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webruby 0.2.7 → 0.9.1

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-<html>
-<head>
-<title>PLY Internals</title>
-</head>
-<body bgcolor="#ffffff">
-<h1>PLY Internals</h1>
-<b>
-David M. Beazley <br>
-dave@dabeaz.com<br>
-</b>
-<p>
-<b>PLY Version: 3.0</b>
-<p>
-<!-- INDEX -->
-<div class="sectiontoc">
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#internal_nn1">Introduction</a>
-<li><a href="#internal_nn2">Grammar Class</a>
-<li><a href="#internal_nn3">Productions</a>
-<li><a href="#internal_nn4">LRItems</a>
-<li><a href="#internal_nn5">LRTable</a>
-<li><a href="#internal_nn6">LRGeneratedTable</a>
-<li><a href="#internal_nn7">LRParser</a>
-<li><a href="#internal_nn8">ParserReflect</a>
-<li><a href="#internal_nn9">High-level operation</a>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<!-- INDEX -->
-<H2><a name="internal_nn1"></a>1. Introduction</H2>
-This document describes classes and functions that make up the internal
-operation of PLY.  Using this programming interface, it is possible to
-manually build an parser using a different interface specification
-than what PLY normally uses.  For example, you could build a gramar
-from information parsed in a completely different input format.  Some of
-these objects may be useful for building more advanced parsing engines
-such as GLR.
-<p>
-It should be stressed that using PLY at this level is not for the
-faint of heart.  Generally, it's assumed that you know a bit of
-the underlying compiler theory and how an LR parser is put together.
-<H2><a name="internal_nn2"></a>2. Grammar Class</H2>
-The file <tt>ply.yacc</tt> defines a class <tt>Grammar</tt> that
-is used to hold and manipulate information about a grammar
-specification.   It encapsulates the same basic information
-about a grammar that is put into a YACC file including
-the list of tokens, precedence rules, and grammar rules.
-Various operations are provided to perform different validations
-on the grammar.  In addition, there are operations to compute
-the first and follow sets that are needed by the various table
-generation algorithms.
-<p>
-<tt><b>Grammar(terminals)</b></tt>
-<blockquote>
-Creates a new grammar object.  <tt>terminals</tt> is a list of strings
-specifying the terminals for the grammar.  An instance <tt>g</tt> of
-<tt>Grammar</tt> has the following methods:
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.set_precedence(term,assoc,level)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Sets the precedence level and associativity for a given terminal <tt>term</tt>.
-<tt>assoc</tt> is one of <tt>'right'</tt>,
-<tt>'left'</tt>, or <tt>'nonassoc'</tt> and <tt>level</tt> is a positive integer.  The higher
-the value of <tt>level</tt>, the higher the precedence.  Here is an example of typical
-precedence settings:
-<pre>
-g.set_precedence('PLUS',  'left',1)
-g.set_precedence('MINUS', 'left',1)
-g.set_precedence('TIMES', 'left',2)
-g.set_precedence('DIVIDE','left',2)
-g.set_precedence('UMINUS','left',3)
-</pre>
-This method must be called prior to adding any productions to the
-grammar with <tt>g.add_production()</tt>.  The precedence of individual grammar
-rules is determined by the precedence of the right-most terminal.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.add_production(name,syms,func=None,file='',line=0)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Adds a new grammar rule.  <tt>name</tt> is the name of the rule,
-<tt>syms</tt> is a list of symbols making up the right hand
-side of the rule, <tt>func</tt> is the function to call when
-reducing the rule.   <tt>file</tt> and <tt>line</tt> specify
-the filename and line number of the rule and are used for
-generating error messages.
-<p>
-The list of symbols in <tt>syms</tt> may include character
-literals and <tt>%prec</tt> specifiers.  Here are some
-examples:
-<pre>
-g.add_production('expr',['expr','PLUS','term'],func,file,line)
-g.add_production('expr',['expr','"+"','term'],func,file,line)
-g.add_production('expr',['MINUS','expr','%prec','UMINUS'],func,file,line)
-</pre>
-<p>
-If any kind of error is detected, a <tt>GrammarError</tt> exception
-is raised with a message indicating the reason for the failure.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.set_start(start=None)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Sets the starting rule for the grammar.  <tt>start</tt> is a string
-specifying the name of the start rule.   If <tt>start</tt> is omitted,
-the first grammar rule added with <tt>add_production()</tt> is taken to be
-the starting rule.  This method must always be called after all
-productions have been added.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.find_unreachable()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Diagnostic function.  Returns a list of all unreachable non-terminals
-defined in the grammar.  This is used to identify inactive parts of
-the grammar specification.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.infinite_cycle()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Diagnostic function.  Returns a list of all non-terminals in the
-grammar that result in an infinite cycle.  This condition occurs if
-there is no way for a grammar rule to expand to a string containing
-only terminal symbols.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.undefined_symbols()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Diagnostic function.  Returns a list of tuples <tt>(name, prod)</tt>
-corresponding to undefined symbols in the grammar. <tt>name</tt> is the
-name of the undefined symbol and <tt>prod</tt> is an instance of
-<tt>Production</tt> which has information about the production rule
-where the undefined symbol was used.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.unused_terminals()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Diagnostic function.  Returns a list of terminals that were defined,
-but never used in the grammar.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.unused_rules()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Diagnostic function.  Returns a list of <tt>Production</tt> instances
-corresponding to production rules that were defined in the grammar,
-but never used anywhere.  This is slightly different
-than <tt>find_unreachable()</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.unused_precedence()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Diagnostic function.  Returns a list of tuples <tt>(term, assoc)</tt>
-corresponding to precedence rules that were set, but never used the
-grammar.  <tt>term</tt> is the terminal name and <tt>assoc</tt> is the
-precedence associativity (e.g., <tt>'left'</tt>, <tt>'right'</tt>,
-or <tt>'nonassoc'</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.compute_first()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Compute all of the first sets for all symbols in the grammar.  Returns a dictionary
-mapping symbol names to a list of all first symbols.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.compute_follow()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Compute all of the follow sets for all non-terminals in the grammar.
-The follow set is the set of all possible symbols that might follow a
-given non-terminal.  Returns a dictionary mapping non-terminal names
-to a list of symbols.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.build_lritems()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Calculates all of the LR items for all productions in the grammar.  This
-step is required before using the grammar for any kind of table generation.
-See the section on LR items below.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-The following attributes are set by the above methods and may be useful
-in code that works with the grammar.  All of these attributes should be
-assumed to be read-only.  Changing their values directly will likely
-break the grammar.
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.Productions</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A list of all productions added.  The first entry is reserved for
-a production representing the starting rule.  The objects in this list
-are instances of the <tt>Production</tt> class, described shortly.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.Prodnames</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A dictionary mapping the names of nonterminals to a list of all
-productions of that nonterminal.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.Terminals</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A dictionary mapping the names of terminals to a list of the
-production numbers where they are used.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.Nonterminals</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A dictionary mapping the names of nonterminals to a list of the
-production numbers where they are used.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.First</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A dictionary representing the first sets for all grammar symbols.  This is
-computed and returned by the <tt>compute_first()</tt> method.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.Follow</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A dictionary representing the follow sets for all grammar rules.  This is
-computed and returned by the <tt>compute_follow()</tt> method.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>g.Start</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Starting symbol for the grammar.  Set by the <tt>set_start()</tt> method.
-</blockquote>
-For the purposes of debugging, a <tt>Grammar</tt> object supports the <tt>__len__()</tt> and
-<tt>__getitem__()</tt> special methods.  Accessing <tt>g[n]</tt> returns the nth production
-from the grammar.
-<H2><a name="internal_nn3"></a>3. Productions</H2>
-<tt>Grammar</tt> objects store grammar rules as instances of a <tt>Production</tt> class.  This
-class has no public constructor--you should only create productions by calling <tt>Grammar.add_production()</tt>.
-The following attributes are available on a <tt>Production</tt> instance <tt>p</tt>.
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.name</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The name of the production. For a grammar rule such as <tt>A : B C D</tt>, this is <tt>'A'</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.prod</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A tuple of symbols making up the right-hand side of the production.  For a grammar rule such as <tt>A : B C D</tt>, this is <tt>('B','C','D')</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.number</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Production number.  An integer containing the index of the production in the grammar's <tt>Productions</tt> list.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.func</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The name of the reduction function associated with the production.
-This is the function that will execute when reducing the entire
-grammar rule during parsing.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.callable</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The callable object associated with the name in <tt>p.func</tt>.  This is <tt>None</tt>
-unless the production has been bound using <tt>bind()</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.file</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Filename associated with the production.  Typically this is the file where the production was defined.  Used for error messages.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.lineno</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Line number associated with the production.  Typically this is the line number in <tt>p.file</tt> where the production was defined.  Used for error messages.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.prec</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Precedence and associativity associated with the production.  This is a tuple <tt>(assoc,level)</tt> where
-<tt>assoc</tt> is one of <tt>'left'</tt>,<tt>'right'</tt>, or <tt>'nonassoc'</tt> and <tt>level</tt> is
-an integer.   This value is determined by the precedence of the right-most terminal symbol in the production
-or by use of the <tt>%prec</tt> specifier when adding the production.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.usyms</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A list of all unique symbols found in the production.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.lr_items</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A list of all LR items for this production.  This attribute only has a meaningful value if the
-<tt>Grammar.build_lritems()</tt> method has been called.  The items in this list are
-instances of <tt>LRItem</tt> described below.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.lr_next</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The head of a linked-list representation of the LR items in <tt>p.lr_items</tt>.
-This attribute only has a meaningful value if the <tt>Grammar.build_lritems()</tt>
-method has been called.  Each <tt>LRItem</tt> instance has a <tt>lr_next</tt> attribute
-to move to the next item.  The list is terminated by <tt>None</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.bind(dict)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Binds the production function name in <tt>p.func</tt> to a callable object in
-<tt>dict</tt>.   This operation is typically carried out in the last step
-prior to running the parsing engine and is needed since parsing tables are typically
-read from files which only include the function names, not the functions themselves.
-</blockquote>
-<P>
-<tt>Production</tt> objects support
-the <tt>__len__()</tt>, <tt>__getitem__()</tt>, and <tt>__str__()</tt>
-special methods.
-<tt>len(p)</tt> returns the number of symbols in <tt>p.prod</tt>
-and <tt>p[n]</tt> is the same as <tt>p.prod[n]</tt>.
-<H2><a name="internal_nn4"></a>4. LRItems</H2>
-The construction of parsing tables in an LR-based parser generator is primarily
-done over a set of "LR Items".   An LR item represents a stage of parsing one
-of the grammar rules.   To compute the LR items, it is first necessary to
-call <tt>Grammar.build_lritems()</tt>.  Once this step, all of the productions
-in the grammar will have their LR items attached to them.
-<p>
-Here is an interactive example that shows what LR items look like if you
-interactively experiment.  In this example, <tt>g</tt> is a <tt>Grammar</tt>
-object.
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
->>> <b>g.build_lritems()</b>
->>> <b>p = g[1]</b>
->>> <b>p</b>
-Production(statement -> ID = expr)
->>>
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-In the above code, <tt>p</tt> represents the first grammar rule. In
-this case, a rule <tt>'statement -> ID = expr'</tt>.
-<p>
-Now, let's look at the LR items for <tt>p</tt>.
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
->>> <b>p.lr_items</b>
-[LRItem(statement -> . ID = expr),
- LRItem(statement -> ID . = expr),
- LRItem(statement -> ID = . expr),
- LRItem(statement -> ID = expr .)]
->>>
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-In each LR item, the dot (.) represents a specific stage of parsing.  In each LR item, the dot
-is advanced by one symbol.  It is only when the dot reaches the very end that a production
-is successfully parsed.
-<p>
-An instance <tt>lr</tt> of <tt>LRItem</tt> has the following
-attributes that hold information related to that specific stage of
-parsing.
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.name</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The name of the grammar rule. For example, <tt>'statement'</tt> in the above example.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.prod</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A tuple of symbols representing the right-hand side of the production, including the
-special <tt>'.'</tt> character.  For example, <tt>('ID','.','=','expr')</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.number</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-An integer representing the production number in the grammar.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.usyms</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A set of unique symbols in the production.  Inherited from the original <tt>Production</tt> instance.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.lr_index</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-An integer representing the position of the dot (.).  You should never use <tt>lr.prod.index()</tt>
-to search for it--the result will be wrong if the grammar happens to also use (.) as a character
-literal.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.lr_after</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A list of all productions that can legally appear immediately to the right of the
-dot (.).  This list contains <tt>Production</tt> instances.   This attribute
-represents all of the possible branches a parse can take from the current position.
-For example, suppose that <tt>lr</tt> represents a stage immediately before
-an expression like this:
-<pre>
->>> <b>lr</b>
-LRItem(statement -> ID = . expr)
->>>
-</pre>
-Then, the value of <tt>lr.lr_after</tt> might look like this, showing all productions that
-can legally appear next:
-<pre>
->>> <b>lr.lr_after</b>
-[Production(expr -> expr PLUS expr),
- Production(expr -> expr MINUS expr),
- Production(expr -> expr TIMES expr),
- Production(expr -> expr DIVIDE expr),
- Production(expr -> MINUS expr),
- Production(expr -> LPAREN expr RPAREN),
- Production(expr -> NUMBER),
- Production(expr -> ID)]
->>>
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.lr_before</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The grammar symbol that appears immediately before the dot (.) or <tt>None</tt> if
-at the beginning of the parse.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.lr_next</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A link to the next LR item, representing the next stage of the parse.  <tt>None</tt> if <tt>lr</tt>
-is the last LR item.
-</blockquote>
-<tt>LRItem</tt> instances also support the <tt>__len__()</tt> and <tt>__getitem__()</tt> special methods.
-<tt>len(lr)</tt> returns the number of items in <tt>lr.prod</tt> including the dot (.). <tt>lr[n]</tt>
-returns <tt>lr.prod[n]</tt>.
-<p>
-It goes without saying that all of the attributes associated with LR
-items should be assumed to be read-only.  Modifications will very
-likely create a small black-hole that will consume you and your code.
-<H2><a name="internal_nn5"></a>5. LRTable</H2>
-The <tt>LRTable</tt> class is used to represent LR parsing table data. This
-minimally includes the production list, action table, and goto table.
-<p>
-<b><tt>LRTable()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Create an empty LRTable object.  This object contains only the information needed to
-run an LR parser.
-</blockquote>
-An instance <tt>lrtab</tt> of <tt>LRTable</tt> has the following methods:
-<p>
-<b><tt>lrtab.read_table(module)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Populates the LR table with information from the module specified in <tt>module</tt>.
-<tt>module</tt> is either a module object already loaded with <tt>import</tt> or
-the name of a Python module.   If it's a string containing a module name, it is
-loaded and parsing data is extracted.   Returns the signature  value that was used
-when initially writing the tables.  Raises a <tt>VersionError</tt> exception if
-the module was created using an incompatible version of PLY.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lrtab.bind_callables(dict)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-This binds all of the function names used in productions to callable objects
-found in the dictionary <tt>dict</tt>.  During table generation and when reading
-LR tables from files, PLY only uses the names of action functions such as <tt>'p_expr'</tt>,
-<tt>'p_statement'</tt>, etc.  In order to actually run the parser, these names
-have to be bound to callable objects.   This method is always called prior to
-running a parser.
-</blockquote>
-After <tt>lrtab</tt> has been populated, the following attributes are defined.
-<p>
-<b><tt>lrtab.lr_method</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The LR parsing method used (e.g., <tt>'LALR'</tt>)
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lrtab.lr_productions</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The production list.  If the parsing tables have been newly
-constructed, this will be a list of <tt>Production</tt> instances.  If
-the parsing tables have been read from a file, it's a list
-of <tt>MiniProduction</tt> instances.  This, together
-with <tt>lr_action</tt> and <tt>lr_goto</tt> contain all of the
-information needed by the LR parsing engine.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lrtab.lr_action</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The LR action dictionary that implements the underlying state machine.
-The keys of this dictionary are the LR states.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lrtab.lr_goto</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The LR goto table that contains information about grammar rule reductions.
-</blockquote>
-<H2><a name="internal_nn6"></a>6. LRGeneratedTable</H2>
-The <tt>LRGeneratedTable</tt> class represents constructed LR parsing tables on a
-grammar.  It is a subclass of <tt>LRTable</tt>.
-<p>
-<b><tt>LRGeneratedTable(grammar, method='LALR',log=None)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Create the LR parsing tables on a grammar.  <tt>grammar</tt> is an instance of <tt>Grammar</tt>,
-<tt>method</tt> is a string with the parsing method (<tt>'SLR'</tt> or <tt>'LALR'</tt>), and
-<tt>log</tt> is a logger object used to write debugging information.  The debugging information
-written to <tt>log</tt> is the same as what appears in the <tt>parser.out</tt> file created
-by yacc.  By supplying a custom logger with a different message format, it is possible to get
-more information (e.g., the line number in <tt>yacc.py</tt> used for issuing each line of
-output in the log).   The result is an instance of <tt>LRGeneratedTable</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-An instance <tt>lr</tt> of <tt>LRGeneratedTable</tt> has the following attributes.
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.grammar</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A link to the Grammar object used to construct the parsing tables.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.lr_method</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The LR parsing method used (e.g., <tt>'LALR'</tt>)
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.lr_productions</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A reference to <tt>grammar.Productions</tt>.  This, together with <tt>lr_action</tt> and <tt>lr_goto</tt>
-contain all of the information needed by the LR parsing engine.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.lr_action</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The LR action dictionary that implements the underlying state machine.  The keys of this dictionary are
-the LR states.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.lr_goto</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The LR goto table that contains information about grammar rule reductions.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.sr_conflicts</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A list of tuples <tt>(state,token,resolution)</tt> identifying all shift/reduce conflicts. <tt>state</tt> is the LR state
-number where the conflict occurred, <tt>token</tt> is the token causing the conflict, and <tt>resolution</tt> is
-a string describing the resolution taken.  <tt>resolution</tt> is either <tt>'shift'</tt> or <tt>'reduce'</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.rr_conflicts</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A list of tuples <tt>(state,rule,rejected)</tt> identifying all reduce/reduce conflicts.  <tt>state</tt> is the
-LR state number where the conflict occurred, <tt>rule</tt> is the production rule that was selected
-and <tt>rejected</tt> is the production rule that was rejected.   Both <tt>rule</tt> and </tt>rejected</tt> are
-instances of <tt>Production</tt>.  They can be inspected to provide the user with more information.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-There are two public methods of <tt>LRGeneratedTable</tt>.
-<p>
-<b><tt>lr.write_table(modulename,outputdir="",signature="")</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Writes the LR parsing table information to a Python module.  <tt>modulename</tt> is a string
-specifying the name of a module such as <tt>"parsetab"</tt>.  <tt>outputdir</tt> is the name of a
-directory where the module should be created.  <tt>signature</tt> is a string representing a
-grammar signature that's written into the output file. This can be used to detect when
-the data stored in a module file is out-of-sync with the the grammar specification (and that
-the tables need to be regenerated).  If <tt>modulename</tt> is a string <tt>"parsetab"</tt>,
-this function creates a file called <tt>parsetab.py</tt>.  If the module name represents a
-package such as <tt>"foo.bar.parsetab"</tt>, then only the last component, <tt>"parsetab"</tt> is
-used.
-</blockquote>
-<H2><a name="internal_nn7"></a>7. LRParser</H2>
-The <tt>LRParser</tt> class implements the low-level LR parsing engine.
-<p>
-<b><tt>LRParser(lrtab, error_func)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Create an LRParser.  <tt>lrtab</tt> is an instance of <tt>LRTable</tt>
-containing the LR production and state tables.  <tt>error_func</tt> is the
-error function to invoke in the event of a parsing error.
-</blockquote>
-An instance <tt>p</tt> of <tt>LRParser</tt> has the following methods:
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.parse(input=None,lexer=None,debug=0,tracking=0,tokenfunc=None)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Run the parser.  <tt>input</tt> is a string, which if supplied is fed into the
-lexer using its <tt>input()</tt> method.  <tt>lexer</tt> is an instance of the
-<tt>Lexer</tt> class to use for tokenizing.  If not supplied, the last lexer
-created with the <tt>lex</tt> module is used.   <tt>debug</tt> is a boolean flag
-that enables debugging.   <tt>tracking</tt> is a boolean flag that tells the
-parser to perform additional line number tracking.  <tt>tokenfunc</tt> is a callable
-function that returns the next token.  If supplied, the parser will use it to get
-all tokens.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.restart()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Resets the parser state for a parse already in progress.
-</blockquote>
-<H2><a name="internal_nn8"></a>8. ParserReflect</H2>
-<p>
-The <tt>ParserReflect</tt> class is used to collect parser specification data
-from a Python module or object.   This class is what collects all of the
-<tt>p_rule()</tt> functions in a PLY file, performs basic error checking,
-and collects all of the needed information to build a grammar.    Most of the
-high-level PLY interface as used by the <tt>yacc()</tt> function is actually
-implemented by this class.
-<p>
-<b><tt>ParserReflect(pdict, log=None)</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Creates a <tt>ParserReflect</tt> instance. <tt>pdict</tt> is a dictionary
-containing parser specification data.  This dictionary typically corresponds
-to the module or class dictionary of code that implements a PLY parser.
-<tt>log</tt> is a logger instance that will be used to report error
-messages.
-</blockquote>
-An instance <tt>p</tt> of <tt>ParserReflect</tt> has the following methods:
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.get_all()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Collect and store all required parsing information.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.validate_all()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Validate all of the collected parsing information.  This is a seprate step
-from <tt>p.get_all()</tt> as a performance optimization.  In order to
-increase parser start-up time, a parser can elect to only validate the
-parsing data when regenerating the parsing tables.   The validation
-step tries to collect as much information as possible rather than
-raising an exception at the first sign of trouble.  The attribute
-<tt>p.error</tt> is set if there are any validation errors.  The
-value of this attribute is also returned.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.signature()</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-Compute a signature representing the contents of the collected parsing
-data.  The signature value should change if anything in the parser
-specification has changed in a way that would justify parser table
-regeneration.   This method can be called after <tt>p.get_all()</tt>,
-but before <tt>p.validate_all()</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-The following attributes are set in the process of collecting data:
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.start</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The grammar start symbol, if any. Taken from <tt>pdict['start']</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.error_func</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The error handling function or <tt>None</tt>. Taken from <tt>pdict['p_error']</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.tokens</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The token list. Taken from <tt>pdict['tokens']</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.prec</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-The precedence specifier.  Taken from <tt>pdict['precedence']</tt>.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.preclist</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A parsed version of the precedence specified.  A list of tuples of the form
-<tt>(token,assoc,level)</tt> where <tt>token</tt> is the terminal symbol,
-<tt>assoc</tt> is the associativity (e.g., <tt>'left'</tt>) and <tt>level</tt>
-is a numeric precedence level.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.grammar</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A list of tuples <tt>(name, rules)</tt> representing the grammar rules. <tt>name</tt> is the
-name of a Python function or method in <tt>pdict</tt> that starts with <tt>"p_"</tt>.
-<tt>rules</tt> is a list of tuples <tt>(filename,line,prodname,syms)</tt> representing
-the grammar rules found in the documentation string of that function. <tt>filename</tt> and <tt>line</tt> contain location
-information that can be used for debugging. <tt>prodname</tt> is the name of the
-production. <tt>syms</tt> is the right-hand side of the production.  If you have a
-function like this
-<pre>
-def p_expr(p):
-    '''expr : expr PLUS expr
-            | expr MINUS expr
-            | expr TIMES expr
-            | expr DIVIDE expr'''
-</pre>
-then the corresponding entry in <tt>p.grammar</tt> might look like this:
-<pre>
-('p_expr', [ ('calc.py',10,'expr', ['expr','PLUS','expr']),
-             ('calc.py',11,'expr', ['expr','MINUS','expr']),
-             ('calc.py',12,'expr', ['expr','TIMES','expr']),
-             ('calc.py',13,'expr', ['expr','DIVIDE','expr'])
-           ])
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.pfuncs</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A sorted list of tuples <tt>(line, file, name, doc)</tt> representing all of
-the <tt>p_</tt> functions found. <tt>line</tt> and <tt>file</tt> give location
-information.  <tt>name</tt> is the name of the function. <tt>doc</tt> is the
-documentation string.   This list is sorted in ascending order by line number.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.files</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-A dictionary holding all of the source filenames that were encountered
-while collecting parser information.  Only the keys of this dictionary have
-any meaning.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-<b><tt>p.error</tt></b>
-<blockquote>
-An attribute that indicates whether or not any critical errors
-occurred in validation.  If this is set, it means that that some kind
-of problem was detected and that no further processing should be
-performed.
-</blockquote>
-<H2><a name="internal_nn9"></a>9. High-level operation</H2>
-Using all of the above classes requires some attention to detail.  The <tt>yacc()</tt>
-function carries out a very specific sequence of operations to create a grammar.
-This same sequence should be emulated if you build an alternative PLY interface.
-<ol>
-<li>A <tt>ParserReflect</tt> object is created and raw grammar specification data is
-collected.
-<li>A <tt>Grammar</tt> object is created and populated with information
-from the specification data.
-<li>A <tt>LRGenerator</tt> object is created to run the LALR algorithm over
-the <tt>Grammar</tt> object.
-<li>Productions in the LRGenerator and bound to callables using the <tt>bind_callables()</tt>
-method.
-<li>A <tt>LRParser</tt> object is created from from the information in the
-<tt>LRGenerator</tt> object.
-</ol>
-</body>
-</html>