wasn 't going to be a next album . " He recorded all of the album 's original songs , except " Talk Soup " and " Harvey the Wonder Hamster " , by the end of 1992 and , in July 1993 , recorded all of Alapalooza 's remaining tracks , aside from " Livin ' In The Fridge " . Yankovic eventually decided to title his new album Alapalooza , a reference to the Lollapalooza music festival . The Yankovic dinosaur in the album 's booklet was designed by David Peters , who had worked previously with the singer on the " Dare to Be Stupid " video .
+
+Alapalooza was released on October 5 , 1993 in the United States . Globally , some versions included a notice distinguishing it from the official Jurassic Park film soundtrack , as the two cover designs were similar . The Japanese edition contained a bonus track of Yankovic singing " Jurassic Park " in Japanese . A music video compilation for the album , entitled Alapalooza : the Videos , was released in February 1994 and contained four videos , only two of which ( Jurassic Park and Bedrock Anthem ) were from Alapalooza .
+
+= = = Originals = = =
+
+Alapalooza contains seven original songs among its twelve tracks , although " Young , Dumb & Ugly " and " Frank 's 2000 " TV " were meant to be stylistic parodies of AC / DC and the early work of R.E.M. , respectively . For the former , Yankovic wanted to parody the heavy metal music genre while at the same time avoiding a repetition of what had already been done by Spinal Tap . He ended up disliking the final product because he sang it " in a register that was really too high for [ his ] singing voice " . The latter was a song about consumerism and modern electronics that described the neighborhood 's envy of the eponymous character 's new television .
+
+The song " Talk Soup " , which is about a man who desires to go on television to tell the world about his strange life , was originally commissioned as a new theme for the E ! Entertainment Television show of the same name . Although the producers approved the lyrics and enjoyed the final result , they decided against using it . " Waffle King " , the track that had been intended for Off the Deep End , was written as " a song about a guy who becomes incredibly famous for doing something kinda stupid , and then starts taking himself way too seriously " . Yankovic included " Harvey the Wonder Hamster " , a short tune from one of his Al TV appearances , after receiving numerous requests to include it on an album .
+
+= = = Parodies = = =
+
+Yankovic 's first single from Alapalooza was " Jurassic Park " , a parody of the Jimmy Webb song " MacArthur Park " that was first performed by Richard Harris in 1968 . After hearing " Lola " by The Kinks on the radio and recalling how much he had enjoyed his previous pairing of a contemporary film with a classic song ( 1985 's " Yoda " ) , Yankovic came up with the idea for a tune based around the recently released Jurassic Park film . He received permission from Webb , Jurassic Park author Michael Crichton , and director Steven Spielberg to produce the track . For the music video Yankovic collaborated with animators Mark Osborne and Scott Nordlund to produce a claymation feature that parodied scenes from the movie ; the song itself was a comedic retelling of the film 's plot interspersed with the gripes about his visit to the park . The music video was directed by Osborne and Nordlund , while Yankovic came up with the original concept and ideas for some of the shots ; Osborne said that the directors " came up with about half the ideas in collaboration " with Yankovic .
+
+Having always wanted to write a tribute to The Flintstones , Yankovic next focused his energy on creating a song that he hoped would be current with the impending release of The Flintstones live action film in 1994 . In order to collect sound bites and animation and " re @-@ familiarize " himself with the characters , Yankovic watched over 100 episodes of the original show . A parody of both Red Hot Chili Peppers 's " Under the Bridge " and " Give It Away " , the resulting song was a comedic tribute to the program . It ended up becoming the second single released from Alapalooza . Yankovic directed the video for the single , which featured scenes of band members playing the song in Bedrock dressed as characters from the show . In the third and final single , " Achy Breaky Song " , a parody of Billy Ray Cyrus ' " Achy Breaky Heart " , Yankovic lists things he would rather experience than having to listen to the original track . The parody received radio play on country music stations in the United States . The proceeds from the track were donated to United Cerebral Palsy , as both Cyrus and Yankovic felt that the song was " a little bit [ ... ] mean @-@ spirited " .
+
+" Livin ' in the Fridge " , a parody of Aerosmith 's " Livin ' on the Edge " that discusses leftovers that have grown sentient in the refrigerator , was the last song to be recorded for the album . With a deadline looming , Yankovic sent requests to several artists to do parodies of their songs and went with Aerosmith because they replied first . It was recorded a month after the rest of the tracks had been finalized and less than two months prior to the album 's release . The album includes a polka medley , a staple of Yankovic 's albums , called " Bohemian Polka " . Unlike previous medleys , which had featured portions of multiple songs , " Bohemian Polka " contains only one tune , Queen 's " Bohemian Rhapsody " , and is a rearrangement of the entire song as a polka .
+
+= = Reception = =
+
+= = = Critical reception = = =
+
+Critical response to Alapalooza ranged from average to negative . In The Rolling Stone Album Guide Alapalooza earned 2 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 , which ranked it somewhere between " mediocre " and " good " . Anthony Violanti of The Buffalo News gave the album three stars out of five , claiming that " [ o ] nce again , Weird Al gets the last laugh on rock ' n ' roll " . Barry Weber of Allmusic , on the other hand , criticized the album for failing to engage contemporary musical trends and said it " sounds sloppy and mostly like a compilation of old B @-@ sides " . Christopher Thelen of The Daily Vault agreed , calling the album " rushed " and " an incredible disappointment " , and said it was one of the lows of Yankovic 's career . Thelen 's limited praise is directed at only two songs on the album : " Livin ' In The Fridge " and " Achy Breaky Song " , both of which he claimed " have [ their ] moments " . In reference to the album 's polka tune , Mark Jenkins of The Washington Post wrote that it " doesn 't sound all that different " from the original .
+
+Entertainment Weekly felt that overall Alapalooza : the Videos was " amusing " , but referred to the claymation video for the " Jurassic Park " as " clever but toothless " . The magazine gave the collection an overall grade of " C " and argued that Yankovic 's parodies did not satirize the original material , but instead transposed new elements on top of them . The video for " Jurassic Park " was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video at the 37th Grammy Awards , but lost to the video for " Love Is Strong " by The Rolling Stones . Nonetheless , it received attention in animation festivals worldwide for its use of claymation effects .
+
+= = = Commercial performance = = =
+
+Released in October 1993 , Alapalooza was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 23 , 1993 , representing sales of at least 500 @,@ 000 units . The video compilation , released on February 1 , 1994 , went gold in the United States on August 14 , 1995 , representing sales of at least 50 @,@ 000 units . In Canada the album went gold on November 16 , 1993 , platinum on January 31 , 1994 , and double platinum on February 12 , 1998 , representing sales of 50 @,@ 000 , 100 @,@ 000 , and 200 @,@ 000 units respectively . The album peaked at number 46 on the United States ' Billboard 200 chart on October 30 , 1993 , but produced no charting singles . In Canada , however , " Jurassic Park " was a top five hit on the The Record 's single chart .
+
+= = Track listing = =
+
+The following is adapted from the album liner notes .
+
+= = Credits and personnel = =
+
+= = Charts and certifications = =
+
+= = = Singles = = =
+
+= HMS Cochrane ( 1905 ) =
+
+HMS Cochrane was a Warrior @-@ class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century . She served in the 2nd Cruiser Squadron during the First World War under Rear @-@ Admiral Herbert Heath , taking part in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 . She was based in Murmansk in mid @-@ 1918 during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . She became stranded in the River Mersey on 14 November 1918 and broke in two . The wreck was broken up in place by June 1919 .
+
+= = Description = =
+
+Cochrane displaced 13 @,@ 550 long tons ( 13 @,@ 770 t ) as built and 14 @,@ 500 long tons ( 14 @,@ 700 t ) fully loaded , with a length of 505 feet 4 inches ( 154 @.@ 0 m ) , a beam of 73 feet 6 inches ( 22 @.@ 4 m ) and a draft of 27 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 4 m ) . She was powered by four @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 23 @,@ 650 indicated horsepower ( 17 @,@ 640 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 23 @.@ 3 knots ( 43 @.@ 2 km / h ; 26 @.@ 8 mph ) . The engines were powered by 19 Yarrow water @-@ tube boilers and six cylindrical boilers . The ship carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 050 long tons ( 2 @,@ 080 t ) of coal and an additional 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full capacity , she could steam for 7 @,@ 960 nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 740 km ; 9 @,@ 160 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
+
+Her main armament consisted of six BL 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch ( 234 mm ) Mark X guns in single Mk V turrets distributed in two centerline turrets ( one each fore and one aft ) and four turrets disposed in the corners about the funnels . Her secondary armament of four BL 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 191 mm ) Mark II or Mark V guns in single Mk II turrets was carried amidships , between the wing 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch guns . Twenty @-@ six Vickers QF 3 pounders were fitted , ten on turret roofs and eight each on the forward and aft superstructures . The last four ships of the Duke of Edinburgh @-@ class cruisers had a secondary armament of turreted 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns rather than the 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns in open barbettes of the first two ships ; these latter four were sometimes referred to as the Warrior class . Because of the extra topweight of the turrets in comparison to their half @-@ sisters their stability was reduced which made them very good seaboats and steady gun platforms .
+
+= = = Wartime modifications = = =
+
+A single Hotchkiss QF 6 @-@ pounder anti @-@ aircraft gun on a high @-@ angle Mark Ic mounting was mounted on the quarterdeck in 1915 . It had a maximum depression of 8 ° and a maximum elevation of 60 ° . The gun fired a 6 @-@ pound ( 2 @.@ 7 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 765 ft / s ( 538 m / s ) at a rate of fire of 20 rounds per minute . They had a maximum ceiling of 10 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) , but an effective range of only 1 @,@ 200 yards ( 1 @,@ 100 m ) . It was replaced by a QF 3 inch 20 cwt guns on a high @-@ angle Mark II mount in 1916 . This gun had a maximum depression of 10 ° and a maximum elevation of 90 ° . It fired a 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 500 ft / s ( 760 m / s ) at a rate of 12 – 14 rounds per minute . It had a maximum effective ceiling of 23 @,@ 500 ft ( 7 @,@ 200 m ) . A pair of Vickers QF 3 pounder on HA Mark III mountings were probably installed amidships during 1915 – 16 . They could elevate to + 80 ° and depress to -5 ° . This gun fired a 3 @.@ 3 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 575 ft / s ( 785 m / s ) at a rate of 25 rounds per minute . They had a maximum ceiling of 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) , but an effective range of only 2 @,@ 000 yards ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) .
+
+The guns on top of ' A ' and ' Y ' turrets were removed in 1915 – 16 . The aftermost 3 @-@ pounder guns on the superstructure were removed during 1917 as well as the guns on top of the forward 9 @.@ 2 @-@ inch wing turrets . This reduced her total to twenty 3 @-@ pounder guns , excluding the AA guns . Some of these guns were landed at Murmansk while she was based there . Seventeen 3 @-@ pounders were on board when she was lost in 1919 , but it is unclear if that total includes the AA guns . Cochrane 's foremast was converted to a tripod mast to support the weight of a fire @-@ control director in 1917 , but the director was not actually fitted until August 1918 .
+
+= = Service = =
+
+Cochrane was laid down on 24 March 1904 and launched on 28 May 1905 at Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering , Govan , Scotland . The ship was commissioned with a nucleus crew on 18 February 1907 and cost £ 1 @,@ 193 @,@ 121 . She " joined the Nore Division of the Home Fleet on 6 March 1907 and shortly afterwards was brought into to full commission for service with the 5th Cruiser Squadron . On 1 April 1909 she recommissioned for service with the 2nd Cruiser Squadron with which she remained until September 1917 . " She escorted the Royal Yacht Medina in 1911 – 12 . Cochrane , accompanied by her sister Achilles and three other armoured cruisers were sent to reinforce the defences of the Shetland Islands on 2 August 1914 , days before the start of the First World War . She , and her squadron , were assigned to the Grand Fleet for most of the First World War . She took part in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , along with the cruisers Minotaur , Shannon , and Hampshire under the command of Rear @-@ Admiral Heath . However , the ship remained unengaged throughout the battle , and did not fire her 9 @.@ 2 or 7 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns at all during the battle .
+
+Cochrane was transferred to the North America and West Indies station in November 1917 , but rejoined the 2nd Cruiser Squadron early in 1918 . She was based in Murmansk between March and September 1918 during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . She ferried Soviet troops to Pechenga on 3 May to forestall an attempt by White Finns to seize the town . On 14 November 1918 she was stranded in the Mersey Estuary , while under the control of the pilot , and later broke in two , becoming a total loss . The wreck had been broken up in situ by June 1919 .
+
+= French destroyer Jaguar =
+
+The French destroyer Jaguar was a Chacal @-@ class destroyer ( contre @-@ torpilleur ) built for the French Navy during the 1920s . She spent most of her pre @-@ World War II career as a flagship for various destroyer units . The ship was assigned convoy escort duties in the Atlantic after the start of the World War II in September 1939 until she was badly damaged during a collision in January 1940 . Five months later , after her repairs were completed , she was committed to the English Channel after the Battle of France began in May 1940 . Jaguar was torpedoed by German E @-@ boats on 23 May and had to beach herself ; her wreck was written off as unrepairable .
+
+= = Design and description = =
+
+The Chacal @-@ class ships were designed to counter the large Italian Leone @-@ class destroyers . They had an overall length of 126 @.@ 8 meters ( 416 ft 0 in ) , a beam of 11 @.@ 1 meters ( 36 ft 5 in ) , and a draft of 4 @.@ 1 meters ( 13 ft 5 in ) . The ships displaced 2 @,@ 126 metric tons ( 2 @,@ 092 long tons ) at standard and 2 @,@ 980 – 3 @,@ 075 metric tons ( 2 @,@ 933 – 3 @,@ 026 long tons ) at deep load . They were powered by two geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by five du Temple boilers . The turbines were designed to produce 50 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 37 @,@ 000 kW ; 49 @,@ 000 shp ) , which would propel the ship at 35 @.@ 5 knots ( 65 @.@ 7 km / h ; 40 @.@ 9 mph ) . During her sea trials on 18 May 1926 , Jaguar 's turbines provided 57 @,@ 850 metric horsepower ( 42 @,@ 550 kW ; 57 @,@ 060 shp ) and she reached 35 @.@ 27 knots ( 65 @.@ 32 km / h ; 40 @.@ 59 mph ) for a single hour . The ships carried 530 metric tons ( 522 long tons ) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 3 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 600 km ; 3 @,@ 500 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . Their crew consisted of 10 officers and 187 crewmen in peacetime and 12 officers and 209 enlisted men in wartime . Jaguar was unique among the Chacals in being fitted to serve as a flagship and equipped to accommodate the admiral and his staff of four officers .
+
+The main armament of the Chacal @-@ class ships consisted of five Canon de 130 mm modèle 1919 guns in single mounts , one superfiring pair fore and aft of the superstructure and the fifth gun abaft the aft funnel . The guns were numbered ' 1' to ' 5' from front to rear . Their anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of two Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924 guns in single mounts positioned amidships . The ships carried two above @-@ water triple sets of 550 @-@ millimeter ( 21 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . A pair of depth charge chutes were built into their stern ; these housed a total of twenty 200 @-@ kilogram ( 440 lb ) depth charges . They were also fitted with four depth @-@ charge throwers for which they carried a dozen 100 @-@ kilogram ( 220 lb ) depth charges .
+
+= = Construction and career = =
+
+Jaguar , named after the eponymous feline , was ordered on 18 April 1922 from the Arsenal de Lorient . She was laid down on 24 August 1922 on No. 7 slipway , launched on 17 November 1923 , completed on 7 October 1926 and entered service on 19 November . Completion was delayed by problems with her propulsion machinery and late deliveries by sub @-@ contractors . Even before she was formally completed , she participated in a Baltic cruise in mid @-@ 1926 and visited Dakar , French West Africa in December . She made another port visit in April 1927 at Seville , Spain . The following month she was one of the ships that escorted Gaston Doumergue , President of France , across the English Channel during his state visit to Britain . Jaguar then accompanied the light cruiser Lamotte @-@ Picquet as she visited Dakar and Buenos Aires , Argentina between June and September . The ship became the flagship of the Group of Torpedo Boat Flotillas ( later redesignated as the 1st Torpedo Boat Flotilla ) of the 1st Squadron ( 1ere Escadre ) , based at Toulon , on 1 May 1928 . Two months later , she hosted Doumerge as he reviewed the fleet off Le Havre on 3 July .
+
+Two years later , the ship participated in the naval review at Algiers on 10 May 1930 commemorating the centenary of the first French landing in Algeria on 13 June 1830 . The four depth charge throwers were removed in 1932 . About two years later , the 75 @-@ millimeter guns were replaced by four twin mounts for 13 @.@ 2 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) anti @-@ aircraft machineguns . Jaguar became the flagship of the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla of the 2nd Squadron ( 2e Escadre ) at Brest on 5 July 1935 . After completing their maneuvers , the combined Brest and Toulon squadrons , including Jaguar , were reviewed in the Baie de Douarnenez by the Naval Minister , François Piétri , on 27 June 1936 . The following year , the ship participated in the fleet review by the new Navy Minister , Alphonse Gasnier @-@ Duparc , off Brest on 27 May 1937 . The ship was relieved as flagship on 26 September , but temporarily resumed her former role from 1 March to 22 June 1939 while Bison was under repair after a collision .
+
+When the war started in September 1939 , Jaguar belonged to the 2nd Large Destroyer Division ( 2e division de contre @-@ torpilleur ) ( DCT ) with her sisters Chacal and Léopard . Between October and December , the ship had two depth @-@ charge throwers reinstalled , No. 3 gun removed , and her depth charge stowage reduced to a dozen 200 kg and eight 100 kg depth charges to improve her stability . She was assigned to the Western Command ( Forces maritimes de l 'Ouest ) for convoy escort duties from October to January 1940 where she guarded convoys traveling between Gibraltar and Brest as well as Casablanca , French Morocco , and Le Verdon @-@ sur @-@ Mer . On the night of 16 / 17 January 1940 , Jaguar was accidentally rammed by the British destroyer Keppel . The collision killed one crewman aboard the French ship and Keppel 's bow penetrated all the way to Jaguar 's midline . The ship was able to reach Brest on 19 January to begin repairs that lasted until early May . She had a British Type 123 ASDIC installed in March and was fitted with degaussing equipment the following month .
+
+After the beginning of the Battle of France on 10 May , the 2nd DCT was transferred to the English Channel to support British forces there . On 23 May , entering Dunkirk harbor with a demolition team aboard , Jaguar was struck by a torpedo fired by either the E @-@ boat S @-@ 21 or S @-@ 23 . The detonation killed 13 men and wounded 23 ; the ship had to be beached at Malo @-@ les @-@ Bains lest she sink , and was written off .
+
+= The Boat Race 1841 =
+
+The 5th Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 14 April 1841 . It was the fourth of the University Boat Races , a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge , to be contested in London . The race was held between Westminster Bridge and Putney Bridge and was won by Cambridge , whose crew featured two pairs of brothers rowing , who defeated Oxford by a distance of 22 lengths in a time of 32 minutes and 30 seconds . The victory took the overall record in the event to 4 – 1 in Cambridge 's favour .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and takes place on the River Thames in southwest London . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race by three @-@ quarters of a length .
+
+There was some disagreement over the day selected for the race , mainly in an attempt to coincide with a suitable tide . The Cambridge cox for the 1839 race , Thomas Selby Egan , along with Oxford 's R. G. Walls were umpires for the race along with referee Edmund Antrobus from St John 's College , Cambridge . Both universities rowed in boats constructed by Searle of Stangate ; the vessels were " justly and generally admired " , the only significant difference between them being that Oxford 's boat was carvel built while Cambridge 's was clinker built . The race took place on a five @-@ and @-@ three @-@ quarter @-@ mile ( 9 @.@ 2 km ) stretch of the Thames between Westminster Bridge and Putney Bridge . No arrangements had been made for the police to keep the course clear : according to Cambridge 's number seven George Denman " it was often ticklish work for the coxswains to decide whether to go ahead or astern of a train of barges catering across the river " . According to a report in The Morning Chronicle , " both crews ... have agreed that the match will be off if any of the steamers attempt to lead " .
+
+Oxford arrived at the Thames fifteen days prior the race , and rowed the full course ; Cambridge started their practice runs four days later , often racing against a crew from the Cambridge Subscription Room ( who subsequently won the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta ) . George Denman suffered an injury during practice , struck " by a tremendous blow on the shoulder " which was all but cured by the application of " just one leech " . Oxford 's crew was not settled until three days before the race , when they competed against a crew from Leander Club .
+
+= = Crews = =
+
+The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 11 st 4 @.@ 625 lb ( 71 @.@ 8 kg ) , 0 @.@ 5 pounds ( 0 @.@ 2 kg ) per rower more than their Dark Blue opposition . Cambridge 's crew contained three Blues : John Matthew Ridley , Francis Penrose and Charles Marsh Vialls , all of whom had rowed in the previous year 's race . Similarly , Oxford saw the return of four members with Boat Race experience : Jacob G. Mountain , E. Royds , G. Meynell and J. J. T. Somers @-@ Cocks . For the first time in the history of the race , two pairs of brothers rowed for Cambridge , the Crokers ( Joseph and William ) and the Denmans ( George and Lewis ) .
+
+= = Race = =
+
+Cambridge were considered favourites for the race , mainly as they had won the previous three races on the Thames . The Light Blues won the toss and elected to start at the first arch from the centre of Westminster Bridge on the Surrey side , Oxford from the next arch along . The race commenced at 6 : 10 p.m. , with the Light Blues making the better start , taking an early lead , and getting clear by Lambeth . A lead of at least two lengths by Vauxhall Bridge was extended to around six lengths by Battersea Bridge .
+
+Cambridge won by 22 lengths in a time of 32 minutes 30 seconds . It was their fourth consecutive victory and took the overall record to 4 – 1 in their favour . Despite earlier fears , " the steamers were well managed , and offered no obstruction to the boats " .
+
+= Polaris expedition =
+
+The Polaris expedition ( 1871 ) was led by the American Charles Francis Hall , who intended it to be the first expedition to reach the North Pole . Sponsored by the United States government , it was one of the first serious attempts at the Pole , after that of British naval officer William Edward Parry , who in 1827 reached latitude 82 ° 45 ′ North . The expedition failed at its main objective , having been troubled throughout by insubordination , incompetence , and poor leadership .
+
+Under Hall 's command , the Polaris departed from New York City in June 1871 . By October , the men were wintering on the shore of northern Greenland , making preparations for the trip to the Pole . Hall returned to the ship from an exploratory sledging journey , and promptly fell ill . Before he died , he accused members of the crew of poisoning him . An exhumation of his body in 1968 revealed that he had ingested a large quantity of arsenic in the last two weeks of his life .
+
+The expedition 's notable achievement was reaching 82 ° 29'N latitude by ship , a record at the time . On the way southward , nineteen members of the expedition became separated from the ship and drifted on an ice floe for six months and 1 @,@ 800 miles ( 2 @,@ 900 km ) before being rescued . The damaged Polaris was run aground and wrecked near Etah , Greenland , in October 1872 . The remaining men were able to survive the winter , and were rescued the following summer . A naval board of inquiry investigated Hall 's death , but no charges were ever laid .
+
+= = Preparations = =
+
+= = = Origins = = =
+
+In 1827 , William Edward Parry led a British Royal Navy expedition with the aim to be the first men to reach the North Pole . In the 50 years following Parry 's attempt , the Americans would mount three such expeditions : Elisha Kent Kane in 1853 – 55 , Isaac Israel Hayes in 1860 – 61 , and Charles Francis Hall with the Polaris in 1871 – 73 .
+
+Hall had no special academic background or sailing experience ( he was a blacksmith , engraver , then owner of a Cincinnati newspaper ) , but he was a voracious reader with an obsession for the Arctic . After John Franklin 's 1845 expedition was lost , Hall 's focus was directed toward the Arctic . He was able to launch two expeditions in search of Franklin and his crew ; one in 1860 – 63 , and a second in 1864 – 69 . These experiences established him as a seasoned Arctic explorer , and gave him valuable contacts among the Inuit people . The renown he gained eventually allowed him to convince the United States government to fund his third expedition , an attempt on the North Pole .
+
+= = = Finance and materiel = = =
+
+In 1870 , a bill was introduced in the Senate called the Arctic Resolution , to fund an expedition to the North Pole . Hall , aided by the Secretary of the Navy George M. Robeson , successfully lobbied for , and received , a grant of $ 50 @,@ 000 from the U.S. Congress to command the expedition and began recruiting personnel in late 1870 . He secured the U.S. Navy tugboat Periwinkle , a 387 @-@ ton screw @-@ propelled steamer . At the Washington Navy Yard the ship was fitted as a fore topsail schooner , and renamed Polaris . She was prepared for Arctic service by the addition of solid oak timber all over her hull , and the bow was sheathed in iron . A new engine was added , and one of the boilers was retrofitted to burn seal or whale oil .
+
+The ship was also outfitted with four whaleboats , 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) long and 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) wide , and a flat @-@ bottomed scow . During his previous Arctic expeditions , Hall came to admire the Inuit umiak , and brought a similarly constructed collapsible boat which could hold 20 men . Food packed on board consisted of tinned ham , salted beef , bread and sailor 's biscuit . The men intended to supplement their diet with fresh muskox , seal and polar bear , in order to ward off scurvy .
+
+= = Personnel = =
+
+In the spring of 1871 , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant had named Hall as overall commander of the expedition , and he was being referred to as Captain . Though Hall had abundant Arctic experience , he had no sailing experience , and so the title was purely honorary . In selecting the officers and seamen , Hall relied heavily on whalers with experience in the Arctic . This was markedly different from the polar expeditions of the British Admiralty , which tended to use naval officers and highly disciplined crews .
+
+For his selection of sailing master , Hall first turned to Sidney O. Budington , then to George Tyson , who both initially declined due to prior whaling commitments . When those commitments fell through , Hall named Budington as sailing master and Tyson assistant navigator . Budington and Tyson had decades of experience between them captaining whaling vessels . In effect , the Polaris now had three captains , a fact which would weigh heavily on the fate of the expedition . Further complicating matters , in 1863 Budington and Hall had quarrelled because Budington had denied permission for Hall to bring his Inuit guides , Joseph Ebierbing and Tookoolito , with him on an expedition at a time when they were ill and in Budington 's care .
+
+The rest of the officers and scientific staff were Americans ( first mate Hubbard Chester , second mate William Morton , and astronomer and chaplain R.W.D. Bryan ) and Germans ( chief scientist and surgeon Emil Bessels and meteorologist Frederick Meyer ) . The seamen were mostly German , as was chief engineer Emil Schumann . In addition to the 25 officers , crew , and scientific staff , Hall brought Inuit interpreter and hunter Ebierbing , his wife Tookoolito , and their child . A Greenlandic aboriginal named Hans Hendrik , his wife Merkut and three children also joined the expedition .
+
+= = Expedition = =
+
+= = = New York to Upernavik = = =
+
+Even before leaving the Brooklyn Navy Yard on June 29 , 1871 , the expedition ran into personnel troubles . The cook , a seaman , a fireman , and assistant engineer Wilson deserted . The steward turned out to be a drunk , and was left in port .
+
+The ship stopped in New London , Connecticut , to pick up a replacement assistant engineer , leaving on July 3 , 1871 . By the time the ship reached St. John 's , there was dissension among the officers and scientific staff . Bessels , backed up by Meyer , had openly rejected Hall 's command over the scientific staff . The dissension spread to the crew , which was divided along nationalist lines . In his diary , Assistant Navigator George Tyson wrote that by the time they reached Disko Island , Greenland , " ... expressions are freely made that Hall shall not get any credit from this expedition . Already some have made up their minds how far they will go and when they will get home again . " Hall asked Captain Davenport of the supply ship Congress to intervene . Davenport threatened to have Meyer shackled for insubordination and sent back to the United States , at which point all of the Germans threatened to quit . Hall and Davenport were forced to back down , however Davenport delivered a strongly worded speech on naval discipline to the crew .
+
+In another open display of dissent , the ship 's boilers had been tampered with by one of the crew . The special blubber @-@ fired boilers had disappeared , apparently thrown overboard .
+
+On Aug 18 , 1871 , the ship reached Upernavik on Greenland 's west coast , where they picked up the Inuit hunter and interpreter Hans Hendrik . The Polaris proceeded north through Smith Sound and Nares Strait , passing previous furthest north records ( by ship ) held by Elisha Kane and Isaac Hayes .
+
+= = = Polar preparations and Hall 's death = = =
+
+By Sept . 2 , 1871 , Polaris had reached her furthest north of 82 ° 29'N . Tension flared again as the three leading officers could not agree on whether to proceed further or not . Hall and Tyson wanted to press north , to cut down the distance they would have to travel to the Pole by dogsled . Budington did not want to further risk the ship , and walked out on the discussion . In the end , they sailed into Thank God Harbor ( now called Hall Bay ) on Sept . 10 , 1871 , and settled in for the winter on the shore of northern Greenland .
+
+Within a few weeks , Hall was making preparations for a sledging trip with the aim of beating Sir William Parry 's furthest north record . Mistrust amongst the men in charge showed again when Hall told Tyson that " I cannot trust that man ( Captain Budington ) . I want you to go with me , but don 't know how to leave him alone with the ship . " There is some evidence that Budington may have been an alcoholic ; on at least three occasions he raided the ship 's stores , including the alcohol kept by the scientists for preservation of specimens . Hall had complained about Budington 's drunken behavior , and it fully came to light from the crew 's testimony at the inquest following the expedition . With Tyson watching over the ship , Hall took two sledges with first mate Chester , and the native guides Ebierbing and Hendrik , leaving on Oct 10 , 1871 . The day after leaving , Hall sent Hendrik back to the ship to retrieve a number of forgotten items . Hall also sent back a note to Bessels , reminding him to wind the chronometers at the right time every day . In his book Trial by Ice , Richard Parry postulated that such a note from the uneducated Hall must have rankled Bessels , who held a number of degrees from Stuttgart , Heidelberg , and Jena . It was another example of Hall 's micromanagement of the expedition . Before he left on the overland trip , Hall gave Budington a detailed list of instructions regarding how to manage the ship in his absence . This likely did not sit well with a sailing master with over 20 years of experience .
+
+Upon their return on Oct 24 , 1871 , Hall suddenly fell ill after drinking a cup of coffee . His symptoms started with an upset stomach , then progressed to vomiting and delirium the following day . Hall accused several of the ship 's company , including Bessels , of having poisoned him . Following these accusations , he refused medical treatment from Bessels , and drank only liquids delivered directly by his Inuit friend Tookoolito . He seemed to improve for a few days , and was even able to go up on deck . Bessels had prevailed upon Bryan , the ship 's chaplain , to convince Hall to allow the doctor to see him . By November 4 , Hall relented , and Bessels resumed treatment . Shortly after , Hall 's condition began to deteriorate , and he suffered vomiting and delirium , and collapsed . Bessels diagnosed apoplexy , and Hall finally died on November 8 . He was taken ashore and given a formal burial .
+
+= = = Attempt at North Pole = = =
+
+According to the protocol provided by Navy Secretary George M. Robeson , command of the expedition was turned over to Budington , under whom discipline further devolved . The precious coal was being burned at a high rate : 6 @,@ 334 pounds ( 2 @,@ 873 kg ) in November , which was 1 @,@ 596 pounds ( 724 kg ) more than the previous month , and close to 8 @,@ 300 pounds ( 3 @,@ 800 kg ) in December . Budington was often seen to be drunk , but he was far from the only one to pilfer the alcohol stores ; according to testimony at the Inquiry , Tyson was also seen " drunk like old mischief " , and Schumann had gone so far as to make a duplicate of Budington 's key so that he could help himself to alcohol as well . Whatever the role of alcohol , it was clear that shipboard routine was breaking down ; as Tyson remarked , " There is so little regularity observed . There is no stated time for putting out lights ; the men are allowed to do as they please ; and , consequently , they often make nights hideous by their carousing , playing cards to all hours . " For purposes unknown , Budington chose to issue the ship 's supply of firearms to the crew .
+
+There is some evidence of a morally questionable plan being formulated among the senior officers that winter . On Jan 1 , 1872 , Tyson wrote in his diary : " Last month such an astonishing proposition was made to me that I have never ceased thinking of it since ... It grew out of a discussion as to the feasibility of attempting to get farther north next summer . " And then on April 19 , 1872 : " Had a talk with Chester about the astounding proposition made to me in the winter . We agreed it was monstrous and must be prevented . Chester said he is determined , when he got home , to expose the matter . " Author Farley Mowat has suggested the officers were contemplating faking a journey to the Pole , or at least to a very high latitude .
+
+Whatever the unmentioned plan was , an expedition to try for the Pole was dispatched on June 6 , 1872 . Chester led the expedition in a whaleboat , but this was crushed by the ice within a few miles of Polaris . Chester and his men hiked back to the ship , and persuaded Budington to give them the collapsible boat . With this , and Tyson piloting another whaleboat , the men set northward again . In the meantime , the Polaris had found open water , and was searching for a route south . Budington , not eager to spend another winter in the ice , sent Ebierbing north with orders for the Tyson and Chester : return to the ship at once . The men were forced to abandon both craft and walk 20 miles ( 32 km ) back to Polaris . Now three of the ship 's precious lifeboats were lost , and a fourth ( the small scow ) would be crushed by ice in July after being carelessly left out overnight . The expedition had failed in its main objective to reach the North Pole .
+
+= = = Fate of Polaris and journeys home = = =
+
+With the expedition 's main goal abandoned , Polaris turned south for home . In Smith Sound , west of the Humboldt Glacier , she ran aground on a shallow iceberg and could not be freed . On the night of October 15 , 1872 , with an iceberg threatening the ship , Schuman reported that water was coming in and the pumps could not keep up . Budington ordered cargo to be thrown onto the ice to buoy the ship . Men began throwing goods overboard , as Tyson put it , " with no care taken as to how or where these things were thrown " . Much of the jettisoned cargo was lost .
+
+A number of the crew were out on the surrounding ice during the night when a break @-@ up of the pack occurred . When morning came , the group , consisting of Tyson , Meyer , six of the seamen , the cook , the steward , and all of the Inuit , found themselves stranded on an ice floe . The castaways could see the Polaris 8 to 10 miles ( 13 to 16 km ) away , but attempts to attract the ship 's attention with a large black cloth were futile . Resigned to the ice , the Inuit soon had igloo shelters built , and Tyson estimated that they had 1 @,@ 900 pounds ( 860 kg ) of food . They also had the ship 's two whaleboats , and two kayaks , although one kayak was soon lost during a breakup of the ice . Meyer reckoned that they were drifting on the Greenland side of the Davis Strait and would soon be within rowing distance of Disko . He was incorrect ; the men were actually on the Canadian side of the strait . The error caused the men to reject Tyson 's plans for conserving . The seamen soon broke up one of the whaleboats for firewood , making a safe escape to land very unlikely . One night in November , the men went on an eating binge , consuming a large quantity of the food stores . The group drifted on the ice floe for the next six months over 1 @,@ 800 miles ( 2 @,@ 900 km ) before being rescued off the coast of Newfoundland by the sealer Tigress on April 30 , 1873 . All probably would have perished had the group not included the skilled Inuit hunters Ebierbing and Hendrik , who were able to kill seal on a number of occasions . Despite this , scarcely a word was written about the Inuit in either the official reports of the expedition , or the press .
+
+On October 16 , with the ship 's coal stores running low , Captain Budington decided to run the Polaris aground near Etah . Having lost much of their bedding , clothing , and food when it was haphazardly jettisoned from the ship on October 12 , the remaining 14 men were in poor condition to face another winter . They built a hut from lumber salvaged from the ship , and on October 24 , extinguished the ship 's boilers to conserve coal . The bilge pumps stopped for good , and the ship heeled over on her side , half out of water . Fortunately , the Etah Inuit helped the men survive the winter . After wintering ashore , the crew built two boats from salvaged wood from the ship , and on June 3 the crew sailed south . They were spotted and rescued in July by the whaler Ravenscraig , and returned home via Scotland .
+
+= = Aftermath = =
+
+= = = Inquiry = = =
+
+On June 5 , 1873 , a United States Navy board of inquiry began . At this time , the crew and Inuit families had been rescued from the ice floe , however the fate of Budington , Bessels , and the remainder of the crew was still unknown . The board consisted of Admiral Louis M. Goldsborough , Secretary of the Navy Robeson , Commodore Reynolds , Captain Henry W. Howgate of the Army , and Spencer F. Baird of the Academy of Sciences . Tyson was the first to appear for questioning , and related the friction between Hall , Budington , and Bessels , and Hall 's deathbed accusations of poisoning . The board also inquired about the whereabouts of Hall 's journals and records . Tyson responded that while Hall was delirious , he instructed Budington to burn some of the papers , and the rest had disappeared . Later , journals of other crew members were discovered at the site of the Polaris wreck , but these had the sections regarding Hall 's death cut out . Meyer testified to Budington 's drinking , saying that the sailing master was " drunk most always while we were going southward " . Steward John Herron testified that he had not made the coffee that Hall had suspected of being laced with poison ; he explained that the cook made the coffee , and that he had not kept track of how many people had touched the cup before it was brought to Hall .
+
+After Budington and the remainder of the crew were rescued and returned to the United States , the board of inquiry continued . Budington attacked Tyson 's credibility , disputing Tyson 's claim that he had obstructed Hall 's efforts to sail the ship further north . He also disputed reports of his drinking , saying that he " [ made ] it a practice to drink but very little " . Bessels was questioned about Hall 's cause of death . Bessels stated that " My idea of the cause of the first attack is that he had been exposed to very low temperature during the time that he was on the sledge journey . He came back and entered a warm cabin without taking off his heavy fur clothing , and then took a warm cup of coffee . And anyone knows what the consequences of that might be . " Bessels testified that Hall was " taken by hemiplegia " , and his left arm and side were paralyzed , and that he had injected Hall with quinine to correct his elevated temperature before he died .
+
+Faced with conflicting testimony , lack of official records and journals , and no body for an autopsy , no charges were laid in connection with Hall 's death . In the inquiry 's final report , the surgeons general of the Army and Navy wrote : " From the circumstances and symptoms detailed by him , and comparing them with the medical testimony of all the witnesses , we are conclusively of the opinion that Captain Hall died from natural causes , viz . , apoplexy ; and that the treatment of the case by Dr. Bessel [ sic ] was the best practicable under the circumstances . "
+
+= = = Controversy = = =
+
+There has been speculation as to why Budington and the men aboard the Polaris did not attempt a rescue of those stranded on the ice floe . Tyson was perplexed as to why the ship could not see them 8 miles ( 13 km ) distant , a group of men and supplies waving a dark colored flag in a sea of white . The day after the storm was clear and calm , and the men on the floe could see the ship was under both steam and sail . Aboard the ship , first mate Chester reported that he could see " provisions and stores " on a distant floe , however there were never any orders to retrieve the stores or search for the castaways .
+
+Budington 's decision to beach the Polaris is equally controversial . Budington said that he " believed the propeller was smashed and the rudder broken " . The official report of the expedition states that the vessel should have been abandoned because " there was only coal enough to keep the fires alive for five days " . However , the same report states that the propeller and rudder were in fact discovered to be intact after the ship was run aground , and the ship 's boiler and sails were available . Even if she ran out of coal , the ship was perfectly able to travel under sail alone . In defense of Budington 's decision , when low tide exposed the ship 's hull , the men found that the stem had completely broken away at the six @-@ foot mark , taking iron sheeting and planking with it . Budington wrote in his journal that he " called the officer 's attention to it , who only wondered she had kept afloat so long " .
+
+Regarding Hall 's fate , the official investigation that followed ruled the cause of death was apoplexy ( an early term for stroke ) . Some of Hall 's symptoms — partial paralysis , slurred speech , delirium — certainly fit that diagnosis . Indeed , the pains that Hall complained about down one side of his body , which he attributed to many years ' huddling in an igloo , may have been due to a previous minor stroke . However , in 1968 , Hall 's biographer Chauncey C. Loomis , a professor at Dartmouth College , made an expedition to Greenland to exhume Hall 's body . Because of the permafrost , Hall 's body , flag shroud , clothing and coffin were remarkably well @-@ preserved . Tests on tissue samples of bone , fingernails and hair showed that Hall had received large doses of arsenic in the last two weeks of his life . Arsenic poisoning appears consistent with the symptoms party members reported : stomach pains , vomiting , stupor , and mania . Arsenic can have a sweet taste , and Hall had complained that the coffee had tasted too sweet , and had burned his stomach . It also appears that at least three of the crew , Budington , Meyer , and Bessels , expressed relief at Hall 's death and said that the expedition would be better off without him . In his book The Arctic Grail , Pierre Berton suggests that it is possible that Hall accidentally dosed himself with the poison , as arsenic was common in medical kits of the time . But it is considered more probable that he was murdered by one of the other members of the expedition , possibly Bessels , who was in nearly constant attendance of Hall . No charges were ever filed .
+
+= = Research resources = =
+
+Scrapbooks on the Polaris Expedition held at the American Geographical Society Library , UW Milwaukee
+
+= Ayumi Hamasaki =
+
+Ayumi Hamasaki ( 浜崎 あゆみ , Hamasaki Ayumi , born October 2 , 1978 ) is a Japanese recording artist , lyricist , model , and actress . Hamasaki has achieved popularity in Japan and Asia by enforcing her position as an artist and not trying to be forced as a " product " , which was a common factor within the Japanese music culture and Avex Trax . Through her entire career , she has written all her lyrical content , produced her own music and has sometimes co @-@ composed her music , which is evident in her albums I Am ... , Rainbow and My Story .
+
+Born and raised in Fukuoka , she moved to Tokyo at fourteen to pursue a career in entertainment . In 1998 , under the tutelage of Avex CEO Max Matsuura , Hamasaki released her debut single " Poker Face " and released her million @-@ selling record A Song for XX . The album debuted at the top of the Oricon charts and remained there for four weeks , establishing her popularity in Japan . Her next five albums accomplished over one million shipments in Japan , with her third effort Duty selling near three million units , becoming her best selling studio album . A Best , her first compilation album , is her best selling album , with more than four million copies sold in Japan . In 2008 , after her album Next Level was released , album and single sales declined due to ongoing competition with new upcoming artists . Throughout her career , Hamasaki has had all her albums within the top five position in Japan and has five million @-@ selling singles , including " Boys & Girls " , " A " , " Seasons " , " M " and " H " .
+
+Also called " Ayu " by her fans , Hamasaki has been dubbed the " Empress of J @-@ pop " because of her popularity and widespread influence in Japan and throughout Asia . Hamasaki 's constantly changing image and tight control over her artistry has helped her popularity extend across Asia ; music and fashion trends she has started have spread regionally to China , Singapore and other countries across Southeast Asia . She has appeared in or lent her songs to many advertisements and television commercials . Though she originally supported the exploitation of her popularity for commercial purposes , she later reconsidered and eventually opposed her status as an Avex " product " .
+
+Hamasaki has sold over 51 million records , making her one of the best @-@ selling artists in Japan . Hamasaki has several domestic record achievements for her singles , such as the most number @-@ one hits by a female artist ( 38 ) ; the most consecutive number @-@ one hits by a solo artist ( twenty @-@ five ) , and the most million @-@ sellers . From 1999 to 2010 , Hamasaki had at least one single each year topping the charts . Hamasaki is the first female recording artist to have eight studio albums since her debut to top the Oricon and the first artist to have a number @-@ one album for 13 consecutive years since her debut . Hamasaki 's second remix album , Super Eurobeat Presents Ayu @-@ ro Mix , is recognized as one of the best selling remix albums of all time and remains her only album to be recognized in a worldwide accreditation .
+
+= = Life and music career = =
+
+= = = Childhood and early endeavors = = =
+
+Born in Fukuoka Prefecture , Hamasaki was raised as an only child by her mother and grandmother . Her father had left the family when she was three and never again came into contact with her . Hamasaki 's mother worked to support the family , so Hamasaki was primarily taken care of by her grandmother . She described herself as a " tomboy " when she was a teenager , and as a “ strange kid ” who “ liked to be alone ” .
+
+At age seven , Hamasaki began modeling for local institutions , such as banks , in order to supplement the family 's income . She continued this career path by leaving her family at fourteen and moving to Tokyo as a model under SOS , a talent agency . Her modeling career did not last long ; SOS eventually deemed her too short for a model and transferred her to Sun Music , a musicians ' agency . Under the name of " Ayumi " , Hamasaki released a rap EP , Nothing from Nothing , on the Nippon Columbia label in 1995 . She was dismissed from the label when the album failed to chart on the Oricon . After this failure , Hamasaki took up acting and starred in B @-@ movies such as Ladys Ladys ! ! Sōcho Saigo no Hi and television dramas such as Miseinen , which were poorly received by the public . From August 1995 to March 1996 , Hamasaki also co @-@ hosted the SoundLink " magazine " Hōkago no Ōsama ( After @-@ school King ) for the Nintendo Satellaview once a week with Shigeru Izumiya . Growing dissatisfied with her job , Hamasaki quit acting and moved in with her mother , who had recently moved to Tokyo .
+
+Hamasaki was initially a good student , earning good grades in junior high school . Eventually , she lost faith in the curriculum , thinking that the subjects taught were of no use to her . Her grades worsened as she refused to put her mind to her studies . While living in Tokyo , she attempted to further her studies at Horikoshi Gakuen , a high school for the arts , but dropped out in the first year . Hamasaki did not attend school or have a job , so she spent much of her time shopping at Shibuya boutiques and dancing at Velfarre , an Avex @-@ owned disco club .
+
+At Velfarre , she was introduced to her future producer , Max Matsuura , through a friend . After hearing Hamasaki sing karaoke , Matsuura offered her a recording deal , but Hamasaki suspected ulterior motives and turned the offer down . He persisted and succeeded in recruiting her for the Avex label in the following year . Hamasaki started vocal training , but skipped most of her classes after finding her instructors to be too rigid and the classes dull . When she confessed this to Matsuura , he sent her to New York to train her vocals under another method . During her foreign sojourn , Hamasaki frequently corresponded with Matsuura and impressed him with her style of writing . On her return to Japan , he suggested that she try writing her own lyrics .
+
+= = = 1998 – 99 : Musical beginnings , A Song for xx and Loveppears = = =
+
+Hamasaki made her debut under Avex at 19 on April 8 , 1998 with the single " Poker Face " . It — and the following four singles — were not major hits , however each release was better than the last , thus gradually increasing her exposure and presence on the market . Hamasaki 's debut album , A Song for × × ( 1999 ) , was likewise " unassuming " : the tracks , composed by Yasuhiko Hoshino , Akio Togashi ( of Da Pump ) , and Mitsuru Igarashi ( of Every Little Thing ) , were " cautious " pop @-@ rock songs . However , Hamasaki 's lyrics , introspective observations about her feelings and experiences that focused on loneliness and individualism , resonated with the Japanese public . The songs gained Hamasaki a growing following , and the release of the album was a success : it topped the Oricon charts for five weeks and sold over a million copies . For her achievements , she earned a Japan Gold Disc Award for " Best New Artist of the Year " .
+
+With Ayu @-@ mi @-@ x ( March 1999 ) , the first of a series of remix albums , Hamasaki began moving beyond the pop @-@ rock of A Song for × × and began to incorporate different styles including trance , dance , and orchestra . Hamasaki began to experiment with different musical styles in her singles as well , releasing dance tunes and ballads as well as remixes on the singles which spanned reggae and house . The singles were milestones : Hamasaki earned her first number @-@ one single ( " Love : Destiny " ) and first million @-@ selling single ( " A " ) . Her second studio album , Loveppears ( November 1999 ) , not only topped the Oricon charts , it sold nearly 3 million copies . The album also showcased a change in Hamasaki 's lyrics . Though the lyrics of Loveppears still dealt with loneliness , many of them were written from a third @-@ person perspective . In support of Loveppears , she held her first tour , Ayumi Hamasaki Concert Tour 2000 A.
+
+A Film for XX is the first video clip collection by Ayumi Hamasaki , it was released on September 15 , 1999 .
+
+= = = 2000 – 02 : Duty , compilation releases , I Am ... and Rainbow = = =
+
+From April to June 2000 , Hamasaki released the " Trilogy " , a series of singles consisting of " Vogue " , " Far Away " , and " Seasons " . The lyrics of these songs focused on hopelessness , a reflection of Hamasaki 's disappointment that she had not expressed herself thoroughly in any of her previous lyrics and a sense of shame of her public image . Likewise , many of the songs she wrote for her subsequent studio album , Duty ( September 2000 ) , involved feelings of loneliness , chaos , confusion , and the burden of her responsibilities . She described her feelings after the writing as " unnatural " and " nervous " . The musical style was darker as well ; in contrast with Loveppears , Duty was a rock @-@ influenced album with only one dance song , " Audience " . Duty resonated with fans : the " Trilogy " were " hit singles " ( " Seasons " was a million @-@ seller ) , and the album became Hamasaki 's best @-@ selling studio album . At the end of 2000 , Hamasaki held her first New Year countdown concert at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium .
+
+In 2001 , Avex forced Hamasaki to release her first compilation album , A Best , on March 28 , putting the album in " competition " with Hikaru Utada 's second studio album , Distance . The " competition " between the two singers ( which both claimed was merely a creation of their record companies and the media ) was supposedly the reason for the success of the albums ; both sold over 5 million copies . In support of Duty and A Best , Hamasaki held a tour of Japan 's domes , making her one of few " top @-@ drawer " Japanese artists to hold a concert at the Tokyo Dome .
+
+I Am ... ( January 2002 ) marked several milestones for Hamasaki . Hamasaki increased her control over her music by composing all of the songs on the album under the pseudonym " Crea " , of which the 2000 single " M " was the first . " Connected " ( November 2002 ) and " A Song Is Born " ( December 2001 ) were the exceptions . I Am ... also showed evolution in Hamasaki 's lyrical style : it was a retreat from the themes of " loneliness and confusion " of some of her earlier songs . Moved by the September 11 attacks , Hamasaki revised her vision of I Am ... , focusing on issues such as faith and world peace . " A Song Is Born " , in particular , was directly influenced by the events . The single , a duet with Keiko Yamada , was released as part of Avex 's non @-@ profit Song Nation project , which raised money for charity . She also dropped the planned cover and opted instead to be portrayed as a " peace muse " , explaining ,
+
+I had a completely different idea for the cover at first . We 'd already reserved the space , decided the hair and makeup and everything . But after the incident , as is typical of me , I suddenly changed my mind . I knew it wasn 't the time for gaudiness , for elaborate sets and costumes . It sounds odd coming from me , but I realize what I say and how I look has a great impact .
+
+The outlook inspired by the September 11 attacks extended beyond I Am .... In 2002 , Hamasaki held her first concert outside Japan , at the MTV Asia music awards ceremony in Singapore , a move interpreted as the beginning of a campaign prompted by a sluggish Japanese market . At the ceremony , she received the award for " Most Influential Japanese Singer in Asia " . In support of I Am ... , Hamasaki held two tours , Ayumi Hamasaki Arena Tour 2002 A and Ayumi Hamasaki Stadium Tour 2002 A. In November 2002 , as " Ayu " , she released her first European single , " Connected " , a trance song from I Am ... composed by DJ Ferry Corsten . It was released in Germany on the Drizzly label . Hamasaki continued to release singles ( all of them remixes of previously released songs ) in Germany on Drizzly until 2005 .
+
+In April 2002 , Hamasaki released the single " Free & Easy " . In collaboration with the magazine Free & Easy , Hamasaki also released Hamasaki Republic , a photobook that was actually a special issue of Free & Easy , in conjunction with the single . " H " , Hamasaki 's next single , became the best @-@ selling single of 2002 . Hamasaki released her last single of 2002 , " Voyage " , on September 26 . In lieu of a regular @-@ length music video , the short film Tsuki ni Shizumu , starring Hamasaki , was created for " Voyage " and was released at a select theater in Shibuya . Hamasaki 's next studio album , Rainbow ( December 2002 ) was her first to use English lyrics . After performing at the 2002 MTV Asia music awards , Hamasaki felt that by writing only Japanese lyrics , she was not able to bring her " message " to other countries . Realizing that English was a " common global language " , she included English lyrics in three songs . The album was stylistically diverse ; Hamasaki included rock- and trip hop @-@ influenced tracks as well as " summery " , " up @-@ tempo " and " grand gothic " songs and experimented with new techniques such as gospel choruses and the yells of an audience . The lyrics were also varied : themes in the album included freedom , the struggles of women , and " a summer that ends in sadness " .
+
+= = = 2003 – 06 : Decline in sales , My Story , ( Miss ) Understood and Secret = = =
+
+In 2003 , Hamasaki released three singles , " & " , " Forgiveness " , and " No Way to Say " . To celebrate the release of her thirtieth single ( " Forgiveness " ) , Hamasaki held the A Museum concert at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium . Her mini @-@ album Memorial Address ( December 2003 ) was her first album to be released in CD + DVD format in addition to the regular CD @-@ only format , a decision that came from her increased interest in the direction of her music videos . Like her previous albums , Memorial Address topped the Oricon chart and sold over a million copies . Sales of Hamasaki 's singles began to wane . Although all three of the album 's singles topped the Oricon charts , " & " was Hamasaki 's last single to sell over 500 @,@ 000 copies .
+
+By the end of her Arena Tour 2003 – 2004 , Hamasaki had grown dissatisfied with her position in Avex : she felt that the company was treating her as a product instead of a person . Along with her dissatisfaction over her last two studio albums ( which she thought had been rushed ) , this led her to begin work on My Story ( December 2004 ) early . In contrast with her previous albums , My Story had no set theme , nor did Hamasaki attempt to write " something good " or even " something that would give people hope " ; rather , she simply wrote freely and honestly . As a result , the album contained mostly autobiographical lyrics about her emotions and reminiscences of her career . She approached the composition of the music with the same freedom as the lyrics , with the album 's notable rock overtones expressing her liking for rock music . She was so pleased with the result that she declared My Story the first album she felt satisfied with . My Story and its singles , " Moments " , " Inspire " , and " Carols " , all topped the weekly Oricon charts ; moreover , with sales of over 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 units , My Story became Hamasaki 's last million @-@ selling studio album according to Oricon . From January to April 2005 , Hamasaki held the nationwide My Story arena tour , her first album @-@ based tour . Also in January , she began working with Lamoureux Orchestra to create My Story Classical , a classical version of My Story ; the album served as an " alter @-@ ego " of the mostly aggressive My Story . The orchestra also created a classical version of " A Song Is Born " , which was included on My Story Classical and which Hamasaki performed at the opening of the Expo 2005 .
+
+( Miss ) understood ( January 2006 ) , Hamasaki 's seventh studio album , showed new musical directions . Wanting to sing a tune like those of the group Sweetbox , Hamasaki obtained the permission of Sweetbox composer Roberto " Geo " Rosan to use demo songs he had intended to use in Sweetbox 's upcoming album . She edited the songs to fit her personal vision , rewriting the lyrics and rearranging some of the songs . The result was more musically diverse than the previous album ; ( Miss ) understood included ballads , funk , dance @-@ pop , R & B , and rock songs . All of ( Miss ) understood 's singles reached the top of the Oricon ; " Bold & Delicious " became Hamasaki 's twenty @-@ fifth number @-@ one single , tying her with Seiko Matsuda for the record of most number @-@ one singles by a solo female artist . Though ( Miss ) understood also reached the top of the charts , Oricon stated that it sold fewer than a million copies — Hamasaki 's first studio album to do so . In support of the album , Hamasaki held the ( Miss ) understood arena tour , which spanned three months with thirty concerts , from Saitama on March 11 , 2006 to Yoyogi on June 11 , 2006 .
+
+Hamasaki 's first single of 2006 , " Startin ' " , became Hamasaki 's twenty @-@ sixth number @-@ one single , setting a new record for most number @-@ one singles held by a solo female artist . The subsequent studio album , Secret , was released in November 2006 . " Secrets " was , appropriately , the theme of the album ; the album also explored strong female figures , love , and sadness ; songs depicted the artist 's struggles and were written to encourage women . Although Secret was originally intended to be a mini @-@ album , Hamasaki " began brimming with things to say " while producing the album and wrote five more songs . The album consisted mostly of rock songs and ballads ; to complement these , Hamasaki experimented with new vocal techniques . The album also topped the Oricon weekly charts , making Hamasaki the only artist to have eight consecutive number @-@ one studio albums . Her sales , however , continued to decline : according to both Oricon and the RIAJ , Secret failed to sell a million copies .
+
+= = = 2007 – 08 : Compilation releases and Guilty = = =
+
+On February 28 , 2007 , Hamasaki released A Best 2 , a pair of compilation albums containing songs from I Am ... to ( Miss ) understood . The two versions , White and Black , debuted at the first and second positions on the Oricon weekly charts , making Hamasaki the first female artist in thirty @-@ six years to hold the top two positions on any Oricon album chart . At the end of 2007 , the pair became Japan 's fifth and seventh best @-@ selling albums of the year respectively . In support of A Best 2 and Secret , Hamasaki held the four @-@ month @-@ long Tour of Secret from March to the end of June . It was her first international tour , and aside from Japan , she performed in Taipei , Shanghai , and Hong Kong . Her foreign fanbase highly anticipated the concerts , and tickets for the Taipei and Hong Kong performances sold out in less than three hours .
+
+In July 2007 , Hamasaki released her first single in over a year , " Glitter / Fated " . A short film , Distance Love , was used as the music video for " Glitter " and " Fated " . The film , shot in Hong Kong , co @-@ starred Hong Kong actor Shawn Yue as Hamasaki 's romantic interest . " Glitter / Fated " and the following single " Talkin ' 2 Myself " reached the top of their respective charts , continuing Hamasaki 's streak of number @-@ one singles . In December , Hamasaki released her first digital @-@ only single , " Together When ... " , which topped the RIAJ 's monthly download chart . Unlike its predecessors , the writing of Hamasaki 's ninth studio album , Guilty ( January 2008 ) , was not an emotional experience for her , nor did it have a set theme . However , she said later that the album 's tracks appeared to tell a story . Most of the songs were dark ; the album had a notable rock tinge . It contained some upbeat dance tracks and ballads , though the latter also had rock overtones . Guilty peaked at the number @-@ two position on the weekly Oricon charts , making it Hamasaki 's first studio album not to reach the top and ended Hamasaki 's streak of 8 consecutive number @-@ one albums . Guilty was later released as a digital album in twenty @-@ six countries outside Japan , nineteen of them Western nations . That , along with Hamasaki 's decision to employ western DJs such as The Young Punx , Coldcut , Para One and Armand Van Helden for her 2008 remix albums Ayu @-@ mi @-@ x 6 : Gold and Ayu @-@ mi @-@ x 6 : Silver , has been interpreted as her first step into the global market .
+
+In April 2008 , to commemorate her tenth anniversary in Avex , Hamasaki released the single " Mirrorcle World " ; it topped the Oricon , making Hamasaki the only female solo artist to have a number @-@ one single every year for ten consecutive years . Hamasaki also held her second tour of Asia , Asia Tour 2008 : 10th Anniversary , to celebrate her tenth anniversary . From April until June , she toured Japan , holding seventeen concerts . Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Shanghai were again the foreign stops after the domestic performances . On September 10 , 2008 , Hamasaki released A Complete : All Singles , a compilation album that includes the A @-@ sides of all her singles along with previously unreleased footage from her A @-@ nation concerts which is the 8th best selling album of 2008 .
+
+= = = 2009 – 11 : Next Level , Rock n Roll Circus and Five = = =
+
+Hamasaki 's next two singles , " Days / Green " ( December 2008 ) and " Rule / Sparkle " ( February 2009 ) , continued Hamasaki 's streak of number @-@ one singles . " Rule " is used as the international theme song for the film Dragonball Evolution . The subsequent studio album , Next Level , was released on March 25 , 2009 in several formats : CD , CD + DVD , 2CD + DVD and a two @-@ gigabyte USB flash drive . Sonically , Next Level was mainly an electronic dance album . Next Level reached the top of the Oricon charts , making Hamasaki the only artist to have a number @-@ one album every year for eleven years in a row since her debut . However , the album was only certified double platinum , making it Hamasaki 's lowest @-@ selling studio album to that date . On August 12 , 2009 , Hamasaki released her forty @-@ sixth single , " Sunrise / Sunset ( Love Is All ) " . " Sunrise ( Love Is All ) " , one of the A @-@ sides , is being used as the opening theme song for the Japanese television drama Dandy Daddy ? . The single reached the top of the weekly charts , making it her twenty @-@ first consecutive ( thirty @-@ third total ) number @-@ one single . " Sunrise / Sunset " is also her forty @-@ fourth single to enter the Top 10 , making Hamasaki the artist with the most Top 10 singles ever . Hamasaki 's third single of the year , " You Were ... / Ballad " , was released on December 29 , 2009 . Hamasaki 's eleventh studio album Rock ' n ' Roll Circus was released on April 14 , 2010 . Though the album contained a few " powerful and melodramatic gothic rock " tracks , it was mainly " pure and classic J @-@ pop " , with pop @-@ rock songs and ballads . The album topped the charts , making Hamasaki the first female solo artist in twenty years to have ten number @-@ one original studio albums . Hamasaki also began expanding her online presence , setting up accounts on MySpace , Ustream , and Twitter . In July , entertainment company Livespire announced that Hamasaki 's 2009 Next Level tour would be shown in 3D at Toho cinemas nationwide beginning on August 28 .
+
+On July 14 , Hamasaki released her forty @-@ eighth single , " Moon / Blossom " . The single was released as the first of a three @-@ part project to celebrate her yet @-@ unreleased fiftieth single . The two other singles in the project ( her forty @-@ ninth and fiftieth singles respectively ) , " Crossroad " and " L " , were released within a week of each other , " Crossroad " on September 22 and " L " on September 29 . " Crossroad " was composed by Tetsuya Komuro and its coupling was her cover version of Komuro 's band TM Network 's 1988 song " Seven Days War " , which was her first cover of a male song . The three singles all topped the Oricon , becoming Hamasaki 's twenty @-@ third , twenty @-@ fourth and twenty @-@ fifth consecutive number @-@ one singles and setting a new record for the most consecutive number @-@ one singles by any female artist ( solo or group ) as well as by any solo artist . On December 22 , Hamasaki released her twelfth original studio album , Love Songs . On the same day , Naoya Urata of AAA released his debut solo single " Dream On " . The song , which featured Hamasaki , was written and produced by her as well , marking the first record she produced for another singer . Love Songs and " Dream On " both reached the top spots on their respective Oricon charts . Love Songs became Hamasaki 's fourth consecutive and seventeenth total number @-@ one album . The album also marked Hamasaki 's thirteenth consecutive year with a number @-@ one album , breaking her old record .
+
+In February 2011 , it was announced that her arena tour of the year , Hotel Love Songs , would start in April . Shortly after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami hit , it was announced that the tour was rescheduled to start in late May and the tour was renamed to Power of Music . Deeply affected by the Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami devastation , Hamasaki decided to collaborate with fashion magazine , Vivi , with the sale of charity shirts and the profits going to help the victims in the devastation . On April 20 , 2011 , Hamasaki simultaneously released four new remix albums , Ayu @-@ mi @-@ x 7 : House , Acoustic Orchestra , Trance 4 , Ayu @-@ ro Mix 4 , and a Limited Complete Box Set , which were also released internationally on iTunes . On that same day , Hamasaki also released 2010 Rock ' n ' Roll Circus Tour and A 50 Singles : Live Selection which topped the weekly chart at No. 1 and No. 2 respectively . The simultaneous releases made Hamasaki the first artist ever to have 4 albums in Oricon 's top 10 and also the first artist to hold 2 top positions in the Oricon DVD chart . Their original release date of March 30 was postponed due to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami and was pushed back to April 20 instead . On April 21 , 2011 , it was announced that she would perform in a @-@ nation 10th Anniversary for Life Charge & Go ! On May 4 , it was announced that she broke another record – the female artist with the highest DVD sales with 2 @,@ 313 @,@ 000 .
+
+On August 31 , Hamasaki released her second mini album Five , her first since Memorial Address in 2003 . This is her first album to have no singles released . Five topped the Oricon Charts for 2 consecutive weeks , her first to do so since ( Miss ) understood . The lead song , " Progress " , was used as a theme song for the videogame , Tales of Xillia . The album also features collaborations , with singers Juno and Naoya Urata from AAA . This album managed to be certified Gold by RIAJ , making Hamasaki 's first album not to be certified Platinum . Complete Clip Box 1998 – 2011 , consisting all her music videos from her first single , " Poker Face " till her latest mini @-@ album , Five , was released on January 1 , 2012 . " How Beautiful You Are " will be the theme song for a drama Saigo Kara Nibanme no Koi , and also Hamasaki 's second digital single ( 55th single overall ) , which is released fully on February 8 . Hamasaki describe the song as a mid @-@ tempo ballad and a feeling of gratitude towards someone .
+
+= = = 2012 – 13 : 15th anniversary , Love Again and compilation releases = = =
+
+In 2012 , The International 3D Society announced the winners of its 2012 3D Creative Arts Awards with Hamasaki receiving an award for " Electronic Broadcast Media ( Television ) – Live Event " for her A3D ayumi hamasaki Arena Tour 2009 A ( Next Level ) tour . On March 21 , Hamasaki released her thirteenth studio album , Party Queen . The album peaked at number two on the Oricon charts , becoming her second studio album to do so after 2007 's Guilty . On August 6 , 2012 , Hamasaki released her sixth compilation album A Summer Best . It included two new songs which were digitally released for the promotion of the album : the TRF cover , Happening Here , and You & Me .
+
+In September 2012 , it was announced that , to commemorate Hamasaki 's 15th anniversary in the music industry on April 8 , 2013 , she would be releasing new material for five consecutive months starting on the 8th day of November , 2012 , until the 8th of March , 2013 . The first releases were two mini albums , Love and Again , which were put on sale on the 8th of November and December , respectively . The third release for the 8th of January was her compilation album A Classical , which included classical arrangements of previously released songs . The fourth release was Hamasaki 's 14th studio album , Love Again , which compiled the songs included in the two previous mini albums . And finally the fifth was the DVD / Blu @-@ ray of her Arena Tour 2012 : Hotel Love Songs , released in March . In April 2013 Hamasaki began her 15th Anniversary Tour : A Best Live , which lasted for four months until the end of July . Its setlist was chosen by fans through online voting , and was later released as her first live album CD on September 18 . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray versions were released on October 30 , 2013 . On December 25 , 2013 , Hamasaki released " Feel the Love / Merry @-@ go @-@ round " , her first physical single in three years . " Feel the Love " was composed by Tetsuya Komuro and produced by Dj Hello Kitty , while " Merry @-@ go @-@ round " was produced by M @-@ Flo 's Taku Takahashi and features rapper Verbal . Both songs are heavily influenced by Western dance @-@ pop music .
+
+= = = 2014 – 2015 : Colours , A One , Sixxxxxx = = =
+
+In January 2014 , it was announced that a new song entitled " Pray " was chosen to be the theme song for the anime film Osamu Tezuka 's Budda 2 — Owarinaki Tabi , which premiered on February 8 , 2014 in Japan . The song was released digitally on January 27 , 2014 . Another new song , entitled " Hello New Me " , was presented as theme song for a new season of Fuji TV drama Zoku — Saigo Kara Nibanme no Koi. which started broadcasting in April , 2014 . The song was released digitally on May 14 , 2014 . From May 30 to July 6 , 2014 , Hamasaki held her Premium Showcase : Feel the love tour , on which she offered 11 concerts at 3 locations : Nagoya , Osaka and Tokyo . On this tour Hamasaki abandoned for the first time the traditional format of her previous concerts and presented a uninterrupted , shorter show , on which she also debuted as an aerial acrobat . Hamasaki 's fifteenth studio album , entitled Colours , was released on July 2 , 2014 . The album featured internationally renowned producers , such as RedOne , Rodney Jerkins , Armin van Buuren and Fedde le Grand , making the first time in Hamasaki 's career in which primarily Western producers were appointed to produce one of her studio albums . Colours peaked at number five on its first week on the Oricon charts , becoming Hamasaki 's first studio album to debut out of the Top 3 . However , it also marked a new record for her , as with this achievement she became the second artist in Japan 's history — after Yumi Matsutoya — to have 47 of her albums within the Top 10 of the charts . In September 2014 , Hamasaki released two recut singles from Colours : " Terminal " and " XOXO " on the PlugAir platform . The single was released under Machine Shop Records for the American release .
+
+On October 18 , 2014 , Hamasaki performed as the closing act in the A @-@ Nation premium concert held at the Marina Bay Sands ’ MasterCard Theatres in Singapore . This was the second time performing in Singapore after her MTV Asia Awards performance 12 years ago . On November 2 , 2014 , Hamasaki announced through her official Facebook page that she had started recording new material composed by Tetsuya Komuro , Kunio Tago and Tetsuya Yukumi for a " winter ballad trilogy " single . On November 6 , 2014 , the title of the single was revealed to be " Zutto ... / Last Minute / Walk " , and its release date was set for December 24 , 2014 . On November 10 , 2014 , it was announced that Hamasaki would be collaborating in a tribute cover album for Hikaru Utada , entitled Utada Hikaru no Uta , to be released on December 9 , 2014 . For the album she contributed with a cover of Utada 's 1998 single " Movin ' on Without You " , which was arranged by the RedOne production team . The winter ballad trilogy single , " Zutto ... / Last Minute / Walk " , was released on December 24 , 2014 and peaked at number five on the Oricon charts . With this achievement , Hamasaki became the first solo artist in Japan 's history to have 50 singles within the Top 10 of the Oricon charts . As for artists in general , Hamasaki became the third artist with more Top ten singles since Oricon 's foundation in 1968 — being surpassed by groups Morning Musume and SMAP , with 57 and 53 Top ten singles respectively In December 2014 Hamasaki announced that she would be not attending the New Year show Kōhaku Uta Gassen for the first time in 15 years . She explained her decision stating that she wanted to lower her responsibilities and things she felt pressured to do , in order to focus on the projects she had for her career , mainly regarding her plans to expand her influence throughout Asia .
+
+On February 15 , 2015 , Hamasaki made a surprise guest appearance during Singaporean singer JJ Lin 's concert in Taipei , Taiwan . They performed a duet version of Hamasaki 's 2000 single " Seasons " , and announced that JJ Lin would be producing a song for Hamasaki 's next studio album , A One . The album was released on April 8 , 2015 , including singles " Zutto ... " , " Last Minute " , " Walk " , Utada 's cover " Movin ' on Without You " , and JJ Lin @-@ produced song " The Gift " , for which a promotional music video was also made . Between April and July 2015 , Hamasaki embarked on her Arena Tour 2015 A Cirque de Minuit tour throughout Japan , which was planned as an expanded version of her previous Countdown Live concerts held in late 2014 . The tour consisted of a 34 @-@ song setlist show with a duration of 3 hours and 45 minutes , her longest concert held to date . At the final show of the aforementioned tour , Hamasaki announced that she would start another tour in September , this time exclusively for members of her official fan club , TeamAyu . The TA Limited Live Tour , Hamasaki 's first fan club exclusive tour in twelve years after 2003 , began on September 29 , 2015 and included a total of 16 concerts at 7 venues .
+
+In April 2015 , a new song entitled " Step by Step " began to be broadcast as the theme song of NHK TV drama Bijo to Danshi , and was subsequently released as a digital single on July 1 . On August 5 , 2015 , Hamasaki released her sixth extended play , entitled Sixxxxxx . The mini album featured six new songs , including drama theme song " Step by Step " , and " Sayonara " , a new song featuring Taiwanese boyband SpeXial . " Sayonara " became # 1 on digital downloads charts in Taiwan , Hong Kong , Singapore and Malaysia , according to KK BOX , Asia ’ s largest digital distribution site . In addition , Hamasaki participated as one of the headliners of the A @-@ Nation Stadium Fes 2015 held on August 30 at the Ajinomoto Stadium , where she also performed a cover of Globe 's hit ballad song " Departures " , joined by Tetsuya Komuro and Naoya Urata onstage . She also recorded a cover of Globe 's " Many Classic Moments " , which was included in the group 's tribute album released on December 16 , 2015 . On December 23 , 2015 , Hamasaki released a winter @-@ themed concept album entitled Winter Diary : A7 Classical , which included songs from her previous two albums -A One and -Sixxxxxx- remixed with Classical arrangements , and also new song " Winter Diary " , which was produced by Tetsuya Komuro . Hamasaki promoted the album by starting an Instagram account that would be active for only a month until the end of January 2016 . She shared pictures of the music video shooting of " Winter Diary " recorded in Taiwan , and also the preparations for her 2015 @-@ 2016 countdown live concerts .
+
+= = = 2016 : Made in Japan = = =
+
+On her last Instagram post , Hamasaki confirmed that she has been working on her seventeenth studio album for 2016 . A 15th anniversary edition of Hamasaki 's 2001 greatest hits album A Best was released on March 28 , 2016 . In May 2016 , Hamasaki started her nationwide tour Arena Tour 2016 A : Made in Japan , which will be an expanded version of her 2015 @-@ 2016 Countdown Live Made in Tokyo . On May 11 , Hamasaki made a surprise release of her 17th studio album , entitled Made in Japan , through music streaming website AWA , where it reached 1 million legal streams after 5 days of release . The album is set to be released on physical formats on June 29 , 2016 .
+
+= = Image and artistry = =
+
+Time magazine has noted that Hamasaki lacked talents such as the dance moves of Namie Amuro , the " supermodel allure " of Hitomi , and the " vocal pyrotechnics " of Hikaru Utada . Her own fans even considered her high @-@ pitched voice screechy . However , her music is sometimes considered one of the major forces in shaping Japan 's current music trends ; this has been attributed to her constantly changing image as well as her self @-@ penned lyrics , though critics credit clever marketing strategies . Hamasaki is also noted for the visual aspects of her artistry : she is considered a fashion trendsetter , with her influence extending beyond Japan . The Guardian says that Hamasaki has " married accessible , mainstream hits with over @-@ the @-@ top costumes and high @-@ concept videos " . The widespread influence of her music and her constantly changing image has meant that Hamasaki has often been compared to Madonna .
+
+Hamasaki 's lyrics and image have gained a following predominantly among the Generation X of Asia , mainly because of the " conflicting or inharmonious beauty " of her fashion and lyrics ; Hamasaki 's fashions combine Eastern and Western elements , and her songs , unlike those of many of her contemporaries , mostly all have English titles but contained no English lyrics ( until Rainbow ) . Music critic Tetsu Misaki believed that the juxtaposition of her fashionable appearance and her personal lyrics was one of her most important selling points . The popularity of her music extends beyond Japan ; she has a " sizable [ following ] across Asia " and is one of the few Japanese singers whose albums have sold over 10 @,@ 000 copies in Singapore . In 2002 , however , Hamasaki 's domestic sales began declining due to a sluggish Japanese market and increasing piracy in Japan . As a result , she began moving toward the Asian market in 2002 , performing at the 2002 MTV Asia awards in Singapore , at South Korea 's " Asia Song Festival " , and at a concert in Beijing to celebrate Sino @-@ Japanese relations . With her popularity declining ( due in part to the rising popularity of other singers ) , she made a foray into the Asian market , starting with her first tour of Asia in 2007 .
+
+= = = Musical style = = =
+
+Hamasaki 's lyrics , all her own , have resonated among her fans , who praise them as being honest and heartfelt and " expressing determination " ; in two surveys conducted by Oricon , respondents voted Hamasaki 's lyrics as their favorite aspect of her artistry . Steve McClure of The Japan Times noted that Hamasaki has " developed a reputation as a thoughtful , introspective lyricist " ; Barry Walters of The Village Voice comments that Hamasaki 's lyrics " pack unlikely insights . " Having " trouble voicing her thoughts " , Hamasaki uses her lyrics as an outlet ; she draws inspiration from her own ( and occasionally her friends ' ) experiences and emotions and tries to put them " honestly into words " . She has stated that honesty is essential to her lyrics , saying , " If I write when I 'm low , it will be a dark song , but I don 't care . I want to be honest with myself at all times . " This meant that she did not use English lyrics until her album Rainbow , as she felt that she could best express herself in Japanese . As with her musical style , the themes of her lyrics have varied . Her debut album A Song for × × dealt mostly with themes of " loneliness and confusion " , as did her second album Loveppears . Duty likewise expressed feelings of disappointment and confusion . Hamasaki began to take on a more global outlook with her following albums I Am ... and Rainbow , branching out to wider themes such as faith and peace . Music critic Tetsu Misaki noted a large change in her lyrics style between her debut album A Song for × × ( 1999 ) , which mostly dealt with personal problems , and her following albums Loveppears and Duty . Misaki believed Hamasaki had begun thinking about her influence on society more , and began writing songs with important messages she wanted to express to her listeners . This was signalled by her not using first person pronouns as much , and instead using the words bokura ( 僕ら , " we " ) and tsutaeru ( 伝える , " convey " ) more often . As Hamasaki matured , her lyrics began to express more confidence ; themes in her later albums included love and the struggles of women . With Guilty , Hamasaki began to compose her lyrics not only as an exposition of her personal feelings but as encouragements for her listeners , an outlook she applied in Next Level as well . In songs such as " Talkin ' 2 Myself " and " Mirrorcle World " , Hamasaki deals with the " awareness and fighting spirit of surviving in a high @-@ risk age " to encourage listeners ; in " Rollin ' " ( from Next Level ) , Hamasaki writes , " The age is rolling around / At the speed of heading toward the end / Beyond the border / Disappointment and hope fight with each other " . In addition to personal experiences and feelings , Hamasaki bases lyrics on sources such as historical events . The life of Joan of Arc was the inspiration for " Free & Easy " , while a story told to her by her friend about a saint named Mary served as the basis for " M " ; the September 11 attacks inspired " A Song Is Born " .
+
+In addition to writing her own lyrics , Hamasaki has also involved herself in other aspects of production such as artistic direction . Though Max Matsuura is officially credited as the producer of her records , he said of Hamasaki , " Ayu is a very meticulous worker behind the scenes . A lot of the work she does by herself is more in the producer 's arena . I think really we should say ' Produced by [ A ] yumi [ H ] amasaki ' . " Until her single " M " , however , Hamasaki left the task of composing to her staff ; as she has explained , " I 'm not a professional ; I lack even basic knowledge about writing music . " However , she started to compose her own melodies after her staff had failed to compose a tune for " M " that appealed to her . Wanting to produce works faithful to her visions , Hamasaki took control of most aspects of her artistry . I Am ... is representative of this stage in Hamasaki 's career ; she directed the production of its songs , videos , and artwork . She began to compose less after I Am ... : whereas nearly all of I Am ... was her work , only nine of Rainbow 's fifteen tracks were composed by her . She was even less involved in the composition of subsequent albums , composing two tracks on Memorial Address , three on My Story , and one on ( Miss ) understood ; since Secret , none of the songs on her studio albums have listed her as a composer . With later albums , Hamasaki also began to delegate to her staff tasks she had once handled herself . Hamasaki cites Madonna , soul musicians Babyface and En Vogue , and rock bands Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple as her influences and states that she admires Michelle Branch , Kid Rock , Joan Osborne , Seiko Matsuda , Rie Miyazawa , and Keiko Yamada ; these diverse influences have led to the variety of her own music . Hamasaki began commissioning remixes of her songs early in her career , and this practice also influenced the diversity of her music . Found on many of her records , these remixes span different genres of electronic dance music including Eurobeat , house , and trance , as well as acoustic genres such as classical and traditional Chinese music . She has employed Western as well as Japanese musicians ; among those she has worked with are Above & Beyond , the Lamoureux Orchestra of France , and traditional Chinese music ensemble Princess China Music Orchestra . Hamasaki has released more than a hundred original songs ; through them , she has covered a wide range of musical styles , such as dance , metal , R & B , progressive rock , pop , and classical . She uses different instruments and techniques including piano , orchestra , gospel choirs , guitars , traditional Japanese strings , music boxes , and effects such as yells , claps , and scratching .
+
+Hamasaki is often involved in the artistic direction of her music videos . They are often artistic productions through which Hamasaki tries to convey the meaning or feeling of their respective songs . The themes of the videos are varied ; she has made " sad and fragile " or " emotional " videos ( " Momentum " , " Endless Sorrow " ) , " refreshing " summer videos ( " Blue Bird " , " Fairyland " ) , surreal or " scary " videos ( " 1 Love " , " Marionette " ) , and humorous videos ( " Evolution " , " Angel 's Song " , " Beautiful Fighters " ) . Additionally , many of the videos contain short storylines , some of which use symbolism to convey their respective messages . The video of " Voyage " depicts Hamasaki as a woman in a mental hospital whose previous incarnation was a woman in feudal Japan who was sacrificed to the moon ; the video of " Endless Sorrow " features a young boy living in a society where speaking is forbidden by law . In the video for " Free & Easy " , Hamasaki portrayed a " twenty @-@ first @-@ century Joan of Arc " to convey her message " freedom cannot be easily obtained ; there is a price to pay for it " and to express her opposition to her marrying at the time ; the video for " Ourselves " featured masked people destroying " effigies of [ Hamasaki 's ] past " such as photographs and album covers to symbolize destruction and rebirth . Additionally , the videos of " Fairyland " , " My Name 's Women " , " Jewel " , " Green " , and " Virgin Road " are among the top twenty or so most expensive music videos , making Hamasaki the only non @-@ American artist to hold such a distinction . Hamasaki is also involved in the production and artistic direction of her live performances ; they , like her videos , are often lavish productions and use a variety of props , extravagant costumes , and choreographed dances . She has used large video screens , fireworks , simulated rain drops , trick stage floors , and suspended devices .