079project 1.0.0

package/tests/test_FIrststep4.txt

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+
+= = = Bingo = = =
+
+On April 30 , 1984 , the Pequot corporate body voted 12 @-@ 1 with two abstentions to approve the construction of a high @-@ stakes bingo operation . Barry Margolin , Tureen 's law partner , took the lead in representing the Pequots in this matter . After Connecticut 's chief state criminal attorney wrote the tribe a letter threatening to shut down the bingo operation if opened as planned , the Pequots filed for a federal preliminary injunction , which Judge Peter C. Dorsey ( who , as a magistrate , had ruled favorably for the Pequots in their land claim ) granted . Dorsey granted a permanent injunction on January 9 , 1986 , holding that Connecticut 's bingo laws did not apply to the reservation . The bingo hall opened on July 5 , 1986 .
+
+= = = Cabazon Band and the IGRA = = =
+
+The Supreme Court 's decision in California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians ( 1987 ) fueled the Pequot 's desire to upgrade their bingo hall to a full casino . In the wake of that decision , Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act ( IGRA ) on October 17 , 1988 . Tureen and Margolin concluded that the IGRA required Connecticut to negotiate a tribal @-@ state compact with the Pequot in good faith because of a state statute that permitted non @-@ profits , with a state license , to hold " Las Vegas nights " twice a year . The state statute in question had been lobbied for by Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD ) in 1987 . At the request of Governor O 'Neill , acting state attorney general Clarine Riddle prepared a memorandum highlighting the differences between high school students playing casino games for monopoly money and a full @-@ scale , for @-@ profit casino . O 'Neill denied the Pequot 's request .
+
+= = = Creation of Foxwoods = = =
+
+When the state failed to negotiate , on November 3 , 1989 , the tribe sued the state under a provision of the IGRA — subsequently declared unconstitutional in Seminole Tribe v. Florida ( 1996 ) — that permitted such suits if state did not negotiate in good faith within 180 days . The case was docketed again before Judge Dorsey . Dorsey granted the tribe summary judgment in May 1990 , ordering the state to resume negotiations and conclude a compact within 60 days . The Second Circuit upheld Dorsey 's ruling on September 4 , 1990 . The compact was forwarded to Secretary of Interior Manuel Lujan , Jr. on October 1990 for his approval . On April 22 , 1991 , the Supreme Court declined to grant certiorari to the state 's appeal from the Second Circuit 's ruling .
+
+Former Senator Weicker replaced O 'Neil as governor in January 1991 . Weicker was opposed to gambling , and was advised that repealing the " Las Vegas night " statute was the only way to avoid a Pequot casino . Moreover , Weicker would have had to repeal the law before Secretary Lujan gave final approval to the compact . The Pequots retained lobbyists , reached out to charity groups that utilized the " Las Vegas night " statute , and brought in Native American Rights Fund executive director John Echohawk to defeat Weicker 's proposed bill . Weicker 's bill prevailed by 18 @-@ 17 with one absent in the Connecticut Senate . However , the House rejected the bill by more than 20 votes . Secretary Lujan approved the compact on May 31 , 1991 .
+
+The Pequots signed a financing agreement with Malaysian partners on February 25 , 1991 for the construction of Foxwoods Resort Casino . Foxwoods opened on February 12 , 1992 . That year , even though slot machines had yet to be installed , the 245 @-@ member Pequot tribe received $ 148 million in revenue and $ 51 million in profit from Foxwoods . Threatened with the possibility of competition from non @-@ Indian gambling , the Pequots offered the state a share of slot machine revenue in October 1992 ( the issue of slot machines had been left for the courts in the original compact ) . A provision of the agreement provided that if slot machine gambling were to be legalized in the state , the revenue sharing would cease . On January 13 , 1993 , the tribe and state announced a deal that would give the state 25 % of gross slot machine revenue , guaranteeing at least $ 100M / year . By 1998 , Foxwoods was generating $ 1 billion in revenue and $ 152 million in net income for the tribe .
+
+= = = Reservation expansion = = =
+
+Starting in 1993 , the Pequot began negotiations to purchase additional lands and convey those lands to the Department of Interior in trust under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 . Local towns sued the tribes to prevent this . In 1996 and 1998 , Interior Department , under Secretary Bruce Babbitt , approved the tribe 's request to put 165 new acres ( 0 @.@ 67 km2 ) and 146 new acres ( 0 @.@ 59 km2 ) , respectively , into trust . The Supreme Court 's decision in Carcieri v. Salazar ( 2009 ) prevents any further such transfers .
+
+= North American XB @-@ 70 Valkyrie =
+
+The North American Aviation XB @-@ 70 Valkyrie is the prototype of the B @-@ 70 nuclear @-@ armed , deep @-@ penetration strategic bomber for the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command . In the late 1950s North American Aviation designed the Valkyrie bomber as a large , six @-@ engined aircraft capable of reaching Mach 3 + while flying at 70 @,@ 000 feet ( 21 @,@ 000 m ) .
+
+At these speeds , it was expected that the B @-@ 70 would be almost immune to interceptor aircraft , the only effective weapon against bomber aircraft at the time . The bomber would spend only a few minutes over a particular radar station , flying out of its range before the controllers could position their fighters in a suitable location for an interception . Its high speed also made the aircraft difficult to see on the radar displays , and its high altitude flight could not be matched by any contemporary Soviet fighter .
+
+The introduction of the first Soviet surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles in the late 1950s put the near @-@ invulnerability of the B @-@ 70 in doubt . In response , the US Air Force ( USAF ) began flying its missions at low level , where the missile radar 's line of sight was limited by local terrain . In this low @-@ level penetration role , the B @-@ 70 offered little additional performance over the B @-@ 52 it was meant to replace . It was , however , far more expensive and had shorter range . Other alternate missions were proposed , but these were of limited scope . As the strategic role passed from bombers to intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) during the late 1950s , manned bombers were increasingly seen as obsolete .
+
+The USAF eventually gave up fighting for its production , and the B @-@ 70 program was canceled in 1961 . Development was then turned over to a research program to study the effects of long @-@ duration high @-@ speed flight . As such , two prototype aircraft were built , and designated XB @-@ 70A ; these aircraft were used for supersonic test @-@ flights during 1964 – 69 . In 1966 , one prototype crashed after colliding in mid @-@ air with a smaller jet aircraft ; the remaining Valkyrie bomber is in the National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton , Ohio .
+
+= = Development = =
+
+= = = Background = = =
+
+As an offshoot of Boeing 's MX @-@ 2145 manned boost @-@ glide bomber project , Boeing partnered with RAND Corporation in January 1954 to explore what sort of bomber aircraft would be needed to deliver the various nuclear weapons then under development . At the time , nuclear weapons weighed several tons , and the need to carry enough fuel to fly that payload from the continental United States to the Soviet Union demanded large bombers . They also concluded that after release of bombs the aircraft would need supersonic speed to escape the critical blast @-@ radius .
+
+The aviation industry had been studying this problem for some time . From the mid @-@ 1940s , there was much interest in using nuclear @-@ powered aircraft in the bomber role . In a conventional jet engine , thrust is provided by heating air using jet fuel and accelerating it out a nozzle . In a nuclear engine , heat is supplied by a reactor , whose consumables last for months instead of hours . Most designs also carried a small amount of jet fuel for use during high @-@ power portions of flight — take @-@ off and high @-@ speed dashes .
+
+Another possibility being explored at the time was the use of boron @-@ enriched " zip fuels " , which improves the energy density of jet fuel by about 40 percent , and could be used in modified versions of existing jet engine designs . Zip fuels appeared to offer sufficient performance improvement to produce a strategic bomber with supersonic speed .
+
+= = = WS @-@ 110A = = =
+
+The U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) followed these developments closely , and in 1955 issued General Operational Requirement No. 38 for a new bomber combining the payload and intercontinental range of the B @-@ 52 with the Mach 2 top speed of the Convair B @-@ 58 Hustler . The new bomber was expected to enter service in 1963 . Both nuclear and conventional designs would be considered . The nuclear @-@ powered bomber was organized as " Weapon System 125A " and pursued simultaneously with the jet @-@ powered version , " Weapon System 110A " .
+
+The USAF Air Research and Development Command 's ( ARDC ) requirement for WS @-@ 110A asked for a chemical fuel bomber with Mach 0 @.@ 9 cruising speed and " maximum possible " speed during a 1 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 852 km ) entrance and exit from the target . The requirement also called for a 50 @,@ 000 pound ( 22 @,@ 670 kg ) payload and a combat radius of 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 600 mi , 7 @,@ 400 km ) . The Air Force formed similar requirements for a WS @-@ 110L intercontinental reconnaissance system in 1955 , but this was later canceled in 1958 due to better options . In July 1955 , six contractors were selected to bid on WS @-@ 110A studies . Boeing and North American Aviation ( NAA ) submitted proposals , and on 8 November 1955 were awarded contracts for Phase 1 development .
+
+In mid @-@ 1956 , initial designs were presented by the two companies . Zip fuel was to be used in the afterburners to improve range by 10 to 15 percent over conventional fuel . Both designs featured huge wing tip fuel tanks that could be jettisoned when their fuel was depleted before a supersonic dash to the target . The tanks also included the outer portions of the wing , which would also be jettisoned to produce a smaller wing suitable for supersonic speeds . Both became trapezoidal wings after ejection , at that time the highest performance planform known . They also featured flush cockpits to maintain the highest fineness ratio possible in spite of its effects on visibility .
+
+The two designs had takeoff weights of approximately 750 @,@ 000 pounds ( 340 @,@ 000 kg ) with large fuel loads . The Air Force evaluated the designs , and in September 1956 deemed them too large and complicated for operations . General Curtis LeMay was dismissive , declaiming , " This is not an airplane , it 's a three @-@ ship formation . " The USAF ended Phase 1 development in October 1956 and instructed the two contractors to continue design studies .
+
+= = = New designs = = =
+
+During the period that the original proposals were being studied , advances in supersonic flight were proceeding rapidly . The narrow delta was establishing itself as a preferred planform for supersonic flight , replacing earlier designs like the swept @-@ wing and trapezoidal layouts seen on designs like the Lockheed F @-@ 104 Starfighter and the earlier WS @-@ 110 concepts . Engines able to cope with higher temperatures and widely varying intake ramp air speeds were also under design , allowing for sustained supersonic speeds .
+
+This work led to an interesting discovery . When an engine was optimized specifically for high speed , it burned perhaps twice as much fuel at that speed than when it was running at subsonic speeds . However , the aircraft would be flying as much as four times as fast . Thus its most economical cruise speed , in terms of fuel per mile , was its maximum speed . This was entirely unexpected and implied that there was no point in the dash concept ; if the aircraft was able to reach Mach 3 , it may as well fly its entire mission at that speed . The question remained whether such a concept was technically feasible , but by March 1957 , engine development and wind tunnel testing had progressed enough to suggest it was .
+
+WS @-@ 110 was redesigned as an aircraft flying Mach 3 for the entire mission . Zip fuel was retained for the engine 's afterburner to increase range . Both North American and Boeing returned new designs with very long fuselages and large delta wings . They differed primarily in engine layout ; the NAA design arranged its six engines in a semi @-@ circular duct under the rear fuselage , while the Boeing design used separate podded engines located individually on pylons below the wing , like the Hustler .
+
+North American had scoured the literature to find any additional advantage . This led them to an obscure report by two NACA wind tunnel experts , who wrote a report in 1956 titled " Aircraft Configurations Developing High Lift @-@ Drag Ratios at High Supersonic Speeds " . Known today as compression lift , the idea was to use the shock wave generated off the nose or other sharp points on the aircraft as a source of high @-@ pressure air . By carefully positioning the wing in relation to the shock , the shock 's high pressure could be captured on the bottom of the wing and generate additional lift . To take maximum advantage of this effect , they redesigned the underside of the aircraft to feature a large triangular intake area far forward of the engines , better positioning the shock in relation to the wing .
+
+North American improved on the basic concept by adding a set of drooping wing tip panels that were lowered at high speed . This helped trap the shock wave under the wing between the downturned wing tips . It also added more vertical surface to the aircraft to maintain directional stability at high speeds . NAA 's solution had an additional advantage , as it decreased the surface area of the rear of the wing when the panels were moved into their high @-@ speed position . This helped offset the rearward shift of the center of pressure , or " average lift point " , with increasing speeds . Under normal conditions this caused an increasing nose @-@ down trim , which had to be offset by moving the control surfaces , increasing drag . When the wing tips were drooped the surface area at the rear of the wings was lowered , moving the lift forward and counteracting this effect , reducing the need for control inputs .
+
+The buildup of heat due to skin friction during sustained supersonic flight had to be addressed . During a Mach 3 cruise , the aircraft would reach an average of 450 ° F ( 230 ° C ) , with leading edges reaching 630 ° F ( 330 ° C ) , and up to 1 @,@ 000 ° F ( 540 ° C ) in engine compartments . NAA proposed building their design out of sandwich panels , with each panel consisting of two thin sheets of stainless steel brazed to opposite faces of a honeycomb @-@ shaped foil core . Expensive titanium would be used only in high @-@ temperature areas like the leading edge of the horizontal stabilizer , and the nose . For cooling the interior , the XB @-@ 70 pumped fuel en route to the engines through heat exchangers .
+
+On 30 August 1957 , the Air Force decided that enough data was available on the NAA and Boeing designs that a competition could begin . On 18 September , the Air Force issued operational requirements which called for a cruising speed of Mach 3 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 2 , an over @-@ target altitude of 70 @,@ 000 – 75 @,@ 000 ft ( 21 @,@ 300 – 22 @,@ 700 m ) , a range of up to 10 @,@ 500 mi ( 16 @,@ 900 km ) , and a gross weight not to exceed 490 @,@ 000 lb ( 222 @,@ 000 kg ) . The aircraft would have to use the hangars , runways and handling procedures used by the B @-@ 52 . On 23 December 1957 , the North American proposal was declared the winner of the competition , and on 24 January 1958 , a contract was issued for Phase 1 development .
+
+In February 1958 , the proposed bomber was designated B @-@ 70 , with the prototypes receiving the " X " experimental prototype designation . The name " Valkyrie " was the winning submission in early 1958 , selected from 20 @,@ 000 entries in a USAF " Name the B @-@ 70 " contest . The Air Force approved an 18 @-@ month program acceleration in March 1958 that rescheduled the first flight to December 1961 . But in late 1958 the service announced that this acceleration would not be possible due to lack of funding . In December 1958 , a Phase II contract was issued . The mockup of the B @-@ 70 was reviewed by the Air Force in March 1959 . Provisions for air @-@ to @-@ surface missiles and external fuel tanks were requested afterward . At the same time , North American was developing the F @-@ 108 supersonic interceptor . To reduce program costs , the F @-@ 108 would share two of the engines , the escape capsule , and some smaller systems with the B @-@ 70 . In early 1960 , North American and the USAF released the first drawing of the XB @-@ 70 to the public .
+
+= = = The " missile problem " = = =
+
+The B @-@ 70 was planned to use a high @-@ speed , high @-@ altitude bombing approach that followed a trend of bombers flying progressively faster and higher since the start of manned bomber use . Through that same period , only two weapons proved effective against bombers , fighter aircraft and anti @-@ aircraft artillery ( AAA ) . Flying higher and faster made it more difficult for both ; higher speeds allowed the bomber to fly out of range of the weapons more quickly , while higher altitudes increased the time needed for fighters to climb to the bombers , and greatly increased the size of the AAA weapons needed to reach those altitudes .
+
+As early as 1942 , German flak commanders had already concluded that AAA would be essentially useless against jet aircraft , and began development of guided missiles to fill this role . Most forces reached the same conclusion soon after , with both the US and UK starting missile development programs before the war ended . The UK 's Green Mace was one of the last attempts to develop a useful high @-@ altitude AAA weapon , but its development ended in 1957 .
+
+Interceptor aircraft with ever @-@ improving performance remained the only effective anti @-@ bomber weapons by the early 1950s , and even these were having problems keeping up with the latest designs ; Soviet interceptors during the late 1950s could not intercept the high @-@ altitude U @-@ 2 reconnaissance aircraft , in spite of its relatively low speeds . It was later discovered that flying faster also made radar detection much more difficult due to an effect known as the blip @-@ to @-@ scan ratio , and any reduction in tracking efficiency would further interfere with the operation and guidance of fighters .
+
+The introduction of the first effective anti @-@ aircraft missiles by the late 1950s changed this picture dramatically . Missiles could stand ready for immediate launch , eliminating operational delays like the time needed to get the pilot into the cockpit of a fighter . Guidance did not require wide @-@ area tracking or calculation of an intercept course : a simple comparison of the time needed to fly to the altitude of the target returned the required deflection . Missiles also had greater altitude capability than any aircraft , and improving this to adapt to new aircraft was a low @-@ cost development path . The US was aware of Soviet work in the field , and had reduced the expected operational lifetime of the U @-@ 2 , knowing that it would become vulnerable to these missiles as they were improved . This later happened with the 1960 downing of the U @-@ 2 flown by Gary Powers .
+
+Faced with this problem , military doctrine had already started shifting away from high @-@ altitude supersonic bombing toward low @-@ altitude penetration . Radar is line @-@ of @-@ sight , so aircraft could dramatically shorten detection distances by flying close to the Earth and hiding behind terrain . Missile sites spaced to overlap in range when attacking bombers at high altitudes would leave large gaps between their coverage for bombers flying at lower levels . With an appropriate map of the missile sites , the bombers could fly between and around the defences . Additionally , early missiles generally flew unguided for a period of time before the radar systems were able to track the missile and start sending it guidance signals . With the SA @-@ 2 Guideline missile , this minimum altitude was roughly 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) . Flying below this would make the bomber effectively invulnerable to the missiles , even if they happened to fly into range .
+
+Flying at low level provided protection against fighters as well . Radars of the era did not have the ability to look down ; if the radar were aimed down to detect targets at a lower altitude , the reflection of the ground would overwhelm the signal returned from a target . An interceptor flying at normal altitudes would be effectively blind to bombers far below it . The interceptor could descend to lower altitudes to increase the amount of visible sky , but doing so would limit its radar range in the same way as the missile sites , as well as greatly increasing fuel use and thus reducing mission time . The Soviet Union would not introduce an interceptor with look @-@ down capability until 1972 with the High Lark radar , and even this model had very limited capability .
+
+Strategic Air Command found itself in an uncomfortable position ; bombers had been tuned for efficiency at high speeds and altitudes , performance that had been purchased at great cost in both engineering and financial terms . Before the B @-@ 70 was to replace the B @-@ 52 in the long @-@ range role , SAC had introduced the B @-@ 58 Hustler to replace the Boeing B @-@ 47 Stratojet in the medium @-@ range role . The Hustler was expensive to develop and purchase , and required enormous amounts of fuel and maintenance in comparison to the B @-@ 47 . It was estimated that it cost three times as much to operate as the much larger and longer @-@ ranged B @-@ 52 .
+
+The B @-@ 70 , designed for even higher speeds , altitudes and range than the B @-@ 58 , suffered even more in relative terms . At high altitudes , the B @-@ 70 was as much as four times as fast as the B @-@ 52 , but at low altitudes it was limited to only Mach 0 @.@ 95 , only modestly faster than the B @-@ 52 at the same altitudes . It also had a smaller bombload and shorter range . Its only major advantage would be its ability to use high speed in areas without missile cover , especially on the long journey from the USA to USSR . The value was limited ; the USAF 's doctrine stressed that the primary reason for maintaining the bomber force in an era of ICBMs was that the bombers could remain in the air at long ranges from their bases and were thus immune to sneak attack . In this case , the higher speed would be used for only a short period of time between the staging areas and the Soviet coastline .
+
+Adding to the problems , the zip fuel program was canceled in 1959 . After burning , the fuel turned into liquids and solids that increased wear on moving turbine engine components . Although the B @-@ 70 was intended to use zip only in the afterburners , and thus avoid this problem , the enormous cost of the zip program for such limited gains led to its cancellation . This by itself was not a fatal problem , however , as newly developed high @-@ energy fuels like JP @-@ 6 were available to make up some of the difference . Most of the range lost in the change from zip fuel was restored by filling one of the two bomb bays with a fuel tank . However , another problem arose when the F @-@ 108 program was canceled in September 1959 , which ended the shared development that benefited the B @-@ 70 program .
+
+= = = Downsizing , upswing , cancellation = = =
+
+At two secret meetings on 16 and 18 November 1959 , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Air Force General Twining , recommended the Air Force 's plan for the B @-@ 70 to reconnoiter and strike rail @-@ mobile Soviet ICBMs , but the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , General White , admitted the Soviets would " be able to hit the B @-@ 70 with rockets " and requested the B @-@ 70 be downgraded to " a bare minimum research and development program " at $ 200 million for fiscal year 1960 . President Eisenhower responded that the reconnaissance and strike mission was " crazy " since the nuclear mission was to attack known production and military complexes , and emphasized that he saw no need for the B @-@ 70 since the ICBM is " a cheaper , more effective way of doing the same thing " . Eisenhower also identified that the B @-@ 70 would not be in manufacturing until " eight to ten years from now " and " said he thought we were talking about bows and arrows at a time of gunpowder when we spoke of bombers in the missile age " . In December 1959 the Air Force announced the B @-@ 70 project would be cut to a single prototype , and most of the planned B @-@ 70 subsystems would no longer be developed .
+
+Then interest increased due to the politics of presidential campaign of 1960 . A central plank of John F. Kennedy 's campaign was that Eisenhower and the Republicans were weak on defense , and pointed to the B @-@ 70 as an example . He told a San Diego audience near NAA facilities , " I endorse wholeheartedly the B @-@ 70 manned aircraft . " Kennedy also made similar campaign claims regarding other aircraft : near the Seattle Boeing plant he affirmed the need for B @-@ 52s and in Fort Worth he praised the B @-@ 58 .
+
+The Air Force changed the program to full weapon development and awarded a contract for an XB @-@ 70 prototype and 11 YB @-@ 70s in August 1960 . In November 1960 , the B @-@ 70 program received a $ 265 million appropriation from Congress for FY 1961 . Nixon , trailing in his home state of California , also publicly endorsed the B @-@ 70 , and on 30 October Eisenhower helped the Republican campaign with a pledge of an additional $ 155 million for the B @-@ 70 development program .
+
+On taking office in January 1961 , Kennedy was informed that the missile gap was an illusion . On 28 March 1961 , after $ 800 million had been spent on the B @-@ 70 program , Kennedy canceled the project as " unnecessary and economically unjustifiable " because it " stood little chance of penetrating enemy defenses successfully . " Instead , Kennedy recommended " the B @-@ 70 program be carried forward essentially to explore the problem of flying at three times the speed of sound with an airframe potentially useful as a bomber . " After Congress approved $ 290 million of B @-@ 70 " add @-@ on " funds to the President 's 12 May 1960 modified FY 1961 budget , the Administration decided on a " Planned Utilization " of only $ 100 million of these funds . The Department of Defense subsequently presented data to Congress that the B @-@ 70 would add little performance for the high cost .
+
+However , after becoming the new Air Force Chief of Staff in July 1961 , Curtis LeMay increased his B @-@ 70 advocacy , including interviews for August Reader 's Digest and November Aviation Week articles , and allowing a 25 February General Electric tour at which the press was provided artist conceptions of , and other info about , the B @-@ 70 . Congress had also continued B @-@ 70 appropriations in an effort to resurrect bomber development . After Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara explained again to the House Armed Services Committee ( HASC ) on 24 January 1962 that the B @-@ 70 was unjustifiable , LeMay subsequently argued for the B @-@ 70 to both the House and Senate committees — and was chastised by McNamara on 1 March . By 7 March 1962 , the HASC — with 21 members having B @-@ 70 work in their districts — had written an appropriations bill to " direct " — by law — the Executive Branch to use all of the nearly $ 500 million appropriated for the RS @-@ 70 . McNamara was unsuccessful with an address to the HASC on 14 March , but a 19 March 1962 11th hour White House Rose Garden agreement between Kennedy and HASC chairman Carl Vinson retracted the bill 's language and the bomber remained canceled .
+
+= = = Experimental aircraft = = =
+
+The XB @-@ 70s were intended to be used for the advanced study of aerodynamics , propulsion , and other subjects related to large supersonic transports . The crew was reduced to only the two pilots , as a navigator and a bombardier were not needed for this research role . The production order was reduced to three prototypes in March 1961 with the third aircraft to incorporate improvements from the previous prototype . The order was later reduced to two experimental XB @-@ 70As , named Air Vehicle 1 and 2 ( AV @-@ 1 and AV @-@ 2 ) . XB @-@ 70 No. 1 was completed on 7 May 1964 , and rolled out on 11 May 1964 at Palmdale , California . One report stated " nothing like it existed anywhere " . AV @-@ 2 was completed on 15 October 1964 . The manufacture of the third prototype ( AV @-@ 3 ) was canceled in July 1964 before completion . The first XB @-@ 70 carried out its maiden flight in September 1964 and many more test flights followed .
+
+The data from the XB @-@ 70 test flights and aerospace materials development were used in the later B @-@ 1 bomber program , the American supersonic transport ( SST ) program , and via espionage , the Soviet Union 's Tupolev Tu @-@ 144 SST program . The development of the Lockheed U @-@ 2 and the SR @-@ 71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft , as well as the XB @-@ 70 , prompted Soviet aerospace engineers to design and develop their high @-@ altitude and high @-@ speed MiG @-@ 25 interceptor .
+
+= = Design = =
+
+The Valkyrie was designed to be a high @-@ altitude Mach 3 bomber with six engines . Harrison Storms shaped the aircraft with a canard surface and a delta wing , which was built largely of stainless steel , sandwiched honeycomb panels , and titanium . The XB @-@ 70 was designed to use supersonic technologies developed for the Mach 3 Navaho , as well as a modified form of the SM @-@ 64 Navaho 's all @-@ inertial guidance system .
+
+The XB @-@ 70 used compression lift , which arose from a shock wave generated by the sharp leading edge of the central engine intake splitter plate below the wing . At Mach 3 cruising speed , the shock wave attached along the wing leading edge , preventing the high pressure behind the shock front from leaking up over the wing . The compression lift provided five percent of the total lift . The wing included inboard camber to more effectively use the higher pressure field behind the strong shock wave . Unique among aircraft of its size , the outer portions of the wings were hinged , and could be pivoted downward by up to 65 degrees , acting almost as a type of variable @-@ geometry wingtip device . This increased the aircraft 's directional stability at supersonic speeds , shifted the center of lift to a more favorable position at high speeds , and strengthened the compression lift effect . With the wingtips drooped downwards , the compression lift shock wave would be further trapped under the wings .
+
+The XB @-@ 70 was equipped with six General Electric YJ93 @-@ GE @-@ 3 turbojet engines , designed to use JP @-@ 6 jet fuel . The engine was stated to be in the " 30 @,@ 000 @-@ pound class " , but actually produced 28 @,@ 000 lbf ( 124 @.@ 6 kN ) with afterburner and 19 @,@ 900 lbf ( 88 kN ) without afterburner . The Valkyrie used fuel for cooling ; it was pumped through heat exchangers before reaching the engines . To reduce the likelihood of autoignition , nitrogen was injected into the JP @-@ 6 during refueling , and the " fuel pressurization and inerting system " vaporized a 700 lb ( 320 kg ) supply of liquid nitrogen to fill the fuel tank vent space and maintain tank pressure .
+
+= = Operational history = =
+
+The XB @-@ 70 's maiden flight was on 21 September 1964 . In the first flight test , between Palmdale and Edwards AFB , one engine had to be shut down shortly after take @-@ off , and an undercarriage malfunction warning meant that the flight was flown with the undercarriage down as a precaution , limiting speed to 390 mph - about half that planned . On landing , the rear wheels of the port side main gear locked , the tires ruptured , and a fire started .
+
+The Valkyrie first became supersonic ( Mach 1 @.@ 1 ) on the third test flight on 12 October 1964 , and flew above Mach 1 for 40 minutes during the following flight on 24 October . The wing tips were also lowered partially in this flight . XB @-@ 70 No. 1 surpassed Mach 3 on 14 October 1965 by reaching Mach 3 @.@ 02 at 70 @,@ 000 ft ( 21 @,@ 300 m ) . The first aircraft was found to suffer from weaknesses in the honeycomb panels , primarily due to inexperience with fabrication and quality control of this new material . On two occasions , honeycomb panels failed and were torn off during supersonic flight , necessitating a Mach 2 @.@ 5 limit being placed on the aircraft .
+
+The deficiencies discovered on AV @-@ 1 were almost completely solved on the second XB @-@ 70 , which first flew on 17 July 1965 . On 3 January 1966 , XB @-@ 70 No. 2 attained a speed of Mach 3 @.@ 05 while flying at 72 @,@ 000 ft ( 21 @,@ 900 m ) . AV @-@ 2 reached a top speed of Mach 3 @.@ 08 and maintained it for 20 minutes on 12 April 1966 . On 19 May 1966 , AV @-@ 2 reached Mach 3 @.@ 06 and flew at Mach 3 for 32 minutes , covering 2 @,@ 400 mi ( 3 @,@ 840 km ) in 91 minutes of total flight .
+
+A joint NASA / USAF research program was conducted from 3 November 1966 to 31 January 1967 for measuring the intensity and signature of sonic booms for the National Sonic Boom Program ( NSBP ) . Testing was planned to cover a range of sonic boom overpressures on the ground similar to but higher than the proposed American SST . In 1966 , AV @-@ 2 was selected for the program and was outfitted with test sensors . It flew the first sonic boom test on 6 June 1966 , attaining a speed of Mach 3 @.@ 05 at 72 @,@ 000 ft ( 21 @,@ 900 m ) . Two days later , AV @-@ 2 crashed following a mid @-@ air collision with an F @-@ 104 while flying in a multi @-@ aircraft formation . Sonic boom and later testing continued with XB @-@ 70A # 1 .
+
+The second flight research program ( NASA NAS4 @-@ 1174 ) investigated " control of structural dynamics " from 25 April 1967 through the XB @-@ 70 's last flight in 1969 . At high altitude and high speed , the XB @-@ 70A experienced unwanted changes in altitude . NASA testing from June 1968 included two small vanes on the nose of AV @-@ 1 for measuring the response of the aircraft 's stability augmentation system . AV @-@ 1 flew a total of 83 flights .
+
+The XB @-@ 70 's last supersonic flight took place on 17 December 1968 . On 4 February 1969 , AV @-@ 1 took its final flight to Wright @-@ Patterson Air Force Base for museum display ( now the National Museum of the United States Air Force ) . Flight data was collected on this subsonic trip . North American Rockwell completed a four @-@ volume report on the B @-@ 70 that was published by NASA in April 1972 .
+
+= = Variants = =
+
+XB @-@ 70A
+
+Prototype of B @-@ 70 . Two were built .
+
+AV @-@ 1 , NAA Model Number NA @-@ 278 , USAF S / N 62 @-@ 0001 , completed 83 flights spanning 160 hours and 16 minutes .
+
+AV @-@ 2 , NAA Model Number NA @-@ 278 , USAF S / N 62 @-@ 0207 , flew 46 times over 92 hours and 22 minutes , before it crashed in June 1966 .
+
+XB @-@ 70B
+
+AV @-@ 3 , NAA Model Number NA @-@ 274 , USAF S / N 62 @-@ 0208 , was originally to be the first YB @-@ 70A in March 1961 . This advanced prototype was canceled during early manufacture .
+
+YB @-@ 70
+
+Planned preproduction version with improvements based on XB @-@ 70s .
+
+B @-@ 70A
+
+Planned bomber production version of Valkyrie . A fleet of up to 65 operational bombers was planned .
+
+RS @-@ 70
+
+Proposed reconnaissance @-@ strike version with a crew of four and in @-@ flight refueling capability .
+
+= = Incidents and accidents = =
+
+= = = Incidents = = =
+
+On 7 May 1965 , the divider separating the left and right halves of XB @-@ 70A AV @-@ 1 's engine intake ramp broke off in flight and was ingested by all six engines , damaging them beyond repair .
+
+On 14 October 1965 , AV @-@ 1 surpassed Mach 3 , but heat and stress damaged the honeycomb panels , leaving 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) of the leading edge of the left wing missing . The first aircraft was limited to Mach 2 @.@ 5 afterwards .
+
+= = = Mid @-@ air collision = = =
+
+On 8 June 1966 , XB @-@ 70A No. 2 was in close formation with four other aircraft ( an F @-@ 4 , F @-@ 5 , T @-@ 38 , and F @-@ 104 ) for a photoshoot at the behest of General Electric , manufacturer of the engines of all five aircraft . After the completion of the photoshoot , the F @-@ 104 drifted into contact with the XB @-@ 70 's right wing , flipped over and rolled inverted over the top of the Valkyrie , striking the vertical stabilizers and left wing of the bomber . The F @-@ 104 exploded , destroying the Valkyrie 's rudders and damaging its left wing . With the loss of both rudders and damage to the wings , the Valkyrie entered an uncontrollable spin and crashed into the ground north of Barstow , California . NASA Chief Test Pilot Joe Walker ( F @-@ 104 pilot ) and Carl Cross ( XB @-@ 70 co @-@ pilot ) were killed . Al White ( XB @-@ 70 pilot ) ejected , sustaining serious injuries , including one arm crushed by the closing clamshell @-@ like escape crew capsule moments prior to ejection .
+
+The USAF summary report of the accident investigation stated that , given the position of the F @-@ 104 relative to the XB @-@ 70 , the F @-@ 104 pilot would not have been able to see the XB @-@ 70 's wing , except by uncomfortably looking back over his left shoulder . The report said that it was likely that Walker , piloting the F @-@ 104 , maintained his position by looking at the fuselage of the XB @-@ 70 , forward of his position . The F @-@ 104 was estimated to be 70 ft ( 21 m ) to the side of , and 10 ft ( 3 m ) below , the fuselage of the XB @-@ 70 . The report concluded that from that position , without appropriate sight cues , Walker was unable to properly perceive his motion relative to the Valkyrie , leading to his aircraft drifting into contact with the XB @-@ 70 's wing . The accident investigation also pointed to the wake vortex off the XB @-@ 70 's right wingtip as the reason for the F @-@ 104 's sudden roll over and into the bomber .
+
+= = Aircraft on display = =
+
+Valkyrie AV @-@ 1 ( AF Ser . No. 62 @-@ 0001 ) is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright @-@ Patterson AFB near Dayton , Ohio . The aircraft was flown to the museum on 4 February 1969 , following the conclusion of the XB @-@ 70 testing program . The Valkyrie became the museum 's signature aircraft , appearing on Museum letterhead , and even appearing as the chief design feature for the Museum 's restaurant , the Valkyrie Cafe . In 2011 , the XB @-@ 70 was on display in the museum 's Research & Development Hangar alongside other experimental aircraft . After completion of the fourth hangar at the museum 's main campus , the XB @-@ 70 was moved there in late October 2015 .
+
+= = Specifications ( XB @-@ 70A ) = =
+
+Data from Pace , USAF XB @-@ 70 Fact sheet B @-@ 70 Aircraft Study
+
+General characteristics
+
+Crew : 2
+
+Length : 189 ft 0 in ( 57 @.@ 6 m )
+
+Wingspan : 105 ft 0 in ( 32 m )
+
+Height : 30 ft 0 in ( 9 @.@ 1 m )
+
+Wing area : 6 @,@ 297 ft2 ( 585 m2 )
+
+Airfoil : Hexagonal ; 0 @.@ 30 Hex modified root , 0 @.@ 70 Hex modified tip
+
+Empty weight : 253 @,@ 600 lb ( 115 @,@ 030 kg ; operating empty weight )
+
+Loaded weight : 534 @,@ 700 lb ( 242 @,@ 500 kg )
+
+Max. takeoff weight : 542 @,@ 000 lb ( 246 @,@ 000 kg )
+
+Powerplant : 6 × General Electric YJ93 @-@ GE @-@ 3 afterburning turbojet
+
+Dry thrust : 19 @,@ 900 lbf ( 84 kN ) each
+
+Thrust with afterburner : 28 @,@ 800 lbf ( 128 kN ) each
+
+Internal fuel capacity : 300 @,@ 000 lb ( 136 @,@ 100 kg ) or 46 @,@ 745 US gallons ( 177 @,@ 000 L )
+
+Performance
+
+Maximum speed : Mach 3 @.@ 1 ( 2 @,@ 056 mph , 3 @,@ 309 km / h )
+
+Cruise speed : Mach 3 @.@ 0 ( 2 @,@ 000 mph , 3 @,@ 200 km / h )
+
+Range : 3 @,@ 725 nmi ( 4 @,@ 288 mi , 6 @,@ 900 km ) on combat mission
+
+Service ceiling : 77 @,@ 350 ft ( 23 @,@ 600 m )
+
+Wing loading : 84 @.@ 93 lb / ft2 ( 414 @.@ 7 kg / m2 )
+
+lift @-@ to @-@ drag : about 6 at Mach 2
+
+Thrust / weight : 0 @.@ 314
+
+= Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits =
+
+Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits ( also known as Eurovision 's Greatest Hits ) was a live television concert programme organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) to commemorate the Eurovision Song Contest 's 60th anniversary . The concert took place on 31 March 2015 at the Eventim Apollo , in Hammersmith , London . Guy Freeman was the executive producer and Geoff Posner the director , both of whom held the same positions as the last time the BBC hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998 . Simon Proctor was the senior producer and David Arch was the musical director for the concert . Tickets for the event went on sale at 10am on 6 February 2015 .
+
+Graham Norton and Petra Mede hosted the event , which saw fifteen acts from thirteen countries performing their Eurovision entries from yesteryear . During the televised show , video montages for some of the Eurovision Song Contest archives were shown in @-@ between each live performance . The United Kingdom entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 was performed at the concert , but never broadcast on the televised show . Riverdance performed a reprise of their 1994 Eurovision Song Contest interval act as part of the anniversary celebrations .
+
+Several countries confirmed that they would air the delayed broadcast of the concert on various dates that suited the broadcasters scheduling , including Australia , who competed in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 as a wildcard entry . The host broadcaster , BBC , and Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) , simulcast the show on Good Friday , 3 April 2015 . The Dutch broadcaster , AVROTROS , were the first to announce their decision to not broadcast the event . Other countries also announced their decision to decline broadcasting the event , including Luxembourg , who had an act taking part in the event .
+
+= = Location = =
+
+Confirmation was revealed on 3 February 2015 that the concert event were to take place in the Eventim Apollo , in Hammersmith , London . The last time the United Kingdom capital held any Eurovision events was the Eurovision Dance Contest 2007 .
+
+= = Organisation = =
+
+It was announced on 22 October 2014 , that the EBU had agreed with the United Kingdom 's broadcaster , BBC , to produce a special anniversary show to celebrate sixty @-@ years of the Eurovision Song Contest , similar to the show Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place in 2005 . The details regarding the title of the show were unknown at the time the announcement was made . >
+
+The EBU later issued the following statement regarding the 60th anniversary : " There are various exciting proposals from member broadcasters on the table to celebrate the 60th anniversary beyond the contest in May , which are currently in the final stages of being evaluated . A decision is expected shortly , so stay tuned ! " . Edgar Böhm , executive producer of the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest said in an interview that the BBC had been chosen to host a special anniversary show . Guy Freeman was appointed as executive producer for the event , assisted by senior producer Simon Proctor , whilst the director was Geoff Posner .
+
+Tickets for the anniversary concert went on sale from 10 : 15am ( GMT ) on Friday 6 February 2015 via the BBC 's Eurovision website and the official Eurovision Song Contest 's website .
+
+On 3 February 2015 it was announced that Graham Norton and Petra Mede would co @-@ host the concert show . Norton , who co @-@ hosted the Eurovision Dance Contest with Claudia Winkleman in 2007 and 2008 , and is also the current Eurovision commentator for the United Kingdom . Mede was the host for Melodifestivalen 2009 ( Swedish national selection show ) , as well as host for the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 .
+
+= = Programme = =
+
+The concert was recorded live on 31 March 2015 , at the Eventim Apollo , London ; allowing participating broadcasters the freedom to air the programme on a date and channel that was convenient for their broadcasting schedules . Fifteen artists , representing thirteen countries , consisting of some of Eurovision 's greatest hits , took part in the sixtieth anniversary gala event . The first @-@ ever winner of the contest ( in 1956 ) , Lys Assia , appeared in the audience as a guest of honour . During the broadcast , video montages were shown prior to each entry , showing footage for that particular year 's contest , ending with Eurovision Song Contest footage for the entry that was about to perform on stage . Recap montages of Eurovision entries over the last sixty years , were also broadcast in @-@ between performances . These were as follows :
+
+Electro Velvet performed their United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 entry , " Still in Love with You " . This performance did not appear on the televised show , but was exclusively done for the audience members of the concert hall itself .
+
+= = = Interval act = = =
+
+It was confirmed on 22 March 2015 that the interval act for Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits would be Riverdance . The theatrical show consisting mainly of traditional Irish music and dance , and featured Irish dancing champions Jean Butler and Michael Flatley , with a score composed by Limerick native Bill Whelan , originated as an interval performance during the Eurovision Song Contest 1994 .
+
+= = = Performances = = =
+
+Fifteen Eurovision acts from thirteen countries participated in the anniversary concert . Although there were originally fourteen acts confirmed by the BBC , it was later announced on 5 March 2015 that Norway 's Bobbysocks would join the line @-@ up increasing the total to fifteen . Video montages were shown prior to each entry , showing footage for that particular year 's contest , ending with Eurovision Song Contest footage for the entry that was about to perform on stage .
+
+1 . ^ Entries performed as a medley .
+
+2 . ^ Winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 , originally performed by Massiel .
+
+3 . ^ One of the winning songs of the Eurovision Song Contest 1969 ( along with France , Netherlands , and United Kingdom ) , and originally performed by Salomé .
+
+4 . ^ Originally performed by Mocedades , finishing in 2nd place at the Eurovision Song Contest 1973 .
+
+5 . ^ Johnny Logan wrote the song " Why Me ? " , which won the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 , originally performed by Linda Martin .
+
+= = = Reprise performance = = =
+
+A medley of some of the Eurovision Song Contest 's greatest hits were performed in English by all of the participating artists , as a reprise act at the close of the show , including : Anne @-@ Marie David singing Israel 's winning entry of the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 , " Hallelujah " . Swedish trio , Herreys , sang " Nel blu dipinto di blu " , which finished in third place at the 1958 Eurovision for Italy 's Domenico Modugno . Bucks Fizz 's " Making Your Mind Up " , the winning entry for United Kingdom in 1981 , was performed by Bobbysocks . The reprise concluded with Concita Wurst and Dana International leading all of the remaining performers ( except Loreen ) back on stage to sing ABBA 's Eurovision Song Contest 1974 winning entry , " Waterloo " .
+
+= = International broadcasting = =
+
+As the anniversary concert show was not broadcast live , the participating national broadcasters were able to broadcast the show on a date and channel that was convenient for their broadcasting schedules . Some broadcasters – such as Austria and Sweden – recorded additional links and interviews for their viewers in London .
+
+= = = Commentators = = =
+
+The following countries , listed in order of broadcasting dates , had confirmed that they would broadcast the anniversary show .
+
+= = = Broadcasting unknown = = =
+
+The following list of countries , who are members of the EBU had not announced their plans on whether to broadcast the show .
+
+= Broken World ( Millennium ) =
+
+" ' Broken World " is the twentieth episode of the first season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on May 2 , 1997 . The episode was written by Robert Moresco and Patrick Harbinson , and directed by Winrich Kolbe . " Broken World " featured guest appearances by Ingrid Kavelaars , Donnelly Rhodes and Jo Anderson .
+
+Millennium Group consultant Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) travels to North Dakota to track down a burgeoning serial killer who has progressed from mauling horses to attacking and killing people .
+
+" Broken World " featured the last directorial effort for the series by Kolbe , and the last script written by Moresco ; however , Harbinson would return to write further episodes in later seasons . The episode has been compared to Peter Shaffer 's 1973 play Equus , and received a Genesis Award from the Humane Society of the United States in 1998 .
+
+= = Plot = =
+
+In Bowman , North Dakota , a stable @-@ hand named Sally Dumont ( Ingrid Kavelaars ) is attacked and left unconscious after she finds a horse has been murdered in its stall . Private investigation organization the Millennium Group send offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) to investigate , as twenty @-@ one horses have been killed in the same manner over the past two years in the area . Black believes the culprit is in the early stages of developing into a sexually motivated serial killer . Investigating the stables , the word " help " is found written in human blood , while semen is found near where the horse was killed . Black concludes the killer is struggling with the new feelings of having attacked a person and not an animal .
+
+The killer — Willi Borgsen ( Van Quattro ) — is next seen attacking pigs in a trailer using a cattle prod . Borgsen is accosted by the pigs ' owner , and responds by turning the cattle prod on him . The victim 's body is later found in a nearby thicket . Black examines the scene , determining from the bootprints and evidence of the cattle prod being used that the killer works in a slaughterhouse .
+
+Another human victim is later found on a farm , alongside another dead horse . The phrase " thank you " is daubed on a nearby wall . The North Dakota police set up an anonymous phone number to appeal for information , which Borgsen uses to taunt Black by describing the pleasure he derives from killing . Black consults with a veterinarian , Claudia Vaughan ( Jo Anderson ) , about the case , and learns that the area is home to a Premarin farm — estrogen for pharmaceutical use is derived from the urine of mares which are kept pregnant , their foals killed for meat to be exported . Black feels the killer may have been raised on one of these farms .
+
+Borgsen contacts Black again , confessing that his latest killing has not satisfied him . Black warns that his urges will only grow , and will never be satisfied again . When Borgsen hangs up , Black deduces that Vaughan is to be the next victim . Black , fellow Group member Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) and Sheriff Falkner ( John Dennis Johnston ) track the kidnapped Vaughan to an equine slaughterhouse . Falkner is attacked and incapacitated by Borgsen as Black locates a still @-@ living Vaughan , who has been hung by her jacket from a meat hook . Black is then confronted by Borgsen , who knocks him down with the cattle prod . Borgsen is about to kill Black with a captive bolt pistol , but is trampled to death by several escaped horses .
+
+= = Production = =
+
+" Broken World " was written by Robert Moresco and Patrick Harbinson . Moresco had previously written " Covenant " earlier in the first season , and also acted as a producer during the series ' run . Harbinson , making his first contribution to the series with this episode , would later pen a further four episodes in the third season — " Via Dolorosa " , " Darwin 's Eye " , " The Sound of Snow " and " Through a Glass Darkly " . " Broken World " also marked the final episode of Millennium helmed by director Winrich Kolbe , who had previously worked on " Lamentation " , " Force Majeure " and " Kingdom Come " .
+
+During production , " Broken World " was instead set to be titled " Equus " , which is Latin for " horse " and was also the title of a 1973 play by Peter Shaffer concerning a young man with violent sexual urges towards horses . The episode opens with a quote from Friedrich Nietzsche 's 1883 – 1885 treatise Thus Spoke Zarathustra — " Man is the cruelest animal " . Guest star Donnelly Rhodes , who portrayed Peter Dumont , would later make an appearance in the third season episode " ... Thirteen Years Later " in an unrelated role .
+
+= = Broadcast and reception = =
+
+" Broken World " was first broadcast on the Fox Network on May 2 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 6 @.@ 8 during its original broadcast , meaning that 6 @.@ 8 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented 6 @.@ 6 million households , and left the episode the sixty @-@ eighth most @-@ viewed broadcast that week .
+
+The episode received mixed reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode a C , comparing it to the first act of Shaffer 's Equus . VanDerWerff described the episode as " a bland , boring mess that ends with one of the most ridiculous deux ex machinas [ sic ] I ’ ve seen in ages " , and felt that " the guest cast is uniformly poor " , singling out Van Quattro as being " laughably bad " . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 3 out of 5 , calling it " enthralling " but " not completely successful " . Gibron felt that elements of the setting were " very sinister " , but found the " overwhelming pro @-@ horse mantras " of some characters to be " silly " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " Broken World " three stars out of five , finding it " too familiar and too tentative to make much impact " . Shearman felt that the episode would have been better placed earlier in the series ' broadcast order , but by this stage in the first season it had been " outgrown " .
+
+" Broken World " received a Genesis Award in 1998 , presented by the Humane Society of the United States in the category " Television Dramatic Series " .
+
+= Battle of Jajau =
+
+The Battle of Jajau was fought between the two Mughal princes and brothers Bahadur Shah I and Muhammad Azam Shah on 20 June 1707 . In 1707 , their father Aurangzeb died without having declared a successor ; instead leaving a will in which he instructed his sons to divide the kingdom between themselves . Their failure to reach a satisfactory agreement led to a military conflict . After Azam Shah and his three sons were killed in the Battle of Jajau , Bahadur Shah was crowned as the Mughal emperor on 19 June 1707 at the age of 63 .
+
+= = Background and preparations = =
+
+After a 49 @-@ year reign , the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb died in 1707 without officially declaring a crown prince . He left a will advising his sons to divide the empire between themselves .
+
+At the time of Aurangzeb 's death , his eldest son , Bahadur Shah I , was stationed at Jamrud , 12 miles west of Peshawar . His second son , Muhammad Azam Shah , was stationed at Ahmednagar , east of Bombay . With the distance between Jamrud and Agra being 715 miles and the distance between Ahmednagar and Agra being 700 miles , whoever reached the capital city of Agra first would capture the Mughal throne .
+
+Even before Aurangzeb died , Bahadur Shah I had made preparations for a battle for the Mughal throne . With the help of Munim Khan , the naib subahdar of Lahore , he gathered troops from local rulers in Beas and Satluj . He had built bridges and improved the roads between Lahore and Peshawar . He was also successful in persuading Rao Budh Singh ( the king of Bundi ) and Bijai Singh of Kachhwa to send their soldiers to him .
+
+With his children , Khujista Akhtar and Rafi @-@ ush @-@ Shan , Bahadur Shah reached Lahore and declared himself the Mughal ruler on 3 May 1707 . After taking 28 lakh rupees , he left the city on 5 May 1707 . By 1 June , he reached Delhi . Reaching the city , he visited the Nizamuddin Dargah and the shrine of Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki . From the Red Fort , he took 30 lakh rupees , and on 3 June , he resumed his journey . By 12 June , he had reached Agra and camped in Poyah Ghat on the outskirts of the city . Baqi Khan Qul , commandant of the Agra Fort , surrendered the fort to Munim Khan , who subsequently sealed the treasury .
+
+Bahadur Shah sent a letter to Azam Shah asking him to be content with Southern India , the part of India which had been willed to him by their father Aurangzeb . He also wrote that , if he was not happy with his part , then he was ready to give him the territories of Gujarat and Ajmer . He added that , if Azam Shah was not satisfied with this offer , he would have to use the " sword to decide " the monarch of the kingdom . In his reply , Azam wrote :
+
+My share is from the floor to the roof of the house . Yours is from the roof to the firmament .
+
+= = Conflict = =
+
+Realising that a battle could not be avoided , Bahadur Shah I marched towards Agra , having decided to fight a battle at Dholpur ( 34 miles from the city ) . Under his command , prince Azim @-@ ush @-@ Shan was dispatched with 80 @,@ 000 horsemen , with 11 crore rupees that he had collected from Bengal , where he was the governor . He was ordered to capture the forts in Chambal ( one mile from Dholpur ) .
+
+As soon as Azam Shah heard that Bahadur Shah I had started preparing for a march towards Agra , he left the fort of Gwalior in charge of the wazir , Asad Khan . He crossed the Chambal at the Kamthra crossing and made for Dholpur . He made his son , Bidar Bakht , the commander of the vanguard of the troops . Leading 25 @,@ 000 horsemen , he was accompanied by his brother , Mirza Wala @-@ Jah , and other Rajput chiefs . When they neared Dholpur , Azam Shah made Bakht the commander of a further 65 @,@ 000 horsemen and 40 @,@ 000 infantry . The army was divided into four branches commanded by Bidar Bakht , Azam Shah himself , and his sons Ali Tabar and Wala Jah . Though the army did not have " large cannons " and " mortars " , it possessed camel @-@ guns and elephant @-@ guns . Azam Shah was of the opinion that " an artillery fight was a stripling 's pastime and the only real weapon was the sword " .
+
+On 17 June , Azam Shah and his battalion reached Mania near Dholpur . After this intelligence reached him , Bahadur Shah I reached Jajau and camped four miles from the city on 18 June . Taking advice from astrologers , he decided to strike on 20 June .
+
+To collect water , on 20 June , Bidar Bakht and his men headed towards Jajau without knowing that Bahadur Shah was camped there . He came across a village where he found a flowing stream of water . To inform Azam Shah , he sent his messenger , Iradat Khan , to him with the message . When he returned , he informed Bidar Bakht that he had seen Bahadur Shah 's advance tents . Khan Alam Dakhvini and Munavvar Khan , who were in charge of the central wing of the troops , were dispatched to attack the tents . Azim @-@ ush @-@ Shan 's 500 elephants failed to mount a resistance against the invading forces . The attackers looted the tents and then set them on fire .
+
+Unable to put up a strong fight , Azim @-@ ush @-@ Shan wrote to Bahadur Shah for reinforcements . He responded by sending Munim Khan , Jahandar Shah . Meanwhile , Zulfiqar Khan , who was in charge of the left wing of Azam Shah 's army , advised him to wait until the next day to start a full @-@ fledged battle . However , Shah paid no heed . Seeing 50 @,@ 000 horsemen approaching , Iradat Khan informed Azam Shah about their advance . In reply , he said that he was " coming to his son " .
+
+Bidar Bakht found it difficult to mobilise all of his men to fight since they were " scattered to plunder camp " . The attacking force started raining arrows on them and discharging rockets at them . Khan Alam Dakhini charged Bahadur Shah 's army with three hundred soldiers . He threw a spear towards Azim @-@ ush @-@ Shan seated in the howdah of the elephant . It missed him and instead hit his attendant , Jalal Khan . Dakhini was killed by an arrow as he attempted to jump on the prince 's howdah . Jalal Khan boarded a separate elephant , and after he inflicted an injury on Munavvar Khan , Munavvar Khan 's soldiers fled . This exposed the wing of Prince Wala @-@ Jah . Seeing this , Amanullah Khan , who was in charge of a separate wing , hastened to render assistance . But his elephant was set on fire , and his troops fled , thinking that their leader was dead . This made Wala @-@ Jah retreat from the battle .
+
+After this confrontation , Bahadur Shah 's Rajput chiefs attacked Zulfiqar Khan . Though Khan 's army was successful in repelling them , he was wounded in the leg . As Azim @-@ ush @-@ Shan 's entire army charged Khan , he fled the battle . Khan was followed by Jai Singh Kchwa , who fled from Bidar Bakht 's left wing . Even after the death of most of his commanders and soldiers and his two sons , Bidar Bakht and Ali Tabar , Azam Shah himself charged the enemy on his elephant . Court historian Kamraj , in Ibratnama , wrote that he was wounded " several times by arrows , but he paid no heed to the wounds " . He was ultimately killed by a musket ball which struck him on his forehead .
+
+As soon as Bahadur Shah came to know about his brother 's death , he sent men to retrieve the corpse . They were attacked by Wala @-@ Jah , but Wala @-@ Jah fainted and died . Around 8 o 'clock in the evening , Bahadur Shah 's aide , Rustam Dil Khan , mounted the dead prince 's elephant , beheaded the prince , and made his way to Bahadur Shah . However , instead of praises , he received reproaches for his action . His elephant was followed by two other elephants ; the first one contained the dead body of Ali Tabar , the other one carried the dead princes ' women , who were assured protection by Bahadur Shah .
+
+= = Aftermath = =
+
+The Ibratnama estimates that 12 @,@ 000 horsemen of Azam Shah lay dead on the battlefield . It further estimates that at least 10 @,@ 000 infantry soldiers from both sides were dead . Khan Zaman and Khan Alam Dakhini 's bodies were sent to Gwalior for burial . Ram Singh Hada and Rao Dalpat Bundela 's bodies were sent to Nurabad for cremation . Azam Shah and his three dead sons were buried at Humayun 's Tomb in Delhi .
+
+= Green Wing =
+
+Green Wing is an award @-@ winning British sitcom set in the fictional East Hampton Hospital . It was created by the same team behind the sketch show Smack the Pony , led by Victoria Pile , and stars Tamsin Greig , Stephen Mangan and Julian Rhind @-@ Tutt .
+
+Although set in a hospital , it uses no medical storylines ; the action is produced by a series of soap opera @-@ style twists and turns in the personal lives of the characters . They proceed through a series of often absurd sketch @-@ like scenes , or by sequences where the film is slowed down or sped up , often emphasizing the body language of the characters . The show had eight writers . Two series were made by the Talkback Thames production company for Channel 4 .
+
+The series ran between 3 September 2004 and 19 May 2006 . An episode was filmed with the second series , which was shown as a 90 minute long special on 4 January 2007 in the UK , but was shown in Australia and Belgium on 29 December 2006 .
+
+Separate from the series , a sketch was made for Comic Relief and screened on 11 March 2005 . Another was performed live at The Secret Policeman 's Ball on 14 October 2006 .
+
+= = Synopsis = =
+
+Green Wing 's plot revolves around the lives of the staff of the East Hampton Hospital Trust , a fictional NHS hospital with staff ranging from the slightly unusual to the completely surreal .
+
+The series begins with a new arrival , surgical registrar Caroline Todd ( Tamsin Greig ) . Caroline suffers from constant embarrassment and bad luck , stumbling from one crisis to the next due to a mixture of her own neurosis , impulsiveness , and general misfortune . Caroline works alongside two other doctors : Guy Secretan ( Stephen Mangan ) , an arrogant , half @-@ Swiss , womanizing anaesthetist , and " Mac " Macartney ( Julian Rhind @-@ Tutt ) , a suave , desirably fashionable surgeon . It is not long before Caroline begins to develop feelings for both of them , though she is unsure as to which of the two she truly loves . Throughout the series , it becomes clear that Mac is her true love , but a range of misadventures prevent their relationship from flourishing . Other people Caroline meets include Martin Dear ( Karl Theobald ) , a friendly house officer who is constantly failing his exams . He is unloved by his mother and is often bullied by Guy . Martin soon develops feelings for Caroline , and begins to fall in love with her . There is also Angela Hunter ( Sarah Alexander ) , a seemingly @-@ perfect , but irritating , senior registrar in paediatrics . Whilst Angela appears to mean well , Caroline cannot stand her and despite her best efforts to avoid Angela , she ends up as Caroline 's lodger .
+
+Caroline 's main rival for Mac 's affections is Sue White ( Michelle Gomez ) , the Scottish staff liaison officer employed to listen and respond to the problems of East Hampton 's staff . However , Sue is perhaps the least suited person for the job ; she is mean @-@ spirited , insensitive , unsympathetic , controlling and vain . Her office is a place where the impossible tends to happen , and anyone who enters is normally treated with a mixture of verbal abuse and psychological torture , so she can get back to doing nothing , or thinking about how to upset the next visitor . The only person she treats with any affection is Mac , whom she loves to the point of madness , but Mac , like almost everyone else , tries his best to avoid her . Anyone who attempts to get involved with Mac is treated with contempt and hatred by Sue , in particular Caroline , whom Sue attempts several times to murder .
+
+Perhaps the most eccentric member of staff is Alan Statham ( Mark Heap ) , an overbearing , stuttering and eccentric consultant radiologist , whose everyday actions regularly border on insanity . He is desperately and hopelessly in love with Joanna Clore ( Pippa Haywood ) , the 48 @-@ year @-@ old head of human resources with an increasingly sardonic attitude . Their relationship is an open secret , with student doctor Boyce ( Oliver Chris ) , often using it as a weapon against them , bullying Alan constantly . Joanna 's human resources staff also use it against her , in particular Kim Alabaster ( Sally Bretton ) , who has a bad attitude towards most of the people she meets , and Naughty Rachel ( Katie Lyons ) , who earned her nickname due to her love of sex . The other HR staff include Harriet Schulenburg ( Olivia Colman ) , an overworked mother of four trapped in an unhappy marriage , and Karen Ball ( Lucinda Raikes ) , who divides her time between doing much of the office 's work , trying to attract Martin 's affections , and being bullied by Kim and Rachel .
+
+= = Creation = =
+
+= = = Writers and crew = = =
+
+Green Wing was devised , created and produced by Victoria Pile . She was also the casting director , one of the writers and was involved in the editing , filming and post @-@ production . She described Green Wing as " a sketch @-@ meets @-@ comedy @-@ drama @-@ meets @-@ soap " , and a continuation of her previous show , Smack the Pony , where Green Wing 's crew also worked . Unusually for a British sitcom , which normally have only one or two writers , the show had eight writers : Pile , her husband Robert Harley , Gary Howe , Stuart Kenworthy , Oriane Messina , Richard Preddy , Fay Rusling and James Henry .
+
+Pile and her co @-@ writers initially used battery packs to represent characters , moving them around on her desk to develop scenarios for the show . The decision to make the characters doctors came later . Pile recalls that she mentioned to Peter Fincham that a hospital setting would work well and that he subsequently reported that Channel 4 were enthusiastic about a hospital location , which settled the matter . Even later still , a plot was developed and wall charts were used to mark up story arcs .
+
+The show was directed and edited ( along with Pile ) by Tristram Shapeero and Dominic Brigstocke . Sketches were sped up or slowed down to create comic effect , often using body language to create humour . Editing was also used due to the amount of corpsing that occurred during the filming of the show . Tamsin Greig was said to corpse frequently , and episodes were written to minimize the contact between the characters of Caroline Todd and Alan Statham because Greig found it difficult not to laugh when acting alongside Mark Heap . The music , which plays prominently in the show , was written by Jonathan Whitehead ( under the name " Trellis " ) and won him an RTS Craft & Design Award .
+
+= = = Production = = =
+
+Following her success with Smack the Pony , Channel 4 gave Pile a fairly free hand with her next project . Their only requirement was that it should have enough of a narrative thread to make it more of a sitcom than a sketch show .
+
+The show had a half @-@ hour pilot made in 2002 that was never aired . Scenes from the pilot were used in the first episode , " Caroline 's First Day " , and can be spotted due to the characters ' appearance , most notably Rhind @-@ Tutt 's haircut . The pilot allowed the writers to experiment , such as using different filming techniques . In the pilot , Doon Mackichan played Joanna Clore and was meant to play her in the original series , but left when she became pregnant .
+
+Although each script is fully written , the actors are allowed to improvise their own jokes , frequently adding to what has already been written . Normally workshops are used to allow actors to improvise their own material . One example of improvised material was Stephen Mangan 's idea of Guy falling in love with Caroline . Rusling , Howe , Messina and Harley all have had speaking parts in the show , most notably Harley playing Charles Robertson , the hospital 's CEO . The show 's crew also make appearances in the show as extras . For example , Pile 's former assistant Phil Secretan ( whom Guy is named after ) appears at the end of a scene in the first episode . Henry appears in the background during Martin 's exam in the episode , " Tests " .
+
+The filming was done at two hospitals , the Northwick Park Hospital in Middlesex and the North Hampshire Hospital in Basingstoke . This presented a problem because the show had to work around the real @-@ life hospital , with its actual doctors , patients and emergency situations . In one scene in the final episode in series one , Guy ( Mangan ) was hitting squash balls behind him , and nearly hit a patient . However , some scenes , such as those in Sue 's and Alan 's offices , were filmed in a studio .
+
+Green Wing 's title is said to have come from a small plastic green man with wings that was in executive producer Peter Fincham 's top pocket , and fell on Pile 's desk . Fincham claimed it was not his , so Pile kept it . This plastic man appears at the end of the credits on every show .
+
+= = = Unused storylines = = =
+
+Green Wing had some plot lines that were never used . Unused storylines included Alan having an eighty @-@ year @-@ old wife and step @-@ grandchildren as old as him , and Guy suffering from impotence . Pile originally wanted the show to cover the entire hospital , not just doctors , but also porters , car park attendants and kitchen staff . However , she eventually decided that they had enough material with the eight main doctors and human resources workers .
+
+Two endings were created for the special . The alternative ending is included on the DVD release of Green Wing , along with deleted scenes from the episode . The alternative ending was planned to be used if a third series was going to be commissioned , as this ending was much more ambiguous . It is known that the actors wanted the alternative ending , but after some debate , it was not shown .
+
+= = Series summaries = =
+
+= = = Series 1 = = =
+
+Caroline arrives at East Hampton for her first day of work , where she begins work with Guy and Mac . She soon develops feelings for both of them , first believing that she loves Guy , but then – after a day out with him – realising that it is Mac she truly loves . At the same time , Martin begins to fall in love with her , and Angela becomes Caroline 's lodger . Elsewhere in the hospital , Alan and Joanna try to hide their relationship from the rest of the staff , unsuccessfully . Then Joanna becomes attracted to Lyndon Jones ( Paterson Joseph ) , the hospital 's head of I.T. , with Alan becoming jealous of Lyndon .
+
+Sue becomes jealous of Caroline as she starts to fall for Mac , and does her best to try to stop her , even to the point of attempted murder . However , Caroline is having problems in the form of Mac 's current girlfriend , Emily . Martin is having problems with his exams , as well as avoiding letting anyone know that Joanna is his mother . Boyce is busy mocking Alan and having a relationship with Kim . With Alan and Joanna 's relationship falling apart , Alan becomes a Christian , but this is mainly due to the attractive chaplain . Lyndon soon tells Joanna that he finds her disturbing , and Joanna then puts an end to Alan 's new @-@ found Christian beliefs .
+
+Mac decides to move to Sheffield to get a better job , taking Emily with him . Before he leaves , Mac bets Guy that he cannot sleep with Joanna . Guy accepts the bet and takes her home . However , Martin has discovered some shocking news and tries his best to stop them having sex , but is distracted by Karen 's affections . Caroline does her best to break up the relationship between Mac and Emily , but it is Emily who breaks up with Mac . Caroline accused Emily of being a fake but was proved wrong . Mac found this amusing and so Emily dumps him . Mac then tells Caroline that he felt three things when she had accused his then girlfriend : he was impressed and amused , but instead of saying the third thing he kisses her .
+
+After Guy and Joanna have sex , Martin arrives to tell them that Joanna is Guy 's mother . She met Guy 's father whilst she was an exchange student in Switzerland . Guy then stabs a syringe full of Botox into Martin 's legs as an act of revenge . Martin is taken into an ambulance , and Caroline helps Joanna , but Guy punches Mac in a drunken rage and steals the ambulance . Mac tries to stop him and gets on the ambulance , which drives away . Guy drives the ambulance to Wales , with Mac and the paralysed Martin with him . Whilst Mac tries to phone the police , Guy drives into a field and almost goes over a cliff . The first series ends with Guy , Mac and Martin teetering on the edge – a literal cliffhanger – while ending up in a discussion about which of The Three Musketeers they are most like .
+
+= = = Comic Relief sketch ( 2005 ) = = =
+
+Mac fends off Sue 's advances by saying he will only allow her to touch his arse if she can raise £ 10 @,@ 000 for Comic Relief . Sue then proceeds to try to ask Martin , Joanna , Guy and Alan for the money , which she eventually manages to raise , though Mac runs off before she can get hold of him .
+
+= = = Series 2 = = =
+
+Eight weeks after the incident with the ambulance , Mac is in a coma and Guy has been suspended from his job . Caroline is spending too much time with Mac , in Sue 's opinion , and tries to stop her from seeing him . During his coma , Sue steals some of Mac 's semen to make herself pregnant . Mac then comes out of his coma , but is suffering from memory loss and cannot remember his new @-@ found love for Caroline . Angela soon leaves the hospital in order to take a career in television . With Angela gone , Guy becomes Caroline 's new lodger .
+
+Alan and Joanna are still having problems , though Martin and Karen seem to be getting along well . Martin then decides to leave Karen , and Joanna then tries to pull Lyndon again . However , Lyndon avoids this by saying he is dating Harriet . After a date , Harriet feels uncomfortable with the relationship and leaves him , but soon her husband Ian dumps her for having the affair .
+
+Just when Caroline thinks she has managed to win Mac back , his former girlfriend Holly ( Sally Phillips ) returns to the hospital , to replace Angela . Things become even worse when it is discovered that she never had the abortion that was the cause of Mac and Holly 's breakup years ago , and that Mac has a son . Caroline distances herself from Mac , and Guy starts to fall in love with her . Caroline however seems to have feelings for Jake Leaf ( Darren Boyd ) , a complementary therapist . Guy takes actions into his own hands and throws a Swiss army knife into Jake 's head . Sue then discovers that Holly is lying , that Mac is not her son 's father after all . Holly leaves the hospital . Caroline dumps Jake and then tries to impress Mac again .
+
+When Alan becomes unusually happy after winning an internet caption competition , Joanna plans to make him upset again . Using her dwarf cousin ( Big Mick ) , she plans to scare him . The plan backfires when Alan is so scared , he beats Joanna 's cousin to death with a stuffed heron . Alan and Joanna throw the body into the incinerator , but become paranoid that they will be discovered . Alan however learns from Boyce that the death is being viewed as a suicide , so Alan and Joanna go on a rampage , thinking themselves above the law .
+
+After the death of a patient known as " Yo @-@ yo Man " who offers them wise advice , Guy , Mac and Martin all decide to propose to Caroline . She rejects Martin , considers the offer from Guy , and Mac appears to be unable to form a proposal . Caroline then learns that Mac wants to meet her at the train station , but when she arrives , it is Guy who turns up . Mac is still at the hospital , where he learns that he is going to die . Caroline then accepts Guy 's proposal of marriage . Meanwhile , in the HR department , Karen is sitting on a windowsill , due to her fear of Clangers . Whilst sitting there , Rachel opens the window behind her , and causes Karen to fall out . However , no one seems to notice .
+
+The police arrive at the hospital . Alan and Joanna believe that they will be arrested , and with Boyce 's help escape from the hospital . Alan and Joanna then escape in a camper van , with Alan becoming increasingly unstable . When it is discovered that Martin is riding in the back , Alan then drives into a field , and nearly drives the camper van over the same cliff that Martin was teetering over at the end of the first series .
+
+= = = Secret Policeman 's Ball sketch ( 2006 ) = = =
+
+A sketch was performed for Amnesty International 's Secret Policeman 's Ball , with performances from Tamsin Greig , Stephen Mangan , Julian Rhind @-@ Tutt and Michelle Gomez . Mangan and Rhind @-@ Tutt appeared in two sketches .
+
+When the announcer at the ball asks if there is a doctor in the house , Mac puts his hand up , to Caroline 's embarrassment . Things get more embarrassing when Guy also volunteers , and asks why Caroline is sitting next to Mac when she is Guy 's fiancée . A unconscious patient lies on an operating table . Guy touches her breasts , takes pictures of her naked body under the blanket , and kisses her . Caroline alleges that the patient is transgender , which repels Guy . Sue White then appears in a tutu , claiming that the patient is stalking Mac , and repeating the assertion that the patient is transgender .
+
+= = = Special = = =
+
+The episode begins with the funeral of Angela , who departed the show during the second series , after being killed by a moose , at least according to Guy . Mac , after a month 's leave , discovers what has happened between Caroline and Guy , and although hurt , makes no attempt to interfere . Guy , on learning of Mac 's terminal illness , tells Caroline to marry Mac instead of him .
+
+Meanwhile , Alan and Joanna are still on the run , rescued by Martin who calls the AA . Whilst on their journey , they accidentally kill three more people , a mechanic , a shop assistant and a policeman . Soon , they decide that , with no transport , money or employment , the only option is suicide . They are last seen , naked , walking hand @-@ in @-@ hand towards the sea . Meanwhile , Karen returns to work after her fall , but has changed drastically . She has become more confident and has developed better dress sense . Boyce ends up missing Alan , after his replacement turns out to be even more horrible . With Joanna gone , the office girls start to run riot , as in The Lord of the Flies . They form their own tribe and become hostile to anyone who enters the department .
+
+Mac and Caroline finally marry , despite Mac 's terminal illness ( the exact nature of which is never disclosed , although Mac does tell Guy that its name has an " a " and an " e " in it ) . Sue gets over her obsession with Mac and finds love with a new man , who reciprocates her feelings . The episode concludes with Caroline being carried into the air by a mass of helium filled balloons at the wedding reception , although on the DVD boxset extras it shows an alternate ending where Guy and Mac grab onto Caroline 's ankles and are taken to the sky with her ; this alternative ending ends with Mac saying , " Caroline , there 's something I 've been meaning to tell you . "
+
+= = Signature jokes = =
+
+Green Wing contains running jokes . These include Guyball , a sport invented by Guy when he was at public school , with somewhat confusing rules . The basic object of the game is to throw a ball into a " Topmiler " , a basket attached to a helmet . This game was even played at the Wingin ' It Green Wing Convention .
+
+Another signature joke is the frequent visits by main characters to Sue White 's office , in which these characters expect Sue to act as some kind of psychiatric cousellor to them , only to be thwarted by Sue 's ever more peculiar behaviour .
+
+Also , Guy often says things that are inappropriate and sexually inappropriate and after noticing the reaction from the person to whom he is speaking , follows his comment with " ... let me finish " and a clarification . After trying to teach Martin this method in the very first episode , Guy also regularly attempts to pick up women throughout the two series by talking on his phone and saying " I 'll see you in Zurich " , in an attempt to sound " jet @-@ setty " .
+
+Another Green Wing series of running jokes is about hair . One of the more notable was various cracks about Mac 's untidy hair , with Sue lending him a hair tie and hair clips before he goes in for an interview . Another was the character Karen getting her hair trapped in a printer in the first episode . Mac was often referred to as a Ginger by the other characters . Guy 's hair becomes gradually curlier as the series goes on and Rachel dyes her hair from blonde to brunette after the first series . Other recurring jokes include Boyce 's practical jokes , the bizarre games played by the human resources staff and surgery scenes where Caroline , Guy and Mac mess around while performing operations .
+
+= = Cast = =
+
+= = = Main characters = = =
+
+Sarah Alexander - Angela Hunter
+
+Sally Bretton - Kim Alabaster
+
+Oliver Chris - Boyce
+
+Olivia Colman - Harriet Schulenburg
+
+Tamsin Greig - Caroline Todd
+
+Michelle Gomez - Sue White
+
+Pippa Haywood - Joanna Clore
+
+Mark Heap - Alan Statham
+
+Katie Lyons - Naughty Rachel
+
+Stephen Mangan - Guy Secretan
+
+Lucinda Raikes - Karen Ball
+
+Julian Rhind @-@ Tutt - " Mac " Macartney
+
+Karl Theobald - Martin Dear
+
+= = = Recurring characters = = =
+
+Darren Boyd - Jake Leaf
+
+Keir Charles - Oliver
+
+Daisy Haggard - Emmy
+
+Paterson Joseph - Lyndon Jones
+
+Sally Phillips - Holly Hawkes
+
+= = Critical reaction = =
+
+The show has received generally very positive reviews . The Evening Standard said that it was " a comedy as physically adroit as it was verbally sharp " , and The Guardian said that " Channel 4 ’ s hospital sitcom is the most innovative comedy since , well , The Office . " In a review of television in 2006 , Kathryn Flett in The Observer voted it one of the top ten TV programmes of the year . In Broadcast magazine , the second series was voted joint @-@ second best comedy series in 2006 . In South Africa , where Green Wing is broadcast on BBC Prime , The Sunday Times of South Africa voted the show the best DStv programme of 2007 . Composer Daniel Pemberton wrote that the soundtrack to Green Wing was , " One of the most innovative TV soundtracks in recent years . " Famous fans of Green Wing include novelist Ian Rankin and comedian Catherine Tate .
+
+Criticisms of Green Wing include the lazzi methods of filming and the overall length of the episodes , claiming that hour @-@ long episodes are too long . The show won the 2005 and 2006 Comedy Tumbleweed Awards for " Worst Camerawork " . Some were also critical of what was seen as a decline in quality when the second series began . Cathy Pryor in The Independent on Sunday said that , " Sadly , though , since I 'm something of a fan , I have to report that the first episode of the second series is , disappointingly , rather flat . To be fair , there were a couple of laugh @-@ out @-@ loud moments - Dr Statham banging his head and falling down being one of them - but the whole [ thing ] didn 't quite gel . Or should that be coagulate ? I 'll stop making bad jokes now since I 'm still not as funny as anyone in the show . But I sincerely hope that the opener is a one- off and not a sign that Green Wing is going down the pan . "
+
+Similar comments were made by A. A. Gill . When the first series was broadcast , he praised the cast and characters , but commented negatively on the filming style and dramatic qualities . He also said :
+
+" ... it was one of the most freshly funny and crisply innovative comedies for years . The humour was all based in the character , not the situation . The story lines were negligible ; there were no catch phrases ; it was surreal in a way we hadn ’ t seen since Monty Python ; and the cast were actors being funny from inside a characterization , not stand @-@ up comics bolting a cartoon persona onto the back of gags . "
+
+Subsequently , Gill attacked the first episode of series two , in particular the use of a dream sequence at the beginning of the episode . He wrote ,
+
+" Now , every 11 @-@ year @-@ old knows dream sequences are the lowest form of plotting solution , lower than unexplained superpowers such as the ability to stop time or become invisible ; even lower than a magic get @-@ better potion . Within two minutes , Green Wing had destroyed itself , lost its assured grip on the cliff of comedy and tumbled into the abyss of embarrassing overacting , formless gurning and pointless repetition . What had once looked Dada @-@ ishly brilliant now looked like stoned improv from a show @-@ off 's drama school . The lack of plot and coherent narrative that previously had been a blessed freedom was revealed to be a formless free @-@ for @-@ all , brilliant performances as silly mannerisms . Nothing I 've seen this year has disappointed me as sharply as the second series of Green Wing . As Tom Paine so poignantly pointed out , only a step separates the sublime from the ridiculous . "
+
+The rest of the series received some praise and , in a 2009 article , Gill - writing about the current comedy output at the time - said : " Show me a funny indigenous comedy series ; show me one that has been made in the past five years , other than Green Wing . "
+
+= = Media = =
+
+= = = DVDs = = =
+
+= = = Books = = =
+
+The first series scripts were released as Green Wing : The Complete First Series Scripts in paperback on 22 October 2006 ( ISBN 1 @-@ 84576 @-@ 421 @-@ 8 ) , by Titan Books . The book contains bonus material made exclusively for the book and previously unseen photos .
+
+= = = Soundtrack = = =
+
+The soundtrack , entitled Green Wing : Original Television Soundtrack by Trellis was released by Silva Screen on 8 October 2007 . It contains 23 tracks of the best of Jonathan Whitehead 's Original Music created for the show .
+
+= = = Online viewing = = =
+
+On 7 May 2009 , the first series became available on Hulu . Both series are now available on Hulu and Hulu Plus . It is also available ( both complete series ) on Channel 4 on Demand and on the LoveFilm instant streaming service run by Amazon in the United Kingdom .
+
+= = Awards and nominations = =
+
+Green Wing won the first BAFTA Pioneer Audience Award in 2005 . This is the only BAFTA award that is voted on by the general public . Pippa Haywood won the 2005 Rose d 'Or for " Best Female Comedy Performance " . Tamsin Greig won an award at the RTS Awards in 2005 for " Best Comedy Performance " . Jonathan Whitehead won " Best Original Score " at the RTS Craft & Design Awards 2005 .
+
+Green Wing has also won a number of times in The Comedy.co.uk Awards , including the " Comedy Of The Year " award in 2006 .
+
+= = Possible spin @-@ off = =
+
+The cast , crew and writers of Green Wing have shown no interest in creating a third series because of scheduling difficulties due to new projects being undertaken by the creators and talkbackTHAMES not having a big enough budget . However , creator Victoria Pile mentioned in an interview in the Radio Times that she may do a spin @-@ off , saying , " I 'm hoping to do another Channel 4 comedy imminently , possibly starring some of the same cast . Hopefully , it will be some kind of spin @-@ off from Green Wing . "
+
+In 2009 , Pile and most of the writing team behind Green Wing created a sitcom pilot set in a university entitled Campus , which features similar concepts to Green Wing , including improvisation . The motto of the university is " with wings " , a reference to the show . The pilot was broadcast as part of Channel 4 's Comedy Showcase . A full series began in 2011 , but was cancelled after one series .
+
+= = Impact = =
+
+A cocktail called the Green Wing was served at the 2005 BAFTAs . It is made using vodka , cloudy apple juice , elderflower cordial and sparkling mineral water .
+
+A Green Wing convention called " Wingin ' It " was organised to raise money for Great Ormond Street Hospital , and took place on 13 January 2007 at the Brook Green Hotel , Hammersmith . A DVD of the convention is to be released .
+
+There was a special appearance by Green Wing cast at the British Film Institute , on 17 January 2007 . Pile , Greig , Mangan and Rhind @-@ Tutt appeared . Some of the other writers , as well as Theobald and Heap , were in the audience . The event was hosted by John Lloyd . Green Wing appeared in an episode of the BBC documentary series Imagine , entitled A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Studio . Some of the funeral scenes from the special were shown , and the presenter of the show , Alan Yentob , appeared as one of the mourners .
+
+= No. 457 Squadron RAAF =
+
+No. 457 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) fighter squadron of World War II . Equipped with Supermarine Spitfire fighters , it was formed in England during June 1941 under Article XV of the Empire Air Training Scheme . The squadron was transferred to Australia in June 1942 and saw combat in the South West Pacific Area before being disbanded in November 1945 .
+
+The squadron saw combat against both Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan during the war . From March to May 1942 it was based in southern England and flew missions over German @-@ occupied France during which it shot down at least five Luftwaffe aircraft . After being deployed to Australia , No. 457 Squadron was based near Darwin as part of No. 1 Wing RAAF and intercepted several Japanese raids on Allied bases in northern Australia between March and November 1943 . The squadron remained at Darwin and saw almost no combat during 1944 , but moved to Morotai and later Labuan in 1945 from where it attacked Japanese positions in the Netherlands East Indies and Borneo as part of Allied offensives in these areas .
+
+= = History = =
+
+= = = Britain = = =
+
+No. 457 Squadron was formed at RAF Baginton in England on 16 June 1941 . It was equipped with Supermarine Spitfires and was the second RAAF fighter unit to be formed in England after No. 452 Squadron . The establishment of both these squadrons formed part of an expansion of RAF Fighter Command which sought to improve its ability to defend Britain from a renewed German air offensive and to conduct offensive operations over occupied Europe . At the time of its formation the squadron 's commanding officer , Squadron Leader Peter Malam Brothers , both flight commanders and all members of the ground crew were British , but most pilots were Australian . The squadron 's ground crew component had been formed at RAAF Station Williamtown in Australia on 10 June , and departed for England on 7 August . On the same day No. 457 Squadron moved to RAF Jurby and thence to RAF Andreas , which were both situated on the Isle of Man to undertake training . While at the Isle of Man the squadron trained both its own pilots and pilots from other squadrons for operational duties , and for a time functioned as an operational training unit at RAF Andreas . It also escorted Allied convoys in the Irish Sea , but did not make contact with German aircraft . By October all the British pilots other than Brothers and the flight commanders had been replaced by Australians . The squadron 's ground crew arrived in Britain during October and November , making it an almost entirely Australian unit .
+
+In March 1942 the squadron moved to RAF Redhill , Surrey where it assumed No. 452 Squadron 's front line duties as part of No. 11 Group RAF . These included shipping protection patrols , escorting bombers , conducting fighter sweeps over northern France and contributing to the air defence of southern England . Fighter Command had received authorisation to launch a full @-@ scale offensive campaign against German air units shortly before No. 457 Squadron arrived at Redhill , and it became part of this effort . The squadron first saw action on 26 March when Brothers shot down a Bf 109 during a multi @-@ squadron fighter sweep over France , though one of its Spitfires was lost in this action . By the end of its first week of operations No. 457 Squadron had shot down three German aircraft and inflicted damage on several others and it went on to conduct 32 operations over German territory by 26 April . These operations often encountered fierce opposition , and German Fw 190 fighters proved superior to the Spitfire Mark Vs that No. 457 Squadron was equipped with . The squadron scored its last victory over Europe on 29 April , though fighter sweeps over France continued until almost the end of May .
+
+On 28 May 1942 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to an Australian Government request to dispatch three fully equipped Spitfire squadrons to Australia to reinforce the RAAF . The squadrons selected were the Australian No. 452 and No. 457 Squadrons as well as the British No. 54 Squadron RAF . Accordingly , No. 457 Squadron was withdrawn from operations on 28 May to prepare to be redeployed to Australia . By this time its pilots had been credited with five confirmed " kills " and another four " probables " and damaging seven aircraft . On 20 June the squadron left England on board the MV Stirling Castle , which was also carrying the men of No. 452 and No. 54 Squadrons .
+
+= = = Darwin = = =
+
+The Stirling Castle arrived at Melbourne on 13 August . After being given 14 days leave the squadron 's personnel reassembled at Richmond , New South Wales on 6 September . On 7 October it became part of No. 1 Wing RAAF along with No. 54 and No. 452 Squadrons . Most of the Spitfires intended for the wing had been diverted to the Middle East during the voyage to Australia , however , and the squadron initially only had CAC Wirraway and Ryan ST aircraft for training purposes . No. 457 Squadron was fully equipped with Spitfires by November and moved to Camden on the 7th of the month where it continued an intensive training program . In December the squadron was informed that it would be deployed to Darwin in the Northern Territory to counter the Japanese air raids against the town . The squadron 's advance party departed on 31 December , and the main body followed by sea on 12 January 1943 . No. 457 Squadron commenced air operations from Batchelor Airfield on 20 January and moved to Livingstone Airfield on the last day of the month .
+
+No. 457 Squadron first saw combat against the Japanese in March 1943 . Although the squadron was scrambled a number of times in February , it did not claim its first " kill " until 7 March when two Spitfires shot down a Mitsubishi Ki @-@ 46 " Dinah " reconnaissance aircraft near Darwin . On 15 March No. 1 Wing 's three squadrons intercepted a large raid on Darwin , and No. 457 Squadron shot down two A6M Zeros and damaged another of the fighters . The squadron was also credited with damaging a Mitsubishi G4M " Betty " bomber and claimed another three Zeros as " probables " . No further Japanese aircraft were encountered over northern Australia until May . During this period No. 457 Squadron practiced tactics and cooperation with RAAF and Australian Army units . Flying was normally limited to just one hour each day , however .
+
+On 2 May No. 1 Wing responded to a major Japanese raid on Darwin . In the resulting air battle No. 457 Squadron shot down one fighter and claimed another two " probables " , but lost two Spitfires . Overall , the RAAF suffered 14 Spitfires destroyed or damaged while claiming only six " kills " , and the operation was not considered a success . Seven days later No. 457 Squadron deployed a detachment of six Spitfires to Milingimbi Island after the island 's airfield was attacked . This detachment intercepted Japanese raids on 10 and 28 May , shooting down two Zeros and two Bettys for the loss of three Spitfires . The squadron also continued to take part in operations over the Darwin region , seeing combat on a number of occasions . During the last major battle near the town on 6 July No. 457 Squadron shot down a Zero and damaged five Bettys , but lost three Spitfires .
+
+Japanese air activity over northern Australia dropped away after 6 July , and No. 457 Squadron saw little further combat . As a result , the squadron 's personnel suffered greatly from boredom . No. 457 Squadron scored its next " kills " on 17 August , when its aircraft shot down three of the four Dinahs sent over Darwin that day ; the fourth was destroyed by No. 1 Wing 's acting commander , Wing Commander Clive Caldwell . The squadron shot down another two Dinahs on 20 August . On 7 September No. 1 Wing intercepted a Japanese reconnaissance aircraft escorted by 20 fighters . In the ensuing battle No. 457 Squadron shot down four Zeros without loss . On 4 November No. 457 Squadron deployed six Spitfires to Drysdale River Mission Airfield , and two days later they intercepted and damaged a Japanese reconnaissance aircraft . The squadron maintained a detachment at Drysdale River Mission until December , when No. 54 Squadron assumed this duty . During the early hours of 12 November three No. 457 Squadron Spitfires were part of a force which intercepted a raid on Darwin . No. 457 Squadron pilot Flying Officer John Smithson made the only interception and destroyed two Betty bombers .
+
+The attack on 12 November was the final Japanese raid on the Darwin area . As a result , No. 1 Wing 's flying squadrons had little to do and the pilots became bored . No. 457 Squadron conducted little operational flying until 8 March 1944 , when it and No. 452 Squadron were ordered to Perth , Western Australia in response to fears that a Japanese naval force would raid the area . The squadrons departed Darwin on 9 March and arrived at RAAF Station Guildford ( modern Perth Airport ) three days later after flying through very difficult weather conditions . No attack eventuated , however , and the squadron returned to Livingstone Airfield between 23 and 28 March . The squadron next saw action on 18 April when two of its Spitfires took part in an attack on a Japanese radar station in the Babar Islands . In May 1944 , No. 1 Wing 's headquarters and No. 57 and 457 Squadrons were deployed to Exmouth Gulf , Western Australia to protect the facilities which had been established to refuel the British Eastern Fleet before Operation Transom , during which the fleet attacked Surabaya , Java . No. 457 Squadron departed for Exmouth Gulf on 10 May and returned to its new base at Sattler Airfield on the 24th of the month . The squadron again provided a detachment at Drysdale River Mission from 1 June 1944 and began to be reequipped with Mark VIII Spitfires on 2 July .
+
+= = = Morotai and Labuan = = =
+
+On 1 July 1944 No. 452 and No. 457 Squadrons were transferred to the newly formed No. 80 Wing RAAF . This wing had been established to support a planned offensive from Darwin into the Netherlands East Indies . The offensive was cancelled in June , but this was not communicated to the wing , which continued to train for the operation until August . After the operation was cancelled the wing and its squadrons had no purpose , but continued to conduct training exercises as a means of maintaining morale . In November the wing was informed that it was to move to Morotai island in the Netherlands East Indies to take part in Allied offensives in the region .
+
+No. 457 Squadron 's movement to Morotai was delayed until early 1945 . The squadron 's ground crew departed Darwin by sea on 18 January and arrived on the island on 1 February . The Spitfires departed Sattler on 6 February and arrived at Morotai two days later . No. 457 Squadron flew its first operations from Morotai on 10 February . The squadron 's main roles in this period were to conduct ground attack missions against Japanese camps and shipping as well as escorting other aircraft engaged in attacking these targets . This involved a heavy workload , and the squadron flew over 293 operational sorties between February and the end of April . From May No. 457 Squadron 's Spitfires began using dive bombing tactics as well as strafing targets with their guns .
+
+No. 457 Squadron participated in the Borneo Campaign during the final months of the war . On 27 May it was ordered to prepare for deployment , and on 5 June its personnel and equipment sailed for Labuan island off the north @-@ west coast of Borneo . During this operation the squadron was attached to No. 81 Wing . The Spitfires departed Morotai on 17 June and commenced operations from Labuan two days later alongside No. 76 Squadron RAAF with the primary roles of providing air support to Allied troops in the area and air defence for the island . On 20 June two No. 457 Squadron fighters shot down a Dinah ; this was the squadron 's first " kill " since 12 November 1943 . Operations against the Japanese continued until the end of the war on 15 August 1945 . During the war 25 of the squadron 's Australian personnel were killed .
+
+Following the Japanese surrender No. 457 Squadron initially remained at Labuan . During this period it flew security patrols as well as training exercises and air tests . The squadron 's serviceable aircraft left Labuan on 9 October for Oakey , Queensland and arrived there on the last day of the month . No. 457 Squadron was officially disbanded at Labuan on 7 November 1945 . Following the war the squadron was awarded the battle honours " Fortress Europe , 1940 – 1944 " , " Pacific , 1941 – 1945 " , " Darwin , 1941 – 1944 " , " Morotai " , " Borneo , 1945 " and " Defence of Britain , 1940 – 1945 " .
+
+= = Aircraft operated = =
+
+No. 457 Squadron operated the following aircraft :
+
+= = Squadron bases = =
+
+No. 457 Squadron operated from the following bases and airfields :
+
+= = Commanding officers = =
+
+No. 457 Squadron was commanded by the following officers :
+
+= Development of The Last of Us =
+
+The development of The Last of Us , an action @-@ adventure survival horror video game , began after Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ' release in October 2009 . Sony Computer Entertainment published The Last of Us on June 14 , 2013 for the PlayStation 3 . The three @-@ year development , led by studio Naughty Dog , was kept secret for the majority of development . In the game , players assume control of Joel , tasked with escorting the young Ellie across a post @-@ apocalyptic United States , in an attempt to create a potential cure against an infection to which Ellie is immune . Creative director Neil Druckmann was inspired to include Infected as a main feature of the game after discovering the Cordyceps fungi . His story , set twenty years after the outbreak starts and much of civilization is destroyed , explored the possibility of the fungi infecting humans .
+
+Though Ellie was initially intended to be Joel 's daughter , the team found this to be too limiting in terms of further character development . The team chose Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson to portray Joel and Ellie , respectively . Providing both the voice and motion capture of the characters , Baker and Johnson assisted the team to develop the characters and help refine the story . The relationship between Joel and Ellie was the central focus of the game , and all other elements were developed around it . Various other characters were influenced by the story progression , ultimately becoming completely different from the initial vision .
+
+The Last of Us features an original score , composed by musician Gustavo Santaolalla . Known for his minimalist approach to composing , Santaolalla was contacted early in development . Naughty Dog took a similar minimalist approach to other elements of the game , including the action , sound design and art design . The sound department began working early on the sound of the Infected , in order to achieve the best work possible . A similar direction was taken by the art department , whose designs influenced other elements of development . Naughty Dog overhauled their game engine for some elements of the game , particularly focusing on the lighting and animations .
+
+The Last of Us was officially announced in 2011 ; it was heavily promoted and widely anticipated . Naughty Dog missed the original release date , delaying the game in order for further polishing . Naughty Dog marketed the game through video trailers and press demonstrations , announcing specific details about the game as development continued . Various special edition versions were released , along with a comic book featuring characters from the game .
+
+= = Production = =
+
+Preliminary work on The Last of Us , under the codename " Project Thing " or " T1 " , began after the release of Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves in October 2009 . For the first time in the company 's history , developer Naughty Dog split into two teams to work on projects concurrently ; while one team developed Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception ( 2011 ) , the other began work on The Last of Us . In order to run the two teams smoothly , co @-@ presidents Evan Wells and Christophe Balestra chose game director Bruce Straley and creative director Neil Druckmann to lead development on The Last of Us . Straley , who was employed at Naughty Dog in March 1999 , was selected to lead the project based on his experience and his work on previous projects , while Druckmann , an employee since 2004 , was chosen for his determination and talent for design .
+
+= = = Story and setting = = =
+
+As a student at Carnegie Mellon University in 2004 , Druckmann was tasked with creating a video game concept to present to film director George A. Romero , who would select a winner . Druckmann 's idea was to merge the gameplay of Ico ( 2001 ) in a story set during a zombie apocalypse , like that of Romero 's Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) , with a lead character similar to John Hartigan from Sin City ( 1991 – 2000 ) . The lead character , a police officer , would be tasked with protecting a young girl ; however , due to the lead character 's heart condition , players would often assume control of the young girl , reversing the roles . Though the idea did not win , Druckmann later developed it when creating the story of The Last of Us . An early idea for the game was that the infection only spread to women , though this was later deemed misogynistic .
+
+The Infected , a core concept of the game , were inspired by a segment of the BBC nature documentary Planet Earth ( 2006 ) , which featured the Cordyceps fungi . Though the fungi mainly infect insects , taking control of their motor functions and forcing it to help cultivate the fungus , the game explores the concept of the fungus evolving and infecting humans , and the direct results of an outbreak of this infection . The game does not directly explain the cause of the virus ; Straley attributed this to the team 's focus on the characters , as opposed to the virus . They preferred to explain the events through subtext , rather than explicitly explaining the cause of the infection . Straley compared the subtext included in The Last of Us to that of BioShock Infinite ( 2013 ) . He felt that the latter had spawned various conversations within the industry , which he sees as a sign of a maturing industry . " I 've seen enough good stories in books and film . Now I want to see them in video games , " said Straley . The team used the concept of the Infected to force players to explore the limits of human perseverance . Throughout development , team assured that the Infected were strictly different from zombies .
+
+In order to make the game as realistic as possible , the team conducted extensive research for the setting . Taking influences from Alan Weisman 's The World Without Us ( 2007 ) , Naughty Dog created a world that would force players to make decisions and utilize their limited supplies effectively . In his research , Druckmann found inspiration in real historical events ; the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic illustrated the depths of self @-@ protection and paranoia capable by humans under threat of extinction , while the polio epidemic of the 1880s demonstrated the influences of socioeconomic classes when assigning blame in a great disaster . Druckmann and Straley have also cited Amy Hennig 's " perfectionist mindset " and dedication to characters as an inspiration for the game 's story ; Hennig worked as head writer and creative director on the Uncharted series ( 2007 – present ) . The team also took inspiration from Gravity ( 2013 ) , in terms of the game 's simplicity and intensity .
+
+When writing the script , Druckmann tried to exclude " fancy dialogue " , keeping everything " short and natural " . Community strategist Eric Monacelli has stated that the narrative 's overarching themes are " love , loyalty and redemption " , assuring their importance in the game , and fellow community strategist Arne Meyer said that the game 's violence fit the narrative . Straley reiterated this , stating " you have to have the dark to have the light " . Game designer Anthony Newman stated that the game deals with how people would react under pressure in extreme situations , which is represented through the violence and combat . The team felt interested in the story 's dark themes juxtaposed against the " beautiful " settings .
+
+A major motif present throughout the game is that " life goes on " . A scene near the end of the game , in which Joel and Ellie discover a herd of giraffes , is referenced by many journalists as the realization point of this motif . Concept artist John Sweeney wrote that the scene was designed to " reignite [ Ellie 's ] lust for life " , triggering her curiosity and forgetting the surrounding struggle and death . He explained that the scene originally involved zebras , but were replaced by giraffes due to their gentleness and elegance , stating that they were " the most remarkable thing Ellie could possibly encounter " . Druckmann felt that the sequence " works because of all the horrible things " encountered beforehand . IGN 's Lucy O 'Brien wrote that the scene acts as a reminder of Ellie 's age , despite having been outwardly " stripped of any semblance of a childhood " , and Kotaku writer Kirk Hamilton found the scene to be a resemblance of hope for Ellie , having clearly suffered post @-@ traumatic stress following her encounter with David .
+
+In regards to the ending , the team intended for it to be open to interpretation . Straley has stated that it 's " not your typical ending , but it ’ s still a nice resolution " . Both he and Druckmann stated their frustration when players told them they wanted a choice at the game 's ending ; Straley said that most of these players told him they would have chosen the same ending as the game anyway . Early in the game 's development , the team envisioned an ending in which Ellie was forced to kill someone in order to save the incapacitated Joel ; this ending was scrapped , as the team felt that it was not conforming to the character arcs . While the game 's focus testers hated the ending , suggesting alternative methods , Druckmann continued with it ; when the game 's music and gameplay became closer to completion , the focus testers began appreciating the ending more . When discussing the ending , VentureBeat writer Dean Takahashi referenced the quote " Whoever saves one life saves the world entire " , from Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , highlighting its inaccuracy : " You save a life and doom the whole world , " he wrote .
+
+= = = Character development = = =
+
+Joel is voiced by veteran voice actor Troy Baker , while Ellie is voiced by actress Ashley Johnson . Their performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology ; approximately 85 % of the game 's animations were recorded using motion capture , with remaining audio elements recorded later in a studio . Though the team quickly felt that Johnson fit the role of Ellie , they spent more time selecting the actor of Joel , as the chemistry between the two characters was imperative to the game . After Baker and Johnson played alongside each other , the team realised that the former perfectly fit the role of Joel , despite the actor 's young age . Druckmann attributed Baker 's voice and movement to the team 's choice of casting him . Baker and Johnson contributed greatly to the development of the characters . For example , Baker convinced Druckmann that Joel would care for Tess due to his loneliness , and Johnson convinced Druckmann to re @-@ write the character of Ellie in a stronger and more defensive manner . Some of the dialogue between the duo was improvised by the actors ; Druckmann attributed this to the fact that the script included an unnecessary amount of lines during gameplay sections , and he allowed the actors to choose what they felt was necessary . The characters of Joel and Ellie were the basis of the game ; the development between the characters was established first , and the game 's other concepts followed . From the beginning of development , the team intended for The Last of Us to feature dual protagonists with strong individual story arcs . During the Winter segment of the game , players assume control of Ellie . The developers ensured that this change was kept secretive prior to the game 's release , to surprise players ; they did the same with Ellie 's immunity , as well as with the game 's prologue , where players assume control of Joel 's daughter Sarah . The change of control from Joel to Ellie signifies a change in the role of the protector , echoing Druckmann 's previous ideas as a student . The character interactions were inspired by the relationship between Nathan Drake and Tenzin in Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves , in turn inspired by the video game Ico . The game 's protagonists represent the two eras that are shown in the game ; Joel represents the world before the outbreak , having spent most of his life during this period , while Ellie represents the world after the outbreak , as she was born in the post @-@ apocalyptic world . While the former is emotionally damaged due to the loss that he has experienced , the latter maintains an optimistic view of life , having become familiar to the damaged world ; spending time with each other saw these qualities overlapping , with Joel become more lively , and Ellie learning more survival skills .
+
+Though Druckmann initially wrote the character of Joel using inspiration from Josh Brolin 's portrayal of Llewelyn Moss in No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) , which he saw as " very quiet , very cool under pressure " , Baker 's interpretation of Joel as a more emotional person evolved the character in a different way . Ultimately , the narrative became an exploration of how willing a father is to save a child ; initially , Joel is willing to sacrifice himself , before evolving where he is willing to sacrifice his friends , until finally feeling that he would sacrifice all of humanity in order to save Ellie . Druckmann felt that players , specifically parents , would be able to relate to Joel 's character and his bonding with Ellie . Baker believes that Joel discovers morality throughout the game 's narrative , working out the difference between loss and sacrifice , and his true personality begins to show . When auditioning for the role , Baker read a phrase on the character sheet that stated Joel had " few moral lines left to cross " , which became the " anchor point " to the character for him . Baker found great difficulty in filming the game 's prologue , which features scenes with Joel and his daughter Sarah , portrayed by Hana Hayes . Upon later viewing of the first day of footage from the scene , Druckmann felt that it could still be improved . When filming the scene again , Druckmann explained to Baker how to perform it , and felt that it was the best take upon doing so . Though Baker initially found the take too " mechanical " , he retroactively realised that he had been previously trying to impress audiences by his acting , and that it was " not what the scene needed " .
+
+When portraying Ellie , Johnson faced challenges in performing scenes that made her feel uncomfortable . " There were some days when we would shoot things that even at my age made me feel a little uncomfortable , " Johnson described . Johnson feels that video games rarely feature strong female characters such as Ellie , and expressed her excitement to portray the role for this reason . When questioned about the inspiration for Ellie as a gameplay feature , Druckmann recalled when he and Straley were brainstorming ideas for Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves and created a mute character who would summon the player to follow them , creating a " beautiful " relationship through gameplay alone . Though this concept was never included in the final game , the idea was raised when the team were discussing a new project , ultimately inspiring Ellie . Druckmann also felt inspired by the wars that took place in Syria and Afghanistan when creating Ellie ; he felt that conflict was a familiarity to the children in those countries , which is similar to Ellie 's view .
+
+The character of Tess was originally intended to be featured as the main antagonist of The Last of Us , pursuing Joel for a year before a final confrontation in which she is killed by Ellie . However , the team found it difficult to believe that Tess would dispute with Joel and pursue him for a year ; this was solved by significantly adjusting the story . Actress Annie Wersching was impressed by the script , and Druckmann 's ability to write unique female characters . When writing the game 's female characters , particularly Tess and Ellie , Druckmann avoided external influences , such as the media 's portrayal of women , as he wished to write his own story . The character of Bill , portrayed by W. Earl Brown , is revealed to be homosexual at one point in the game . Druckmann initially left this vague in the script , but was inspired at the script read @-@ through to alter a few lines to further reflect Bill 's sexuality . To make Bill interesting , Druckmann explored the concept of contradictory statements ; while Bill states that becoming attached to people will lower chances of survival , it is revealed that he had a partner that he really cared for . Bill 's role in the game was also to voice Joel 's concerns about escorting Ellie , as Joel does not voice them . " [ T ] he reason to have Bill there is that Bill can actually say that to Joel , and warn Joel about that stuff , " Druckmann said . Veteran voice actor Nolan North , who portrays protagonist Nathan Drake in Naughty Dog 's Uncharted series , was chosen to play the role of David in the game . When approached by Druckmann about the role , North immediately accepted the part , appreciating its diversity from his previous acting roles . To portray the character , North approached his personality from multiple perspectives , viewing David as a " survivor " . North empathized with David , stating that most of David 's actions were understandable when considering the apocalyptic situation . He felt that David was initially attempting to protect Ellie , who was viewed as a " glimmer of hope " .
+
+The team felt that the post @-@ apocalyptic world and the survival horror genre gave them the opportunity to better develop the characters . Taking inspiration from their work on the Uncharted games , the team used their knowledge of paralleling characters with the conflict in both gameplay and stories when developing The Last of Us . They also took inspiration from the books The Road ( 2006 ) and City of Thieves ( 2008 ) , and the film No Country for Old Men , noting that they all include memorable characters and using this as a point of inspiration . " [ W ] e can make you as a player feel more of what it 's truly like to exist inside of a world where every bullet counts and each step you take is a conscious choice that 's going to make or break your existence , " said Straley . The team also felt that the " pressures of the world " allowed them to better develop their characters . They felt that the pressure forced the characters to make interesting decisions , allowing better development .
+
+= = = Technical and gameplay development = = =
+
+For The Last of Us , the team had to create new engines to satisfy their needs . The artificial intelligence ( AI ) was created to coordinate with players on an intimate level , as opposed to the action elements from their previous projects ; the addition of Ellie as AI was also a major contributor to the engine . The team intentionally added a feature in which Ellie remains close to Joel , in order to avoid being conceived as a " burden " . Programmer Max Dyckhoff stated that , when working on Ellie as AI , he tried to imagine her experiences throughout the game 's events , in an attempt to achieve realism . The enemy AI , considered one of the most important features of the game , was developed to make random choices ; they study their surroundings , finding tactics to attack the player . This uniqueness to gameplay was a factor into the attempt at making players feel emotions towards the enemies . The lighting engine was also re @-@ created to incorporate soft light , in which the sunlight seeps in through spaces and reflects off surfaces . The team found great difficulty in developing the gameplay for The Last of Us , as they felt that every mechanic required thorough analysis . " You feel a lot of pressure to add things to make it ' more fun ' and it gets super difficult to keep those out sometimes , " Druckmann said . In The Last of Us , the weapon that players have equipped change the behavior of the human NPCs . In addition , the stealth system was intentionally developed to offer a sense of desperation , to make players feel the same .
+
+There are multiple features omitted from the game that the team considered typical of most video games , such as boss fights . A traditional cover system was excluded for the game as the team wanted players to constantly move around . The team also attempted to cause players to feel as though they are lacking , particularly in the supplies that they collect . " You 're not building yourself into a tank , " said Straley . This also motivated many of the design decisions of the gameplay , such as the weightlessness of the animations , and the melee combat mechanic . To further add to the realism , the team developed the game 's combat mechanic in a way that forces players to spend more time planning . They also wanted players to be forced to retreat from combat after alerting the Infected , despite their belief that retreating is the " anti @-@ video game play mechanic " . The combat mechanic was developed to feel intense , intentionally moving the camera closer to players , in order for them to " feel every strike " . The team felt that the game forces players to make difficult choices , in terms of combat , stealth and resource management , allowing them to understand the decisions made by the characters .
+
+Many gameplay elements from the Uncharted games were excluded from The Last of Us due to the nature of the latter . The team made Joel more " grounded and less nimble " than Uncharted 's Nathan Drake . The camera angle and melee system were also altered to fit with the team 's intention of the game . Some gameplay features were inspired by the game 's post @-@ apocalyptic nature ; for example , a task involving spatial problem solving was inspired by the prior inclusion of a strong water current that obstructs players . The team also felt that No Country for Old Men inspired them in terms of the minimalism , wanting to " get more intimate " with the gameplay scenarios . The team decided to include various optional paths for players to use . While at one point they felt that the additional content was useless , the team eventually felt that it feels " natural and organic " .
+
+The game 's online multiplayer mode features three game types ; the team opted to limit the amount of game types , as opposed to creating an abundance of them , in order to create a " deeper game experience " . The multiplayer mode was inspired by the combat encounters of the single @-@ player campaign ; the team aimed to recreate the slow pace of the encounters , and maintain a similar crafting system . This was achieved by making weapons lethal , and placing crafting items in strategic locations across the map , which was intended to result in stealthy gameplay and careful selection of ambushes . It also emphasized the stealth and teamwork elements of the mode . Lead multiplayer designer Erin Daly felt that the slower pace was difficult to achieve in a multiplayer environment , stating that " in most multiplayer shooters ... players sprint around at high speeds and spray bullets at anything that moves " . In addition , the multiplayer was designed to support different play styles ; while some players prefer to act as sniper , others opt to perform as support . Adding a revive system — when players take a significant amount of damage , they slowly crawl around while bleeding to death — created a large consequence to death ; losing team members is intended to be a significant loss to players . When designing the multiplayer , the team wanted players to have very little information regarding the location of the threats , while still giving a minor indication of the location . Daly attributed this to the importance of threat detection in a competitive experience , particularly when the lethality is high . The in @-@ game purchasing system was designed to be akin to a role @-@ playing game by allocating a set of spendable points .
+
+For the game 's character sculpting and rigging , the team introduced various new elements that were not used in their previous games . Lead character technical director Judd Simantov found that the creation of the faces was the most challenging , in terms of hardware . For the faces , the team used joint @-@ based facial rigs , with some blend @-@ shape correctives . To retain the shape of the face and avoid awkward movement , the faces were rigged with the mouth open and eyes slightly closed . The faces were also based on the Facial Action Coding System , allowing for an anatomical @-@ based approach . The use of a higher mesh density also allowed more volumes and creasing in the shape of the face , creating cleaner silhouettes and shapes and giving enough geometry to sculpt correctives . In an attempt to add subtle features , pupil dilation was added to the character models . For the bodies , the team edited the character movements from Uncharted 2 , softening some joint alignment . The animation of carpal joints was also added for the game , allowing more dynamic hand shapes , and flexibility . Another subtle addition was the arm mover controls , allowing minor editing on the arms ; though this feature was previously available , it was opened up to the animators for The Last of Us . A muscle system was also added , adding muscle shells that bulge , based on attachment joint distance ; the muscle system , written in Maya within a few days , works in real time . To solve an issue in which body movement resulted in awkward movement of clothing , runtime helpers were implemented . A total of 326 joints were used in the full character model , with 98 of these in the face ; 85 of these are runtime driven , while 241 are locked into animation .
+
+The user interface design ( UI ) for The Last of Us underwent various different iterations throughout development . User interface designer Alexandria Neonakis originally intended to integrate the weapon upgrade system into the weapon slotting system , in order to constantly remind players to upgrade their weapons . Upon further iterations , Neonakis discovered that this integration resulted in a cluttered interface . Ultimately , it was decided that the upgrade system would be integrated in the form of upgrade benches , occasionally found throughout the game 's world ; this also solved another problem that Neonakis witnessed , in which players would upgrade to the lowest possible option , as opposed to saving parts for the higher options . Once it was decided to split the upgrade and slotting systems , the initial design was to select the weapons from a circle . This design , eventually considered " clunky and slow " , was replaced in preference of a list system . Neonakis has identified that the main problem with the list design was that it forced players to focus on navigating through menus during intense combat . This led to the final design , which allows players to swap and slot weapons in the same menu . To integrate the UI into the game , Neonakis separated the individual elements and changed their format . User interface programmer Paul Burg provided Neonakis with tools to move elements using their coordinates . All animated transitions were hard coded , which led to difficulty in creating smooth transitions . " This was tedious and at times incredibly frustrating , but it also meant that we all had to be pretty creative in how things were designed , " Neonakis said . The game 's crafting system was implemented into immediate gameplay , in order for players to feel involved . " We needed to make it streamlined and fast enough that you felt like you could take just that moment and be able to craft that thing that 's going to mean your survival in the next thirty seconds , or your failure to survive , " lead game designer Jacob Minkoff said .
+
+= = = Art design = = =
+
+When designing the game from an artistic viewpoint , the team took various pieces of work as inspiration . Robert Polidori 's photographs of Lower Ninth Ward following Hurricane Katrina were used as a reference point when designing the flooded areas of Pittsburgh . " [ Polidori ] did these amazingly beautiful , horrific photos ... it 's not just decay and rot and post @-@ apocalyptic grey , it 's a human world that we 're playing with when we portray this destruction , " said Straley . The concept of post @-@ apocalyptic environments was considered a " starting point " for the artists . The art team also strived to achieve realism within every piece of art . Straley explained that the artists " would be like , I 'm going to make this the most awesome fucking wall ever , " in terms of creating attractive environments . The art department were forced to fight for things that they wished to include , due to the high demand during development . Ultimately , the team settled on a balance between simplicity and detail ; while Straley and Druckmann preferred the former , the art team preferred the latter . The artistic composition of the game 's locations was also a feature strongly focused on , in order to evoke varying emotions from players . In the final weeks of development , roles from the art department were undertaken by other members of the team ; for example , Straley hand @-@ arranged the texts on the game 's training screens , a task that lead artist Nate Wells found unusual . " I have never even heard of a game director doing that ! That 's like ... an intern task , " Wells said .
+
+When creating the look of the Infected , the art team cycled through various iterations . Some early ideas included the Infected looking like aliens or zombies . The final design was chosen when lead character artist Michael Knowland incorporated images of diseases and fungal growth onto a human . He expressed the difficulty in changing the art from 2D to 3D , which would allow viewing from different angles . The process of sending completed concept art to the lighting and visual effects artists , who re @-@ create the art within the game 's engine . Due to the lack of artificial light sources in the game 's world , the team was forced to work with natural light . To achieve high quality lighting , they used lightmaps . The use of lightmaps led to various problems , such as the discontinuities in the lighting ; this was fixed by slightly modifying the texel intensities . When characters were added to scenes , they initially looked out of place ; the addition of a shadow generally fixed this .
+
+The game 's opening credits were directed by Kevin Joelson and designed by Henry Hobson . Original concept development for the opening sequence began in late January 2013 , and full production began in March 2013 . Though the team initially intended for the game to omit opening credits , they were later added to " bridge the gap " between the game 's prologue and the following scene , a cut that was previously deemed " too sudden " without opening credits . Sony San Diego produced the opening credits , using time @-@ lapse photography to record the growth of fungus over multiple days ; only the spores at the end of the credits are computer @-@ generated . The sequence was inspired by Planet Earth , which featured similar concepts .
+
+= = = Music and sound production = = =
+
+Throughout development , Druckmann and Straley had been compiling various musical tracks that they found inspirational . When searching for a composer to work on the game 's music , they realised that many of the compiled tracks were composed by Gustavo Santaolalla . Straley described Santaolalla 's music as " organic instrumentation , minimalist , dissonance and resonance with the sounds " . As a result , Sony reached out to Santaolalla , who agreed to work on the game 's soundtrack . After hearing the game 's pitch , Santaolalla was excited to work on the game ; he previously wanted to work on video games , but refused to work on those without a focus on story and characters .
+
+Due to Santaolalla 's stance on composing music — he lacks knowledge in reading and writing sheet music , preferring to simply record — he began working on The Last of Us early in development . To give Santaolalla a point to base his music , Druckmann simply told him about the story and themes , as opposed to giving specific instructions on composing ; Santaolalla appreciated this freedom , feeling it assisted in the composing . To compose , Santaolalla felt the need to " go into some more dark place , more textural and not necessarily melodic " . To challenge himself , Santaolalla used a variety of unique instruments he was unfamiliar with , giving a sense of danger and innocence . For The Last of Us , he used a detuned guitar , producing deep noise . To produce unique tunes , Santaolalla recorded in various rooms , including a bathroom and kitchen . The team wanted the game 's AI to affect the music . They also tried to make the music evoke a reaction from the player , as their familiarization with the sounds would trigger a previous emotion that they felt . Music manager Jonathan Mayer felt that the game 's action music was atypical of action music in other games , stating that it 's " relatively low @-@ key " , and that taking it out of context changes the immediate reaction to it . The game 's theme , " The Last of Us " , was the first piece of music that the team received , and they were very impressed .
+
+The sound design team began working on the game early in development , in order to achieve the best results ; they immediately realised that it would be challenging . Early in development , Druckmann told the sound team to " make it subtle " , and underplay ideas . Audio lead Phillip Kovats was excited to completely create all sounds ; no sounds were carried across from previous games . The team looked at ways to create sounds from a naturalistic point @-@ of @-@ view , and how to introduce minimalism into a game . By doing so , they found that it added feelings of tension , loss and hope , and that the game appeared to be a typical " action game " without the minimalism approach . They used a high dynamic range , allowing them the opportunity to inform players on tactical information , and locations to explore . The game 's sound design was created to reflect a more " grounded " and subtle mood than Uncharted , particularly focusing on the lack of sound . Taking inspiration from No Country for Old Men , the team attempted to " do more with less " ; Kovats said that the team was trying to tell a story by " going for a reductive quality " . Straley stated that the audio is vital to some scenes in the game ; " It 's more about the psychology of what 's happening on the audioscape than what you 're seeing , " he stated . He felt that this decision allowed a more impactful and meaningful effect with sound occurred . The sound team also attempted to portray the game 's dark themes through sound . The team felt that it was important to let sounds play for as long as possible in the game , drawing tension . The team used a propagation technique to help players determine the exact locations of enemies , using this as a tactical advantage . This system , created by the team at Naughty Dog , is processed at random in the game engine . For the game 's audio , the engine throws out 1500 – 2500 ray casts per frame ; though most games avoid this , the game 's engine allowed it to work . The team spent a lot of time recording sounds for the game , namely doors , and rusty metal . Sound designer Neil Uchitel traveled to Rio de Janeiro , discovering locations to record sounds ; he recorded chickens , which were used in the game as the voices of rats . The team continued to add and change the game 's sounds until the end of development .
+
+To create the sound of the Clickers , the third stage of the Infected , the team found inspiration from a report on the journalism show 20 / 20 ( 1978 – present ) about blind children using clicking noises to communicate . " We liked the idea of taking this benign sound and attributing it to something really scary , " said Druckmann . In addition , the team wanted to reflect the creature 's feeling of pain and suffering , attempting to balance it with a sense of creepiness . The sound team created the sound of the Clicker first , realising early that it was the most challenging . To create the sound , they hired voice actors to perform their renditions . When voice actress Misty Lee provided her own rendition , a noise that Kovats described as originating in the " back of the throat " , Kovats and senior sound designer Derrick Espino agreed that it was what they wanted . Kovats then emulated the sound to feature in the game .
+
+= = Business = =
+
+= = = Announcement = = =
+
+In December 2011 , prior to the announcement of the game , an Easter egg was found in Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception referencing the concept of The Last of Us on an in @-@ game newspaper ; Naughty Dog retroactively stated that the reference was intended to be seen after the game 's reveal in June 2011 , but when the timing of the reveal itself was pushed forward , the team forgot to remove the reference . A few weeks before the game 's announcement , a billboard in Times Square teased the game , naming it a " PlayStation 3 exclusive you won 't believe " . Sony officially unveiled the game on December 10 , 2011 , at the Spike Video Game Awards . Shortly after the unveiling , Naughty Dog co @-@ president Evan Wells revealed details about the game :
+
+The Last of Us is a genre @-@ defining experience that blends survival and action elements to tell a character @-@ driven tale about a modern plague decimating mankind . Nature encroaches upon civilization , forcing remaining survivors to kill for food , weapons and whatever they can find . Joel , a ruthless survivor , and Ellie , a brave young teenage girl who is wise beyond her years , must work together to survive their journey across what remains of the United States .
+
+In February 2013 , Naughty Dog announced that The Last of Us would miss its intended release date of May 7 , 2013 , delaying it until June 14 , 2013 to allow for further polishing . " [ I ] nstead of cutting corners or compromising our vision , we came to the tough decision that the game deserved a few extra weeks to ensure every detail of The Last of Us was up to Naughty Dog ’ s internal high standards , " Naughty Dog stated in a press release .
+
+= = = Release trailers = = =
+
+The game was extensively marketed through video trailers . The game 's first trailer was released alongside the game 's full announcement , showcasing the game 's concept , characters and setting . For this trailer , the team held extended discussions concerning features of the gameplay to include . They initially planned to omit the Infected from the first trailer , in order to sharpen the focus on the characters ; they ultimately decided to include the Infected , as they felt that omitting them would arouse anticipation of their final reveal , trailing the focus away from the characters . For the final design of the trailer , the team attempted to incorporate as many gameplay features as possible , including human antagonism , melee implementation , stealth , and character relationships . The first game cinematic was released on May 15 , 2012 , depicting a scene in which Joel and Ellie are ambushed by hunters . This was followed by a second trailer titled " The Sky has Turned Grey " , released on May 16 . The trailer revealed a redesign of the character of Ellie ; Druckmann revealed that this was to make her look more similar to actress Ashley Johnson . A game cinematic , introducing the character of Bill , was shown during the game 's panel at San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , on July 13 .
+
+A third trailer was released during Gamescom on August 14 , 2012 , showcasing more of the game 's environments and enemies . At the same event , a video was released , showcasing the process that cutscenes are developed , from the raw material to the final product . At PAX Prime 2012 , Naughty Dog showcased a video demonstration of the game , displaying gameplay . A story trailer for the game was later shown during the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards , on December 7 . A TV trailer for The Last of Us was broadcast following the third season finale of AMC 's The Walking Dead on March 31 , 2013 . A trailer for the game 's online multiplayer mode was released on June 4 , showcasing the factions elements to the mode . The final pre @-@ launch trailer was released on June 11 , during E3 2013 .
+
+= = = Other marketing = = =
+
+A demo for The Last of Us was included with all copies of God of War : Ascension , and was available from May 31 , 2013 until the game 's launch . To encourage pre @-@ order sales , Naughty Dog collaborated with several retail outlets to provide special edition versions of the game . The " Post @-@ Pandemic Edition " includes a unique case packaging , a statue of Joel and Ellie and unlock codes for additional content in the single @-@ player and multiplayer modes . The " Joel Edition " and " Ellie Edition " include similar contents , but contain some features that are often differentiated by the characters .
+
+A four @-@ issue comic book miniseries , titled The Last of Us : American Dreams , was published by Dark Horse Comics . Written by Druckmann and illustrated by Faith Erin Hicks , the comics serve as a prequel to the game , chronicling the journey of a younger Ellie and another young survivor Riley . The first issue was published on April 3 , 2013 , and a reprint became available on May 29 , 2013 ; the second issue was published on the same day , followed by the third issue on June 26 , and the fourth issue on July 31 . All four issues were republished as a single package on October 30 . The game 's cover art was unveiled on December 9 , 2012 , featuring Ellie and Joel ; the team fought to feature Ellie on the front cover , despite attempts from external influences to move the image to the back . " I 've been in discussions where we 've been asked to push Ellie to the back and everyone at Naughty Dog just flat @-@ out refused , " said Druckmann .
+
+= Ma Chengyuan =
+
+Ma Chengyuan ( 3 November 1927 – 25 September 2004 ) was a Chinese archaeologist , epigrapher , and president of the Shanghai Museum . He was credited with saving priceless artifacts from destruction during the Cultural Revolution , and was instrumental in raising funds and support for the rebuilding of the Shanghai Museum . He was a recipient of the John D. Rockefeller III Award , and was awarded the Legion of Honour by French President Jacques Chirac .
+
+Ma was an authority on ancient Chinese bronzes and published more than 80 books and academic papers , including a 16 @-@ volume encyclopedia of the bronzes . He was responsible for recovering ancient relics including the Jin Hou Su bells and Warring States period bamboo strips , which are now considered China 's national treasures .
+
+Ma suffered from depression in his final years , and committed suicide in September 2004 .
+
+= = Early life and career = =
+
+Ma Chengyuan was born in 1927 in Shanghai . In 1946 , he joined an underground cell of the Communist Party of China , and graduated from the history department of Daxia University in Shanghai , a predecessor of East China Normal University , in 1951 . He worked for the education department of the Shanghai Municipal Government before joining the Shanghai Museum in 1954 . Ma was originally assigned to be a manager and Communist Party secretary of the museum , but he resigned from his political positions in 1956 to focus on academic work , and later became director of the bronze research department .
+
+= = Cultural Revolution = =
+
+As the Cultural Revolution erupted in 1966 , Chairman Mao Zedong called for the destruction of the Four Olds , and teenage Red Guards rampaged through people 's homes to destroy relics of pre @-@ Communist China . Desperate Shanghai collectors sought protection of their antiques at the Shanghai Museum , and Ma slept in his office to take phone calls and to dispatch museum employees around the clock .
+
+Ma initially kept the Red Guards out of the museum by organizing his employees as fake Red Guards , and protected the relics by painting Maoist slogans over the display cases . However , some of his own staff were soon swept by the revolutionary fervour . The extremist faction of the museum workers seized Ma along with other senior officials , and imprisoned him in a storage room for nine months . Trying to coerce the officials into confessing that they were " traitors " , the extremists repeatedly lifted them up and dropped them onto the marble floor . Several of Ma 's colleagues died . Ma survived the torture , and was sent to a labour camp in Hubei province for five years .
+
+In 1972 , after American President Richard Nixon 's historic visit to China , Ma was brought back to Shanghai to organize an exhibition of archaeological treasures to tour the United States . The Cultural Revolution ended after the death of Mao in 1976 .
+
+= = Rebuilding the Shanghai Museum = =
+
+In 1985 , Ma was appointed the Director of the Shanghai Museum . When the museum was omitted from Shanghai 's five @-@ year reconstruction plan in 1992 , Ma lobbied Mayor Huang Ju for its rebuilding . After seeing the dilapidated rooms of the Zhonghui Building where the museum was then housed , Huang agreed to allocate a prime site on the People 's Square , but the museum had to raise its own building funds . Ma raised US $ 25 million by leasing the old building to a Hong Kong developer . He also made many trips abroad to solicit donations , mainly from the Shanghai diaspora who had fled to Hong Kong after the Communist revolution , raising another US $ 10 million . The money still ran short , but he eventually persuaded the city government to allocate another 140 million yuan to complete the building .
+
+The museum reopened on 12 October 1996 to wide acclaim , and Ma gained international fame . He won the John D. Rockefeller III Award from the Asian Cultural Council in that year . French President Jacques Chirac awarded Ma the Legion of Honour in 1998 , and invited Ma to accompany Chinese President Jiang Zemin to a private dinner with him in France . The South China Morning Post of Hong Kong commented that Ma seemed to have " willed [ the Shanghai Museum ] into existence . "
+
+= = Recovering cultural relics = =
+
+After the opening up of China from the 1980s , tomb robbery was rampant and many artifacts were looted and smuggled across the border to Hong Kong , then a British territory . Ma Chengyuan was active in recovering many of the items from the Hong Kong antique market . In 1992 , he purchased the 3 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old Jin Hou Su bianzhong ( 晉侯穌鐘 ) , which were listed by the Chinese government as one of the first 64 national treasures forbidden to be exhibited abroad in 2002 .
+
+In 1994 , Ma recovered more than 1 @,@ 200 Warring States period bamboo slips from the Kingdom of Chu , now known as the Shanghai Museum bamboo slips . Several ancient texts were written on the strips , including the Kongzi Shi Lun , a previously unknown commentary on the Confucian Classic of Poetry attributed to Confucius himself . The discovery caused a sensation in academia , and the texts have been the subject of intense studies by numerous scholars , including Ma himself .
+
+= = Academics = =
+
+Ma was an authority on ancient Chinese bronzes and published more than 80 books and academic papers . His book Ancient Chinese Bronzes , translated into English and published by Oxford University Press ( ISBN 9780195837957 ) , is highly influential and widely used as a university textbook . His 16 @-@ volume encyclopedia , Zhongguo Qingtongqi Quanji ( 中国青铜器全集 , " Complete Compilation of Chinese Bronzes " ) , is the most comprehensive book on Chinese bronzes ever published . He was also the chief editor of Shanghai Bowuguan cang Zhanguo Chu zhushu ( 上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书 , " Warring States Chu Bamboo Books of the Shanghai Museum " ) , a groundbreaking research on the Warring States bamboo strips recovered by Ma himself . Other books he published include Zhongguo Qingtongqi Yanjiu ( 中国青铜器研究 , " Research on Chinese Bronzes " ) , a collection of 40 of his academic papers , Yangshao Wenhua de Caitao ( 仰韶文化的彩陶 , " Painted Ceramics of the Yangshao Culture " ) , and Shang Zhou Qingtongqi Mingwen Xuan ( 商周青铜器铭文选 , " Selected Bronze Inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties " ) .
+
+In addition to his main position as Director of the Shanghai Museum , Ma also taught as a part @-@ time professor at Shanghai 's East China Normal University and Fudan University . He was also a council member of the Archaeological Society of China , and vice chairman of the China Museum Society .
+
+= = Retirement and suicide = =
+
+Ma retired in 1999 , but still served as an advisor to the Shanghai Museum . However , he had conflicts with the new management which became increasingly bitter . He was accused of misusing US $ 250 @,@ 000 donated by a Chinese @-@ American collector , but an investigation cleared him of wrongdoing . There were also rumours that some of the ancient bamboo strips he purchased for a high sum from public funds were fake .
+
+In his final years , Ma allegedly suffered from high blood pressure and kidney problems , yet followed his doctor 's advice meticulously . It is also said that he suffered from depression , and committed suicide on 25 September 2004 . Official newspapers in China reported his death but did not initially disclose the cause . When President Chirac organized his visit to Shanghai in October , he insisted on meeting with Ma , without realizing that he had died .
+
+= = Personal life = =
+
+Ma Chengyuan was married to Chen Zhiwu . They had a daughter , who lived in Australia . Before Ma 's death , he invited his daughter to spend two weeks with him in Shanghai . He committed suicide three days after his daughter returned to Australia .
+
+= Scotland under the Commonwealth =
+
+Scotland under the Commonwealth is the history of Scotland between the declaration that the kingdom was part of the Commonwealth of England in February 1652 and the Restoration of the monarchy , and of Scotland 's position as an independent kingdom , in June 1660 .
+
+After the execution of Charles I in 1649 , the Scottish Parliament declared his son Charles II to be King of Great Britain and Ireland . The English responded with an invasion led by Oliver Cromwell , resulting in defeats for the Scots at Dunbar and then at Worcester , opening the way for the English conquest of the country . Under the Tender of Union , Scotland was declared part of a Commonwealth with England and Ireland in 1652 , but despite repeated attempts , an act was not passed in Westminster to ratify the union until 1657 . Under the terms of the union , the Scots gained 30 members of parliament , but many posts were not filled , or fell to English agents of the government , and had very little say at Westminster . Initially the government was run by eight commissioners and adopted a policy of undermining the political power of the nobility in favour of the " meaner sort " . From 1655 it was replaced by a new Council of Scotland , headed by Irish peer Lord Broghill , and began attempts to win over the traditional landholders . The regime built a series of major citadels and minor forts at immense cost . The Scottish legal system was suspended , but some courts and institutions were gradually restored . Generally the regime was successful in enforcing law and order and suppressing banditry . There was a major Royalist rising in the Highlands in 1653 – 55 led by William Cunningham , Earl of Glencairn and John Middleton . After initial success , it suffered from internal divisions and petered out after defeat at the Battle of Dalnaspidal in 1654 .
+
+The Commonwealth extended toleration to Protestants , including sectaries , but the only significant group were a small number of Quakers . The Kirk that had been established at the Reformation and had been largely united since the Declaration of the Covenant in 1638 , was divided into Resolutioners and more hard line Protesters by the issue of co @-@ operation with the crown . The regime tended to favour the Protestors giving them control over the universities . The country was relatively highly taxed , but gained access to English markets . The era was remembered as one of prosperity , but not everywhere benefitted from economic expansion . There was an attempt to create national symbols with the revival of the union flag and unite coin . After the death of Oliver Cromwell and the fall of his son Richard 's regime , General Monck marched the army in Scotland south and facilitated the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+Having supported Parliament in the First English Civil War ( 1642 – 46 ) under the Solemn League and Covenant , the Covenanter government in Scotland came under the control of the Engagers . As part of a Second English Civil War , they invaded England in support of royalist risings , and were defeated by the New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell at Battle of Preston ( 1648 ) . With many of its leaders captured , the Engagement regime fell in the Whiggamore Raid and the radical Presbyterian Kirk Party returned to power . After the execution of Charles I in January 1649 , England was declared a Commonwealth . As soon as news of Charles I 's execution reached Scotland , his son was proclaimed king as Charles II of Great Britain by the Scottish Parliament . After the failure of an attempted Highland rising led by James Graham , Marquis of Montrose , Charles accepted the offer of conditional support from the Covenanters , arriving in June 1650 and signing the Covenants . The English responded with an army of 16 @,@ 000 under Cromwell , which crossed the border in July 1650 , while an English fleet acted in support . On 3 September 1650 the English army defeated the Scots under David Leslie at the Battle of Dunbar , taking over 10 @,@ 000 prisoners and then occupying Edinburgh , taking control of the Lowlands . Charles could now more easily make an alliance with the moderate Covenanters . He was crowned at Scone on 1 January 1651 and a new army was assembled . In June 1651 Cromwell advanced against the Scots under Leslie at Stirling . The Scots army with the King set off for England , but there was no rising in their favour , and the army was caught at Worcester by forces under Cromwell . On 3 September it was decisively defeated , bringing the civil wars to an end . Charles escaped to the continent , an English army under George Monck mopped up the remaining garrisons in Scotland and Cromwell emerged as the most important figure in the Commonwealth .
+
+= = Constitutional status = =
+
+Six days after the victory at Worcester , a committee of the English Rump parliament was established with the aim of drafting a bill that would declare " the right of the Commonwealth to so much of Scotland as is now under [ its ] force " . By December this plan for simple annexation had softened , considering " the good of this island " , for one in which Scotland would be incorporated into the " free state and Commonwealth of England " . This " Tender of Union " was proclaimed at the mercat cross in Edinburgh by eight trumpeters on 4 February 1652 . Three days later , the King 's arms were taken down from the cross and ceremoniously hanged from the public gallows . Eventually 29 out of 31 shires and 44 of the 58 burghs assented to the Tender and subscribed to the oath that " Scotland be incorporated into and made one Commonwealth with England " .
+
+On 3 April 1652 a bill for an Act for incorporating Scotland into one Commonwealth with England was given a first and a second reading in the Rump Parliament , but it failed to return from its committee stage before the Rump was dissolved . A similar act was introduced into the Barebones Parliament , but it too failed to be enacted before that parliament was dissolved . On 12 April 1654 , the Council of State issued and Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England , which would be the " Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland " , under the authority of the Instrument of Government that made Cromwell Lord Protector . This remained the legal basis of the union until the Ordinance became an Act of Union under the Second Protectorate Parliament on 26 June 1657 .
+
+Under the terms of the union Scotland received thirty seats in the enlarged Westminster parliament , ten from the burghs and twenty from the shires . There were only five Scottish members out of 140 in the Barebones parliament and only twenty @-@ one were sent to the Protector 's first parliament ( 1654 – 55 ) . It was not until the Protector 's second parliament ( 1656 – 57 ) that thirty were sent . For Richard Cromwell 's parliament in 1658 – 59 , of the thirty elected only eleven were Scots and of the remainder ten were army officers . The Scots in Westminster were treated with general xenophobia and when not ignored they faced repeated motions to exclude them . One Englishman described them as " a wooden leg tied to a natural body .
+
+= = Administration = =
+
+Under the Tender of Union , the Scottish Parliament was removed , along with the monarchy , and no institution could meet except with the sanction of the Westminster parliament . Initially the country was run by eight English commissioners : Oliver St John , Sir Henry Vane , Richard Salwey , George Fenwick , John Lambert , Richard Deane , Robert Tichborne , and George Monck . In its early stages the regime deliberately attempted to break the influence of the Scottish nobility who had organised invasions of England in 1648 and 1651 . Many were in exile , prison , deprived of office or heavily burdened with fines and debt . Instead the Commonwealth attempted to promote what Cromwell called the " meaner sort " , particularly urban elites and small landholders . In 1655 the Irish peer Lord Broghill arrived in Scotland to act as President of the new Council in Scotland . This was part of an attempt to recast the government along civilian lines and to begin to win over the major landholders to the regime . The council was made up of six Englishmen , Monck , Samuel Disbrowe , Charles Howard , Adrian Scrope , Thomas Cooper and Nathaniel Whetham , and two Scots , John Swinton and William Lockhart , they were later joined by Sir Edward Rhodes as a ninth member .
+
+From late 1651 , passes were needed to move from one area of the country to another . The ownership of firearms was restricted , necessitating a license . In the Highlands the administration fell back on the ancient expedient of making clan chiefs responsible for the conduct of their followers . The security of the regime depended on an armed force of never less than 10 @,@ 000 men . Citadels were built at Ayr , Perth and Leith and 20 smaller forts were built as far away as Orkney and Stornoway . Control of the Highlands was secured by strongpoints at Inverlocky and Inverness . These were built at a massive cost of money and manpower . The citadel at Inverness , begun in 1652 and using stone shipped from as far away as Aberdeen , had cost £ 50 @,@ 000 in 1655 , when it was still unfinished . Inverlocky had a garrison of 1 @,@ 000 and from 1654 became the centre for a new administrative region of Lochaber , made up of three of the most remote and lawless shires .
+
+The Scottish legal system was effectively suspended after the English occupation . All courts that derived from " Charles Stuart " , including Sheriff 's Courts were suspended . Kirk sessions , however , continued to meet largely unhindered , neither sanctioned nor recognised by the Commonwealth . The legal functions of the Privy Council and Court of Session were taken over by seven commissioners , four Englishmen and three Scots . These proved more impartial than previous judges , probably because they were not tied to the major families and political factions by patronage and kinship . Local barony courts and heritable jurisdictions , in abeyance from 1651 , were officially abolished in 1657 . Sheriff 's courts were re @-@ established and Justices of the Peace returned in 1656 . The result was a small flood of witchcraft cases , with 102 between 1657 – 59 , which compares with over 600 after the Scottish courts were fully re @-@ established after 1660 . Generally the regime has been seen as successful in enforcing law and order , suppressing the banditry of moss @-@ troopers . In 1655 it was claimed that " a man may ride all over Scotland with £ 100 in his pocket , which he could not have done these five hundred years " .
+
+= = Resistance = =
+
+In 1653 – 55 there was a major Royalist rising in the Highlands led by William Cunningham , 9th Earl of Glencairn ( 1610 – 64 ) and former Covenanter soldier John Middleton ( 1608 – 74 ) . It was particularly threatening to the regime because it coincided with the First Dutch War ( 1652 – 54 ) . Glencairn was given command of the Royalist forces in Scotland by Charles II . He convened a meeting of Scottish notables at Lochearn in August 1653 . Among those present were John Murray , 1st Marquess of Atholl , Archibald Campbell , eldest son of the Marquis of Argyll , Lord Loin , Donald MacDonell of Glengarry , Ewen Cameron of Lochiel , John Graham of Duchray and Colonel Blackadder of Tullyallan . These notables then mustered their vassals and supporters to form a small army of about 60 horse , and a force of foot , made up of 60 – 80 Lowlanders and 150 Highlanders . The governor of Stirling Castle , Colonel Kidd , sallied out to suppress this force , but was defeated at Aberfoyle . This victory boosted morale and the rising gained some support from Lowland Scottish lords , forcing the Commonwealth government to adopt a more conciliatory attitude to these groups .
+
+Although it gained recruits , the rising began to suffer from internal divisions , particularly between the Highlanders who made up the bulk of the forces and the Lowland nobles and officers who were their commanders . In early 1654 , nine months into the revolt , Middleton , a Lowland officer and a veteran of the Battle of Worcester , arrived with a commission to command from Charles II . Despite objections from his followers , Glencairn surrendered control over his forces , which had now reached 3 @,@ 500 foot and 1 @,@ 500 horse . That evening Sir George Munro , Middleton 's aide insulted Glencairn 's forces and the result was a duel in which Munro was wounded . Glencairn was arrested . He would eventually be released and retire from the conflict . A series of other disputes and duels undermined the leadership of the campaign for the remainder of the rising .
+
+Middleton adopted a strategy of raid and harrying . Although successful in distracting the Commonwealth forces and causing disruption , it soon began to prove counter @-@ productive , as growing unpopularity led to a drying up of recruitment . With his return to Scotland after his brief naval command against the Dutch , Monck began a campaign against the rising , making forced marches of between 12 and 20 miles a day in difficult terrain . On 19 July 1654 a force from Monck 's command under Thomas Morgan caught Middleton 's army at Dalnaspidal . In the resulting battle the royalists were scattered and a wounded Middleton was forced to escape to the Highlands . The end of the Dutch War meant there was no possibility of foreign aid and government reinforcements were now available to combat the rising . As a result the Royalist military effort petered out . Eventually , Glencairn surrendered to Monck and Middleton escaped to the continent to join the court in exile .
+
+The rising forced a change of policy by the regime , which instead of attempting to replace the landholding classes now looked for a reconciliation with former Royalists and Engagers . This resulted in the Act of Grace and Pardon , proclaimed in Edinburgh on 5 May 1654 . Instead of a blanket forfeiture among those implicated in resistance , it named 24 persons ( mainly from the nobility ) whose lands would be seized , and 73 other landholders who could retain their estates after paying a fine . Even then most of those names were treated with leniency and fines were remitted for confiscations , or were reduced , and some were abandoned .
+
+= = Religion = =
+
+The Kirk that had been established at the Reformation , had been largely united since the Declaration of the Covenant in 1638 . In the period after the defeat at Dunbar , it became divided , partly in the search for scapegoats for defeat . Different factions and tendencies produced rival resolutions and protests , which gave their names to the two major parties as Resolutioners , who were willing to make an accommodation with royalism , and more hard line Protesters who wished to purge the Kirk of such associations . Subsequently the divide between rival camps became almost irrevocable . After 1655 both groups appointed permanent agents in London .
+
+The terms of the union promised that the Gospel would be preached and promised freedom of religion . The regime accepted Presbyterianism as a valid system , but did not accept that it was the only legitimate form of church organisation . The result was that , although civil penalties no longer backed up its pronouncements , Kirk sessions and synods functioned much as before . The administration tended to favour the Protesters , largely because the Resolutioners were more inclined to desire a restoration of the monarchy and because the General Assembly , where they predominated , claimed independence from the state . The act of holding public prayers for the success of Glencairn 's insurrection led in 1653 , to the largely Resolutioner members of the Assembly being marched out of Edinburgh by an armed guard . There were no more assemblies in the period of the Commonwealth and the Resolutioners met in informal " consultations " of clergy . The universities , largely seen as a training school for clergy , were relatively well funded and came under the control of the Protestors , with Patrick Gillespie being made Principal at Glasgow .
+
+Toleration did not extend to Episcopalians and Catholics , but if they did not call attention to themselves they were largely left alone . It did extend to sectaries , but the only independent group to establish itself in Scotland in this period were a small number of Quakers . In general the period of the Commonwealth was looked back on as one where Protestantism flourished . Ministers , now largely barred from politics , spent more time with their flocks and placed an emphasis on preaching that emulated the sectaries . One Presbyterian noted that " there were more souls converted to Christ in that short period of time than in any season since the Reformation " .
+
+= = Economy and taxation = =
+
+Under the Commonwealth , the country was relatively highly taxed , but gained access to English markets . Under Charles I Scotland had paid about £ 17 @,@ 000 sterling a year in taxes . In 1656 the civil list alone cost £ 25 @,@ 000 . The sum of £ 10 @,@ 000 a month from the county assessment was demanded by the Cromwellian regime , which Scotland failed to fully supply and it was reduced to 6 @,@ 000 a year in 1657 . The total was never less than £ 90 @,@ 000 a year . In addition the country contributed about £ 35 @,@ 000 in excise a year . Despite this , there was an annual deficit of £ 130 @,@ 000 , which was covered by English revenues .
+
+Scotland had suffered considerable economic disruption during the period of the civil wars , caused by loss of manpower to a dozen armies , free quarter ( the billeting of troops on civilians without payment ) , plunder and heavy taxation . A number of merchants , particularly moneylenders , were ruined by the wars . The east @-@ coast towns had probably lost about one fifth of their population from the outbreak of bubonic plague that occurred in 1645 . This was slow to recover and in 1651 rents in Edinburgh had to be reduced by a third . The free trade that was the major economic incentive of the union was not all beneficial , as Scotland now had to compete with the more highly developed English merchant fleet . The economy began to revive after 1650 , but the prosperity was not spread evenly across the country . While Glasgow and Aberdeen prospered , Dundee and the Fife ports continued to decline . The financing of military building and the spending of wages by so many soldiers did benefit some . New industries included glass production at Leith and Cromwell 's troops are traditionally credited with bringing north both the knitting of socks and the planting of kale . The good order imposed by the armed presence encouraged trade and manufacture . Alexander Burnet , later Archbishop of St. Andrews , commented that , " we always reckoned those eight years of usurpation a time of great peace and prosperity " .
+
+= = Symbols = =
+
+The creation of the union led to revival of the union flag sponsored by James VI and I , which had fallen into disuse after his death in 1625 . From 1654 it was used in the form of quarters , with 1st and 4th England , 2nd Scotland and an Irish harp as 3rd . Perhaps because this too clearly suggested the incorporation at the heart of the union , in 1658 it was replaced by the 1606 version of the flag favoured by James IV , with the crosses of St George and St Andrews melded and the Irish harp placed inescutcheon in the centre . The unite coin , originally struck under James VI , revived in the reign of Charles I and used by both sides in the Civil War , was again revived and struck between 1649 and 1660 . It bore the English text " The Commonwealth of England " and displayed only the Cross of St George and an Irish harp . A twenty @-@ shilling piece and a fifty @-@ shilling piece were also issued , with the image of the Lord Protector on one side , and the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew and Irish harp quartered on the other , as in the union flag . Despite these attempts to produce an iconography of union , Michael Lynch argues that the commonwealth largely lacked the symbols through which consent to a nation state could be expressed .
+
+= = Fall of the regime = =
+
+After the death of Cromwell in 1658 , Monck remained aloof from the political manoeuvring in London that led to the brief establishment of a regime under the protector 's son Richard Cromwell and after its fall the subsequent contest for power between the army leaders . When this proved incapable of producing a stable government in 1659 Monk opened negotiations with Charles II and began a slow march south with his army . After reaching London he restored the English Long Parliament that had existed at the beginning of the civil wars . This body , having received some assurances from Charles II , voted for a restoration of the monarchy in England and then dissolved itself . This created a de facto restoration of the monarchy in Scotland , but without any safeguards as to the constitutional position in the country . Scottish notables were in a weak position in negotiations with the crown as to what the settlement would be .
+
+In the event Scotland regained its independent system of law , its parliament and its kirk , but also the Lords of the Articles ( through which the crown controlled parliamentary business ) and bishops . It also had a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of commissioners . These began with Middleton , now an earl , and ended with the king 's brother and heir , James , Duke of York ( known in Scotland as the Duke of Albany ) . Legislation was revoked back to 1633 , by the Rescissory Act 1661 , removing the Covenanter gains of the Bishops ' Wars , but the discipline of kirk sessions , presbyteries and synods were renewed . Only four Covenanters were excluded from the general pardon and were executed , the most prominent being the Marquis of Argyll , but also including the Protester James Guthrie .
+
+= Dæmonen =
+
+Dæmonen is a steel Floorless Coaster roller coaster at the Tivoli Gardens amusement park located in Copenhagen , Denmark . Designed by Bolliger & Mabillard , it reaches a height of 92 feet ( 28 m ) , is 1 @,@ 850 @.@ 4 feet ( 564 @.@ 0 m ) long , and reaches a maximum speed of 48 miles per hour ( 77 km / h ) . The roller coaster features a vertical loop , an immelmann loop , and a zero @-@ gravity roll . Dæmonen replaced Slangen , a family roller coaster , and officially opened on April 16 , 2004 . A record number of guests attended the park that year , but the public has since given the ride mixed reviews .
+
+= = History = =
+
+Slangen , Tivoli Gardens 's family roller coaster , closed on September 21 , 2003 to make room for Dæmonen . Once the roller coaster was demolished , construction for the new roller coaster commenced . By the beginning of December , most of the brake run and station portions of the track were erected . By the new year , the lift hill was topped off . The first drop was completed by the end of January 2004 and the last piece of track was placed in February .
+
+The ride is currently sponsored by Mazda .
+
+= = Ride experience = =
+
+After riders have boarded and the station floor is retracted , the train begins to climb the 92 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 28 m ) chain lift hill . Once at the top , the train makes an approximate 180 @-@ degree downward left turn followed by an upward right turn . Following the turn , the train enters the main 65 @.@ 6 @-@ foot ( 20 @.@ 0 m ) drop reaching a top speed of 48 miles per hour ( 77 km / h ) leading directly into a vertical loop . The train then immediately goes through an immelmann loop . Next , the train makes a slightly banked right turn into a zero @-@ gravity roll . After an upward left turn , then another right turn , the train rises up leading into the final brake run . The train then makes a 180 @-@ degree left turn leading back to the station . One cycle of the ride lasts about 1 minute and 46 seconds .
+
+= = Characteristics = =
+
+= = = Track = = =
+
+The steel track of Dæmonen is approximately 1 @,@ 850 @.@ 4 feet ( 564 @.@ 0 m ) long , and the height of the lift is 92 feet ( 28 m ) high . The track was designed by Bolliger & Mabillard and is filled with sand to reduce the noise made by the trains . Also , the track is painted red while the supports are silver .
+
+= = = Trains = = =
+
+Dæmonen operates with two steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has six cars that can seat four rides in a single row , for a total of 24 riders per train ; each seat has its own individual over the shoulder restraint . This configuration allows the ride to achieve a theoretical hourly capacity of 1 @,@ 200 riders per hour . The structure of the trains are colored orange ; the seats and restraints are black . Also , unlike traditional steel roller coasters , Dæmonen has no floor on its trains .
+
+= = Reception = =
+
+Mia Christensen and Andreas Veilstrup from BT said that the ride was fantastic and that it has lived up to its name . Ethan Williams from Daily Mail said , " the fun didn 't last long enough for me " , and gave Dæmonen two out of five for speed and surprise factor , three out of five for fear factor , and a three out of five overall .
+
+After the first year of the roller coaster 's operation , Tivoli Gardens announced that a record 3 @,@ 346 @,@ 000 guests attended the park in the 2004 season ; however , attendance dropped 186 @,@ 000 the following year .
+
+In 2004 , Dæmonen was voted the 98th best steel roller coaster in the world in Mitch Hawker 's Best Steel Roller Coaster Poll . The roller coaster peaked at 65th place in 2005 .
+
+Dæmonen has never placed in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards .
+
+= 1996 Football League Third Division play @-@ off Final =
+
+The 1996 Football League Third Division play @-@ off final was a football match played at Wembley Stadium on 25 May 1996 , to determine the fourth and final team to gain promotion from the Third Division to the Second Division of the Football League in the 1995 – 96 season .
+
+It was contested by Plymouth Argyle , who finished fourth in the Third Division table , and Darlington , who finished fifth . The teams reached the final by defeating Colchester United and Hereford United respectively in the two @-@ legged semi @-@ finals .
+
+Plymouth Argyle won the match 1 – 0 thanks to a headed goal from Ronnie Mauge to gain promotion back to the third tier of English football one season after being relegated . For the club 's manager , Neil Warnock , it was his fourth success in the play @-@ offs as a manager , having achieved it twice with Notts County and once with Huddersfield Town . His counterpart , Jim Platt , would leave full @-@ time management at the end of that year .
+
+= = Route to the final = =
+
+Plymouth Argyle had finished the 1995 – 96 Football League season in fourth place in the Third Division , one place ahead of Darlington . Therefore , both missed out on the three automatic promotion places and instead took part in the play @-@ offs to determine who would join Preston North End , Gillingham , and Bury as the fourth promoted team . On the final day of the league season , Plymouth Argyle had the opportunity to finish third in the table and thereby clinch the final automatic promotion place but a 3 – 0 win at Home Park against Hartlepool United was not enough to overtake Bury , after they also won 3 – 0 at home to Cardiff City .
+
+In the play @-@ off semi @-@ finals , Darlington were paired with sixth @-@ placed Hereford United and Plymouth Argyle with seventh @-@ place finishers Colchester United . Darlington won their first leg tie 2 – 1 at Edgar Street courtesy of goals from Robbie Blake and Sean Gregan . They also won the second leg by the same scoreline at Feethams with Matty Appleby and Robbie Painter on the scoresheet .
+
+Plymouth Argyle lost the first leg of their semi @-@ final tie 1 – 0 at Layer Road after a goal from Mark Kinsella , but they responded in the second leg at Home Park . Goals from Michael Evans , Chris Leadbitter and Paul Williams were enough to secure a 3 – 1 win and a 3 – 2 victory on aggregate . The results set up a first visit to Wembley Stadium for the supporters of both clubs .
+
+= = Match summary = =
+
+The two teams were competing for promotion to the third tier of the English football league system , at the time called the Second Division , a familiar place for both sides . In its previous 68 seasons as a Football League club , Plymouth Argyle competed exclusively in the second and third tiers , exactly 34 seasons each . While Darlington had featured in the second tier just twice , competing in the third tier on 32 occasions and the fourth tier another 32 times . The official attendance of 43 @,@ 431 was a record for a play @-@ off final at that level , beating the previous record set in 1994 , until it was bettered a year later by 3 @,@ 373 spectators . There was also a significant disparity in the number of tickets sold to the supporters of the two clubs , with fewer than 10 @,@ 000 Darlington fans in attendance compared to 35 @,@ 000 fans representing Plymouth Argyle .
+
+Plymouth Argyle manager Neil Warnock picked ten players who had started both of the club 's semi @-@ final matches , with Ronnie Mauge keeping his place in the team having replaced Chris Billy for the second leg . The match was to be goalkeeper Steve Cherry 's last for the club , having returned for a second stint with the club three months earlier . Darlington manager Jim Platt , who was taking charge of the team for the last time before the return of David Hodgson , made one change to the side that secured progress from the semi @-@ final stage with Tony Carss coming in at the expense of Matt Carmichael . The final would prove to be Man of the Match Matty Appleby 's last for Darlington .
+
+= = = First half = = =
+
+Darlington were the first to settle with Gary Bannister a prominent player in midfield , but Plymouth Argyle eventually found their rhythm and had the first real goalscoring opportunity after ten minutes . Adrian Littlejohn found space after a one @-@ two with Michael Evans , but his first touch let him down and the opportunity was not taken . Darlington 's main threat was coming from attacking full back Appleby and he had their best chance of the match mid @-@ way through the first half . He carved out the initial chance , having carried the ball half the length of the pitch , but team @-@ mate Steven Gaughan was unable to convert . The hasty clearance from Argyle found its way back to Appleby but he sent his shot over the crossbar with goalkeeper Cherry completely exposed .
+
+Plymouth Argyle came close to making their opponents pay for their profligacy in front of goal with Evans lifting a volley over the crossbar . Darlington 's captain Andy Crosby was proving to be a formidable figure at the heart of his team 's defence , but Argyle fashioned another chance to open the scoring just before half @-@ time . A flick on by Evans presented Adrian Littlejohn with the opportunity to redeem his earlier miss , but he dragged his shot wide .
+
+= = = Second half = = =
+
+There were few clear @-@ cut chances at the start of the second half , but Plymouth Argyle were winning the midfield battle with Mauge and Chris Leadbitter leading by example with a number of forceful tackles . The pivotal moment arrived on 65 minutes after Martin Barlow had earnt a corner @-@ kick on the right @-@ hand side . Leadbitter played the ball short to full back Mark Patterson , whose well @-@ measured cross was met firmly by the unmarked Mauge to head into the back of the net . Darlington tried to force their way back into the match , but were being thwarted by Plymouth Argyle captain Michael Heathcote and his defensive colleagues which left strikers Robbie Blake and Robbie Painter , who both scored in the semi @-@ finals , with little to work on . As Darlington committed more players forward in search of an equaliser they left themselves exposed in defence which gave the leading side more space to launch counter @-@ attacks . Evans and Littlejohn threatened to score the decisive second goal , but in the end Mauge 's headed finish mid @-@ way through the second half proved to be enough to claim the final promotion place for the team from Devon . The match was by no means a classic , with serious goalscoring chances at a premium , but to the winners it didn 't matter .
+
+= = = Post @-@ match = = =
+
+After the final whistle Plymouth Argyle 's captain Michael Heathcote received the winners ' trophy before parading it in front of the club 's supporters on the pitch . For the club 's manager , Neil Warnock , it was his fourth play @-@ off success at Wembley Stadium . He commented on his past experiences that " It can 't be a hindrance , having done it before , but it doesn 't make it any less tense . It makes it a very long season . I had booked a holiday starting today - I suppose I should have known better " .
+
+Warnock was also full of praise for his counterpart , Jim Platt , commenting that " He should be made manager of the year for what he 's done at that club " . Citing Darlington 's financial worries " Everyone thought they would blow up , but they didn 't - they got within an ace . Unfortunately , someone has to lose " . Platt , a former Northern Ireland international , was equally optimistic . He said " My side is very young - nearly all of them in their early 20s . I think we will be here again next season or go up automatically - if we can keep the side together " .
+
+As a result of their victory , Plymouth Argyle returned to the third tier of English football just one year after being relegated to the fourth tier for the first time in its history . They returned to the Third Division two years later before being promoted as champions in 2002 , and the club followed that up by winning the Second Division in 2004 , to reclaim their place in the second tier of English football after a twelve @-@ year hiatus . For Darlington , there was to be more disappointment in the play @-@ offs four years later under David Hodgson , Platt 's successor . They reached the Third Division final in 2000 , the last to be played at the original Wembley Stadium , and were defeated 1 – 0 again ; on this occasion to Peterborough United .
+
+= = Match details = =
+
+= East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars =
+
+The East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars was a series of campaigns related to the major European conflict known as the French Revolutionary Wars , fought between 1793 and 1801 between the new French Republic and its allies and a shifting alliance of rival powers . Although the Indian Ocean was separated by vast distance from the principal theatre of the conflict in Western Europe , it played a significant role due to the economic importance of the region to Great Britain , France 's most constant opponent , of its colonies in India and the Far Eastern trade .
+
+Protection of British interests in the region fell primarily to the Royal Navy , supported by the military forces of the East India Company . Naval strategy sought to eliminate enemy forces in the region and provide convoy protection to the large East Indiamen merchant ships and smaller company ships which transported goods and wealth between Britain and its Asian colonies and trade partners . The French Navy maintained commerce raiding operations in the region throughout the war ; particularly light frigate squadrons and privateers deployed in an effort to disrupt British trade , supported as the conflict developed by the allies the French accrued in the course of the war , particularly the Batavian Republic and Spain .
+
+At the declaration of war on Britain by the newly formed French Republic on 1 February 1793 , British forces in the Indian Ocean held a considerably stronger military position , which was immediately utilised to seize the French territories in India . The remaining French forces continued operating from their base on the remote island of Île de France , privateers in particular conducting a highly disruptive campaign against British commerce . Attempts by the Royal Navy , commanded by Rear @-@ Admiral Peter Rainier , to limit their effectiveness resulted in a number of inconsequential clashes and a partial blockade of the French islands . In 1795 the declaration of war on Britain by the newly formed Batavian Republic led to successful invasions of the Batavian colonies of Dutch Ceylon , the Dutch Cape Colony and operations against the Dutch East Indies .
+
+In 1796 British control of the region was challenged by a large and powerful French frigate squadron sent to the Indian Ocean under Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey . Sercey 's squadron operated against British trade for two years with little success ; attempts to raid the China trade and coordinate with a Spanish Navy squadron at Manila in the Philippines all ending in failure . Growing resentment on Île de France at the cost of maintaining the squadron eventually required most of the ships to return to France . The survivors , forced to operate independently , were subsequently defeated and captured by the Royal Navy in a series of individual engagements in 1799 . By 1800 British control of the Indian Ocean was again assured , Rainier deploying his ships in trade protection duties and in the Red Sea to support the invasion of Egypt in 1801 . At the end of the war in 1802 the Peace of Amiens reverted the situation in the region to its pre @-@ war state , Britain returning all seized colonies except for Ceylon .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+On 1 February 1793 , amid mounting tensions following the French Revolution of 1789 , the recently formed French Republic , already at war with the Austrian Empire and Prussia , declared war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic . This act spread the French Revolutionary Wars beyond Europe to encompass the British , French and Dutch colonies in the Americas and the East Indies . Britain and France were already rivals in the East Indies , having fought campaigns in the Indian Ocean during both the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 – 1763 ) and the American War of Independence ( 1775 – 1783 ) . More recently British and French naval forces had fought the Battle of Tellicherry in 1791 as part of the Third Anglo @-@ Mysore War , a conflict between the East India Company ( EIC ) , which controlled British mercantile interests in the East Indies , and the French @-@ supported Kingdom of Mysore in Southern India . The battle was a French defeat , but it had little impact on either the war itself , which saw the EIC extract significant concessions from Tipu Sultan , the ruler of Mysore , or the worsening political climate in Europe .
+
+Britain , through the EIC , controlled large stretches of the Indian coast , including the three significant ports of Calcutta , Bombay and Madras , when the war began . On the northern coast of the Bay of Bengal , Calcutta was a highly lucrative port but remote and lacking in naval facilities ; Madras on the Coromandel Coast was an open harbour with little in the way of defences ; while Bombay , on the western coast , was the point of communication with Europe and the strongest naval base in the region . To the east , British merchants operated from the small harbours of Penang and Bencoolen , which linked directly to the great mercantile centre at Canton in Qing Dynasty China . This linkage was the principal cause of British interest in the East Indies : the connection to and dominance of a lucrative network of intercontinental trade and exploration .
+
+France controlled a number of trading harbours along the Indian coast including Mahé and Chandernagore , all governed from the larger port of Pondicherry . However , the strongest French position in the region was the isolated island of Île de France , later known as Mauritius , with its subordinate bases of Réunion and small settlements on Madagascar in the Seychelles and on Rodrigues . Île de France , centred on the capital Port Louis , had important commercial agricultural features and an economy dominated by African slave labour . The islands were only commercially viable when left ungarrisoned , and if any troops had to be supported or the islands came under blockade there were corresponding economic difficulties and food shortages . The island was most valuable as a naval base , situated in an ideal position for raiders to intercept British trade between Europe and the East Indies . The upheavals of the French Revolution had reached Île de France , with accusations against senior officials leading to arrests in 1792 . The arrival of news that the French Convention had abolished slavery in August 1794 almost plunged the island into civil war , and only the intervention of Governor Malartic prevented conflict .
+
+The Dutch Empire held the Dutch Cape Colony , Dutch Ceylon and the Dutch East Indies . The latter , now Indonesia , was governed by the Dutch East India Company from the highly lucrative port of Batavia . Batavia was the centre of East Asian trade , reaching as far as Nagasaki in Edo period Japan , supported by other towns and ports including Sourabaya and Griessie . The Cape Colony at the Southern tip of Africa was far less significant , acting principally as a resupply harbour with little commercial activity or penetration into the surrounding countryside . The commercially significant harbours of Trincomalee and Colombo on the island of Ceylon were of strategic importance , but weakly garrisoned against attack . These colonies were defended by a Dutch naval squadron , sent to the region in 1782 in the aftermath of the American War of Independence .
+
+The Spanish Philippines , somewhat distant to the other European colonies in the region , was a commercial backwater which survived through large subsidies from New Spain . The only significant towns were Manila and Cavite , the latter hosting a powerful Spanish naval squadron . A Portuguese mercantile presence existed in the Indian port of Goa , which was a source of concern to the British as it represented a weak point in the defenses of British India . Portugal also controlled the Chinese port of Macau and a number of trading posts on the East African coast in Portuguese Mozambique . Other European nations , including Denmark and Sweden traded in the East Indies , as increasingly did American merchant ships .
+
+The East Indies were very important to the British war effort due to their pivotal position in maintaining British revenue through trade . The EIC controlled the shipment of large quantities of valuable commodities from India , China and other Asian markets to Europe with their fleet of large and well @-@ armed merchant ships , known as East Indiamen , supplemented by smaller local trading vessels known as " country ships " . The EIC maintained a standing army in India and their own small fleet , designed for the protection of commerce . The EIC navy was supplemented by Royal Navy forces , which had been depleted of forces shortly before the outbreak of war ; Rear @-@ Admiral William Cornwallis had only the ship of the line HMS Crown at Madras , and the frigate HMS Minerva at Calcutta . French forces in the region also comprised two frigates , Cybèle and Prudente under Commodore Saint @-@ Félix , supported by a squadron of smaller vessels and a large but disorganised force of privateers , with orders to operate against British commerce .
+
+= = Outbreak of war = =
+
+News of the French declaration of war arrived by ship in Calcutta , having traveled from George Baldwin , British ambassador in Alexandria , on 1 June 1793 . Cornwallis immediately sailed to Pondicherry , instituting a blockade and seizing an ammunition supply ship entering the port . Plans to eliminate the French presence in India had already been drawn up . The British and EIC forces , commanded on land by Colonel John Braithwaite , moved rapidly , seizing Chandernagore , Karaikal , Yanam and Mahé without resistance . Pondicherry proved stronger , and Braithwaite was forced to besiege the city for 22 days until the French commander , Colonel Prosper de Clermont , agreed to surrender . Cornwallis 's blockade was augmented by several large East Indiamen , proving sufficient as a deterrent to drive off the French frigate Cybèle and accompanying storeships which sought to resupply the garrison on 14 August .
+
+With the French firmly driven from India , Cornwallis returned to European waters with Minerva . Protection of EIC shipping from French forces was left to a small number of light EIC warships . The trade route through the Sunda Strait proved particularly vulnerable ; on 27 September 1793 the East Indiaman Princess Royal was captured by a squadron of large privateers . In January 1794 a well armed squadron of East Indiamen under Commodore Charles Mitchell were sent to patrol the Sunda Strait by the EIC . During the ensuing Sunda Strait campaign , privateers attacked the East Indiaman Pigot on 17 January before Mitchell defeated the largest privateers , Vengeur and Résolu , on 22 January and fought an inconclusive engagement with Prudente and Cybèle under Captain Jean @-@ Marie Renaud on 24 January . Renaud subsequently captured the Pigot , while she was under repairs at Fort Marlborough . In late February both French and EIC squadrons returned to the Indian Ocean . The Dutch frigate Amazone subsequently captured two French corvettes at Sourabaya .
+
+In the early spring of 1794 , during a major campaign in the Atlantic , a British force led by Captain Peter Rainier in the 74 @-@ gun ship of the line HMS Suffolk , also including HMS Swift , HMS Orpheus , HMS Centurion and HMS Resistance , was sent to the Indian Ocean . This force diverged en route , with Orpheus , Resistance and Centurion cruising off Île de France in May . On 5 May this force encountered the captured Princess Royal , now armed as a warship and renamed Duguay @-@ Trouin , and the brig Vulcain . Duguay @-@ Trouin sailed poorly and was intercepted and captured by Orpheus after a short battle . The blockade of Île de France was maintained during the year and on 22 October Renaud attempted to eliminate it , attacking Centurion and Diomede off Île Ronde . The ensuing battle was hard @-@ fought , with a particularly ferocious duel between Centurion and Cybèle , but ultimately the British squadron was forced to withdraw to India .
+
+= = Batavian campaigns = =
+
+" What was a feather in the hands of the Dutch will become a sword in the hands of France . "
+
+Rainier decided not to renew the blockade of Île de France in 1794 , concerned by false rumours that a French battle squadron was sailing to the East Indies . In July 1795 news arrived in India which significantly changed the strategic situation : during the winter of 1794 – 1795 the French Army had overrun the Dutch Republic , reforming the country into an allied client state named the Batavian Republic . Control of the Dutch colonies , whose loyalty was uncertain , became Rainier 's main priority due principally to their strategic positions along intercontinental trade routes , and he immediately organised operations to seize them . The largest force , with Rainier in personal command , descended on Trincomalee , while a smaller force under Captain Edward Pakenham in Resistance sailed for Malacca .
+
+Rainier hoped that the Dutch commanders would peacefully transfer control of their colonies to the British after provision of the Kew Letters from Stadtholder William of Orange . However at Trincomalee the governor resisted and an invasion of Ceylon went ahead . After a short bombardment , Trincomalee capitulated on 26 August , although Diomede was wrecked during the landing operation . With the principal fort taken , the remaining Batavian towns on Ceylon surrendered peaceably over the following month , as did the Batavian trading port of Cochin in India . Pakenham 's force was able to seize Malacca without resistance on 17 August 1795 .
+
+Batavian control of the Dutch Cape Colony was a serious risk to British shipping rounding the Cape of Good Hope , and a substantial force under Sir George Keith Elphinstone was sent from Britain to eliminate it . Arriving in early August , Elphinstone initially attempted to intimidate the governor into surrender , but eventually authorised a landing at Simon 's Town . On 7 August the expeditionary force fought a skirmish at Muizenberg and clashes continued throughout August . A major Dutch attack on 3 September was forestalled by the arrival of a large fleet of Indiamen carrying British reinforcements , and as these troops came ashore the outnumbered Dutch surrendered . A much @-@ delayed Batavian expeditionary force , sent to retake control of the Cape , arrived in August 1796 , but was out @-@ manoeuvered and forced to surrender by Elphinstone at the Capitulation of Saldanha Bay .
+
+= = British consolidation = =
+
+Elphinstone 's arrival at the Cape officially placed him in overall command of the East Indies squadron , but the great distances involved meant that immediate operational control remained with Rainier . In July 1795 Prudente and Cybèle sailed from Île de France and attacked shipping in the Sunda Strait , seizing a number of merchant ships . When reports of this attack reached Rainier he took most of his squadron eastwards to the Dutch East Indies , leaving only Gardner 's squadron to watch Colombo . Elphinstone assumed command of the Western Indian Ocean , sending HMS Stately and HMS Victorious to restore the blockade of Île de France and taking HMS Monarch , HMS Arrogant and sloops HMS Echo and HMS Rattlesnake to Madras , where he arrived on 15 January 1796 . In France , an operation to reinforce the Indian Ocean with a squadron of razee frigates or ships of the line under Contre @-@ amiral Kerguelen had been planned in 1794 but repeatedly delayed due to lack of suitable ships and commitments elsewhere . In the summer of 1795 these plans were abandoned completely following losses at the Battle of Groix and French intervention in the East Indies was not attempted until the spring of 1796 .
+
+The renewed blockade of Île de France was lifted in December 1795 , and Elphinstone deployed most of his forces in the continued blockade of Colombo . In February a small squadron under Captain Alan Hyde Gardner attacked city and secured the total surrender of the remaining Batavian garrison on the island . In March word arrived at Madras of the Batavian attempt to recapture the Cape Colony and Elphinstone returned westwards with Monarch , followed by Stately , Echo and Rattlesnake . In the east , Rainier 's force had some success , seizing the considerable clove stores at Amboyna on 16 February 1796 and the nutmeg and mace supplies of Banda Neira on 8 March . The value of these captures was significant : the captains involved each received £ 15 @,@ 000 . However , these successes were offset by the complicated political position Rainier discovered in the Dutch East Indies ; he spent the entirety of the remainder of the year diffusing or defeating a series of uprisings by local rajahs and did not return to India until February 1797 .
+
+Alarmed at the distance Elphinstone had been forced to travel to defend the Cape , the Admiralty separated command of the Cape and the East Indies in Spring 1796 . In October 1796 , Elphinstone was recalled to Britain , sending a squadron comprising HMS Jupiter , HMS Braave , HMS Sceptre , HMS Sybille and HMS Sphynx to again renew the blockade of Île de France and HMS Trident and HMS Fox sent to augment Rainier 's squadron , which had been damaged by a storm in the Bay of Bengal . On 2 December a detachment from the blockade squadron , led by Captain John William Spranger in HMS Crescent with Braave and Sphynx attacked and destroyed the French port at Foul Point on Madagascar , seizing five French merchant ships .
+
+= = Sercey 's squadron = =
+
+Until 1796 there had been no reaction from the French Convention to the operations in the East Indies , and they were eventually inspired to reinforce the region not by British actions but by French ones . In 1795 orders had arrived at Île de France formally abolishing slavery . The Colonial Assembly on the island , whose wealth relied on slave labour , simply ignored the order . The matter was taken up by the Committee of Public Safety , who ordered two agents , Baco and Burnel , to enforce the ruling . These agents were escorted by a squadron of frigates sailing from Rochefort on 4 March under the command of Île de France @-@ born Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey , comprising Régénérée , Cocarde , Forte and Seine with corvettes Bonne Citoyenne and Mutine . On board were 800 soldiers and two companies of artillery under General François @-@ Louis Magallon .
+
+Sercey 's voyage started badly , losing Cocarde to an accident on the French coast and Bonne Citoyenne and Mutine to British frigate patrols in the Bay of Biscay . Once out of European waters , however , his passage was unchallenged , watering at La Palma , where Vertu joined the squadron , and capturing the whaler Lord Hawkesbury in the South Atlantic . Baco and Burnel proved a bigger problem : at one stage the squabbling pair attempted to kill one another and had to be pulled apart by Sercey . The squadron took a Portuguese Indiaman off Cape Agulhas on 24 May and the following day encountered and unsuccessfully pursued HMS Sphynx . On 3 June Sercey seized a British Indiaman and his squadron arrived at Île de France unopposed on 18 June , the blockade squadron having departed the coast a few days earlier . The Colonial Assembly had been forewarned of the arrival of the government agents , possibly by Sercey , and they were met with armed troops . The agents demanded Magallon attack the colonial troops , but he refused to do so , and Baco and Burnel were forced onto the corvette Moineau . Moineau was instructed to take the agents to Manila , but once at sea they overruled the captain and ordered him to take them back to France .
+
+Sercey refitted his squadron at Île de France , dividing it into two forces . The largest , comprising Forte , Prudente , Seine , Régénérée , Vertu and Cybèle was to sail eastwards under his command . The second , comprising the recently arrived Preneuse and the corvette Brûle @-@ Gueule was ordered westwards to operate in the Mozambique Channel . Sercey sailed on 14 July 1796 , reaching Ceylon by 14 August . He was unaware at this stage that the ports of eastern India were undefended , Rainier 's prolonged stay in the East Indies leaving no warships to protect Madras and Calcutta , and Sercey consequently sent the privateer Alerte to scout the Bay of Bengal . Alerte was subsequently captured by the British frigate HMS Carysfort , and documents detailing Sercey 's strength found aboard . This information was used to surreptitiously supply Sercey with false information that a British battle squadron was at anchor in Madras . Dissuaded from further operations in the region , Sercey raided Tranquebar and then sailed for the East Indies .
+
+After attacking Banda Aceh , Sercey sought to raid the British trading post of George Town at Penang , but on 9 September his squadron was intercepted off northwest Sumatra by two British ships of the line , HMS Arrogant and HMS Victorious , which had been hastily detached from commerce protection duties at Penang . The forces fought an inconclusive action after which both retired with damage , the British to Madras and Sercey to Batavia , where he remained until January 1797 . On emerging from Batavia , Sercey cruised in the Java Sea in search of the annual EIC convoy from Macau . Rainier had escorted half of the convoy safely through the Straits of Malacca during his return to India , but the other half sailed unescorted through the Bali Strait , where Sercey ambushed it on 28 January . Captain Charles Lennox saved his convoy by disguising his ships as a Royal Navy squadron and making aggressive moves towards Sercey 's ships , intimidating the French admiral into withdrawing without combat . Sercey subsequently returned to Île de France , where he learned of his error .
+
+= = French dispersal = =
+
+Sercey 's campaign had ended in failure , with little disruption to British trade or naval operations in the East Indies . The East India Company had however taken more serious losses from the depredations of privateers . Most active was Robert Surcouf , whose small ship Emilie captured the timber ship Penguin off Pegu in October 1795 and country ships Russell , Sambolasse and Diana off the mouth of the Hooghly River in January 1796 . More seriously , he also captured the pilot boat Cartier , which he used to seize the large East Indiaman Triton .
+
+No French reinforcements reached the East Indies in 1797 . A complex strategy had been developed to land an army in Ireland and then use the invasion fleet to attack India as a secondary objective . This ambitious plan collapsed completely during the failed Expédition d 'Irlande in December 1796 in which thousands of French troops were drowned . The strategic situation in Europe had however shifted once more during 1796 when France and Spain signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso , transferring Spain from an ally of Britain to an ally of France . British attention in the East Indies therefore shifted from the French island territories to the Spanish Philippines , where the defence squadron had been badly damaged in a hurricane in April 1797 and was in dock for extensive repairs . British forces were once again in the ascendant , Rainier commanding five ships of the line , one fourth rate ship and six frigates . Extensive plans were developed by Rainier in conjunction with Sir John Shore , Governor @-@ General of India , and Colonel Arthur Wellesley for a major attack on Manila , to be led by Sir James Craig . The Treaty of Campo Formio and the consequent end of the War of the First Coalition in Europe caused the cancellation of these plans ; Britain now fought France and its allies alone and fears were raised that the Tipu Sultan of Mysore might once again attack British colonies in India . To ensure the safety of the 1798 China Fleet from Spanish attack , in July 1797 Rainier deployed Centurion , HMS Sybille and HMS Fox to escort a convoy of East Indiamen to Macau . After seeing his charges into harbour in December , Captain Edward Cooke investigated Manila himself in Sybille , accompanied by Fox . There he discovered the weak state of the Spanish squadron .
+
+Other British ships were operating in the East Indies : in July 1797 , Resistance and a force of EIC troops captured Kupang on Timor but were subsequently driven off by an armed uprising by the Malay citizens of the town . In the street fighting 13 British troops and 300 Malays were killed . Resistance was subsequently lost on 24 July 1798 , accidentally destroyed with more than 300 of its crew in an unexplained ammunition explosion in the Banca Strait . There were originally twelve survivors , but eight died of their injuries and the remaining sailors were captured by Sumatran pirates and sold into slavery . Mahmud Shah III , Sultan of Johor later released them , although only one , named Thomas Scott , was confirmed to have survived .
+
+Maintenance of the blockade of Île de France was the responsibility of the substantial British squadron at the Cape Colony , which had suffered severely from unrest inspired by the Spithead and Nore mutinies in Britain . The crews of HMS Tremendous and HMS Sceptre rose up and deposed their officers , but found the guns of Cape Town trained on their ships , Governor Lord Macartney threatening them with destruction . Intimidated the seamen surrendered , the incident followed by floggings and executions . Despite this paralysis , Sercey 's squadron was in no position to contest control of the Indian Ocean : supplies and manpower were severely limited and the Colonial Committee , still resentful following the incident with the agents in 1796 , was reluctant to offer support . Sercey 's only operations were limited cruises in the Seychelles and the supply of 300 reinforcements to Batavia during the summer of 1797 , while Cybèle was sent back to France in the spring of 1797 and Vertu , Régénerée and Seine followed in early 1798 . Vertu and Régénerée passed undetected into the Atlantic until they halted at the Îles de Los on 24 April . There they were discovered by the 32 @-@ gun frigate HMS Pearl under Captain Samuel James Ballard . Sailing to investigate Ballard came under fire from the French ships and was forced to pass between them , firing broadsides in each direction as he did so . Chased by Régénerée , Pearl withdrew to Sierra Leone with damaged rigging and one man killed . Seine was also intercepted , by a squadron of frigates from the Brest blockade near the Penmarks . Fleeing south , the ship battled its pursuers in the Action of 30 June 1798 , which ended with Seine and the British frigates HMS Jason and HMS Pique all ashore near La Rochelle . Jason and the captured Seine were refloated , but Pique was destroyed .
+
+= = Red Sea and Mysore = =
+
+In July 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte led a French expeditionary force across the Mediterranean to invade Egypt , then part of the Ottoman Empire . Initial landings were successful and the Battle of the Pyramids confirmed Bonaparte 's control of the country . On 1 August however his fleet was destroyed by a British force under Sir Horatio Nelson at the Battle of the Nile on 1 August , isolating the French army in Egypt . The Admiralty initiated a major response , including dispatching a squadron under Commodore John Blankett to blockade the Egyptian Red Sea coast : there was concern in London that Bonaparte might proceed to attack India from Egypt , in conjunction with the Tipu Sultan and the armies of Mysore . Blankett 's force arrived in December 1798 , joined by a squadron sent by Rainier . Bonaparte had visited Suez early in the month , and plans had been drawn up for a small French Red Sea squadron , but Blankett 's force and the regional supremacy it brought rendered these plans obsolete . Attacks were made on commercial shipping at Suez in April , and the entrance to the Red Sea was effectively blockaded by British occupation of Perim and Mocha , and in July 1799 Blankett ordered the frigates HMS Daedalus and Fox to destroy the French @-@ held castle at Qusayr . The town was heavily bombarded , although attempts to make amphibious landings were driven off .
+
+British attention elsewhere in the theatre was focused on Southern India . In January 1798 , a French privateer brought envoys from Mysore to Île de France with a request for support . Malartic supplied 86 volunteers , which were sent to India on Preneuse under Captain Jean @-@ Matthieu @-@ Adrien Lhermitte . Lhermitte 's mission was meant to be covert , but in April 1798 he attacked and captured two East Indiamen , Woodcot and Raymond , at Tellicherry , and landed the volunteers at Mangalore on 24 April . This action caused a crisis in relations between the EIC and Mysore , which Tipu Sultan 's obvious enthusiasm for French intervention in India inflamed . The Fourth Anglo @-@ Mysore War began in February 1799 when two British armies crossed into Mysorean territory . Forced back to his capital Seringapatam , the Tipu Sultan held out against a siege for several weeks until the city was taken by storm , with Tipu Sultan being killed during the ensuing street @-@ fighting .
+
+= = British dominance = =
+
+During the summer of 1798 , Forte and Prudente conducted a commerce raiding operation under Captain Ravanel in the Bay of Bengal and the Bali Strait which achieved moderate success but also saw the first of a number of mutinies among Sercey 's crews . The French admiral then planned a joint operation with the Spanish squadron at Manila , sailing to Batavia in Brûle @-@ Gueule , to be joined by Preneuse . He had ordered Ravanel to join his force there , but the French captain instead returned to Port Louis where Prudente was seized by the Malartic and sold as a privateer and Forte sent on a commerce raid in the Bay of Bengal in defiance of Sercey 's orders . Prudente was captured by Daedalus at the Action of 9 February 1799 off the coast of Natal , while Forte was captured by Sybille off the mouth of the Hooghly River at the Action of 28 February 1799 .
+
+Sercey 's fury at the seizure of his strongest frigates was compounded by the condition of Preneuse , which arrived at Batavia in a state of mutiny . Lhermitte had executed five crew on the journey and Sercey immediately sent the ship out again on a cruise off Borneo in an effort to contain the disaffection . With his forces unexpectedly reduced , Sercey then sent his remaining ships to Manila for operations with the Spanish , but the condition of the Spanish ships was so poor that no operations could be undertaken in 1798 . An attack on the China Fleet was eventually attempted in January 1799 , but on arrival at Macau the combined Spanish squadron refused to engage the powerful British escort and the entire force withdrew , pursued by Captain William Hargood in HMS Intrepid .
+
+Disappointed by the failure off Macau and weakened by losses to his squadron , Sercey withdrew to Île de France in the spring of 1799 . There he sent Preneuse on a raiding cruise in the Mozambique Channel . On 20 September , Lhermitte fought a brief and inconclusive night engagement with a small squadron of Royal Navy ships in Algoa Bay , which led three weeks later to an inconclusive clash on 9 October with the 50 @-@ gun HMS Jupiter . Returning to Île de France with little to show for his three @-@ month cruise , Lhermitte was intercepted off Port Louis by the blockade squadron of Adamant and HMS Tremendous at the Action of 11 December 1799 and Preneuse was driven onshore and destroyed . Sercey had already sent Brûle @-@ Gueule back to France at the end of September with political prisoners from Île de France and more than a million in specie , the corvette eventually being wrecked with the loss of 132 lives on the Pointe du Raz on the Breton coast . Sercey , an admiral without a command , returned to France and retired from the Navy . He subsequently settled on Île de France .
+
+As the French naval presence in the Indian Ocean declined , the commerce raiding role was taken up by privateers . These fast vessels operated with considerable success against British merchant shipping , and protecting convoys from their depredations consumed a considerable proportion of Rainier 's naval strength : gradually however they were intercepted and captured , including Adele in May 1800 and L 'Uni in August 1800 . Among the more notorious privateers was Iphigenie , which seized a packet ship , Pearl , in the Persian Gulf in October 1799 . Pursued by the sloop HMS Trincomalee , the two fought a fierce engagement on 12 October at which both ships were destroyed and more than 200 men killed . Most dangerous among the privateersmen was Robert Surcouf , who sailed in Clarissa and then Confiance . In the latter he fought a significant battle off the Hooghly River on 9 October 1800 with the East Indiaman Kent . Eventually subdued by a boarding action , Kent lost 14 killed , including Captain Robert Rivington , and 44 wounded ; Surcouf 's men suffered 14 casualties . The privateer conflict continued to the end of the war , the large privateers Grand Hirondelle and Gloire remaining at sea into 1801 before being captured , and Courier and Surcouf 's Confiance evading interception entirely .
+
+= = Peace of Amiens = =
+
+Rainier 's main priorities remained the protection of trade , but his command came under increasing interference from London , in particular the Secretary of State for War Henry Dundas . Dundas was insistent throughout 1799 and 1800 that the priority for Rainier should be the invasion and capture of Java , thus eliminating the Dutch East Indies entirely . Contradictory orders came from Lord Mornington , who was instructing Rainier to plan an invasion of Île de France , while Rainier himself wished to resurrect the abandoned operation against Manila . So confused was the command structure that in September 1800 Rainier threatened to resign , but in October 1800 a renewed threat from Egypt redirected the focus of his squadron to the Red Sea and only a handful of minor operations against Dutch posts on Java were carried out by a small force under Captain Henry Lidgbird Ball , capturing a few merchant ships but losing more than 200 men to disease in the process . At the Cape of Good Hope , a gale on 5 December 1799 caused severe damage to shipping in Table Bay : among the wrecks were HMS Sceptre with 290 crew , the Danish ship of the line Oldenburg and several large American merchant ships .
+
+The Red Sea campaign of 1801 was intended to complement the British invasion of French @-@ held Egypt from the Mediterranean , which went ahead in March 1801 . Initial operations were trusted to Blankett at Jeddah , who was in poor health and struggling to negotiate with Ghalib Efendi bin Musa 'ed , Sharif of Mecca . These problems were compounded when Forte was wrecked entering the port . Blankett 's forces landed unopposed at Suez on 22 March , the French having withdrawn their forces in Southern Egypt to oppose the Mediterranean landings . His mission complete , Blankett withdrew in June after sending 300 soldiers to join the conflict in Northern Egypt , and met with a large reinforcement squadron under Captain Sir Home Popham off Qusayr . An army under General David Baird then took passage up the Nile , but did not arrive before the campaign ended with the Capitulation of Alexandria in August .
+
+The French Navy played little part in opposing the British campaign in Egypt , but a frigate was sent to the Indian Ocean to interfere with the supply lines to the Red Sea . This ship , Chiffone was based at Mahé in the Seychelles . The voyage had been eventful , Chiffone seizing a Brazilian frigate Andhorina in the Atlantic and the East Indiaman Bellona , as well as conveying 32 political prisoners sentenced to exile in the Indian Ocean . At the Battle of Mahé on 19 August however , Chiffone was discovered at anchor by Sybille and captured . The final operations in the Indian Ocean saw British forces consolidate further , landing troops at the Portuguese colonies in the region to prevent the enforcement of the terms of the Treaty of Badajoz , under which Portugal agreed to exclude British shipping from its ports , while the EIC attacked and captured the Dutch island of Ternate .
+
+The Peace of Amiens came into effect on 1 October 1801 , bringing the French Revolutionary Wars to an end . Confirmation of this armistice did not reach India until 1 February 1802 , but it had been widely expected and neither side had undertaken significant naval operations during the interim . The terms of the treaty returned all territory captured by British forces in the East Indies to its original masters with the noted exception of Ceylon , which was officially named a British Crown Colony . No one in the Indian Ocean believed that the Peace would last , each side building substantial forces in the region . As historian William James noted , " who then could doubt that , although the wax on the seals of the treaty concluding the last had scarcely cooled , a new war was on the eve of bursting forth ? " . The peace was short lived , the Napoleonic Wars erupting in May 1803 , by which time Emperor Napoleon had sent substantial reinforcements to Île de France and the other French territories in the East Indies . Although the campaign had personally benefited Rainier by around £ 300 @,@ 000 ( the equivalent of £ 24 @,@ 160 @,@ 000 as of 2015 ) , historian C. Northcote Parkinson wrote that " It cannot be said that the naval war in the Indian Ocean from 1794 to 1801 had been a brilliant success " for either side . The lack of French reinforcements and Sercey 's ineffectiveness counterbalanced by confused British leadership and scattered priorities , with aborted operations against Manila and Batavia and a marginal campaign in the Red Sea consuming inordinate amounts of time and energy .
+
+= Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph =
+
+The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph was an early electrical telegraph system dating from the 1830s invented by English inventor William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Charles Wheatstone . It was the first telegraph system to be put into commercial service . The receiver consisted of a number of needles which could be moved by electromagnetic coils to point to letters on a board . This feature was liked by early users who were unwilling to learn codes , and employers who did not want to invest in staff training .
+
+In later systems the letter board was dispensed with , and the code was read directly from the movement of the needles . This came about because the number of needles was reduced , leading to more complex codes . The change was motivated by the economic need to reduce the number of telegraph wires used , which was related to the number of needles . The change became more urgent as the insulation of some of the early installations deteriorated , causing some of the original wires to be unusable . Cooke and Wheatstone 's most successful system was eventually a one @-@ needle system that continued in service into the 1930s .
+
+Cooke and Wheatstone 's telegraph played a part in the apprehension of the murderer John Tawell . Once it was known that Tawell had boarded a train to London , the telegraph was used to signal ahead to the terminus at Paddington and have him arrested there . The novelty of this use of the telegraph in crime @-@ fighting generated a great deal of publicity and led to increased acceptance and use of the telegraph by the public .
+
+= = Inventors = =
+
+The telegraph arose from a collaboration between William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone , best known to schoolchildren from the eponymous Wheatstone bridge . This was not a happy collaboration due to the differing objectives of the two men . Cooke was an inventor and entrepreneur who wished to patent and commercially exploit his inventions . Wheatstone , on the other hand , was an academic with no interest in commercial ventures . He intended to publish his results and allow others to freely make use of them . This difference in outlook eventually led to a bitter dispute between the two men over claims to priority for the invention . Their differences were taken to arbitration with Marc Isambard Brunel acting for Cooke and John Frederic Daniell acting for Wheatstone . Cooke eventually bought out Wheatstone 's interest in exchange for royalties .
+
+Cooke had some ideas for building a telegraph prior to his partnership with Wheatstone and had consulted scientist Michael Faraday for expert advice . However , much of the scientific knowledge for the model actually put into practice came from Wheatstone . Cooke 's earlier ideas for a mechanical telegraph ( involving a clockwork mechanism with an electromagnetic detent ) were largely abandoned .
+
+= = History = =
+
+In January 1837 Cooke proposed a design for a 60 @-@ code telegraph to the directors of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway . This was too complicated for their purposes ; the immediate need was for a simple signal communication between the Liverpool station and a rope @-@ haulage engine house at the top of a steep incline through a long tunnel outside the station . Rope @-@ haulage into main stations was common at this time to avoid noise and pollution , and in this case the gradient was too steep for the locomotive to ascend unaided . All that was required were a few simple signals such as an indication to the engine house to start hauling . Cooke was requested to build a simpler version with fewer codes , which he did by the end of April 1837 . However , the railway decided to use instead a pneumatic telegraph equipped with whistles . Soon after this Cooke went into partnership with Wheatstone .
+
+In May 1837 Cooke and Wheatstone patented a telegraph system which used a number of needles on a board that could be moved to point to letters of the alphabet . The patent recommended a five @-@ needle system , but any number of needles could be used depending on the number of characters it was required to code . A four @-@ needle system was installed between Euston and Camden Town in London on a rail line being constructed by Robert Stephenson between London and Birmingham . It was successfully demonstrated on 25 July 1837 . This was a similar application to the Liverpool project . The carriages were detached at Camden Town and travelled under gravity into Euston . A system was needed to signal to an engine house at Camden Town to start hauling the carriages back up the incline to the waiting locomotive . As at Liverpool , the electric telegraph was in the end rejected in favour of a pneumatic system with whistles .
+
+Cooke and Wheatstone had their first commercial success with a telegraph installed on the Great Western Railway over the 13 miles ( 21 km ) from Paddington station to West Drayton in 1838 . Indeed , this was the first commercial telegraph in the world . This was a five @-@ needle , six @-@ wire system . The cables were originally installed underground in a steel conduit . However , the cables soon began to fail as a result of deteriorating insulation and were replaced with uninsulated wires on poles . As an interim measure , a two @-@ needle system was used with three of the remaining working underground wires , which despite using only two needles had a greater number of codes . But when the line was extended to Slough in 1843 , a one @-@ needle , two @-@ wire system was installed .
+
+From this point the use of the electric telegraph started to grow on the new railways being built from London . The Blackwall Tunnel Railway ( another rope @-@ hauled application ) was equipped with the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph when it opened in 1840 , and many others followed . The one @-@ needle telegraph proved highly successful on British railways , and 15 @,@ 000 sets were still in use at the end of the nineteenth century . Some remained in service in the 1930s . In September 1845 the financier John Lewis Ricardo and Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company . This company bought out the Cooke and Wheatstone patents and solidly established the telegraph business . In 1869 the company was nationalised and became part of the General Post Office .
+
+= = = Tawell Arrest = = =
+
+Murder suspect John Tawell was apprehended following the use of a needle telegraph message from Slough to Paddington on 1 January 1845 . This is thought to be the first use of the telegraph to catch a murderer . The message was :
+
+A MURDER HAS GUST BEEN COMMITTED AT SALT HILL AND THE SUSPECTED MURDERER WAS SEEN TO TAKE A FIRST CLASS TICKET TO LONDON BY THE TRAIN WHICH LEFT SLOUGH AT 742 PM HE IS IN THE GARB OF A KWAKER WITH A GREAT COAT ON WHICH REACHES NEARLY DOWN TO HIS FEET HE IS IN THE LAST COMPARTMENT OF THE SECOND CLASS COMPARTMENT
+
+The Cooke and Wheatstone system did not support punctuation , lower case , or some letters . Even the two @-@ needle system omitted the letters J , Q , and Z ; hence the misspellings of ' just ' and ' Quaker ' . This caused some difficulty for the receiving operator at Paddington who repeatedly requested a resend after receiving K @-@ W @-@ A which he assumed was a mistake . This continued until a small boy suggested the sending operator be allowed to complete the word , after which it was understood . After arriving , Tawell was followed to a nearby coffee shop by a detective and arrested there . Newspaper coverage of this incident gave a great deal of publicity to the electric telegraph and brought it firmly into public view .
+
+The widely publicised arrest of Tawell was one of two events which brought the telegraph to greater public attention and led to its widespread use beyond railway signalling . The other event was the announcement by telegraph of the birth of Alfred Ernest Albert , second son of Queen Victoria . The news was published in The Times at the unprecedented speed of 40 minutes after the announcement .
+
+= = Operation = =
+
+The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph consisted of a number of magnetic needles which could be made to turn a short distance either clockwise or anti @-@ clockwise by electromagnetic induction from an energising winding . The direction of movement was determined by the direction of the current in the telegraph wires . The board was marked with a diamond shaped grid with a letter at each grid intersection , and so arranged that when two needles were energised they would point to a specific letter .
+
+The number of wires required by the Cooke and Wheatstone system is equal to the number of needles used . The number of needles determines the number of characters that can be encoded . Cooke and Wheatstone 's patent recommends five needles , and this was the number on their early demonstration models . The number of codes that can be obtained from 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ... needles is 2 , 6 , 12 , 20 , 30 ... respectively .
+
+At the sending end there were two rows of buttons , a pair of buttons for each coil in each row . The operator selected one button from each row . This connected two of the coils to the positive and negative ends of the battery respectively . The other ends of the coils were connected to the telegraph wires and thence to one end of the coils at the receiving station . The other end of the receiving coils , while in receive mode , were all commoned together . Thus the current flowed through the same two coils at both ends and energised the same two needles . With this system the needles were always energised in pairs and always rotated in opposite directions .
+
+= = = Five @-@ needle telegraph = = =
+
+The five @-@ needle telegraph with twenty possible needle positions was six codes short of being able to encode the complete alphabet . The letters omitted were C , J , Q , U , X and Z. A great selling point of this telegraph was that it was simple to use and required little operator training . There is no code to learn , as the letter being sent was visibly displayed to both the sending and receiving operator .
+
+The Paddington to West Drayton telegraph originally used six wires rather than five , although it was a five @-@ needle system . The sixth wire was to provide a common return so that the needles could be operated independently , thus giving the possibility of more available codes . Using these codes , however , would have required more extensive operator training since the display could not be read on sight from the grid as the simple alphabetic codes were . Telegraph systems were later to use earth return to avoid the need for a return wire , but this principle was not established at the time of Cooke and Wheatstone 's telegraph . The economic need to reduce the number of wires in the end proved a stronger incentive than simplicity of use and led Cooke and Wheatstone to develop the two @-@ needle telegraph .
+
+= = = Two @-@ needle telegraph = = =
+
+The two @-@ needle telegraph required three wires , one for each needle and a common return . The coding was somewhat different from the five @-@ needle telegraph and needed to be learned , rather than read from a display . The needles could move to the left or right either one , two , or three times in quick succession , or a single time in both directions in quick succession . Either needle , or both together , could be moved . This gave a total of 24 codes , one of which was taken up by the stop code . Thus , three letters were omitted : J , Q and Z , which were substituted with G , K and S respectively .
+
+= = = One @-@ needle telegraph = = =
+
+This system was developed to replace the failing multi @-@ wire telegraph on the Paddington to West Drayton line . It required only two wires , but a more complex code and slower transmission speed . Whereas the two @-@ needle system needed a three @-@ unit code ( that is , up to three movements of the needles to represent each letter ) , the one @-@ needle system used a four @-@ unit code , but had enough codes to encode the entire alphabet . Like the preceding two @-@ needle system , the code units consisted of rapid deflections of the needle to either left or right in quick succession . The needle struck a post when it moved causing it to ring . Different tones were provided for the left and right movements so that the operator could hear which direction the needle had moved without looking at it .
+
+= = Codes = =
+
+The codes were refined and adapted as they were used . By 1867 numerals had been added to the five @-@ needle code . This was achieved through the provision of a sixth wire for common return making it possible to move just a single needle . With the original five wires it was only possible to move the needles in pairs and always in opposite directions since there was no common wire provided . Many more codes are theoretically possible with common return signalling , but not all of them can conveniently be used with a grid indication display . The numerals were worked in by marking them around the edge of the diamond grid . Needles 1 through 5 when energised to the right pointed to numerals 1 through 5 respectively , and to the left numerals 6 through 9 and 0 respectively . Two additional buttons were provided on the telegraph sets to enable the common return to be connected to either the positive or negative terminal of the battery according to the direction it was desired to move the needle .
+
+Also by 1867 , codes for Q ( ) and Z ( ) were added to the one @-@ needle code , but not , apparently , for J. However , codes for Q ( ) , Z ( ) , and J ( ) are marked on the plates of later needle telegraphs , together with six @-@ unit codes for number shift ( ) and letter shift ( ) . Numerous compound codes were added for operator controls such as wait and repeat . These compounds are similar to the prosigns found in Morse code where the two characters are run together without a character gap . The two @-@ needle number shift and letter shift codes are also compounds , which is the reason they have been written with an overbar .
+
+The codes used for the four @-@ needle telegraph are not known , and none of the equipment has survived . It is not even known which letters were assigned to the twelve possible codes .
+
+= Caleb Strong =
+
+Caleb Strong ( January 9 , 1745 – November 7 , 1819 ) was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts between 1800 and 1807 , and again from 1812 until 1816 . He assisted in drafting the Massachusetts State Constitution in 1779 and served as a state senator and on the Massachusetts Governor 's Council before being elected to the inaugural United States Senate . A leading member of the Massachusetts Federalist Party , his political success delayed the decline of the Federalists in Massachusetts .
+
+A successful Northampton lawyer prior to 1774 , Strong was politically active in the rebel cause during the American Revolutionary War . He played an influential role in the development of the United States Constitution at the 1788 Philadelphia Convention , and , as a US Senator , in the passage of its 11th Amendment . He also played a leading role in the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which established the federal court system .
+
+Adept at moderating the sometimes harsh political conflict between Federalists and Democratic @-@ Republicans and popular in Massachusetts , he navigated the state in a Federalist direction through the early years of the 19th century as the rest of the country became progressively more Republican . Although he sought to retire from politics after losing the 1807 governor 's race , the advent of the War of 1812 brought him back to the governor 's office as a committed opponent of the war . He refused United States Army requests that state militia be placed under army command , and in 1814 sought to engage Nova Scotia Governor John Coape Sherbrooke in peace talks . The state and federal government 's weak defense of Massachusetts ' northern frontier during Strong 's tenure contributed to the successful drive for Maine 's statehood , which was granted in 1820 .
+
+= = Early years = =
+
+Caleb Strong was born on January 9 , 1745 , in Northampton , one of the principal towns of Hampshire County on the Connecticut River in the Province of Massachusetts Bay . His parents were Phebe Lyman Strong and Caleb Strong , the latter a descendant of early Massachusetts settlers such as John Strong , a 1630 immigrant to Massachusetts who was one of the founders of Northampton and the lead elder of the church for many years . Caleb was their only son . He received his early education from Rev. Samuel Moody , and entered Harvard College in 1760 , graduating four years later with high honors . He was shortly thereafter afflicted with smallpox , which temporarily blinded him and prevented him from engaging in the study of law for several years . He studied law with Joseph Hawley , was admitted to the bar in 1772 , and began the practice of law in Northampton . Hawley was also a political mentor , shaping Strong 's views on relations between the colonies and Great Britain .
+
+= = American Revolution = =
+
+Strong and Hawley were both elected to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774 . When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775 , Strong was unable to serve in the military because of his damaged sight , but he was otherwise active in the Patriot cause . He served on the Northampton Committee of Safety and in other local offices , but refused service in the Continental Congress . He was a delegate to the 1779 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention , and was elected to the committee that drafted the state constitution , ratified in 1780 . He then served on the first governor 's council and in the state senate from 1780 to 1789 .
+
+Strong 's legal practice thrived during the tumultuous war years , and was one of the most successful in Hampshire County . He became a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1775 , and was appointed county attorney of Hampshire County the following year , a post he held until 1800 . On more than one occasion he was offered a seat on the state 's supreme court , but rejected the position on account of its inadequate salary . Strong was described by a contemporary as meticulously detailed in his preparation of legal paperwork and a persuasive advocate when speaking to a jury .
+
+In 1781 Strong was one of the lawyers ( another was Worcester lawyer and future United States Attorney General Levi Lincoln , Sr. ) who worked on a series of legal cases surrounding Quock Walker , a former slave seeking to claim his freedom . One of the cases , Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Nathaniel Jennison , firmly established that slavery was incompatible with the new state constitution .
+
+= = United States Senator = =
+
+Strong was elected as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention that drafted the U.S. Constitution in 1787 . A committed Federalist , Strong opposed the idea of the Electoral College as a means of electing the president , instead supporting the idea that the legislature should choose him . Although he initially opposed proposals that the number of senators should be equal for all states , he eventually changed his mind , enabling passage of the Connecticut Compromise . To temper the power of the states , he introduced language requiring tax legislation to originate in the House of Representatives . Illness of his wife forced him to return to Massachusetts before the work was completed , so he did not sign the document . He was a vocal supporter of its adoption by the state 's ratifying convention .
+
+When the Constitution came into force in 1789 , Strong was chosen by the state legislature to serve in the United States Senate . As what is now known as a Class 2 Senator he came up for reelection in 1792 , when he was again chosen . He was one of the principal drafters of the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which established the federal courts . He was also instrumental in 1793 and 1794 in the development and passage by Congress of the 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution . This measure was enacted in response to Chisholm v. Georgia , a Supreme Court decision in which a private individual sued the state of Georgia . The amendment expanded the sovereign immunity of states to limit suits against them by private individuals from other states .
+
+Strong was also one of a small group of senators who convinced President George Washington in 1794 that a special envoy should be sent to Britain in order to avert war , and who convinced John Jay to accept that role . Jay ended up negotiating what became known as the Jay Treaty , which resolved a number of issues between the two nations , but also angered the leadership of Revolutionary France and was widely disliked , criticized , and opposed by Republicans .
+
+Strong resigned his seat in 1796 and returned to private life in Northampton .
+
+= = First term as governor = =
+
+In the election of 1800 Strong was nominated by the Federalists as their candidate for governor ; his principal opponent was Elbridge Gerry , nominated by the Democratic @-@ Republicans . Strong was criticized by his opponents for his lack of military service and for the fact that he was a lawyer ; he countered by asserting his patriotism through his association with Joseph Hawley . His popularity in the western part of the state was decisive : the wide margin by which he won there overcame the smaller advantage by which Gerry carried the east . Acting Governor Moses Gill died ten days before Strong took office at the end of May .
+
+Strong won annual reelection to the governor 's seat until 1807 . During this tenure the state introduced a new penitentiary system and reformed the judiciary , reducing the number of judges . Strong 's time as governor was also marked by virulent political debate in the state , principally over foreign policy related to British interference with Massachusetts maritime trade . That interference was a consequence of the ongoing Napoleonic Wars engulfing Europe . Over the years of Strong 's tenure the Republicans gradually gained in power both nationally and in Massachusetts .
+
+In the 1806 election the Republicans secured a majority in the Massachusetts assembly , and the gubernatorial election was notably close . Running mainly against James Sullivan , Strong barely received a majority of the votes cast . With fewer than 200 votes in the balance , the Republican @-@ controlled legislature scrutinized the returns in a partisan manner , discarding ballots that had misspelled Strong 's name while retaining those that misspelled Sullivan 's and performing tallies in ways that favored their candidate . This process concluded with a finding that Strong in fact lacked a majority of votes , which was what was then required to carry the election , as opposed to the modern plurality requirement . Strong 's Federalist allies in the legislature were able to publicize the partisan nature of the analysis , resulting in a hostile public backlash . He was proclaimed the winner after further , less biased , analysis corrected the count in his favor . However , in the 1807 election the rising tide of Republicanism swept Strong ( along with other New England Federalists ) out of office . Federalists asked him to run in 1808 , but he refused , noting that he had " done his part " and that his home base in Hampshire County was strongly Federalist .
+
+= = Second term and War of 1812 = =
+
+In 1812 Strong was convinced by Massachusetts Federalist leaders to come out of retirement to run once again for governor . War with Britain was imminent , and the Federalists sought a strong candidate to oppose Elbridge Gerry , who had been victorious against Christopher Gore in the previous two elections . Gerry , who had originally been somewhat moderate , became increasingly partisan during his tenure , and Federalists viewed Strong 's earlier success in office and relatively modest demeanor as assets . Strong 's victory in the election , which saw the Federalists also regain control of the legislature , was attributed to several factors : Federalists capitalized on the partisanship of the recent redistricting of the state that resulted in the coining of the term " gerrymander " , and there was strong antiwar sentiment in the state . Strong was reelected by wide margins in the following war years .
+
+Strong took a principled stand against the War of 1812 , generally refusing to assist federal government efforts to prosecute the war . Strong was part of a chorus of Massachusetts ( and more broadly New England ) Federalists who complained that in " Mr. Madison 's War " the federal government was trampling state and individual rights . He adhered to the view that state militia could not be required to serve under regular army command . When the first such requests were made by U. S. Army General Henry Dearborn , Strong , with the backing of not just the Governor 's Council but also the Supreme Judicial Court , refused , arguing that there was no need to call out the militia because invasion was not imminent . Because of his stance against regular army command , the state was denied a shipment of arms that was instead diverted to frontier areas and the war theater . Strong also took no particular actions to prevent widespread smuggling along the state 's frontiers with the neighboring British provinces .
+
+Strong 's opposition to regular army control was more nuanced than that of neighboring Connecticut Governor John Cotton Smith , who ensured that his militia always remained under state command . Strong was more concerned that the state militia not be used except in defense of the state 's borders , and compromised on the issue of command . In 1812 , not long after refusing General Dearborn 's request , he authorized the dispatch of militia companies to the state 's eastern district ( now Maine ) under United States Army command .
+
+With the British naval blockade tightening and threatening the state 's coastal communities in early 1814 , Strong authorized U. S. Brigadier General Thomas H. Cushing to command militia forces in the defenses of Boston Harbor , subject to reasonable limitations . Cushing was transferred to Connecticut , and General Dearborn again commanded the regular army forces in Massachusetts . Dearborn interpreted the agreement Strong had made with Cushing to apply statewide , and began reorganizing militia companies to conform to regular army practices . This engendered ill will among the militia , and Strong refused to place additional levies under Dearborn 's command .
+
+The defense of Maine , however , proved problematic . Strong 's aide William H. Sumner negotiated an agreement with the Army command for the defense of Portland , but the ironically Republican @-@ dominated district militia objected , first to the idea of serving under any regular army leadership , and then to serving under a relatively low @-@ ranked officer ( a lieutenant colonel ) who was given command of Portland after the agreement was signed . Several units of local militia refused the perform their assigned duties . One consequence of the dispute was that most militia in the state remained under state control , and were thus paid for from state coffers at a cost that ran to $ 200 @,@ 000 per month . This further strained the state economy , which was already suffering due to the British blockade .
+
+Following the British seizure of Castine in September 1814 , Strong called the legislature into session early in October to respond to the occupation . Given that the federal government was unwilling to fund militia not under its control , the legislature authorized Strong to borrow money to fund a major expansion of the militia , but most of the funds acquired were spent improving Boston 's defenses . Another result of the special session was a call for a meeting of states opposed to the war , which became known as the Hartford Convention . Around the time of the convention , which was held in Hartford , Connecticut beginning in December 1814 , Strong secretly wrote to Nova Scotia Lieutenant @-@ Governor Sir John Coape Sherbrooke , essentially offering a separate peace in exchange for the return of the seized territory . He also refused to authorize temporary Massachusetts funding for a federally led expedition to recover Castine , leading to further cries of indignation from Maine 's Republicans . The Treaty of Ghent ended the war before the Nova Scotia negotiations went anywhere . Strong 's policies during the war are credited as one of the reasons for Maine 's drive for statehood , which came to a successful conclusion in 1820 .
+
+In 1816 , with the war at an end , Strong elected once again to retire from politics . Strong died in Northampton on November 7 , 1819 , and was buried in its Bridge Street Cemetery .
+
+= = Family , charity , and legacy = =
+
+In 1777 Strong married Sarah Hooker , the daughter of a local pastor . They had nine children , four of whom survived the couple . Strong was active in his church and was a leading member of local missionary and Bible societies . He was a founding member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society . In 1813 , Strong was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society .
+
+In World War II , the United States liberty ship SS Caleb Strong was named in his honor . The town of Strong , Maine , incorporated in 1801 , was named for Strong and Windham Township , Portage County , Ohio was originally named Strongsburg in his honor . The Strongsburg land had been allocated to Strong as part of his ownership share in the Ohio Company , and was sold by him and several minority partners in 1810 .
+
+= Press pass =
+
+A press pass ( alternatively referred to as a press card or a journalist pass ) grants some type of special privilege to journalists . Some cards have recognized legal status ; others merely indicate that the bearer is a practicing journalist . The nature of the benefits is determined by the type of issuing agency , of which there are three major categories : news organizations , law @-@ enforcement agencies , and event organizers ( usually for a specific single affair like a corporate press conference ) . Each type of card grants different authorizations , thus it is often necessary or desirable for reporters to hold multiple press passes simultaneously .
+
+= = Law @-@ enforcement cards = =
+
+Police departments at a city , county , or state / provincial level may issue press passes in some countries . Such passes allow the bearer to cross police or fire lines to report breaking news , or grant access to crime scenes or other restricted areas – though admission may be denied if it would interfere with the duties of emergency personnel . Popular media of the mid @-@ 20th century often depicted reporters at a crime scene with their press passes tucked into their hat bands , which was unusual in reality .
+
+Because of the exceptional dispensation endowed by police press passes , they are issued with discretion – some jurisdictions require an in @-@ person interview with all prospective applicants , complete set of fingerprints , and a background check . Generally , only reporters who cover breaking news are eligible ; other journalists ( feature writers , editors and editorialists , freelance writers , and bloggers ) are not .
+
+Police @-@ issued passes do not grant access to government press conferences or any other such privileges : they are only recognized by emergency response personnel , and only valid within the jurisdiction of the issuing agencies .
+
+= = = Parking permits = = =
+
+Police parking permits , issued in some jurisdictions , exempt news vehicles from certain parking restrictions while on the job . They may be offered to any news @-@ gathering organization that covers breaking news for use in company vehicles employed by full @-@ time reporters , photographers , and camera operators . Often , these permits are only granted to journalists who already carry a police press card .
+
+When conspicuously displayed , these permits may allow the bearer to park in restricted " resident @-@ only " parking zones , and may exempt him or her from parking @-@ meter costs . These privileges apply only for the duration of breaking @-@ news coverage , and do not nullify all parking restrictions : red zones , fire hydrants , crosswalks , bus zones , disabled parking zones or access ramps , commercial loading zones , taxi cab zones , " no stopping " or " no parking " zones , transit lanes , and other towaway zones are still off @-@ limits .
+
+= = Event @-@ specific = =
+
+For tradeshows , community gatherings , sporting events , award shows , professional conferences , or major events of any type , press passes are generally available . These are sometimes referred to as " press badges " . For many events publicity in news media and elsewhere is of great importance , and granting privileges to the press can help in this . The privileges granted to holders of press badges , and who is eligible to receive them , depends on the nature of the affair .
+
+Generally , prospective recipients must apply in advance , offering evidence of their affiliation . Event sponsors may request past published material , or a letter from the news agency on its letterhead , detailing the job assignment . Generally , non @-@ reporting employees of news agencies ( executives , sales personnel , publishers , editors , etc . ) are not eligible for press passes . In addition to journalists , some bloggers may be granted event passes .
+
+Many major events , especially trade shows , issue press kits to pass @-@ holders . A press pass may allow the bearer to request interviews with noteworthy attendees , and special rooms are sometimes set aside for this purpose .
+
+= = = Open events = = =
+
+For activities open to the public , such as community gatherings , school events , or trade shows , a police- or media @-@ issued press pass may offer little advantage . Free or reduced @-@ price admission , or guaranteed entry , can sometimes be arranged . The benefits may be more extensive , granting access to front @-@ row seats or to press @-@ only rooms . For sporting events , a press pass issued by a stadium grants access to the press box . Because open events are usually funded by paying attendees , the number of press passes may depend on the number of tickets sold .
+
+= = = Closed events = = =
+
+For events closed to the general public , police- or news organization @-@ issued press passes sometimes grant access , but almost all require advance application for admittance . Greater exclusivity , however , means more restrictions on potential pass recipients . For professional conferences or trade shows , passes may be granted only to journalists who regularly cover the industry or who hold a title of " industry analyst , " or with an editorial or reporting designation .
+
+= = News agency cards = =
+
+" You do not need to ask permission from anyone to be a journalist , " explains the Periodical Publishers Association ; " however , it is sometimes useful to be able to identify yourself as a journalist when needed . " To this end , journalistic agencies issue press cards to their reporters , editorialists , writers , and photographers . These do not have the legal merits of government @-@ issued cards , and they will not replace event @-@ specific passes ; the card only serves as proof of its bearer 's status as a legitimate newsperson according to the issuing organization . As such , card @-@ carriers may be better able to obtain interviews , acquire information from law @-@ enforcement , or gain access to exclusive venues .
+
+In the United Kingdom , the UK Press Card Authority ( a voluntary consortium of news agencies ) issues a nationally standardized card to United Kingdom @-@ based news gatherers .
+
+For freelance journalists , organizations like the National Writers Union , Professional Publishers Association .
+
+= = Press armbands = =
+
+Journalists in Asia use an armband to mark themselves , similar to a press badge . Journalists are encouraged by journalist trade union to wear press armbands to protect themselves during protests and government upheavals .
+
+= = Fake cards = =
+
+Genuine press cards can be obtained by people not entitled to them , counterfeit copies of real cards can be made , and plausible @-@ looking cards can be issued by anybody , or made . The reasons and consequences range from the trivial ( free drinks ) to the catastrophic ( access by terrorists to rulers ) .
+
+Spurious cards
+
+Press passes not issued by a recognised publication can be obtained or made , with the intention of gaining benefits offered to holders of legitimate press cards . Joan Stewart of the Public Relations Society of America reports , “ Fake press passes abound at restaurant and theater openings , sporting events , music festivals , political rallies , celebrity parties and even crime scenes . With a decent computer and color printer , almost anybody can crank out an official @-@ looking pass within minutes . ”
+
+Counterfeit cards
+
+Counterfeit copies of cards issued by legitimate publications can be made . Issuers of cards have taken measures to prevent counterfeiting of their cards , creating cards with holographic foil blocking , signature strips , and tamper @-@ resistant lamination .
+
+= Winkler County nurse whistleblower case =
+
+The Winkler County nurse whistleblower case was a series of legal proceedings in West Texas that centered on the retaliation upon two nurses who submitted an anonymous state medical board complaint against a physician in 2009 . The case attracted national attention for its implications on whistleblowing by nurses . After witnessing what they believed to be unsafe medical care , nurses Anne Mitchell and Vicki Galle submitted an anonymous complaint against Dr. Rolando Arafiles to the Texas Medical Board ( TMB ) .
+
+When he learned of the complaint , Arafiles spoke with the sheriff of Winkler County , who was his friend and one of his patients . Arafiles alleged that the nurses ' reports to the medical board constituted harassment . The sheriff investigated and obtained the TMB complaint , which provided enough information about Mitchell and Galle to make them identifiable . Galle and Mitchell were terminated from the hospital and faced criminal charges of misuse of official information . Galle 's charges were dropped before trial and Mitchell was acquitted by a jury . In the aftermath of Mitchell 's trial , Arafiles , several county officials and a hospital administrator all faced jail time for their roles in the retaliation against the nurses .
+
+The case raised questions about the extent of whistleblower protection for healthcare providers who report patient care concerns to licensing authorities . Texas law included remedies against retaliation for whistleblowers , but no known U.S. state had whistleblower laws that addressed appropriate prosecutorial conduct . According to the Texas Nurses Association , " No one ever imagined that a nurse would be criminally prosecuted for reporting a patient care concern to a licensing agency . " After the Mitchell case , protection from prosecution was incorporated into Texas whistleblower laws . The TMB stopped investigating anonymous complaints about physicians in September 2011 .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+The case originated at Winkler County Memorial Hospital ( WCMH ) , a 15 @-@ bed hospital in Kermit , Texas . Mitchell and Galle were registered nurses at WCMH . The two nurses held multiple roles at the hospital and both were employed there for more than 20 years . Galle headed quality improvement and utilization management for the hospital , while Mitchell served as its compliance officer . Galle and Mitchell also split the responsibilities of the medical staff coordinator position . Mitchell held a part @-@ time role as the county 's emergency management coordinator . She also had experience as a travel nurse and as an instructor and director in a licensed vocational nursing program .
+
+In April 2008 , Arafiles arrived at WCMH . He had attended medical school in the Philippines and had come to the United States to train in Baltimore and Buffalo . Texas issued a medical license to him in 1998 . The year before Arafiles came to Winkler County , the TMB restricted his ability to supervise nurse practitioners and physician assistants for three years and fined him $ 1 @,@ 000 . In that case , Arafiles allegedly failed to adequately supervise a physician assistant at a weight loss clinic and failed to exercise independent medical judgement when applying protocols written by the clinic 's owner .
+
+Mitchell and Galle had concerns about Arafiles 's care soon after he arrived at WCMH . The doctor 's practice in Kermit included the use of alternative medicine therapies such as herbal remedies . Witnesses later said that Mitchell made comments at work which characterized Arafiles as a " witch doctor " . Other coworkers said that Mitchell had legitimate concerns about the quality of the physician 's patient care ; they said that Mitchell first raised the issues with the hospital 's administration , but that her concerns were not addressed . In one incident , Arafiles was alleged to have performed a skin graft on an emergency room patient even though he was not credentialed to perform surgery at the facility . Another patient came to the hospital with a crushed finger and Arafiles allegedly took a rubber tip off of a pair of medical scissors and stitched it onto the patient 's finger .
+
+Mitchell and Galle sent an anonymous complaint to the TMB detailing their concerns with Arafiles 's care of nine patients in 2008 and 2009 . The letter said that the nurses feared losing their jobs if their identities were revealed in connection with the complaint . Arafiles became aware of the complaint and spoke to Winkler County Sheriff Robert Roberts , alleging that the complaint amounted to harassment . The TMB issued a copy of the complaint to Roberts with the understanding that it would only be used to investigate criminal activity by Arafiles . Roberts sent the complaint to Arafiles and to WCMH administrator Stan Wiley . As WCMH was a small hospital , details from the letter identified Mitchell and Galle as the sources of the complaint .
+
+Roberts obtained warrants to search the nurses ' computers and he found the letter to the TMB . The sheriff was friends with Arafiles . The doctor had treated Roberts in the emergency room for a heart attack . Roberts credited Arafiles with saving his life . He referred to the doctor as " the most sincerely caring person I have ever met . " Roberts later commented on the board report , saying , " If it ’ s made to destroy somebody ’ s reputation or forcing them to leave town , then I don ’ t believe it is good faith . "
+
+= = Termination and criminal charges = =
+
+Mitchell and Galle were terminated from WCMH in June 2009 . A few days later , both nurses were arrested . They were charged with misuse of official information , a felony that carries the possibility of ten years imprisonment and fines up to $ 5 @,@ 000 . Roberts said that the nurses filed the complaint as a personal vendetta rather than as a good faith reporting of facts . He also noted that Mitchell and Galle sent the medical records of ten patients to the TMB without their consent ; however , the reports did not include the names of patients and federal law exempts medical board reports from patient privacy laws .
+
+The case attracted national attention in July 2009 when the American Nurses Association ( ANA ) and Texas Nurses Association ( TNA ) began to raise awareness of the plight of the nurses . Galle later said , " We didn 't have any support - emotional or financial - until TNA and ANA stepped in . " TNA filed a complaint with the Texas Department of State Health Services ( DSHS ) that resulted in an onsite investigation of the hospital . By February 2010 , the TNA Legal Defense Fund had collected more than $ 45 @,@ 000 in donations to the defense of Galle and Mitchell . TMB executive director Mari Robinson commented that such prosecution could have " a significant chilling effect " on the reporting of physician practice issues .
+
+The charges against Galle were dropped before her case went to trial . Mitchell 's case was tried by county attorney Scott Tidwell , a political supporter of Roberts and the personal attorney for Arafiles , in February 2010 . Both the TMB executive director and the county attorney in nearby Andrews County discouraged Tidwell from trying the case . At trial , Mitchell did not testify . The relationship between Arafiles and Roberts was explored during the proceedings . Arafiles introduced Roberts to a supplement @-@ selling program known as Zrii , and recommended the supplements to his patients . Roberts sold the supplements , but he said that his friendship with Arafiles had not impacted his actions with the nurses and that he did not have a business relationship with Arafiles .
+
+Attorneys with the office of the Texas Attorney General took on Mitchell 's case after being contacted by the TMB . Assistant Attorney General David Glickler later said that the case was the most bizarre he had seen in an 11 @-@ year stint with the office . " We 're used to dealing with cases where public officials have enriched themselves at the expense of the office and the public trust , like bribery and theft . But there was no financial benefit to the bad actors in this case . " The jury returned with a not guilty verdict after an hour of deliberation . Those present in the courtroom said that each juror approached Mitchell after the verdict and hugged her . In comments he made after the trial , jury foreman Harley Tyler said he wondered why the nurses were arrested . ANA president Rebecca Patton said that the verdict was " a resounding win on behalf of patient safety . "
+
+= = Aftermath = =
+
+TNA asserted that state laws , including the Texas Nursing Practice Act and the Public Employee Whistleblower Law , gave any health care provider the right to report concerns about the patient care of other providers . Under these protections , a termination could be presumed improper if it occurred within 60 days of filing such a complaint . Mitchell and Galle filed a civil lawsuit against Winkler County , WCMH , Wiley , Roberts , Tidwell and Arafiles . The lawsuit alleged violations of civil rights , breaches of due process and improper termination .
+
+A few months after Mitchell 's trial , Galle and Mitchell split a $ 750 @,@ 000 settlement in the civil suit . The nurses , who both live in Jal , New Mexico , were unable to find employment in nursing after being terminated from WCMH . After signing the settlement , Wiley reinforced his support of Arafiles , saying , " He ’ s done a lot of good in this county . If you have a heart attack or anything of that nature in the emergency room , he is definitely the doctor that you want to take care of you . "
+
+Several officials faced criminal charges for their involvement in the prosecution or termination of Galle and Mitchell . Wiley was the first to go to trial after he was indicted on two felony counts of retaliation . He pleaded guilty to the lesser of the two charges . He was sentenced to 30 days in jail and a $ 2 @,@ 000 fine and agreed to cooperate in the prosecution of other involved officials . Wiley terminated Galle and Mitchell after they submitted the anonymous medical board complaint . He submitted his resignation from the hospital in August 2010 , but the WCMH board of directors declined to accept it . He resigned again in October 2010 .
+
+Roberts was convicted on two counts of misuse of official information , two counts of retaliation and two counts of official oppression . In June 2011 , he was sentenced to 100 days in jail , four years of felony probation and a $ 6 @,@ 000 fine . After the sentence , Roberts was removed as sheriff and forced to surrender his license as a peace officer . Convicted on similar charges , Tidwell was removed from office and sentenced to 120 days in jail , ten years of probation and a $ 6 @,@ 000 fine . Tidwell 's trial publicly uncovered a 2004 guilty plea he entered after being charged with soliciting a prostitute . DSHS assessed a $ 15 @,@ 850 fine against the hospital for inadequate supervision of Arafiles and illegal termination of Galle and Mitchell .
+
+By mid @-@ 2011 , Arafiles had moved his practice to East Texas and was affiliated with Cozby Germany Hospital in Grand Saline . A hospital administrator there said that she had looked into some of the allegations against Arafiles that she found on the Internet but that no one had formally complained to her about the doctor . In November 2011 , Arafiles entered a guilty plea on two counts of misuse of official information . Two other charges were dismissed and a pending indictment for aggravated perjury was dropped . Arafiles was forced to surrender his medical license , sentenced to 60 days in jail and five years of probation , and assessed a $ 5 @,@ 000 fine .
+
+Several of the people involved in the nurses ' case had assumed new employment by the summer of 2012 . Mitchell found a position in New Mexico working with the developmentally disabled . Galle , who said in 2010 that the case had " derailed our careers " , entered early retirement . Galle and Mitchell earned the Dean 's Advocacy Award from the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in 2010 . Arafiles was working at a Pizza Hut restaurant in Kermit as a janitor . Wiley left Winkler County for Lubbock . Tidwell was appealing the revocation of his license to practice law .
+
+New legislation stopped the TMB from investigating anonymous complaints concerning physicians as of the fall of 2011 . The change was seen as a victory by physicians rights groups , who said that it would promote accountability in the investigations of physicians . Other groups worried that the new law would discourage the reporting of legitimate complaints against physicians . The board received 6 @,@ 849 complaints in 2010 ; four percent of the complaints were submitted anonymously .
+
+= ESRB re @-@ rating of The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion =
+
+On May 3 , 2006 , the North American Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) changed the rating of The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , a video game for PCs , the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 , from Teen ( 13 + ) to Mature ( 17 + ) . The ESRB cited the presence of content not considered in their original review in the published edition of Oblivion . This included detailed depictions of blood and gore and sexually explicit content . The sexually explicit content was an art file , made accessible by a third @-@ party modification called the Oblivion Topless Mod , that rendered the game with topless female characters .
+
+In response to the new content , the ESRB conducted a new review of Oblivion , showing to its reviewers the content originally submitted by the game 's publisher along with the newly disclosed content . The new review resulted in an M rating . The ESRB reported that Bethesda Softworks , the game 's developer and publisher , would promptly notify all retailers of the change , issue stickers for retailers and distributors to affix on the product , display the new rating in all following product shipments and marketing , and create a downloadable patch rendering the topless skin inaccessible . Bethesda complied with the request , but issued a press release declaring their disagreement with the ESRB 's rationale . Although certain retailers began to check for ID before selling Oblivion as a result of the change , and the change elicited criticism for the ESRB , the events passed by with little notice from the public at large . Other commentators remarked on the injustice of punishing a company for the actions of its clients , and one called the event a " pseudo @-@ sequel " to the Hot Coffee minigame controversy .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+= = = ESRB review process = = =
+
+The ESRB 's review process involves the submission , by the game 's publisher , of a video which captures all " pertinent content " in the game , where pertinent content is defined as any content that accurately reflects both the " most extreme content of the final product " and " the final product as a whole . " That is to say , it must depict the " relative frequency " of said content . As ESRB President Patricia Vance explains it , the ESRB would not just want a " tape of one extreme cut to another , " but rather " context for the storyline , the missions , the features and functionality of a game , so that the raters really can get exposed to a pretty reasonable sense of what they 'd experience playing the game . " The fact that the content of Oblivion under investigation was inaccessible during normal play made no difference in the decision . ESRB policy had been " absolutely clear " since the Hot Coffee controversy , Patricia Vance told a reporter . Publishers were told that they could not leave unfinished or other pertinent content on a disc . If locked @-@ out content was " pertinent to a rating , " ESRB policy stated that it needed to be disclosed , and Bethesda had not done so .
+
+= = = Oblivion Topless Mod = = =
+
+Released in March 2006 and reported on game news sites as a curiosity in April of the same year , the Oblivion Topless Mod had been created by a woman calling herself " Maeyanie . " Maeyanie created the mod in protest against what she called " government / society / whatever forcing companies to ' protect our innocent population from seeing those evil dirty things 50 % of them possess personally anyways . ' " The gaming website Joystiq reported on the mod on April 6 , 2006 : " Modders are already hard at work on bending the code of the recently released PC version of Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion to their will . Early success : topless mod FTW ! " Kotaku , another gaming site , reporting on the mod on April 5 , 2006 , didn 't consider the mod anything new and said , " As usual in the world of computer gaming , one of the very first mods released for a popular game allows you to see the breasts of the main character . " The content of the mod , wrote commentator Michael Zenke , Editor of Slashdot games , was fairly tame . Without nudity of the lower torso , and without self @-@ consciousness on the part of the nude NPCs , Zenke wrote , the Oblivion Topless Mod was " as erotic as a doctor 's visit . " Pete Hines had discussed the mod with GameSpot staff before the game was re @-@ rated , saying that he did not consider it a concern . " We can 't control and don 't condone the actions of anyone who alters the game so that it displays material that may be considered offensive . We haven 't received any complaints on the issue from anyone . "
+
+= = = ESRB re @-@ review and rating change = = =
+
+During these investigations ESRB staff also found more blood and gore than the review tape had portrayed :
+
+What Bethesda had originally disclosed to us , as an example : In that section of the game , there is a hanging corpse . What they disclosed to us was a hanging corpse in the dark , pretty far away and without much detail . And yet , when you bring a torch up to the hanging corpse in the actual game , you can see that it 's very mutilated with lots of blood and bones . That was a very different depiction , far more intense , far more extreme than what had been disclosed to us .
+
+In response to the new content , the ESRB hastily conducted a new review of Oblivion , showing to its reviewers the content originally submitted by Bethesda along with the newly disclosed content . The new review resulted in a Mature rating . The ESRB reported that Bethesda , to correct for the discrepancy , would promptly notify all retailers of the change , issue stickers for retailers and distributors to affix on the product , display the new rating in all following product shipments and marketing , and create a patch for download rendering the topless skin inaccessible . In line with its stated mission of informing consumers regarding the age @-@ suitability of its marked games , the ESRB also released an ESRB Parent Advisory , ensuring that parents would be " immediately notified " of the change .
+
+= = Industry impact = =
+
+= = = Retailer response = = =
+
+Following news of the rating change on May 3 , 2006 , the Interactive Entertainment Merchants Association ( IEMA ) , an organization of game retailers , which had previously eased the adoption of industry @-@ wide ratings enforcement , issued its own statement , lauding its own retailers for the speed with which they reacted to the rating change . The IEMA release further stated that identification was needed to secure the purchase of Mature @-@ rated games at roughly the same rate as was needed for R @-@ rated film admission . In compliance with the ESRB 's further demand that Bethesda request retailers " to adhere to their respective store policies not to sell the newly rated M ( Mature ) game to those under the age of 17 , " several retailers had begun to include cash register prompts tied to the game 's bar code , instructing the cashier to ask for ID . A report by Gamasutra observed that some retailers — Circuit City specifically — were even pulling the game from their shelves entirely , " presumably until rating modifications can be made . "
+
+= = = Publisher response = = =
+
+Following the announcement of the rating change , Bethesda issued their own press release . Bethesda announced that it was their organization , not Take @-@ Two Interactive , that had handled the ratings application , and that they stood behind it . Bethesda would not contest the change , and would promptly seek to implement the ESRB 's demands , without demanding a product recall . Nonetheless , Bethesda stated that Oblivion was not typical of Mature rated titles , and did not contain " central themes of violence " common to such titles . The response asserted that Bethesda 's submission to the ESRB was " full , accurate , and comprehensive , " following the forms and requirements published by the ESRB , and that nothing was withheld . Bethesda stressed that there was no nudity in their game without a modification , that the company " didn 't create a game with nudity " and did not intend for nudity to appear in their game . " Bethesda can not control tampering with Oblivion by third parties , " the press release concluded .
+
+= = = Rating agency response outside the United States = = =
+
+The British Board of Film Classification ( BBFC ) , the ESRB 's counterpart in the United Kingdom , did not change its rating of 15 . " Were it the case that the developer themselves had included and failed to disclose certain modifications of content , a recall may be required , but not as a result of a patch that has been placed on the Internet by a third party , " a BBFC spokesperson told GamesIndustry.biz reporters on May 4 , 2006 . Any modifications made after release fall outside the powers of the Video Recordings Act .
+
+In July 2007 , the Pan European Game Information ( PEGI ) announced that it was extending its purview to cover " games playable online via consoles , PCs and mobiles . " Websites or online retail games participating in the program would be granted a PEGI Online logo , specifying whether " the particular game or site is under the control of an operator that cares about protecting young people . " An article by gaming website Shacknews noted at the time that PEGI 's initiative would address the concerns US publishers had with user @-@ created mods for San Andreas and Oblivion : responsibility for such mods would be placed on the participating publishers .
+
+= = Public impact = =
+
+The events passed by with little concern from either the public or gaming journalists in particular . Zenke attributed the draw in attention to bigger stories that came later in May . The news , for example , came just a week before E3 2006 , the last E3 before the show changed from a grand spectacle to a reserved industry @-@ only affair . The story did not pass completely unnoticed , as certain commentators issued statements regarding the issue in the days following the re @-@ rating . On May 4 , 2006 , then @-@ California Assemblyman Leland Yee used the rating change to criticize the ESRB . Yee , who had previously called on the ESRB to change their rating of Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas to AO ( Adults Only 18 + ) , issued a statement criticizing the ESRB for deceiving parents . Yee chastised the ESRB for failing parents again , and demonstrating their inability to police themselves . Yee called the ESRB 's rating system drastically flawed , and called for further legislation to assist parents and protect children . Attorney and activist Jack Thompson sought talk show appearances over the issue , planning to explain to prospective interviewers why the re @-@ rating issue was an even worse disaster than the Hot Coffee scandal , as children of all ages had already bought the game . The ESRB , Thompson said , had learned nothing from its past mistakes .
+
+Game designer John Romero , lead designer of Doom , posted a statement in his blog criticizing the modders responsible :
+
+Now what 's going to happen ? You 'll probably start seeing game data files becoming encrypted and the open door on assets getting slammed shut just to keep modders from financially screwing the company they should be helping . And the day a game company 's file encryption is hacked to add porn and the case goes to the ESRB for review – that 's when we 'll see how well game companies are protected from these antics and what the courts will rule . Hopefully it 'll be on the developer 's side .
+
+When the ratings change came , Zenke saw political caution in the move , rather than an intelligent response to new content . Previous scandals had forced the Board 's hand , and the ratings change was an act of self @-@ preservation . Zenke , writing in June 2007 for online gaming magazine The Escapist , criticized the public for its failure to respond to the rating change , and emphasized what the change would mean to moddable games . At the core of Zenke 's article was concern that a developer or publisher could be punished for content they neither produced nor distributed . Echoing Romero 's concerns , Zenke saw the rating change as a threat , not only to modders , but to developers as well . Zenke asked what the ESRB would do in response to " Game 3 @.@ 0 " concepts , where community involvement is key . Referring to Sony 's LittleBigPlanet , Zenke asked , " Will Sony provide personnel to review every fan @-@ made level for offensive content ? Will the ESRB ? "
+
+The Escapist , thinking the issues of a year past long since died down , especially since they hadn 't aroused much concern on first coming to light , did not expect the discord that ensued ; response on their forums was heated , and the ESRB took " vigorous exception " to the piece . Zenke conducted a follow @-@ up interview with ESRB President Patricia Vance . In regard to what is considered by the ESRB for rating a game , Vance stated , " Our policies are quite clear : it 's what 's created by the publisher and included on the disc , not what 's created or introduced by a mod . The mod may unlock it , the mod may make it accessible , but again , going back to the publisher 's burden ; putting the accountability on the publisher to fully account for the content that they create and they ship – that 's all we care about . " Vance went on to state that " ESRB can 't rate content that is created by other players . We never have , we never tried , nor will we ever , " and that the only warning ESRB issues regarding third @-@ party content is " Game Experience May Change During Online Play . "
+
+= Development of Duke Nukem Forever =
+
+The video game Duke Nukem Forever spent fifteen years in development , from 1996 to 2011 . It is a first @-@ person shooter for PC , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , developed by 3D Realms , Triptych Games , Gearbox Software and Piranha Games . It is a sequel to the 1996 game Duke Nukem 3D , as part of the long @-@ running Duke Nukem video game series . Intended to be groundbreaking , Duke Nukem Forever has become infamous in the video games industry and was considered vaporware due to its severely protracted development schedule ; the game had been in development under 3D Realms since 1996 . Director George Broussard , one of the creators of the original Duke Nukem game , first announced the title 's development in April 1997 , and promotional information for the game was released in one form or another from 1997 until its release in 2011 .
+
+After repeatedly announcing and deferring release dates , 3D Realms announced in 2001 that it would be released simply " when it 's done " . In May 2009 , 3D Realms was downsized for financial reasons , resulting in the loss of the game 's development team . Statements by the company indicated that the project was due to " go gold " soon with pictures of final development . Take @-@ Two Interactive , which owns the publishing rights to the game , filed a lawsuit in 2009 against 3D Realms over their " failure to finish development " . 3D Realms retorted that Take @-@ Two 's legal interest in the game is limited to their publishing right . The case was settled with prejudice and details undisclosed in May 2010 . On September 3 , 2010 , 14 years after the start of the development , Duke Nukem Forever was officially reported by 2K Games to be in development at Gearbox Software , with an expected release date of 2011 . The official release date was then revealed to be May 3 , 2011 , in North America , with a worldwide release following on May 6 , 2011 . This was however delayed by a month to June 10 internationally with a North American release on June 14 . Duke Nukem Forever was finally released after 15 years of development on June 10 , 2011 , to mostly negative reviews .
+
+= = Background = =
+
+Scott Miller was a lifelong gamer who released his text @-@ based video games as shareware in the 1980s . By 1988 , the shareware business was a $ 10 to $ 20 million a year market , but the distribution method had never been tried for video games . Miller found that gamers were not willing to pay for something they could get for free , so he came up with the idea of offering only the opening levels of his games ; players could purchase the game to receive the rest of the game . George Broussard , whom Miller met while he was in high school , joined Miller at his company , Apogee , which published and marketed games developed by other companies . While Miller was quiet , with a head for business , Broussard was an enthusiastic " creative impresario " . Apogee ( from which a new brand name was made in 1994 , 3D Realms ) grew from a small startup to a successful corporation . Among the titles they published was id Software 's Commander Keen in 1990 and Wolfenstein 3D in 1992 . Commander Keen met great success , leading to the development of many sidescrollers for the DOS platform , including many developed by Apogee and using the same engine that powered the Keen games , and Wolfenstein was highly successful , popularizing 3D gaming and establishing the first @-@ person shooter ( FPS ) genre .
+
+By 1994 , Broussard began working on 3D Realms ' own first @-@ person shooter . Rather than the faceless marine of other games , players assumed the role of Duke Nukem , the title character of a pair of 2D platforms from Apogee , Duke Nukem and Duke Nukem II . Broussard described Duke as " a combo of John Wayne , Clint Eastwood , and Arnold Schwarzenegger . " After a year and a half of work , Duke Nukem 3D was released in January 1996 . Among game aspects that appealed to players were environmental interaction and adult @-@ oriented content — including blood and strippers . Buoyed by the success , Broussard announced a follow @-@ up , Duke Nukem Forever .
+
+= = Quake II engine , 1996 – 1998 = =
+
+Duke Nukem Forever was officially announced on April 28 , 1997 , with the intention of releasing the game no later than mid @-@ 1998 . Barely a year after the release of Duke Nukem 3D , the game 's graphics and its game engine , the Build engine , were antiquated . Id Software 's new Quake II engine was far superior to Build , so Broussard decided to license it . The price spent for the licensing rights was steep — estimates were as high as $ 500 @,@ 000 — but Broussard reasoned that it would save time used to write a game engine from scratch . Broussard and Miller were flush with cash from the sales of Duke Nukem 3D and other games , so they decided to fund Duke Nukem Forever themselves , turning marketing and publishing rights over to GT Interactive .
+
+In August and September , the first screenshots of Duke Nukem Forever were released in PC Gamer . However , 3D Realms did not receive the Quake II engine code until November 1997 , and the earlier screenshots were mock @-@ ups with the Quake engine that the team had made in their spare time . 3D Realms unveiled the first video footage of Duke Nukem Forever using the Quake II engine at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) conference . The trailer showed Duke fighting on the back of a moving truck and firefights with aliens . While critics were impressed , Broussard was not happy with the progress being made .
+
+= = Unreal engine , 1998 – 2003 = =
+
+Soon after the release of the Quake II engine , Epic Games had unveiled its own Unreal Engine . The Unreal Engine was more realistic than Quake II and was better suited to producing open spaces — 3D Realms had been struggling to render the Nevada desert . Soon after E3 , a programmer suggested that they make the switch . After discussions , the developers unanimously agreed to the change , which would mean scrapping much of their work so far , including significant changes 3D Realms had made to the Quake Engine . In June 1998 , 14 months after the Quake II announcement , 3D Realms made the switch announcement . Broussard said that the game would not be " significantly delayed " by the switch , but that the project would be back to where it was at E3 " within a month to six weeks " . Broussard also said that no content seen in the E3 trailer would be lost . Chris Hargrove , one of the game 's programmers at the time , confided that the change amounted to a complete reboot of the project .
+
+By the end of 1999 , Duke Nukem Forever had missed several release dates and was largely unfinished ; half the game 's weapons remained concepts . Broussard shot back at criticisms of the game 's lengthy development time as the price paid for developing complex modern games : A significant factor contributing to the game 's protracted development was that Broussard was continually looking to add new elements to the game . A running joke at 3D Realms was to stop Broussard from seeing a new video game , as he would want to include portions of it in Duke Nukem Forever . Later that year , Broussard decided to upgrade to a new version of the Unreal engine that was designed for multiplayer matches . Former employees recalled that Broussard did not have a plan for what the finished game would look like . At the same time , GT Interactive was facing higher @-@ than @-@ expected losses and hired Bear Stearns to look into selling the company or merging it . Later that year , Infogrames Entertainment announced it was purchasing a controlling interest in GT Interactive . The publishing rights for Duke Nukem Forever passed to Gathering of Developers in early December 2000 .
+
+To placate anxious fans , Broussard decided to create another trailer for E3 2001 — it was the first public look at the game in three years . The video showed a couple of minutes of in @-@ game footage , which notably showed the player moving in what appears to be Las Vegas and a certain level of interactivity ( the player buys a sandwich from a vending machine and pushes each individual button on a keypad with Duke 's outstretched finger ) . The trailer was impressive , and Duke Nukem was the talk of the convention ; IGN reported on the game 's graphics , saying , " Characters come to life with picturesque facial animations that are synced perfectly with speech , hair that swings as they bob their heads , eyes that follow gazes , and more . The particle effects system , meanwhile , boasts impressive explosion effects with shimmering fire , shattered glass , and blood spilt in every direction [ ... ] Add in real @-@ time lighting effects , interactive environments , and a variation in locales unequaled in any other first @-@ person shooter and you begin to see and understand why Duke Nukem Forever has been one of the most hotly anticipated titles over the last couple of years . " Duke Nukem Forever looked as good or better than most games , and staff at 3D Realms recalled a sense of elation after the presentation ; " The video was just being eaten up by people , " one said . " We were so far ahead of other people at the time . " While many of the staff expected Broussard to make a push for finishing the game , however , he still did not have a finished product in mind . Following the death of one of Gathering of Developers ' co @-@ founders and continuing financial problems , the publishers ' Texas @-@ based offices were shut down and absorbed into parent company Take @-@ Two Interactive .
+
+= = Conflict with Take @-@ Two , 2003 – 2006 = =
+
+By 2003 , only 18 people at 3D Realms were working on the game . One former employee said that Broussard and Miller were still operating on a " 1995 mentality " , before games became large @-@ team , big budget development affairs . Because they were financing the project themselves , the developers could also ignore pressure from their publisher ; their standard reply to when Duke Nukem Forever would ship was " when it 's done " . In 2003 , Take @-@ Two CEO Jeffrey Lapin reported that the game would not be out that year . He further said the company was writing off $ 5 @.@ 5 million from its earnings due to Duke Nukem Forever 's lengthy development time . Broussard shot back that " Take @-@ Two needs to STFU ... We don ’ t want Take @-@ Two saying stupid @-@ ass things in public for the sole purposes of helping their stock . It 's our time and our money we are spending on the game . So either we 're absolutely stupid and clueless , or we believe in what we are working on . " Later that year , Lapin said 3D Realms had told him that Duke Nukem Forever was expected to be finished by the end of 2004 , or the beginning of 2005 .
+
+In 2004 , video game website GameSpot reported that Duke Nukem Forever had switched to the Doom 3 engine . Many gaming news sites mailed Broussard , asking him to confirm or deny the rumor . After receiving no answer from him , they published the rumor as fact , but Broussard explicitly denied the rumor soon after . Soon after 3D Realms replaced the game 's Karma physics system with one designed by Meqon , a relatively unknown Swedish firm . Closed @-@ doors demonstrations of the technology suggested that the physics of Duke Nukem Forever would be a step up from the critically acclaimed Half @-@ Life 2 . Rumors suggested that the game would appear at 2005 E3 . While 3D Realms ' previously canceled Prey made an appearance , the rumors of Duke Nukem Forever 's appearance proved false .
+
+Broussard reported in a January 2006 interview that many of Duke Nukem Forever 's elements had been finished ; " we 're just basically pulling it all together and trying to make it fun " . Later that year Broussard demonstrated samples of the game , including an early level , a vehicle sequence , and a few test rooms . Among the features seen was the interactive use of an in @-@ game computer to send actual e @-@ mails . The developer seemed contrite and affected by the long delays ; while a journalist demoed the game Broussard referenced note cards and constantly apologized for the state of the game . In filing with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission , Take @-@ Two revealed they had renegotiated the Duke Nukem Forever deal , with the former publisher receiving $ 4 @.@ 25 million instead of $ 6 million on release of the game . Take @-@ Two offered a $ 500 @,@ 000 bonus if Duke Nukem Forever was commercially released by December 31 , 2006 . However , Broussard denied the rumors that DNF would be released , saying that 3D Realms never cared for or asked for the bonus . He stated that he would " never ship a game early . "
+
+Some of the staff were tired of the delays — Duke Nukem Forever was the only 3D game many had worked on , giving them little to put on a resume , and as much of 3D Realms ' payment hinged on profit @-@ sharing after release , the continual delays meant deferred income . By August 2006 , between 7 – 10 employees had left since 2005 , a majority of the Duke Nukem Forever team ( which in recent months had shrunk to around 18 staff ) . While Shacknews speculated that the departures would lead to further delays , 3D Realms denied the claims , stating that the employees had left over a number of months and that the game was still moving ahead . Creative director Raphael van Lierop , hired in 2007 , played through the completed content and realized that there was more finished than he expected . Lierop told Broussard that he felt they could push the game and " blow everyone out of the water " , but Broussard responded that the game was still two years away from completion .
+
+= = 3D Realms final years in development , 2007 – 2009 = =
+
+The long delay strained Broussard and Miller 's relationship , and by the end of 2006 , Broussard appeared to become serious about shipping the title . On January 25 and May 22 , 2007 , Broussard posted two Gamasutra job ads with small screenshots of Duke Nukem and an enemy , which he later confirmed were real in @-@ game screenshots . The team doubled in size within a short timeframe . Among the new hires was project lead Brian Hook , who became the first person to successfully resist Broussard 's requests for changes .
+
+A new game trailer was released on December 19 , 2007 , the first teaser in more than six years . The video was made by 3D Realms employees as part of holiday festivities . While Broussard maintained the release date would be " when it 's done " , he added that " you can expect more frequent media releases [ and ] we have considerable work behind us " . While the Dallas Business Journal " confirmed " a 2008 release date for the game , Broussard later reported that this was based on a misunderstanding of " off the record " information . In @-@ game footage of the game appeared in 2008 premiere episode of The Jace Hall Show . Filmed entirely on hand @-@ held cameras but not originally expected to be publicly released , the video showed host Jason Hall playing through parts of a single level on a PC at 3D Realms ' offices . The footage was confirmed to have been shot six months prior to the episode air date and according to Broussard , contained outdated particle and combat effects that had since been replaced . The game did not make an appearance at E3 2008 , an event which Miller described as " irrelevant " .
+
+While the game neared completion , the funding began to dry up . Having spent more than $ 20 million of their own money , Broussard and Miller asked Take @-@ Two for $ 6 million to complete the game . According to Broussard and Miller , Take @-@ Two initially agreed , but then only offered $ 2 @.@ 5 million . Take @-@ Two maintained that they offered $ 2 @.@ 5 million up front and another $ 2 @.@ 5 million on completion . Broussard rejected the counteroffer , and on May 6 , 2009 , suspended all development .
+
+= = DNF team laid off and 3D Realms downsized , 2009 – 2010 = =
+
+3D Realms laid off the DNF staff on May 8 , 2009 due to lack of funding , but inside sources claimed it would still operate as a smaller company . Development on DNF halted , and its fate was unknown . Publisher Take @-@ Two Interactive , in response , stated that they still held the publishing rights for Duke Nukem Forever , but they were not funding the game . Prior to and after the action , unreleased screenshots , concept art , pictures of models from the game and a goodbye message from 3D Realms were posted by alleged former employees . Similar leaks followed after May 8 , 2009 .
+
+Take @-@ Two filed a lawsuit against 3D Realms over their failure to complete Duke Nukem Forever , citing that they paid $ 12 million to Infogrames in 2000 to acquire the publishing rights . 3D Realms argued , however , that they never received that money , as it was a direct agreement between Infogrames and Take @-@ Two . The lawsuit seemed to be over a contractual breach , but not regarding the $ 12 million mentioned above . Take @-@ Two asked for a restraining order and a preliminary injunction , to make 3D Realms keep the Duke Nukem Forever assets intact during proceedings , but the court denied the publisher 's request for a temporary restraining order . In December 2009 , Apogee CEO Scott Miller clarified that " we 've never said that Duke Nukem Forever has ceased development , [ though ] we released the internal team , but that doesn 't correlate to the demise of the project . "
+
+3D Realms made plans to hire an " external " developer to complete the progress while continuing to downsize itself , resulting in development on another title known as Duke Begins being halted . An unofficial compilation of gameplay footage was also released in December 2009 . By 2010 , 3D Realms and Take @-@ Two had settled the lawsuit and dismissed it with prejudice .
+
+= = Gearbox revival and release , 2010 – 2011 = =
+
+Despite the discontinuation of internal game development at 3D Realms , development of the game did not cease entirely . Nine ex @-@ employees including key personnel like Allen Blum , continued game development throughout 2009 from their homes . These employees would later become Triptych Games , an independent studio housed in the same building as Gearbox , with whom they collaborated on the project .
+
+After ceasing internal game development , 3D Realms approached noted game developers Gearbox Software and asked them if they were interested in helping Triptych Games polish the nearly finished PC version and port it to the consoles . Gearbox CEO Randy Pitchford , who had worked on an expansion to Duke Nukem 3D and very briefly on Forever before he left to found Gearbox , felt that " Duke can 't die " and decided that he was going to help " in Duke ’ s time of need . " He started providing funding for the game and contacted 2K Games ' president to persuade his company that Gearbox and Triptych can complete the development of the game and get it released on all platforms in time . Duke Nukem Forever was originally intended to be a PC exclusive game , however 2K and Gearbox had hired Piranha Games to port the game designed for PC to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 and added a Multiplayer in order to raise sales .
+
+The game was officially re @-@ announced at the Penny Arcade Expo 2010 on September 3 , 2010 . It was the first time in the game 's development history that gamers were able to actually try the game — according to Pitchford , " the line has gotten up to four hours long to see the game " . Gearbox Software subsequently purchased the Duke Nukem intellectual property from 3D Realms , and 2K Games held the exclusive long @-@ term publishing rights of the game .
+
+Development was almost complete with only minor polishing to be done before the game was to be released in 2011 . A playable demo of Duke Nukem Forever was released once Gearbox figured out the timing , with purchasers of the Game of the Year Edition of Borderlands gaining early access . The demo is unexpectedly different from the versions available at PAX and Firstlook . Those that purchased Borderlands on Valve 's Steam prior to October 12 , 2010 got the code for the demo without the need to buy the Game of the Year edition of the game . Duke Nukem Forever was initially scheduled for release on May 3 in the United States and May 6 internationally and after another delay was finally released on June 14 in North America and June 10 worldwide , nearly four weeks after the game had ' gone gold ' within 15 years .
+
+= = Press coverage = =
+
+Wired News has awarded Duke Nukem Forever its Vaporware Award several times . It placed second in June 2000 and topped the list in 2001 and 2002 . Wired magazine created the Vaporware Lifetime Achievement Award exclusively for DNF and awarded it in 2003 . George Broussard accepted the award , simply stating , " We 're undeniably late and we know it . " In 2004 , the game did not make the top 10 ; Wired editors said that they had given DNF the Lifetime Achievement Award to get it off of the list . However , upon readers ' demands , Wired changed its mind , and DNF won first place in 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 . In 2008 , Wired staff officially considered removing DNF from their annual list , citing that " even the best jokes get old eventually " , only to reconsider upon viewing the handheld camera footage of the game in The Jace Hall Show , awarding the game with first place once again . In 2009 , Wired published Wired News ' Vaporware Awards 2009 : Duke Nukem Forever was excluded from consideration on the grounds that the project was finally dead . Duke made a comeback with an unprecedented 11th place award on Wired 's 2010 Vaporware list . When the GameSpy editors compiled a list of the " Top 25 Dumbest Moments in Gaming History " in June 2003 , Duke Nukem Forever placed # 18 . Duke Nukem Forever has drawn a number of jokes related to its development timeline . The video gaming media and public in general have routinely suggested several names in place of Forever , calling it " Never " , " ( Taking ) Forever " , " Whenever " , " ForNever " , " Neverever " , and " If Ever " . The game has also been ridiculed as Duke Nukem : Forever In Development , " Either this is the longest game ever in production or an elaborate in @-@ joke at the expense of the industry " .
+
+= = Additional references = =
+
+= A Tale of Two Cities ( Lost ) =
+
+" A Tale of Two Cities " is the third season premiere , and 50th episode overall , of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) ' s serial drama television series Lost . The episode was written by co @-@ creators / executive producers J. J. Abrams and Damon Lindelof , based on a story by Lindelof and directed by executive producer Jack Bender . The episode begins with the introduction of Juliet Burke ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) and The Barracks . The character of Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) is featured in the episode 's flashbacks . This is the only episode of the series other than the pilot to have been co @-@ written by J.J. Abrams .
+
+When the episode first aired on October 4 , 2006 , in the United States , it was watched by an average of 19 million American viewers , making it the fourth most watched episode of the week . It premiered to generally positive reviews , with many praising Mitchell 's new character .
+
+= = Plot = =
+
+= = = Flashbacks = = =
+
+In Jack 's flashbacks , Jack is going through a divorce from his wife Sarah ( Julie Bowen ) . He demands to know who she has been dating , but she refuses to tell him , so he spies on her and steals her cell phone . He proceeds to call every number in her phone , and his father Christian Shephard 's ( John Terry ) cell phone rings . After following Christian to an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting , Jack accuses him of sleeping with his wife and physically attacks him . After Jack is arrested , Sarah pays his bail , and tells him Christian is no longer sober . She then leaves with an unidentified man , after telling Jack that " now [ he has ] something to fix . "
+
+= = = On the Island = = =
+
+New character Juliet Burke ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) prepares for a book club meeting in a modern suburban home . The club is in a heated discussion of Stephen King 's Carrie , when they are interrupted by what sounds like an earthquake . The group leaves Juliet 's house and Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) , previously known as " Henry Gale " to the survivors , appears along with Ethan Rom ( William Mapother ) , looking up to watch Oceanic Flight 815 break apart in mid @-@ air . Ben quickly orders Goodwin ( Brett Cullen ) and Ethan to join the survivors , stay undercover , and provide " lists in three days . " The camera zooms out to reveal that the suburb is actually on the Island and is inhabited by The Others , while in the background the smoke trail of the midsection and tail section of Flight 815 can be seen .
+
+Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) wakes up on the floor of a locker room . Tom ( M.C. Gainey ) allows her to have a shower and afterwards , forces her to change into a dress , after which she is led to an elegant breakfast on the beach with Ben , who tells her to put on handcuffs before she can eat . She asks him why he is doing this , and he tells her that he wanted to give her something pleasant to remember , as the next two weeks will be " very unpleasant " . James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) wakes up in a cage in the jungle . A teenager , Karl ( Blake Bashoff ) , in a nearby cage initially ignores Sawyer but then later expresses interest in Sawyer 's camp and unlocks his cage then Sawyer 's . However , they are both caught and Tom makes Karl , who is now beaten and bloody , apologize to Sawyer before taking the teen away . Sawyer figures out the mechanical puzzle in his cage , though Tom says it " only took the bears two hours . " Kate is then put in Karl 's ( now empty ) cage .
+
+Jack wakes up in a cell in the Hydra Station , where Juliet gently interrogates him . At one point Jack attacks her and attempts to escape , holding an improvised weapon at her throat . He orders her to open a door , but she refuses to comply , claiming that doing so would kill them both . Ben appears and agrees that opening the door will kill them all . Jack throws Juliet away , and then opens the door . As Ben dashes back through the door he came in , water starts rushing into the hallway . Juliet helps Jack struggle into an adjoining room , tells him to push a button which she had previously mentioned was for emergencies . He does so and she knocks him unconscious . When he awakes , she shows Jack a file which she says contains documents about his entire life . Juliet asks Jack if he has any questions about Sarah . After a pause , he asks , " Is she happy ? " Juliet replies yes , and walks outside , and Ben congratulates her on a job well done .
+
+= = Production = =
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+= = = Casting = = =
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+" A Tale of Two Cities " was the first episode to introduce the character of Juliet . The actress who plays her , Elizabeth Mitchell , was cast in late July 2006 as a new series regular , who was meant to be a possible love interest for Jack . Mitchell has commented her first or second day of shooting was the opening sequence , when the Others watched Oceanic 815 fall out of the sky . When she first met actor Matthew Fox they briefly introduced themselves , but most of their initial conversation was in regard to the script and their characters . Mitchell found this helpful while shooting the premiere 's scenes , since then they knew the other as their characters , and not as Matthew and Elizabeth . The scene in which Jack yells at Juliet , and she responds " No Jack , I think you 're stubborn " , was used as her audition scene . One of the Others , Amelia , was played by the elderly Julie Adams , who was the protagonist in Creature from the Black Lagoon .
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+Previous guest actors William Mapother , Julie Bowen , M.C. Gainey , Brett Cullen , and John Terry made brief appearances in the episode . The premiere marked the first appearances of recurring guest actors Blake Bashoff and Stephen Semel . In addition to Mitchell 's new billing , only four other characters of star billing appeared in the episode : Michael Emerson , depicting Ben Linus , was promoted to a main character for the third season ; the other three were Matthew Fox playing Jack Shephard , Evangeline Lilly as Kate Austen and Josh Holloway as Sawyer . Henry Ian Cusick was also promoted to a main character as Desmond Hume , along with new characters Nikki and Paulo , played by Kiele Sanchez and Rodrigo Santoro respectively . Malcolm David Kelley ( Walt Lloyd ) , Harold Perrineau ( Michael Dawson ) , Michelle Rodriguez ( Ana Lucia Cortez ) , and Cynthia Watros ( Libby ) were no longer credited as main characters after each of their characters were written out at the end of the previous season .
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+= = = Writing = = =
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+Co @-@ creators and executive producers Damon Lindelof and J.J. Abrams wrote the premiere 's teleplay based upon a story by Lindelof . The episode was Abrams ' first Lost writing credit since the pilot . They laid out the third season with the idea of " us versus them " ; Carlton Cuse , a showrunner , explained , " And who is us ? And who is them ? I mean I think we all tend to objectify people who we don 't know much about and I think that 's the audience 's view of The Others right now -- they are bad , they are the malevolent force on the island . But over the course of the stories we 're going to be telling this season on the show we expect the audience 's view of The Others to change a lot . "
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+The opening sequence of the episode was meant to replicate the same idea of season 2 's premiere " Man of Science , Man of Faith " , where what seems to be a flashback is instead set on a new part of the island . Director Jack Bender questioned what Jack 's goal was when he pulled on the chain , but Lindelof told him not to worry , because " Fox will sell it , and he did " . Lindelof described when Jack attacks his father at the AA meeting as " pot @-@ committed ... it basically means you put so much money on the bluff , you can 't fold your cards " . The scene with Kate in a dress was inspired by Raiders of the Lost Ark , where Belloq gives a dress for Marion Ravenwood to wear , and was intended to make " tom @-@ boyish " Kate feel vulnerable . The title , inspired by Charles Dickens ' eponymous novel , refers to the reveal of another " city " on the island with the place where the Others live , in addition to the castaways ' beach camp . The episode has only three characters of the second season 's main cast , Jack , Kate and Sawyer . Lindelof later described this limited scope as " a mistake , when the audience is away from the show for that long , they want to see everybody " , causing the following season openers to have scenes with most of the main characters .
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+In the episode , Tom tells Kate that she is not his type . This comment resulted in online discussion in regard to Tom 's sexual orientation , and Lindelof and Cuse hinted that a Lost character would later be outed . Gainey joked , " if [ Kate 's ] not your type , you 're gay " , and began playing the character as such . After the broadcast of " Meet Kevin Johnson " , Lindelof and Cuse confirmed that the line from the third season premiere is an allusion to Tom 's sexuality , but felt that it needed to be explicitly confirmed in the show , although Lindelof noted that the confirmation scene in " Meet Kevin Johnson " " was not subtle , to say the least " . The beginning of the episode featured a scene where Juliet and Amelia discuss Ben 's feelings for Juliet , which was shot but deleted . This scene was later made into the twelfth " Lost : Missing Pieces " mobisode , " The Envelope " .
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+= = = Filming = = =
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+The exterior of the Hydra was shot in an abandoned theme park , which art director Andrew Murdock thought it fit as a location for the " kind of blocky , 80 's @-@ style architecture " , where everything was " aged , industrial , and a little bit larger , and a little bit unusual " . The opening sequence features Petula Clark 's " Downtown " , a song that would later be used in another third season episode featuring Juliet . Another song heard in the premiere , " Moonlight Serenade by Glenn Miller , was first used in the season two episode " The Long Con " . Lindelof has stated the songs they choose for Lost were often inspired from his childhood , when his mother would vacuum to music on Sundays .
+
+= = Reception = =
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+On its original broadcast in the United States on ABC , the premiere was watched by an estimated 18 @.@ 82 million viewers , making it the most watched episode of the night and the fourth most watched of the week . " A Tale of Two Cities " had four million less viewers than the previous season premiere . In Canada , the episode was watched by 1 @.@ 972 million viewers on CTV , easily winning its timeslot . In the United Kingdom , " A Tale of Two Cities " was broadcast on November 22 along with follow @-@ up " The Glass Ballerina " in Lost 's first broadcast after changing to Sky1 . With 1 @.@ 549 million viewers , it was most watched program of the week on the non @-@ terrestrial channels .
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+IGN 's Chris Carabott rated the premiere 9 / 10 , calling the " peek into the life of The Others ... exceptionally done " and the non @-@ appearance of the other survivors " a smart move " . Carabott also praised Jack 's flashbacks , writing " Previously , Jack has been written as the white knight and reluctant hero who everyone looked to in their time of need . The more chinks they show in Jack 's armor , the better - the more human he becomes . " He called " Juliet ... a promising new character who will hopefully add a new dimension to The Others this season " and concluded his review by calling the episode " a solid season opener " . Robert Bianco from USA Today praised the opening scene and called the episode " a fine start for a great series " but with reservations . Bianco wished Jack would " win one again for the team " , and was fearful that Lost could eventually become like Alias , " a series that became so entranced by its puzzle and its villains that it let the main characters vanish behind them " .
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+On a list of Lost episodes , the Los Angeles Times ranked " A Tale of Two Cities " number 66 out of 113 episodes , explaining it was " Not bad . The introduction of Juliet is a killer , and Jack raging against the Others is fun . But many of the big revelations -- Ben 's name , for example -- aren 't very well handled . " On a similar list , IGN ranked the episode at number 38 ; they called the opening " one of the show 's characteristic fake @-@ outs " , and Jack 's flashbacks " not nearly as interesting as his first encounters with Juliet " .
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+Matthew Fox submitted this episode for consideration for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards .
+
+= Heffernan v. City of Paterson =
+
+Heffernan v. City of Paterson , No. 14 @-@ 1280 , 578 U.S. _ _ _ ( 2016 ) , was a United States Supreme Court case concerning the First Amendment rights of public employees . By a 6 – 2 margin , the Court held that a public employee 's constitutional rights might be violated when an employer disciplines them for the belief that the employee was engaging in protected speech , even if the employee never actually exercised their constitutional rights .
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+The case was brought after Jeffrey Heffernan , a detective with the Paterson , New Jersey , police force , went to a distribution center and picked up a lawn sign for the candidate challenging the city 's incumbent mayor in the 2005 election as a favor for his mother . While Heffernan himself did not actually support the candidate , after other officers saw him with the sign they told senior officers , including the police chief , who strongly supported the mayor . For his apparent support of the other candidate , they demoted Heffernan to beat patrol work as a uniformed officer .
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+Heffernan brought suit alleging that his demotion violated his First Amendment rights . The case took a decade to reach the Supreme Court . For most of that time it was in federal district court , where it was heard by three different judges . A jury verdict in Heffernan 's favor was set aside , and a later summary judgment in the city 's favor was overturned on appeal before being granted again in the third trial .
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+Writing for a majority of the Court , Justice Stephen Breyer stated that the department 's belief was all that mattered , since the Court 's precedent in this area holds it is unconstitutional for a government agency to discipline an employee ( who does not work under a contract that explicitly permits such discipline ) for engaging in partisan political activity , as long as that activity is not disruptive to the agency 's operations . Even if Heffernan was not engaging in protected speech , he wrote , the discipline against him sent a message to others not to exercise their rights . Justice Clarence Thomas wrote a dissenting opinion in which he was joined by Justice Samuel Alito , where he agreed that Heffnernan had been harmed , but his constitutional rights had not been violated .
+
+= = Legal background = =
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+The First Amendment guarantees the rights of freedom of speech and peaceable assembly , among others . While not explicitly mentioned , the Supreme Court has held that the right to assembly includes the freedom of association , particularly political association . These protections not only prohibit the government from passing laws which infringe upon these rights , but also from taking actions which would violate them . While the Bill of Rights — which includes the First Amendment — originally only applied to the federal government , the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment allowed for the application of the Bill of Rights to the states under the incorporation doctrine .
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+In order to better protect these rights in the Reconstruction era , Congress passed the Second Enforcement Act of 1871 at the request of president Ulysses S. Grant to better counter white supremacist organizations infringing on the voting rights of black citizens . The act provided a remedy for those citizens who were deprived of their constitutional rights under the " color of any statute , ordinance , regulation , custom , or usage , of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia " and is currently codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . With its decision in Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) , the Court expanded the reach of section 1983 such that it is now used as a method of checking abuse by state officials who infringe upon constitutionally protected rights .
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+The First Amendment protects public employees from retaliation by their employer when speaking on matters of public concern . In Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) the Court first articulated the right of public employees to be protected from dismissal for exercising their right to free speech . There , the Supreme Court ruled in favor of a teacher who was fired after writing a letter to a local newspaper critical of its handling of a recent bond issue . Eight years later , this protection from dismissal was extended to cover partisan political ideology and affiliation in Elrod v. Burns .
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+The Court however has recognized that the " government as employer " has wider constitutional latitude in its decisions than the " government as sovereign " . In order to adequately delineate the limits of the government @-@ as @-@ employer 's discretion , the Court developed a framework in Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) known as the Connick test . It consists of two prongs . The first is the threshold a plaintiff must pass to state a claim : the plaintiff must show that they were speaking on a matter of public concern . The second prong falls to the employer : they must show that the harm to workplace efficiency outweighs the harm caused by infringing upon the right to free speech .
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+In Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) the Court was faced with two differing accounts of the speech at issue . The question presented to the Court was whether the Connick test ought be applied to what the employer thought was said or what was actually said . The case revolved around a nurse dismissed for a conversation she had with a coworker . There was a discrepancy between what she argued was said and what her employer thought was said . Justice O 'Connor , joined by a plurality of justices , opined that the Connick test must be applied to the speech the employer thought occurred rather than that which the finder of fact determines did occur .