wasmtime 9.0.4 → 10.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-9.0.4/src/func.rs

@@ -1,2385 +0,0 @@
-use crate::store::{StoreData, StoreOpaque, Stored};
-use crate::{
-    AsContext, AsContextMut, CallHook, Engine, Extern, FuncType, Instance, Module, StoreContext,
-    StoreContextMut, Val, ValRaw, ValType,
-};
-use anyhow::{bail, Context as _, Error, Result};
-use std::future::Future;
-use std::mem;
-use std::panic::{self, AssertUnwindSafe};
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::ptr::{self, NonNull};
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use wasmtime_runtime::{
-    ExportFunction, InstanceHandle, StoreBox, VMArrayCallHostFuncContext, VMContext, VMFuncRef,
-    VMFunctionImport, VMNativeCallHostFuncContext, VMOpaqueContext, VMSharedSignatureIndex,
-};
-
-/// A WebAssembly function which can be called.
-///
-/// This type can represent either an exported function from a WebAssembly
-/// module or a host-defined function which can be used to satisfy an import of
-/// a module. [`Func`] and can be used to both instantiate an [`Instance`] as
-/// well as be extracted from an [`Instance`].
-///
-/// [`Instance`]: crate::Instance
-///
-/// A [`Func`] "belongs" to the store that it was originally created within.
-/// Operations on a [`Func`] only work with the store it belongs to, and if
-/// another store is passed in by accident then methods will panic.
-///
-/// # `Func` and `async`
-///
-/// Functions from the perspective of WebAssembly are always synchronous. You
-/// might have an `async` function in Rust, however, which you'd like to make
-/// available from WebAssembly. Wasmtime supports asynchronously calling
-/// WebAssembly through native stack switching. You can get some more
-/// information about [asynchronous configs](crate::Config::async_support), but
-/// from the perspective of `Func` it's important to know that whether or not
-/// your [`Store`](crate::Store) is asynchronous will dictate whether you call
-/// functions through [`Func::call`] or [`Func::call_async`] (or the typed
-/// wrappers such as [`TypedFunc::call`] vs [`TypedFunc::call_async`]).
-///
-/// # To `Func::call` or to `Func::typed().call()`
-///
-/// There's a 2x2 matrix of methods to call [`Func`]. Invocations can either be
-/// asynchronous or synchronous. They can also be statically typed or not.
-/// Whether or not an invocation is asynchronous is indicated via the method
-/// being `async` and [`call_async`](Func::call_async) being the entry point.
-/// Otherwise for statically typed or not your options are:
-///
-/// * Dynamically typed - if you don't statically know the signature of the
-///   function that you're calling you'll be using [`Func::call`] or
-///   [`Func::call_async`]. These functions take a variable-length slice of
-///   "boxed" arguments in their [`Val`] representation. Additionally the
-///   results are returned as an owned slice of [`Val`]. These methods are not
-///   optimized due to the dynamic type checks that must occur, in addition to
-///   some dynamic allocations for where to put all the arguments. While this
-///   allows you to call all possible wasm function signatures, if you're
-///   looking for a speedier alternative you can also use...
-///
-/// * Statically typed - if you statically know the type signature of the wasm
-///   function you're calling, then you'll want to use the [`Func::typed`]
-///   method to acquire an instance of [`TypedFunc`]. This structure is static proof
-///   that the underlying wasm function has the ascripted type, and type
-///   validation is only done once up-front. The [`TypedFunc::call`] and
-///   [`TypedFunc::call_async`] methods are much more efficient than [`Func::call`]
-///   and [`Func::call_async`] because the type signature is statically known.
-///   This eschews runtime checks as much as possible to get into wasm as fast
-///   as possible.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// One way to get a `Func` is from an [`Instance`] after you've instantiated
-/// it:
-///
-/// ```
-/// # use wasmtime::*;
-/// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-/// let engine = Engine::default();
-/// let module = Module::new(&engine, r#"(module (func (export "foo")))"#)?;
-/// let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
-/// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[])?;
-/// let foo = instance.get_func(&mut store, "foo").expect("export wasn't a function");
-///
-/// // Work with `foo` as a `Func` at this point, such as calling it
-/// // dynamically...
-/// match foo.call(&mut store, &[], &mut []) {
-///     Ok(()) => { /* ... */ }
-///     Err(trap) => {
-///         panic!("execution of `foo` resulted in a wasm trap: {}", trap);
-///     }
-/// }
-/// foo.call(&mut store, &[], &mut [])?;
-///
-/// // ... or we can make a static assertion about its signature and call it.
-/// // Our first call here can fail if the signatures don't match, and then the
-/// // second call can fail if the function traps (like the `match` above).
-/// let foo = foo.typed::<(), ()>(&store)?;
-/// foo.call(&mut store, ())?;
-/// # Ok(())
-/// # }
-/// ```
-///
-/// You can also use the [`wrap` function](Func::wrap) to create a
-/// `Func`
-///
-/// ```
-/// # use wasmtime::*;
-/// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-/// let mut store = Store::<()>::default();
-///
-/// // Create a custom `Func` which can execute arbitrary code inside of the
-/// // closure.
-/// let add = Func::wrap(&mut store, |a: i32, b: i32| -> i32 { a + b });
-///
-/// // Next we can hook that up to a wasm module which uses it.
-/// let module = Module::new(
-///     store.engine(),
-///     r#"
-///         (module
-///             (import "" "" (func $add (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
-///             (func (export "call_add_twice") (result i32)
-///                 i32.const 1
-///                 i32.const 2
-///                 call $add
-///                 i32.const 3
-///                 i32.const 4
-///                 call $add
-///                 i32.add))
-///     "#,
-/// )?;
-/// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[add.into()])?;
-/// let call_add_twice = instance.get_typed_func::<(), i32>(&mut store, "call_add_twice")?;
-///
-/// assert_eq!(call_add_twice.call(&mut store, ())?, 10);
-/// # Ok(())
-/// # }
-/// ```
-///
-/// Or you could also create an entirely dynamic `Func`!
-///
-/// ```
-/// # use wasmtime::*;
-/// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-/// let mut store = Store::<()>::default();
-///
-/// // Here we need to define the type signature of our `Double` function and
-/// // then wrap it up in a `Func`
-/// let double_type = wasmtime::FuncType::new(
-///     [wasmtime::ValType::I32].iter().cloned(),
-///     [wasmtime::ValType::I32].iter().cloned(),
-/// );
-/// let double = Func::new(&mut store, double_type, |_, params, results| {
-///     let mut value = params[0].unwrap_i32();
-///     value *= 2;
-///     results[0] = value.into();
-///     Ok(())
-/// });
-///
-/// let module = Module::new(
-///     store.engine(),
-///     r#"
-///         (module
-///             (import "" "" (func $double (param i32) (result i32)))
-///             (func $start
-///                 i32.const 1
-///                 call $double
-///                 drop)
-///             (start $start))
-///     "#,
-/// )?;
-/// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[double.into()])?;
-/// // .. work with `instance` if necessary
-/// # Ok(())
-/// # }
-/// ```
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-#[repr(transparent)] // here for the C API
-pub struct Func(Stored<FuncData>);
-
-pub(crate) struct FuncData {
-    kind: FuncKind,
-
-    // A pointer to the in-store `VMFuncRef` for this function, if
-    // any.
-    //
-    // When a function is passed to Wasm but doesn't have a Wasm-to-native
-    // trampoline, we have to patch it in. But that requires mutating the
-    // `VMFuncRef`, and this function could be shared across
-    // threads. So we instead copy and pin the `VMFuncRef` into
-    // `StoreOpaque::func_refs`, where we can safely patch the field without
-    // worrying about synchronization and we hold a pointer to it here so we can
-    // reuse it rather than re-copy if it is passed to Wasm again.
-    in_store_func_ref: Option<InStoreFuncRef>,
-
-    // This is somewhat expensive to load from the `Engine` and in most
-    // optimized use cases (e.g. `TypedFunc`) it's not actually needed or it's
-    // only needed rarely. To handle that this is an optionally-contained field
-    // which is lazily loaded into as part of `Func::call`.
-    //
-    // Also note that this is intentionally placed behind a pointer to keep it
-    // small as `FuncData` instances are often inserted into a `Store`.
-    ty: Option<Box<FuncType>>,
-}
-
-use in_store_func_ref::InStoreFuncRef;
-mod in_store_func_ref {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-    pub struct InStoreFuncRef(NonNull<VMFuncRef>);
-
-    impl InStoreFuncRef {
-        /// Create a new `InStoreFuncRef`.
-        ///
-        /// Safety: Callers must ensure that the given `func_ref` is pinned
-        /// inside a store, and that this resulting `InStoreFuncRef` is only
-        /// used in conjuction with that store and on its same thread.
-        pub unsafe fn new(func_ref: NonNull<VMFuncRef>) -> InStoreFuncRef {
-            InStoreFuncRef(func_ref)
-        }
-
-        pub fn func_ref(&self) -> NonNull<VMFuncRef> {
-            self.0
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Safety: The `InStoreFuncRef::new` constructor puts the correctness
-    // responsibility on its callers.
-    unsafe impl Send for InStoreFuncRef {}
-    unsafe impl Sync for InStoreFuncRef {}
-}
-
-/// The three ways that a function can be created and referenced from within a
-/// store.
-enum FuncKind {
-    /// A function already owned by the store via some other means. This is
-    /// used, for example, when creating a `Func` from an instance's exported
-    /// function. The instance's `InstanceHandle` is already owned by the store
-    /// and we just have some pointers into that which represent how to call the
-    /// function.
-    StoreOwned { export: ExportFunction },
-
-    /// A function is shared across possibly other stores, hence the `Arc`. This
-    /// variant happens when a `Linker`-defined function is instantiated within
-    /// a `Store` (e.g. via `Linker::get` or similar APIs). The `Arc` here
-    /// indicates that there's some number of other stores holding this function
-    /// too, so dropping this may not deallocate the underlying
-    /// `InstanceHandle`.
-    SharedHost(Arc<HostFunc>),
-
-    /// A uniquely-owned host function within a `Store`. This comes about with
-    /// `Func::new` or similar APIs. The `HostFunc` internally owns the
-    /// `InstanceHandle` and that will get dropped when this `HostFunc` itself
-    /// is dropped.
-    ///
-    /// Note that this is intentionally placed behind a `Box` to minimize the
-    /// size of this enum since the most common variant for high-peformance
-    /// situations is `SharedHost` and `StoreOwned`, so this ideally isn't
-    /// larger than those two.
-    Host(Box<HostFunc>),
-
-    /// A reference to a `HostFunc`, but one that's "rooted" in the `Store`
-    /// itself.
-    ///
-    /// This variant is created when an `InstancePre<T>` is instantiated in to a
-    /// `Store<T>`. In that situation the `InstancePre<T>` already has a list of
-    /// host functions that are packaged up in an `Arc`, so the `Arc<[T]>` is
-    /// cloned once into the `Store` to avoid each individual function requiring
-    /// an `Arc::clone`.
-    ///
-    /// The lifetime management of this type is `unsafe` because
-    /// `RootedHostFunc` is a small wrapper around `NonNull<HostFunc>`. To be
-    /// safe this is required that the memory of the host function is pinned
-    /// elsewhere (e.g. the `Arc` in the `Store`).
-    RootedHost(RootedHostFunc),
-}
-
-macro_rules! for_each_function_signature {
-    ($mac:ident) => {
-        $mac!(0);
-        $mac!(1 A1);
-        $mac!(2 A1 A2);
-        $mac!(3 A1 A2 A3);
-        $mac!(4 A1 A2 A3 A4);
-        $mac!(5 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5);
-        $mac!(6 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6);
-        $mac!(7 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7);
-        $mac!(8 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8);
-        $mac!(9 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9);
-        $mac!(10 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10);
-        $mac!(11 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11);
-        $mac!(12 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12);
-        $mac!(13 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13);
-        $mac!(14 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14);
-        $mac!(15 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15);
-        $mac!(16 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16);
-    };
-}
-
-mod typed;
-pub use typed::*;
-
-macro_rules! generate_wrap_async_func {
-    ($num:tt $($args:ident)*) => (paste::paste!{
-        /// Same as [`Func::wrap`], except the closure asynchronously produces
-        /// its result. For more information see the [`Func`] documentation.
-        ///
-        /// # Panics
-        ///
-        /// This function will panic if called with a non-asynchronous store.
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-        #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
-        pub fn [<wrap $num _async>]<T, $($args,)* R>(
-            store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
-            func: impl for<'a> Fn(Caller<'a, T>, $($args),*) -> Box<dyn Future<Output = R> + Send + 'a> + Send + Sync + 'static,
-        ) -> Func
-        where
-            $($args: WasmTy,)*
-            R: WasmRet,
-        {
-            assert!(store.as_context().async_support(), concat!("cannot use `wrap", $num, "_async` without enabling async support on the config"));
-            Func::wrap(store, move |mut caller: Caller<'_, T>, $($args: $args),*| {
-                let async_cx = caller.store.as_context_mut().0.async_cx().expect("Attempt to start async function on dying fiber");
-                let mut future = Pin::from(func(caller, $($args),*));
-
-                match unsafe { async_cx.block_on(future.as_mut()) } {
-                    Ok(ret) => ret.into_fallible(),
-                    Err(e) => R::fallible_from_error(e),
-                }
-            })
-        }
-    })
-}
-
-impl Func {
-    /// Creates a new `Func` with the given arguments, typically to create a
-    /// host-defined function to pass as an import to a module.
-    ///
-    /// * `store` - the store in which to create this [`Func`], which will own
-    ///   the return value.
-    ///
-    /// * `ty` - the signature of this function, used to indicate what the
-    ///   inputs and outputs are.
-    ///
-    /// * `func` - the native code invoked whenever this `Func` will be called.
-    ///   This closure is provided a [`Caller`] as its first argument to learn
-    ///   information about the caller, and then it's passed a list of
-    ///   parameters as a slice along with a mutable slice of where to write
-    ///   results.
-    ///
-    /// Note that the implementation of `func` must adhere to the `ty` signature
-    /// given, error or traps may occur if it does not respect the `ty`
-    /// signature. For example if the function type declares that it returns one
-    /// i32 but the `func` closures does not write anything into the results
-    /// slice then a trap may be generated.
-    ///
-    /// Additionally note that this is quite a dynamic function since signatures
-    /// are not statically known. For a more performant and ergonomic `Func`
-    /// it's recommended to use [`Func::wrap`] if you can because with
-    /// statically known signatures Wasmtime can optimize the implementation
-    /// much more.
-    ///
-    /// For more information about `Send + Sync + 'static` requirements on the
-    /// `func`, see [`Func::wrap`](#why-send--sync--static).
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// The host-provided function here returns a
-    /// [`Result<()>`](anyhow::Result). If the function returns `Ok(())` then
-    /// that indicates that the host function completed successfully and wrote
-    /// the result into the `&mut [Val]` argument.
-    ///
-    /// If the function returns `Err(e)`, however, then this is equivalent to
-    /// the host function triggering a trap for wasm. WebAssembly execution is
-    /// immediately halted and the original caller of [`Func::call`], for
-    /// example, will receive the error returned here (possibly with
-    /// [`WasmBacktrace`](crate::WasmBacktrace) context information attached).
-    ///
-    /// For more information about errors in Wasmtime see the [`Trap`]
-    /// documentation.
-    ///
-    /// [`Trap`]: crate::Trap
-    #[cfg(compiler)]
-    #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))))] // see build.rs
-    pub fn new<T>(
-        store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
-        ty: FuncType,
-        func: impl Fn(Caller<'_, T>, &[Val], &mut [Val]) -> Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ty_clone = ty.clone();
-        unsafe {
-            Func::new_unchecked(store, ty, move |caller, values| {
-                Func::invoke(caller, &ty_clone, values, &func)
-            })
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new [`Func`] with the given arguments, although has fewer
-    /// runtime checks than [`Func::new`].
-    ///
-    /// This function takes a callback of a different signature than
-    /// [`Func::new`], instead receiving a raw pointer with a list of [`ValRaw`]
-    /// structures. These values have no type information associated with them
-    /// so it's up to the caller to provide a function that will correctly
-    /// interpret the list of values as those coming from the `ty` specified.
-    ///
-    /// If you're calling this from Rust it's recommended to either instead use
-    /// [`Func::new`] or [`Func::wrap`]. The [`Func::wrap`] API, in particular,
-    /// is both safer and faster than this API.
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// See [`Func::new`] for the behavior of returning an error from the host
-    /// function provided here.
-    ///
-    /// # Unsafety
-    ///
-    /// This function is not safe because it's not known at compile time that
-    /// the `func` provided correctly interprets the argument types provided to
-    /// it, or that the results it produces will be of the correct type.
-    #[cfg(compiler)]
-    #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))))] // see build.rs
-    pub unsafe fn new_unchecked<T>(
-        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
-        ty: FuncType,
-        func: impl Fn(Caller<'_, T>, &mut [ValRaw]) -> Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
-        let host = HostFunc::new_unchecked(store.engine(), ty, func);
-        host.into_func(store)
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new host-defined WebAssembly function which, when called,
-    /// will run the asynchronous computation defined by `func` to completion
-    /// and then return the result to WebAssembly.
-    ///
-    /// This function is the asynchronous analogue of [`Func::new`] and much of
-    /// that documentation applies to this as well. The key difference is that
-    /// `func` returns a future instead of simply a `Result`. Note that the
-    /// returned future can close over any of the arguments, but it cannot close
-    /// over the state of the closure itself. It's recommended to store any
-    /// necessary async state in the `T` of the [`Store<T>`](crate::Store) which
-    /// can be accessed through [`Caller::data`] or [`Caller::data_mut`].
-    ///
-    /// For more information on `Send + Sync + 'static`, see
-    /// [`Func::wrap`](#why-send--sync--static).
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This function will panic if `store` is not associated with an [async
-    /// config](crate::Config::async_support).
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// See [`Func::new`] for the behavior of returning an error from the host
-    /// function provided here.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use wasmtime::*;
-    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    /// // Simulate some application-specific state as well as asynchronous
-    /// // functions to query that state.
-    /// struct MyDatabase {
-    ///     // ...
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// impl MyDatabase {
-    ///     async fn get_row_count(&self) -> u32 {
-    ///         // ...
-    /// #       100
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// let my_database = MyDatabase {
-    ///     // ...
-    /// };
-    ///
-    /// // Using `new_async` we can hook up into calling our async
-    /// // `get_row_count` function.
-    /// let engine = Engine::new(Config::new().async_support(true))?;
-    /// let mut store = Store::new(&engine, MyDatabase {
-    ///     // ...
-    /// });
-    /// let get_row_count_type = wasmtime::FuncType::new(
-    ///     None,
-    ///     Some(wasmtime::ValType::I32),
-    /// );
-    /// let get = Func::new_async(&mut store, get_row_count_type, |caller, _params, results| {
-    ///     Box::new(async move {
-    ///         let count = caller.data().get_row_count().await;
-    ///         results[0] = Val::I32(count as i32);
-    ///         Ok(())
-    ///     })
-    /// });
-    /// // ...
-    /// # Ok(())
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
-    #[cfg(all(feature = "async", feature = "cranelift"))]
-    #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(all(feature = "async", feature = "cranelift"))))]
-    pub fn new_async<T, F>(store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>, ty: FuncType, func: F) -> Func
-    where
-        F: for<'a> Fn(
-                Caller<'a, T>,
-                &'a [Val],
-                &'a mut [Val],
-            ) -> Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<()>> + Send + 'a>
-            + Send
-            + Sync
-            + 'static,
-    {
-        assert!(
-            store.as_context().async_support(),
-            "cannot use `new_async` without enabling async support in the config"
-        );
-        Func::new(store, ty, move |mut caller, params, results| {
-            let async_cx = caller
-                .store
-                .as_context_mut()
-                .0
-                .async_cx()
-                .expect("Attempt to spawn new action on dying fiber");
-            let mut future = Pin::from(func(caller, params, results));
-            match unsafe { async_cx.block_on(future.as_mut()) } {
-                Ok(Ok(())) => Ok(()),
-                Ok(Err(trap)) | Err(trap) => Err(trap),
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn from_caller_checked_func_ref(
-        store: &mut StoreOpaque,
-        raw: *mut VMFuncRef,
-    ) -> Option<Func> {
-        let func_ref = NonNull::new(raw)?;
-        debug_assert!(func_ref.as_ref().type_index != VMSharedSignatureIndex::default());
-        let export = ExportFunction { func_ref };
-        Some(Func::from_wasmtime_function(export, store))
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new `Func` from the given Rust closure.
-    ///
-    /// This function will create a new `Func` which, when called, will
-    /// execute the given Rust closure. Unlike [`Func::new`] the target
-    /// function being called is known statically so the type signature can
-    /// be inferred. Rust types will map to WebAssembly types as follows:
-    ///
-    /// | Rust Argument Type  | WebAssembly Type |
-    /// |---------------------|------------------|
-    /// | `i32`               | `i32`            |
-    /// | `u32`               | `i32`            |
-    /// | `i64`               | `i64`            |
-    /// | `u64`               | `i64`            |
-    /// | `f32`               | `f32`            |
-    /// | `f64`               | `f64`            |
-    /// | (not supported)     | `v128`           |
-    /// | `Option<Func>`      | `funcref`        |
-    /// | `Option<ExternRef>` | `externref`      |
-    ///
-    /// Any of the Rust types can be returned from the closure as well, in
-    /// addition to some extra types
-    ///
-    /// | Rust Return Type  | WebAssembly Return Type | Meaning               |
-    /// |-------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------|
-    /// | `()`              | nothing                 | no return value       |
-    /// | `T`               | `T`                     | a single return value |
-    /// | `(T1, T2, ...)`   | `T1 T2 ...`             | multiple returns      |
-    ///
-    /// Note that all return types can also be wrapped in `Result<_>` to
-    /// indicate that the host function can generate a trap as well as possibly
-    /// returning a value.
-    ///
-    /// Finally you can also optionally take [`Caller`] as the first argument of
-    /// your closure. If inserted then you're able to inspect the caller's
-    /// state, for example the [`Memory`](crate::Memory) it has exported so you
-    /// can read what pointers point to.
-    ///
-    /// Note that when using this API, the intention is to create as thin of a
-    /// layer as possible for when WebAssembly calls the function provided. With
-    /// sufficient inlining and optimization the WebAssembly will call straight
-    /// into `func` provided, with no extra fluff entailed.
-    ///
-    /// # Why `Send + Sync + 'static`?
-    ///
-    /// All host functions defined in a [`Store`](crate::Store) (including
-    /// those from [`Func::new`] and other constructors) require that the
-    /// `func` provided is `Send + Sync + 'static`. Additionally host functions
-    /// always are `Fn` as opposed to `FnMut` or `FnOnce`. This can at-a-glance
-    /// feel restrictive since the closure cannot close over as many types as
-    /// before. The reason for this, though, is to ensure that
-    /// [`Store<T>`](crate::Store) can implement both the `Send` and `Sync`
-    /// traits.
-    ///
-    /// Fear not, however, because this isn't as restrictive as it seems! Host
-    /// functions are provided a [`Caller<'_, T>`](crate::Caller) argument which
-    /// allows access to the host-defined data within the
-    /// [`Store`](crate::Store). The `T` type is not required to be any of
-    /// `Send`, `Sync`, or `'static`! This means that you can store whatever
-    /// you'd like in `T` and have it accessible by all host functions.
-    /// Additionally mutable access to `T` is allowed through
-    /// [`Caller::data_mut`].
-    ///
-    /// Most host-defined [`Func`] values provide closures that end up not
-    /// actually closing over any values. These zero-sized types will use the
-    /// context from [`Caller`] for host-defined information.
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// The closure provided here to `wrap` can optionally return a
-    /// [`Result<T>`](anyhow::Result). Returning `Ok(t)` represents the host
-    /// function successfully completing with the `t` result. Returning
-    /// `Err(e)`, however, is equivalent to raising a custom wasm trap.
-    /// Execution of WebAssembly does not resume and the stack is unwound to the
-    /// original caller of the function where the error is returned.
-    ///
-    /// For more information about errors in Wasmtime see the [`Trap`]
-    /// documentation.
-    ///
-    /// [`Trap`]: crate::Trap
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// First up we can see how simple wasm imports can be implemented, such
-    /// as a function that adds its two arguments and returns the result.
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use wasmtime::*;
-    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    /// # let mut store = Store::<()>::default();
-    /// let add = Func::wrap(&mut store, |a: i32, b: i32| a + b);
-    /// let module = Module::new(
-    ///     store.engine(),
-    ///     r#"
-    ///         (module
-    ///             (import "" "" (func $add (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
-    ///             (func (export "foo") (param i32 i32) (result i32)
-    ///                 local.get 0
-    ///                 local.get 1
-    ///                 call $add))
-    ///     "#,
-    /// )?;
-    /// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[add.into()])?;
-    /// let foo = instance.get_typed_func::<(i32, i32), i32>(&mut store, "foo")?;
-    /// assert_eq!(foo.call(&mut store, (1, 2))?, 3);
-    /// # Ok(())
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// We can also do the same thing, but generate a trap if the addition
-    /// overflows:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use wasmtime::*;
-    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    /// # let mut store = Store::<()>::default();
-    /// let add = Func::wrap(&mut store, |a: i32, b: i32| {
-    ///     match a.checked_add(b) {
-    ///         Some(i) => Ok(i),
-    ///         None => anyhow::bail!("overflow"),
-    ///     }
-    /// });
-    /// let module = Module::new(
-    ///     store.engine(),
-    ///     r#"
-    ///         (module
-    ///             (import "" "" (func $add (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
-    ///             (func (export "foo") (param i32 i32) (result i32)
-    ///                 local.get 0
-    ///                 local.get 1
-    ///                 call $add))
-    ///     "#,
-    /// )?;
-    /// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[add.into()])?;
-    /// let foo = instance.get_typed_func::<(i32, i32), i32>(&mut store, "foo")?;
-    /// assert_eq!(foo.call(&mut store, (1, 2))?, 3);
-    /// assert!(foo.call(&mut store, (i32::max_value(), 1)).is_err());
-    /// # Ok(())
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// And don't forget all the wasm types are supported!
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use wasmtime::*;
-    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    /// # let mut store = Store::<()>::default();
-    /// let debug = Func::wrap(&mut store, |a: i32, b: u32, c: f32, d: i64, e: u64, f: f64| {
-    ///
-    ///     println!("a={}", a);
-    ///     println!("b={}", b);
-    ///     println!("c={}", c);
-    ///     println!("d={}", d);
-    ///     println!("e={}", e);
-    ///     println!("f={}", f);
-    /// });
-    /// let module = Module::new(
-    ///     store.engine(),
-    ///     r#"
-    ///         (module
-    ///             (import "" "" (func $debug (param i32 i32 f32 i64 i64 f64)))
-    ///             (func (export "foo")
-    ///                 i32.const -1
-    ///                 i32.const 1
-    ///                 f32.const 2
-    ///                 i64.const -3
-    ///                 i64.const 3
-    ///                 f64.const 4
-    ///                 call $debug))
-    ///     "#,
-    /// )?;
-    /// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[debug.into()])?;
-    /// let foo = instance.get_typed_func::<(), ()>(&mut store, "foo")?;
-    /// foo.call(&mut store, ())?;
-    /// # Ok(())
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Finally if you want to get really fancy you can also implement
-    /// imports that read/write wasm module's memory
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::str;
-    ///
-    /// # use wasmtime::*;
-    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    /// # let mut store = Store::default();
-    /// let log_str = Func::wrap(&mut store, |mut caller: Caller<'_, ()>, ptr: i32, len: i32| {
-    ///     let mem = match caller.get_export("memory") {
-    ///         Some(Extern::Memory(mem)) => mem,
-    ///         _ => anyhow::bail!("failed to find host memory"),
-    ///     };
-    ///     let data = mem.data(&caller)
-    ///         .get(ptr as u32 as usize..)
-    ///         .and_then(|arr| arr.get(..len as u32 as usize));
-    ///     let string = match data {
-    ///         Some(data) => match str::from_utf8(data) {
-    ///             Ok(s) => s,
-    ///             Err(_) => anyhow::bail!("invalid utf-8"),
-    ///         },
-    ///         None => anyhow::bail!("pointer/length out of bounds"),
-    ///     };
-    ///     assert_eq!(string, "Hello, world!");
-    ///     println!("{}", string);
-    ///     Ok(())
-    /// });
-    /// let module = Module::new(
-    ///     store.engine(),
-    ///     r#"
-    ///         (module
-    ///             (import "" "" (func $log_str (param i32 i32)))
-    ///             (func (export "foo")
-    ///                 i32.const 4   ;; ptr
-    ///                 i32.const 13  ;; len
-    ///                 call $log_str)
-    ///             (memory (export "memory") 1)
-    ///             (data (i32.const 4) "Hello, world!"))
-    ///     "#,
-    /// )?;
-    /// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[log_str.into()])?;
-    /// let foo = instance.get_typed_func::<(), ()>(&mut store, "foo")?;
-    /// foo.call(&mut store, ())?;
-    /// # Ok(())
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
-    pub fn wrap<T, Params, Results>(
-        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
-        func: impl IntoFunc<T, Params, Results>,
-    ) -> Func {
-        let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
-        // part of this unsafety is about matching the `T` to a `Store<T>`,
-        // which is done through the `AsContextMut` bound above.
-        unsafe {
-            let host = HostFunc::wrap(store.engine(), func);
-            host.into_func(store)
-        }
-    }
-
-    for_each_function_signature!(generate_wrap_async_func);
-
-    /// Returns the underlying wasm type that this `Func` has.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if `store` does not own this function.
-    pub fn ty(&self, store: impl AsContext) -> FuncType {
-        self.load_ty(&store.as_context().0)
-    }
-
-    /// Forcibly loads the type of this function from the `Engine`.
-    ///
-    /// Note that this is a somewhat expensive method since it requires taking a
-    /// lock as well as cloning a type.
-    fn load_ty(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> FuncType {
-        FuncType::from_wasm_func_type(
-            store
-                .engine()
-                .signatures()
-                .lookup_type(self.sig_index(store.store_data()))
-                .expect("signature should be registered"),
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Gets a reference to the `FuncType` for this function.
-    ///
-    /// Note that this returns both a reference to the type of this function as
-    /// well as a reference back to the store itself. This enables using the
-    /// `StoreOpaque` while the `FuncType` is also being used (from the
-    /// perspective of the borrow-checker) because otherwise the signature would
-    /// consider `StoreOpaque` borrowed mutable while `FuncType` is in use.
-    fn ty_ref<'a>(&self, store: &'a mut StoreOpaque) -> (&'a FuncType, &'a StoreOpaque) {
-        // If we haven't loaded our type into the store yet then do so lazily at
-        // this time.
-        if store.store_data()[self.0].ty.is_none() {
-            let ty = self.load_ty(store);
-            store.store_data_mut()[self.0].ty = Some(Box::new(ty));
-        }
-
-        (store.store_data()[self.0].ty.as_ref().unwrap(), store)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn sig_index(&self, data: &StoreData) -> VMSharedSignatureIndex {
-        data[self.0].sig_index()
-    }
-
-    /// Invokes this function with the `params` given and writes returned values
-    /// to `results`.
-    ///
-    /// The `params` here must match the type signature of this `Func`, or an
-    /// error will occur. Additionally `results` must have the same
-    /// length as the number of results for this function. Calling this function
-    /// will synchronously execute the WebAssembly function referenced to get
-    /// the results.
-    ///
-    /// This function will return `Ok(())` if execution completed without a trap
-    /// or error of any kind. In this situation the results will be written to
-    /// the provided `results` array.
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// Any error which occurs throughout the execution of the function will be
-    /// returned as `Err(e)`. The [`Error`](anyhow::Error) type can be inspected
-    /// for the precise error cause such as:
-    ///
-    /// * [`Trap`] - indicates that a wasm trap happened and execution was
-    ///   halted.
-    /// * [`WasmBacktrace`] - optionally included on errors for backtrace
-    ///   information of the trap/error.
-    /// * Other string-based errors to indicate issues such as type errors with
-    ///   `params`.
-    /// * Any host-originating error originally returned from a function defined
-    ///   via [`Func::new`], for example.
-    ///
-    /// Errors typically indicate that execution of WebAssembly was halted
-    /// mid-way and did not complete after the error condition happened.
-    ///
-    /// [`Trap`]: crate::Trap
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This function will panic if called on a function belonging to an async
-    /// store. Asynchronous stores must always use `call_async`.
-    /// initiates a panic. Also panics if `store` does not own this function.
-    ///
-    /// [`WasmBacktrace`]: crate::WasmBacktrace
-    pub fn call(
-        &self,
-        mut store: impl AsContextMut,
-        params: &[Val],
-        results: &mut [Val],
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        assert!(
-            !store.as_context().async_support(),
-            "must use `call_async` when async support is enabled on the config",
-        );
-        self.call_impl(&mut store.as_context_mut(), params, results)
-    }
-
-    /// Invokes this function in an "unchecked" fashion, reading parameters and
-    /// writing results to `params_and_returns`.
-    ///
-    /// This function is the same as [`Func::call`] except that the arguments
-    /// and results both use a different representation. If possible it's
-    /// recommended to use [`Func::call`] if safety isn't necessary or to use
-    /// [`Func::typed`] in conjunction with [`TypedFunc::call`] since that's
-    /// both safer and faster than this method of invoking a function.
-    ///
-    /// Note that if this function takes `externref` arguments then it will
-    /// **not** automatically GC unlike the [`Func::call`] and
-    /// [`TypedFunc::call`] functions. This means that if this function is
-    /// invoked many times with new `ExternRef` values and no other GC happens
-    /// via any other means then no values will get collected.
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// For more information about errors see the [`Func::call`] documentation.
-    ///
-    /// # Unsafety
-    ///
-    /// This function is unsafe because the `params_and_returns` argument is not
-    /// validated at all. It must uphold invariants such as:
-    ///
-    /// * It's a valid pointer to an array
-    /// * It has enough space to store all parameters
-    /// * It has enough space to store all results (not at the same time as
-    ///   parameters)
-    /// * Parameters are initially written to the array and have the correct
-    ///   types and such.
-    /// * Reference types like `externref` and `funcref` are valid at the
-    ///   time of this call and for the `store` specified.
-    ///
-    /// These invariants are all upheld for you with [`Func::call`] and
-    /// [`TypedFunc::call`].
-    pub unsafe fn call_unchecked(
-        &self,
-        mut store: impl AsContextMut,
-        params_and_returns: *mut ValRaw,
-        params_and_returns_capacity: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
-        let data = &store.0.store_data()[self.0];
-        let func_ref = data.export().func_ref;
-        Self::call_unchecked_raw(
-            &mut store,
-            func_ref,
-            params_and_returns,
-            params_and_returns_capacity,
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn call_unchecked_raw<T>(
-        store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>,
-        func_ref: NonNull<VMFuncRef>,
-        params_and_returns: *mut ValRaw,
-        params_and_returns_capacity: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        invoke_wasm_and_catch_traps(store, |caller| {
-            let func_ref = func_ref.as_ref();
-            (func_ref.array_call)(
-                func_ref.vmctx,
-                caller.cast::<VMOpaqueContext>(),
-                params_and_returns,
-                params_and_returns_capacity,
-            )
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Converts the raw representation of a `funcref` into an `Option<Func>`
-    ///
-    /// This is intended to be used in conjunction with [`Func::new_unchecked`],
-    /// [`Func::call_unchecked`], and [`ValRaw`] with its `funcref` field.
-    ///
-    /// # Unsafety
-    ///
-    /// This function is not safe because `raw` is not validated at all. The
-    /// caller must guarantee that `raw` is owned by the `store` provided and is
-    /// valid within the `store`.
-    pub unsafe fn from_raw(mut store: impl AsContextMut, raw: usize) -> Option<Func> {
-        Func::from_caller_checked_func_ref(store.as_context_mut().0, raw as *mut _)
-    }
-
-    /// Extracts the raw value of this `Func`, which is owned by `store`.
-    ///
-    /// This function returns a value that's suitable for writing into the
-    /// `funcref` field of the [`ValRaw`] structure.
-    ///
-    /// # Unsafety
-    ///
-    /// The returned value is only valid for as long as the store is alive and
-    /// this function is properly rooted within it. Additionally this function
-    /// should not be liberally used since it's a very low-level knob.
-    pub unsafe fn to_raw(&self, mut store: impl AsContextMut) -> usize {
-        self.caller_checked_func_ref(store.as_context_mut().0)
-            .as_ptr() as usize
-    }
-
-    /// Invokes this function with the `params` given, returning the results
-    /// asynchronously.
-    ///
-    /// This function is the same as [`Func::call`] except that it is
-    /// asynchronous. This is only compatible with stores associated with an
-    /// [asynchronous config](crate::Config::async_support).
-    ///
-    /// It's important to note that the execution of WebAssembly will happen
-    /// synchronously in the `poll` method of the future returned from this
-    /// function. Wasmtime does not manage its own thread pool or similar to
-    /// execute WebAssembly in. Future `poll` methods are generally expected to
-    /// resolve quickly, so it's recommended that you run or poll this future
-    /// in a "blocking context".
-    ///
-    /// For more information see the documentation on [asynchronous
-    /// configs](crate::Config::async_support).
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// For more information on errors see the [`Func::call`] documentation.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if this is called on a function in a synchronous store. This
-    /// only works with functions defined within an asynchronous store. Also
-    /// panics if `store` does not own this function.
-    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-    #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
-    pub async fn call_async<T>(
-        &self,
-        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
-        params: &[Val],
-        results: &mut [Val],
-    ) -> Result<()>
-    where
-        T: Send,
-    {
-        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
-        assert!(
-            store.0.async_support(),
-            "cannot use `call_async` without enabling async support in the config",
-        );
-        let result = store
-            .on_fiber(|store| self.call_impl(store, params, results))
-            .await??;
-        Ok(result)
-    }
-
-    fn call_impl<T>(
-        &self,
-        store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>,
-        params: &[Val],
-        results: &mut [Val],
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        // We need to perform a dynamic check that the arguments given to us
-        // match the signature of this function and are appropriate to pass to
-        // this function. This involves checking to make sure we have the right
-        // number and types of arguments as well as making sure everything is
-        // from the same `Store`.
-        let (ty, opaque) = self.ty_ref(store.0);
-        if ty.params().len() != params.len() {
-            bail!(
-                "expected {} arguments, got {}",
-                ty.params().len(),
-                params.len()
-            );
-        }
-        if ty.results().len() != results.len() {
-            bail!(
-                "expected {} results, got {}",
-                ty.results().len(),
-                results.len()
-            );
-        }
-        for (ty, arg) in ty.params().zip(params) {
-            if arg.ty() != ty {
-                bail!(
-                    "argument type mismatch: found {} but expected {}",
-                    arg.ty(),
-                    ty
-                );
-            }
-            if !arg.comes_from_same_store(opaque) {
-                bail!("cross-`Store` values are not currently supported");
-            }
-        }
-
-        let values_vec_size = params.len().max(ty.results().len());
-
-        // Whenever we pass `externref`s from host code to Wasm code, they
-        // go into the `VMExternRefActivationsTable`. But the table might be
-        // at capacity already, so check for that. If it is at capacity
-        // (unlikely) then do a GC to free up space. This is necessary
-        // because otherwise we would either keep filling up the bump chunk
-        // and making it larger and larger or we would always take the slow
-        // path when inserting references into the table.
-        if ty.as_wasm_func_type().externref_params_count()
-            > store
-                .0
-                .externref_activations_table()
-                .bump_capacity_remaining()
-        {
-            store.gc();
-        }
-
-        // Store the argument values into `values_vec`.
-        let mut values_vec = store.0.take_wasm_val_raw_storage();
-        debug_assert!(values_vec.is_empty());
-        values_vec.resize_with(values_vec_size, || ValRaw::i32(0));
-        for (arg, slot) in params.iter().cloned().zip(&mut values_vec) {
-            unsafe {
-                *slot = arg.to_raw(&mut *store);
-            }
-        }
-
-        unsafe {
-            self.call_unchecked(&mut *store, values_vec.as_mut_ptr(), values_vec_size)?;
-        }
-
-        for ((i, slot), val) in results.iter_mut().enumerate().zip(&values_vec) {
-            let ty = self.ty_ref(store.0).0.results().nth(i).unwrap();
-            *slot = unsafe { Val::from_raw(&mut *store, *val, ty) };
-        }
-        values_vec.truncate(0);
-        store.0.save_wasm_val_raw_storage(values_vec);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn caller_checked_func_ref(&self, store: &mut StoreOpaque) -> NonNull<VMFuncRef> {
-        let func_data = &mut store.store_data_mut()[self.0];
-        if let Some(in_store) = func_data.in_store_func_ref {
-            in_store.func_ref()
-        } else {
-            let func_ref = func_data.export().func_ref;
-            unsafe {
-                if func_ref.as_ref().wasm_call.is_none() {
-                    let func_ref = store.func_refs().push(func_ref.as_ref().clone());
-                    store.store_data_mut()[self.0].in_store_func_ref =
-                        Some(InStoreFuncRef::new(func_ref));
-                    store.fill_func_refs();
-                    func_ref
-                } else {
-                    func_ref
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn from_wasmtime_function(
-        export: ExportFunction,
-        store: &mut StoreOpaque,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Func::from_func_kind(FuncKind::StoreOwned { export }, store)
-    }
-
-    fn from_func_kind(kind: FuncKind, store: &mut StoreOpaque) -> Self {
-        Func(store.store_data_mut().insert(FuncData {
-            kind,
-            in_store_func_ref: None,
-            ty: None,
-        }))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn vmimport(&self, store: &mut StoreOpaque, module: &Module) -> VMFunctionImport {
-        unsafe {
-            let f = {
-                let func_data = &mut store.store_data_mut()[self.0];
-                // If we already patched this `funcref.wasm_call` and saved a
-                // copy in the store, use the patched version. Otherwise, use
-                // the potentially un-patched version.
-                if let Some(func_ref) = func_data.in_store_func_ref {
-                    func_ref.func_ref()
-                } else {
-                    func_data.export().func_ref
-                }
-            };
-            VMFunctionImport {
-                wasm_call: if let Some(wasm_call) = f.as_ref().wasm_call {
-                    wasm_call
-                } else {
-                    // Assert that this is a native-call function, since those
-                    // are the only ones that could be missing a `wasm_call`
-                    // trampoline.
-                    let _ = VMNativeCallHostFuncContext::from_opaque(f.as_ref().vmctx);
-
-                    let sig = self.sig_index(store.store_data());
-                    module.runtime_info().wasm_to_native_trampoline(sig).expect(
-                        "must have a wasm-to-native trampoline for this signature if the Wasm \
-                         module is importing a function of this signature",
-                    )
-                },
-                native_call: f.as_ref().native_call,
-                array_call: f.as_ref().array_call,
-                vmctx: f.as_ref().vmctx,
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_store(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> bool {
-        store.store_data().contains(self.0)
-    }
-
-    fn invoke<T>(
-        mut caller: Caller<'_, T>,
-        ty: &FuncType,
-        values_vec: &mut [ValRaw],
-        func: &dyn Fn(Caller<'_, T>, &[Val], &mut [Val]) -> Result<()>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        // Translate the raw JIT arguments in `values_vec` into a `Val` which
-        // we'll be passing as a slice. The storage for our slice-of-`Val` we'll
-        // be taking from the `Store`. We preserve our slice back into the
-        // `Store` after the hostcall, ideally amortizing the cost of allocating
-        // the storage across wasm->host calls.
-        //
-        // Note that we have a dynamic guarantee that `values_vec` is the
-        // appropriate length to both read all arguments from as well as store
-        // all results into.
-        let mut val_vec = caller.store.0.take_hostcall_val_storage();
-        debug_assert!(val_vec.is_empty());
-        let nparams = ty.params().len();
-        val_vec.reserve(nparams + ty.results().len());
-        for (i, ty) in ty.params().enumerate() {
-            val_vec.push(unsafe { Val::from_raw(&mut caller.store, values_vec[i], ty) })
-        }
-
-        val_vec.extend((0..ty.results().len()).map(|_| Val::null()));
-        let (params, results) = val_vec.split_at_mut(nparams);
-        func(caller.sub_caller(), params, results)?;
-
-        // See the comment in `Func::call_impl`'s `write_params` function.
-        if ty.as_wasm_func_type().externref_returns_count()
-            > caller
-                .store
-                .0
-                .externref_activations_table()
-                .bump_capacity_remaining()
-        {
-            caller.store.gc();
-        }
-
-        // Unlike our arguments we need to dynamically check that the return
-        // values produced are correct. There could be a bug in `func` that
-        // produces the wrong number, wrong types, or wrong stores of
-        // values, and we need to catch that here.
-        for (i, (ret, ty)) in results.iter().zip(ty.results()).enumerate() {
-            if ret.ty() != ty {
-                bail!("function attempted to return an incompatible value");
-            }
-            if !ret.comes_from_same_store(caller.store.0) {
-                bail!("cross-`Store` values are not currently supported");
-            }
-            unsafe {
-                values_vec[i] = ret.to_raw(&mut caller.store);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Restore our `val_vec` back into the store so it's usable for the next
-        // hostcall to reuse our own storage.
-        val_vec.truncate(0);
-        caller.store.0.save_hostcall_val_storage(val_vec);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Attempts to extract a typed object from this `Func` through which the
-    /// function can be called.
-    ///
-    /// This function serves as an alternative to [`Func::call`] and
-    /// [`Func::call_async`]. This method performs a static type check (using
-    /// the `Params` and `Results` type parameters on the underlying wasm
-    /// function. If the type check passes then a `TypedFunc` object is returned,
-    /// otherwise an error is returned describing the typecheck failure.
-    ///
-    /// The purpose of this relative to [`Func::call`] is that it's much more
-    /// efficient when used to invoke WebAssembly functions. With the types
-    /// statically known far less setup/teardown is required when invoking
-    /// WebAssembly. If speed is desired then this function is recommended to be
-    /// used instead of [`Func::call`] (which is more general, hence its
-    /// slowdown).
-    ///
-    /// The `Params` type parameter is used to describe the parameters of the
-    /// WebAssembly function. This can either be a single type (like `i32`), or
-    /// a tuple of types representing the list of parameters (like `(i32, f32,
-    /// f64)`). Additionally you can use `()` to represent that the function has
-    /// no parameters.
-    ///
-    /// The `Results` type parameter is used to describe the results of the
-    /// function. This behaves the same way as `Params`, but just for the
-    /// results of the function.
-    ///
-    /// Translation between Rust types and WebAssembly types looks like:
-    ///
-    /// | WebAssembly | Rust                |
-    /// |-------------|---------------------|
-    /// | `i32`       | `i32` or `u32`      |
-    /// | `i64`       | `i64` or `u64`      |
-    /// | `f32`       | `f32`               |
-    /// | `f64`       | `f64`               |
-    /// | `externref` | `Option<ExternRef>` |
-    /// | `funcref`   | `Option<Func>`      |
-    /// | `v128`      | not supported       |
-    ///
-    /// (note that this mapping is the same as that of [`Func::wrap`]).
-    ///
-    /// Note that once the [`TypedFunc`] return value is acquired you'll use either
-    /// [`TypedFunc::call`] or [`TypedFunc::call_async`] as necessary to actually invoke
-    /// the function. This method does not invoke any WebAssembly code, it
-    /// simply performs a typecheck before returning the [`TypedFunc`] value.
-    ///
-    /// This method also has a convenience wrapper as
-    /// [`Instance::get_typed_func`](crate::Instance::get_typed_func) to
-    /// directly get a typed function value from an
-    /// [`Instance`](crate::Instance).
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// This function will return an error if `Params` or `Results` does not
-    /// match the native type of this WebAssembly function.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This method will panic if `store` does not own this function.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// An end-to-end example of calling a function which takes no parameters
-    /// and has no results:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use wasmtime::*;
-    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    /// let engine = Engine::default();
-    /// let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
-    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, r#"(module (func (export "foo")))"#)?;
-    /// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[])?;
-    /// let foo = instance.get_func(&mut store, "foo").expect("export wasn't a function");
-    ///
-    /// // Note that this call can fail due to the typecheck not passing, but
-    /// // in our case we statically know the module so we know this should
-    /// // pass.
-    /// let typed = foo.typed::<(), ()>(&store)?;
-    ///
-    /// // Note that this can fail if the wasm traps at runtime.
-    /// typed.call(&mut store, ())?;
-    /// # Ok(())
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// You can also pass in multiple parameters and get a result back
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use wasmtime::*;
-    /// # fn foo(add: &Func, mut store: Store<()>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    /// let typed = add.typed::<(i32, i64), f32>(&store)?;
-    /// assert_eq!(typed.call(&mut store, (1, 2))?, 3.0);
-    /// # Ok(())
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// and similarly if a function has multiple results you can bind that too
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// # use wasmtime::*;
-    /// # fn foo(add_with_overflow: &Func, mut store: Store<()>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    /// let typed = add_with_overflow.typed::<(u32, u32), (u32, i32)>(&store)?;
-    /// let (result, overflow) = typed.call(&mut store, (u32::max_value(), 2))?;
-    /// assert_eq!(result, 1);
-    /// assert_eq!(overflow, 1);
-    /// # Ok(())
-    /// # }
-    /// ```
-    pub fn typed<Params, Results>(
-        &self,
-        store: impl AsContext,
-    ) -> Result<TypedFunc<Params, Results>>
-    where
-        Params: WasmParams,
-        Results: WasmResults,
-    {
-        // Type-check that the params/results are all valid
-        let ty = self.ty(store);
-        Params::typecheck(ty.params()).context("type mismatch with parameters")?;
-        Results::typecheck(ty.results()).context("type mismatch with results")?;
-
-        // and then we can construct the typed version of this function
-        // (unsafely), which should be safe since we just did the type check above.
-        unsafe { Ok(TypedFunc::new_unchecked(*self)) }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Prepares for entrance into WebAssembly.
-///
-/// This function will set up context such that `closure` is allowed to call a
-/// raw trampoline or a raw WebAssembly function. This *must* be called to do
-/// things like catch traps and set up GC properly.
-///
-/// The `closure` provided receives a default "caller" `VMContext` parameter it
-/// can pass to the called wasm function, if desired.
-pub(crate) fn invoke_wasm_and_catch_traps<T>(
-    store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>,
-    closure: impl FnMut(*mut VMContext),
-) -> Result<()> {
-    unsafe {
-        let exit = enter_wasm(store);
-
-        if let Err(trap) = store.0.call_hook(CallHook::CallingWasm) {
-            exit_wasm(store, exit);
-            return Err(trap);
-        }
-        let result = wasmtime_runtime::catch_traps(
-            store.0.signal_handler(),
-            store.0.engine().config().wasm_backtrace,
-            store.0.default_caller(),
-            closure,
-        );
-        exit_wasm(store, exit);
-        store.0.call_hook(CallHook::ReturningFromWasm)?;
-        result.map_err(|t| crate::trap::from_runtime_box(store.0, t))
-    }
-}
-
-/// This function is called to register state within `Store` whenever
-/// WebAssembly is entered within the `Store`.
-///
-/// This function sets up various limits such as:
-///
-/// * The stack limit. This is what ensures that we limit the stack space
-///   allocated by WebAssembly code and it's relative to the initial stack
-///   pointer that called into wasm.
-///
-/// This function may fail if the the stack limit can't be set because an
-/// interrupt already happened.
-fn enter_wasm<T>(store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>) -> Option<usize> {
-    // If this is a recursive call, e.g. our stack limit is already set, then
-    // we may be able to skip this function.
-    //
-    // For synchronous stores there's nothing else to do because all wasm calls
-    // happen synchronously and on the same stack. This means that the previous
-    // stack limit will suffice for the next recursive call.
-    //
-    // For asynchronous stores then each call happens on a separate native
-    // stack. This means that the previous stack limit is no longer relevant
-    // because we're on a separate stack.
-    if unsafe { *store.0.runtime_limits().stack_limit.get() } != usize::MAX
-        && !store.0.async_support()
-    {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    // Ignore this stack pointer business on miri since we can't execute wasm
-    // anyway and the concept of a stack pointer on miri is a bit nebulous
-    // regardless.
-    if cfg!(miri) {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let stack_pointer = psm::stack_pointer() as usize;
-
-    // Determine the stack pointer where, after which, any wasm code will
-    // immediately trap. This is checked on the entry to all wasm functions.
-    //
-    // Note that this isn't 100% precise. We are requested to give wasm
-    // `max_wasm_stack` bytes, but what we're actually doing is giving wasm
-    // probably a little less than `max_wasm_stack` because we're
-    // calculating the limit relative to this function's approximate stack
-    // pointer. Wasm will be executed on a frame beneath this one (or next
-    // to it). In any case it's expected to be at most a few hundred bytes
-    // of slop one way or another. When wasm is typically given a MB or so
-    // (a million bytes) the slop shouldn't matter too much.
-    //
-    // After we've got the stack limit then we store it into the `stack_limit`
-    // variable.
-    let wasm_stack_limit = stack_pointer - store.engine().config().max_wasm_stack;
-    let prev_stack = unsafe {
-        mem::replace(
-            &mut *store.0.runtime_limits().stack_limit.get(),
-            wasm_stack_limit,
-        )
-    };
-
-    Some(prev_stack)
-}
-
-fn exit_wasm<T>(store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>, prev_stack: Option<usize>) {
-    // If we don't have a previous stack pointer to restore, then there's no
-    // cleanup we need to perform here.
-    let prev_stack = match prev_stack {
-        Some(stack) => stack,
-        None => return,
-    };
-
-    unsafe {
-        *store.0.runtime_limits().stack_limit.get() = prev_stack;
-    }
-}
-
-/// A trait implemented for types which can be returned from closures passed to
-/// [`Func::wrap`] and friends.
-///
-/// This trait should not be implemented by user types. This trait may change at
-/// any time internally. The types which implement this trait, however, are
-/// stable over time.
-///
-/// For more information see [`Func::wrap`]
-pub unsafe trait WasmRet {
-    // Same as `WasmTy::Abi`.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    type Abi: Copy;
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    type Retptr: Copy;
-
-    // Same as `WasmTy::compatible_with_store`.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn compatible_with_store(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> bool;
-
-    // Similar to `WasmTy::into_abi_for_arg` but used when host code is
-    // returning a value into Wasm, rather than host code passing an argument to
-    // a Wasm call. Unlike `into_abi_for_arg`, implementors of this method can
-    // raise traps, which means that callers must ensure that
-    // `invoke_wasm_and_catch_traps` is on the stack, and therefore this method
-    // is unsafe.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    unsafe fn into_abi_for_ret(
-        self,
-        store: &mut StoreOpaque,
-        ptr: Self::Retptr,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Abi>;
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn func_type(params: impl Iterator<Item = ValType>) -> FuncType;
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    unsafe fn wrap_trampoline(ptr: *mut ValRaw, f: impl FnOnce(Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi);
-
-    // Utilities used to convert an instance of this type to a `Result`
-    // explicitly, used when wrapping async functions which always bottom-out
-    // in a function that returns a trap because futures can be cancelled.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    type Fallible: WasmRet<Abi = Self::Abi, Retptr = Self::Retptr>;
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn into_fallible(self) -> Self::Fallible;
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn fallible_from_error(error: Error) -> Self::Fallible;
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T> WasmRet for T
-where
-    T: WasmTy,
-{
-    type Abi = <T as WasmTy>::Abi;
-    type Retptr = ();
-    type Fallible = Result<T>;
-
-    fn compatible_with_store(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> bool {
-        <Self as WasmTy>::compatible_with_store(self, store)
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn into_abi_for_ret(self, store: &mut StoreOpaque, _retptr: ()) -> Result<Self::Abi> {
-        Ok(<Self as WasmTy>::into_abi(self, store))
-    }
-
-    fn func_type(params: impl Iterator<Item = ValType>) -> FuncType {
-        FuncType::new(params, Some(<Self as WasmTy>::valtype()))
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn wrap_trampoline(ptr: *mut ValRaw, f: impl FnOnce(Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi) {
-        T::abi_into_raw(f(()), ptr);
-    }
-
-    fn into_fallible(self) -> Result<T> {
-        Ok(self)
-    }
-
-    fn fallible_from_error(error: Error) -> Result<T> {
-        Err(error)
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T> WasmRet for Result<T>
-where
-    T: WasmRet,
-{
-    type Abi = <T as WasmRet>::Abi;
-    type Retptr = <T as WasmRet>::Retptr;
-    type Fallible = Self;
-
-    fn compatible_with_store(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Ok(x) => <T as WasmRet>::compatible_with_store(x, store),
-            Err(_) => true,
-        }
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn into_abi_for_ret(
-        self,
-        store: &mut StoreOpaque,
-        retptr: Self::Retptr,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Abi> {
-        self.and_then(|val| val.into_abi_for_ret(store, retptr))
-    }
-
-    fn func_type(params: impl Iterator<Item = ValType>) -> FuncType {
-        T::func_type(params)
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn wrap_trampoline(ptr: *mut ValRaw, f: impl FnOnce(Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi) {
-        T::wrap_trampoline(ptr, f)
-    }
-
-    fn into_fallible(self) -> Result<T> {
-        self
-    }
-
-    fn fallible_from_error(error: Error) -> Result<T> {
-        Err(error)
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! impl_wasm_host_results {
-    ($n:tt $($t:ident)*) => (
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        unsafe impl<$($t),*> WasmRet for ($($t,)*)
-        where
-            $($t: WasmTy,)*
-            ($($t::Abi,)*): HostAbi,
-        {
-            type Abi = <($($t::Abi,)*) as HostAbi>::Abi;
-            type Retptr = <($($t::Abi,)*) as HostAbi>::Retptr;
-            type Fallible = Result<Self>;
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn compatible_with_store(&self, _store: &StoreOpaque) -> bool {
-                let ($($t,)*) = self;
-                $( $t.compatible_with_store(_store) && )* true
-            }
-
-            #[inline]
-            unsafe fn into_abi_for_ret(self, _store: &mut StoreOpaque, ptr: Self::Retptr) -> Result<Self::Abi> {
-                let ($($t,)*) = self;
-                let abi = ($($t.into_abi(_store),)*);
-                Ok(<($($t::Abi,)*) as HostAbi>::into_abi(abi, ptr))
-            }
-
-            fn func_type(params: impl Iterator<Item = ValType>) -> FuncType {
-                FuncType::new(
-                    params,
-                    IntoIterator::into_iter([$($t::valtype(),)*]),
-                )
-            }
-
-            #[allow(unused_assignments)]
-            unsafe fn wrap_trampoline(mut _ptr: *mut ValRaw, f: impl FnOnce(Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi) {
-                let ($($t,)*) = <($($t::Abi,)*) as HostAbi>::call(f);
-                $(
-                    $t::abi_into_raw($t, _ptr);
-                    _ptr = _ptr.add(1);
-                )*
-            }
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn into_fallible(self) -> Result<Self> {
-                Ok(self)
-            }
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn fallible_from_error(error: Error) -> Result<Self> {
-                Err(error)
-            }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-for_each_function_signature!(impl_wasm_host_results);
-
-// Internal trait representing how to communicate tuples of return values across
-// an ABI boundary. This internally corresponds to the "wasmtime" ABI inside of
-// cranelift itself. Notably the first element of each tuple is returned via the
-// typical system ABI (e.g. systemv or fastcall depending on platform) and all
-// other values are returned packed via the stack.
-//
-// This trait helps to encapsulate all the details of that.
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub trait HostAbi {
-    // A value returned from native functions which return `Self`
-    type Abi: Copy;
-    // A return pointer, added to the end of the argument list, for native
-    // functions that return `Self`. Note that a 0-sized type here should get
-    // elided at the ABI level.
-    type Retptr: Copy;
-
-    // Converts a value of `self` into its components. Stores necessary values
-    // into `ptr` and then returns whatever needs to be returned from the
-    // function.
-    unsafe fn into_abi(self, ptr: Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi;
-
-    // Calls `f` with a suitably sized return area and requires `f` to return
-    // the raw abi value of the first element of our tuple. This will then
-    // unpack the `Retptr` and assemble it with `Self::Abi` to return an
-    // instance of the whole tuple.
-    unsafe fn call(f: impl FnOnce(Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi) -> Self;
-}
-
-macro_rules! impl_host_abi {
-    // Base case, everything is `()`
-    (0) => {
-        impl HostAbi for () {
-            type Abi = ();
-            type Retptr = ();
-
-            #[inline]
-            unsafe fn into_abi(self, _ptr: Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi {}
-
-            #[inline]
-            unsafe fn call(f: impl FnOnce(Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi) -> Self {
-                f(())
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    // In the 1-case the retptr is not present, so it's a 0-sized value.
-    (1 $a:ident) => {
-        impl<$a: Copy> HostAbi for ($a,) {
-            type Abi = $a;
-            type Retptr = ();
-
-            unsafe fn into_abi(self, _ptr: Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi {
-                self.0
-            }
-
-            unsafe fn call(f: impl FnOnce(Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi) -> Self {
-                (f(()),)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    // This is where the more interesting case happens. The first element of the
-    // tuple is returned via `Abi` and all other elements are returned via
-    // `Retptr`. We create a `TupleRetNN` structure to represent all of the
-    // return values here.
-    //
-    // Also note that this isn't implemented for the old backend right now due
-    // to the original author not really being sure how to implement this in the
-    // old backend.
-    ($n:tt $t:ident $($u:ident)*) => {paste::paste!{
-        #[doc(hidden)]
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        #[repr(C)]
-        pub struct [<TupleRet $n>]<$($u,)*> {
-            $($u: $u,)*
-        }
-
-        #[allow(non_snake_case, unused_assignments)]
-        impl<$t: Copy, $($u: Copy,)*> HostAbi for ($t, $($u,)*) {
-            type Abi = $t;
-            type Retptr = *mut [<TupleRet $n>]<$($u,)*>;
-
-            unsafe fn into_abi(self, ptr: Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi {
-                let ($t, $($u,)*) = self;
-                // Store the tail of our tuple into the return pointer...
-                $((*ptr).$u = $u;)*
-                // ... and return the head raw.
-                $t
-            }
-
-            unsafe fn call(f: impl FnOnce(Self::Retptr) -> Self::Abi) -> Self {
-                // Create space to store all the return values and then invoke
-                // the function.
-                let mut space = std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
-                let t = f(space.as_mut_ptr());
-                let space = space.assume_init();
-
-                // Use the return value as the head of the tuple and unpack our
-                // return area to get the rest of the tuple.
-                (t, $(space.$u,)*)
-            }
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
-for_each_function_signature!(impl_host_abi);
-
-/// Internal trait implemented for all arguments that can be passed to
-/// [`Func::wrap`] and [`Linker::func_wrap`](crate::Linker::func_wrap).
-///
-/// This trait should not be implemented by external users, it's only intended
-/// as an implementation detail of this crate.
-pub trait IntoFunc<T, Params, Results>: Send + Sync + 'static {
-    /// Convert this function into a `VM{Array,Native}CallHostFuncContext` and
-    /// internal `VMFuncRef`.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn into_func(self, engine: &Engine) -> HostContext;
-}
-
-/// A structure representing the caller's context when creating a function
-/// via [`Func::wrap`].
-///
-/// This structure can be taken as the first parameter of a closure passed to
-/// [`Func::wrap`] or other constructors, and serves two purposes:
-///
-/// * First consumers can use [`Caller<'_, T>`](crate::Caller) to get access to
-///   [`StoreContextMut<'_, T>`](crate::StoreContextMut) and/or get access to
-///   `T` itself. This means that the [`Caller`] type can serve as a proxy to
-///   the original [`Store`](crate::Store) itself and is used to satisfy
-///   [`AsContext`] and [`AsContextMut`] bounds.
-///
-/// * Second a [`Caller`] can be used as the name implies, learning about the
-///   caller's context, namely it's exported memory and exported functions. This
-///   allows functions which take pointers as arguments to easily read the
-///   memory the pointers point into, or if a function is expected to call
-///   malloc in the wasm module to reserve space for the output you can do that.
-///
-/// Host functions which want access to [`Store`](crate::Store)-level state are
-/// recommended to use this type.
-pub struct Caller<'a, T> {
-    pub(crate) store: StoreContextMut<'a, T>,
-    caller: &'a InstanceHandle,
-}
-
-impl<T> Caller<'_, T> {
-    unsafe fn with<R>(caller: *mut VMContext, f: impl FnOnce(Caller<'_, T>) -> R) -> R {
-        assert!(!caller.is_null());
-        let instance = InstanceHandle::from_vmctx(caller);
-        let store = StoreContextMut::from_raw(instance.store());
-        f(Caller {
-            store,
-            caller: &instance,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn sub_caller(&mut self) -> Caller<'_, T> {
-        Caller {
-            store: self.store.as_context_mut(),
-            caller: self.caller,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Looks up an export from the caller's module by the `name` given.
-    ///
-    /// This is a low-level function that's typically used to implement passing
-    /// of pointers or indices between core Wasm instances, where the callee
-    /// needs to consult the caller's exports to perform memory management and
-    /// resolve the references.
-    ///
-    /// For comparison, in components, the component model handles translating
-    /// arguments from one component instance to another and managing memory, so
-    /// that callees don't need to be aware of their callers, which promotes
-    /// virtualizability of APIs.
-    ///
-    /// # Return
-    ///
-    /// If an export with the `name` provided was found, then it is returned as an
-    /// `Extern`. There are a number of situations, however, where the export may not
-    /// be available:
-    ///
-    /// * The caller instance may not have an export named `name`
-    /// * There may not be a caller available, for example if `Func` was called
-    ///   directly from host code.
-    ///
-    /// It's recommended to take care when calling this API and gracefully
-    /// handling a `None` return value.
-    pub fn get_export(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<Extern> {
-        // All instances created have a `host_state` with a pointer pointing
-        // back to themselves. If this caller doesn't have that `host_state`
-        // then it probably means it was a host-created object like `Func::new`
-        // which doesn't have any exports we want to return anyway.
-        self.caller
-            .host_state()
-            .downcast_ref::<Instance>()?
-            .get_export(&mut self.store, name)
-    }
-
-    /// Access the underlying data owned by this `Store`.
-    ///
-    /// Same as [`Store::data`](crate::Store::data)
-    pub fn data(&self) -> &T {
-        self.store.data()
-    }
-
-    /// Access the underlying data owned by this `Store`.
-    ///
-    /// Same as [`Store::data_mut`](crate::Store::data_mut)
-    pub fn data_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
-        self.store.data_mut()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the underlying [`Engine`] this store is connected to.
-    pub fn engine(&self) -> &Engine {
-        self.store.engine()
-    }
-
-    /// Perform garbage collection of `ExternRef`s.
-    ///
-    /// Same as [`Store::gc`](crate::Store::gc).
-    pub fn gc(&mut self) {
-        self.store.gc()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the fuel consumed by this store.
-    ///
-    /// For more information see [`Store::fuel_consumed`](crate::Store::fuel_consumed)
-    pub fn fuel_consumed(&self) -> Option<u64> {
-        self.store.fuel_consumed()
-    }
-
-    /// Inject more fuel into this store to be consumed when executing wasm code.
-    ///
-    /// For more information see [`Store::add_fuel`](crate::Store::add_fuel)
-    pub fn add_fuel(&mut self, fuel: u64) -> Result<()> {
-        self.store.add_fuel(fuel)
-    }
-
-    /// Synthetically consumes fuel from the store.
-    ///
-    /// For more information see [`Store::consume_fuel`](crate::Store::consume_fuel)
-    pub fn consume_fuel(&mut self, fuel: u64) -> Result<u64> {
-        self.store.consume_fuel(fuel)
-    }
-
-    /// Configures this `Store` to trap whenever fuel runs out.
-    ///
-    /// For more information see
-    /// [`Store::out_of_fuel_trap`](crate::Store::out_of_fuel_trap)
-    pub fn out_of_fuel_trap(&mut self) {
-        self.store.out_of_fuel_trap()
-    }
-
-    /// Configures this `Store` to yield while executing futures whenever fuel
-    /// runs out.
-    ///
-    /// For more information see
-    /// [`Store::out_of_fuel_async_yield`](crate::Store::out_of_fuel_async_yield)
-    pub fn out_of_fuel_async_yield(&mut self, injection_count: u64, fuel_to_inject: u64) {
-        self.store
-            .out_of_fuel_async_yield(injection_count, fuel_to_inject)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> AsContext for Caller<'_, T> {
-    type Data = T;
-    fn as_context(&self) -> StoreContext<'_, T> {
-        self.store.as_context()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> AsContextMut for Caller<'_, T> {
-    fn as_context_mut(&mut self) -> StoreContextMut<'_, T> {
-        self.store.as_context_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! impl_into_func {
-    ($num:tt $($args:ident)*) => {
-        // Implement for functions without a leading `&Caller` parameter,
-        // delegating to the implementation below which does have the leading
-        // `Caller` parameter.
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        impl<T, F, $($args,)* R> IntoFunc<T, ($($args,)*), R> for F
-        where
-            F: Fn($($args),*) -> R + Send + Sync + 'static,
-            $($args: WasmTy,)*
-            R: WasmRet,
-        {
-            fn into_func(self, engine: &Engine) -> HostContext {
-                let f = move |_: Caller<'_, T>, $($args:$args),*| {
-                    self($($args),*)
-                };
-
-                f.into_func(engine)
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        impl<T, F, $($args,)* R> IntoFunc<T, (Caller<'_, T>, $($args,)*), R> for F
-        where
-            F: Fn(Caller<'_, T>, $($args),*) -> R + Send + Sync + 'static,
-            $($args: WasmTy,)*
-            R: WasmRet,
-        {
-            fn into_func(self, engine: &Engine) -> HostContext {
-                /// This shim is a regular, non-closure function we can stuff
-                /// inside `VMFuncRef::native_call`.
-                ///
-                /// It reads the actual callee closure out of
-                /// `VMNativeCallHostFuncContext::host_state`, forwards
-                /// arguments to that function, and finally forwards the results
-                /// back out to the caller. It also handles traps and panics
-                /// along the way.
-                unsafe extern "C" fn native_call_shim<T, F, $($args,)* R>(
-                    vmctx: *mut VMOpaqueContext,
-                    caller_vmctx: *mut VMOpaqueContext,
-                    $( $args: $args::Abi, )*
-                    retptr: R::Retptr,
-                ) -> R::Abi
-                where
-                    F: Fn(Caller<'_, T>, $( $args ),*) -> R + 'static,
-                    $( $args: WasmTy, )*
-                    R: WasmRet,
-                {
-                    enum CallResult<U> {
-                        Ok(U),
-                        Trap(anyhow::Error),
-                        Panic(Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send>),
-                    }
-
-                    // Note that this `result` is intentionally scoped into a
-                    // separate block. Handling traps and panics will involve
-                    // longjmp-ing from this function which means we won't run
-                    // destructors. As a result anything requiring a destructor
-                    // should be part of this block, and the long-jmp-ing
-                    // happens after the block in handling `CallResult`.
-                    let caller_vmctx = VMContext::from_opaque(caller_vmctx);
-                    let result = Caller::with(caller_vmctx, |mut caller| {
-                        let vmctx = VMNativeCallHostFuncContext::from_opaque(vmctx);
-                        let state = (*vmctx).host_state();
-
-                        // Double-check ourselves in debug mode, but we control
-                        // the `Any` here so an unsafe downcast should also
-                        // work.
-                        debug_assert!(state.is::<F>());
-                        let func = &*(state as *const _ as *const F);
-
-                        let ret = {
-                            panic::catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
-                                if let Err(trap) = caller.store.0.call_hook(CallHook::CallingHost) {
-                                    return R::fallible_from_error(trap);
-                                }
-                                $(let $args = $args::from_abi($args, caller.store.0);)*
-                                let r = func(
-                                    caller.sub_caller(),
-                                    $( $args, )*
-                                );
-                                if let Err(trap) = caller.store.0.call_hook(CallHook::ReturningFromHost) {
-                                    return R::fallible_from_error(trap);
-                                }
-                                r.into_fallible()
-                            }))
-                        };
-
-                        // Note that we need to be careful when dealing with traps
-                        // here. Traps are implemented with longjmp/setjmp meaning
-                        // that it's not unwinding and consequently no Rust
-                        // destructors are run. We need to be careful to ensure that
-                        // nothing on the stack needs a destructor when we exit
-                        // abnormally from this `match`, e.g. on `Err`, on
-                        // cross-store-issues, or if `Ok(Err)` is raised.
-                        match ret {
-                            Err(panic) => CallResult::Panic(panic),
-                            Ok(ret) => {
-                                // Because the wrapped function is not `unsafe`, we
-                                // can't assume it returned a value that is
-                                // compatible with this store.
-                                if !ret.compatible_with_store(caller.store.0) {
-                                    CallResult::Trap(anyhow::anyhow!("host function attempted to return cross-`Store` value to Wasm"))
-                                } else {
-                                    match ret.into_abi_for_ret(caller.store.0, retptr) {
-                                        Ok(val) => CallResult::Ok(val),
-                                        Err(trap) => CallResult::Trap(trap.into()),
-                                    }
-                                }
-
-                            }
-                        }
-                    });
-
-                    match result {
-                        CallResult::Ok(val) => val,
-                        CallResult::Trap(err) => crate::trap::raise(err),
-                        CallResult::Panic(panic) => wasmtime_runtime::resume_panic(panic),
-                    }
-                }
-
-                /// This trampoline allows host code to indirectly call the
-                /// wrapped function (e.g. via `Func::call` on a `funcref` that
-                /// happens to reference our wrapped function).
-                ///
-                /// It reads the arguments out of the incoming `args` array,
-                /// calls the given function pointer, and then stores the result
-                /// back into the `args` array.
-                unsafe extern "C" fn array_call_trampoline<T, F, $($args,)* R>(
-                    callee_vmctx: *mut VMOpaqueContext,
-                    caller_vmctx: *mut VMOpaqueContext,
-                    args: *mut ValRaw,
-                    _args_len: usize
-                )
-                where
-                    F: Fn(Caller<'_, T>, $( $args ),*) -> R + 'static,
-                    $($args: WasmTy,)*
-                    R: WasmRet,
-                {
-                    let mut _n = 0;
-                    $(
-                        debug_assert!(_n < _args_len);
-                        let $args = $args::abi_from_raw(args.add(_n));
-                        _n += 1;
-                    )*
-
-                    R::wrap_trampoline(args, |retptr| {
-                        native_call_shim::<T, F, $( $args, )* R>(callee_vmctx, caller_vmctx, $( $args, )* retptr)
-                    });
-                }
-
-                let ty = R::func_type(
-                    None::<ValType>.into_iter()
-                        $(.chain(Some($args::valtype())))*
-                );
-
-                let shared_signature_id = engine.signatures().register(ty.as_wasm_func_type());
-
-                let array_call = array_call_trampoline::<T, F, $($args,)* R>;
-                let native_call = NonNull::new(native_call_shim::<T, F, $($args,)* R> as *mut _).unwrap();
-
-                let ctx = unsafe {
-                    VMNativeCallHostFuncContext::new(
-                        VMFuncRef {
-                            native_call,
-                            array_call,
-                            wasm_call: None,
-                            type_index: shared_signature_id,
-                            vmctx: ptr::null_mut(),
-                        },
-                        Box::new(self),
-                    )
-                };
-
-                ctx.into()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-for_each_function_signature!(impl_into_func);
-
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub enum HostContext {
-    Native(StoreBox<VMNativeCallHostFuncContext>),
-    Array(StoreBox<VMArrayCallHostFuncContext>),
-}
-
-impl From<StoreBox<VMNativeCallHostFuncContext>> for HostContext {
-    fn from(ctx: StoreBox<VMNativeCallHostFuncContext>) -> Self {
-        HostContext::Native(ctx)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<StoreBox<VMArrayCallHostFuncContext>> for HostContext {
-    fn from(ctx: StoreBox<VMArrayCallHostFuncContext>) -> Self {
-        HostContext::Array(ctx)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Representation of a host-defined function.
-///
-/// This is used for `Func::new` but also for `Linker`-defined functions. For
-/// `Func::new` this is stored within a `Store`, and for `Linker`-defined
-/// functions they wrap this up in `Arc` to enable shared ownership of this
-/// across many stores.
-///
-/// Technically this structure needs a `<T>` type parameter to connect to the
-/// `Store<T>` itself, but that's an unsafe contract of using this for now
-/// rather than part of the struct type (to avoid `Func<T>` in the API).
-pub(crate) struct HostFunc {
-    ctx: HostContext,
-
-    // Stored to unregister this function's signature with the engine when this
-    // is dropped.
-    engine: Engine,
-}
-
-impl HostFunc {
-    /// Analog of [`Func::new`]
-    #[cfg(compiler)]
-    pub fn new<T>(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        ty: FuncType,
-        func: impl Fn(Caller<'_, T>, &[Val], &mut [Val]) -> Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ty_clone = ty.clone();
-        unsafe {
-            HostFunc::new_unchecked(engine, ty, move |caller, values| {
-                Func::invoke(caller, &ty_clone, values, &func)
-            })
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Analog of [`Func::new_unchecked`]
-    #[cfg(compiler)]
-    pub unsafe fn new_unchecked<T>(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        ty: FuncType,
-        func: impl Fn(Caller<'_, T>, &mut [ValRaw]) -> Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let func = move |caller_vmctx, values: &mut [ValRaw]| {
-            Caller::<T>::with(caller_vmctx, |mut caller| {
-                caller.store.0.call_hook(CallHook::CallingHost)?;
-                let result = func(caller.sub_caller(), values)?;
-                caller.store.0.call_hook(CallHook::ReturningFromHost)?;
-                Ok(result)
-            })
-        };
-        let ctx = crate::trampoline::create_array_call_function(&ty, func, engine)
-            .expect("failed to create function");
-        HostFunc::_new(engine, ctx.into())
-    }
-
-    /// Analog of [`Func::wrap`]
-    pub fn wrap<T, Params, Results>(
-        engine: &Engine,
-        func: impl IntoFunc<T, Params, Results>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let ctx = func.into_func(engine);
-        HostFunc::_new(engine, ctx)
-    }
-
-    /// Requires that this function's signature is already registered within
-    /// `Engine`. This happens automatically during the above two constructors.
-    fn _new(engine: &Engine, ctx: HostContext) -> Self {
-        HostFunc {
-            ctx,
-            engine: engine.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Inserts this `HostFunc` into a `Store`, returning the `Func` pointing to
-    /// it.
-    ///
-    /// # Unsafety
-    ///
-    /// Can only be inserted into stores with a matching `T` relative to when
-    /// this `HostFunc` was first created.
-    pub unsafe fn to_func(self: &Arc<Self>, store: &mut StoreOpaque) -> Func {
-        self.validate_store(store);
-        let me = self.clone();
-        Func::from_func_kind(FuncKind::SharedHost(me), store)
-    }
-
-    /// Inserts this `HostFunc` into a `Store`, returning the `Func` pointing to
-    /// it.
-    ///
-    /// This function is similar to, but not equivalent, to `HostFunc::to_func`.
-    /// Notably this function requires that the `Arc<Self>` pointer is otherwise
-    /// rooted within the `StoreOpaque` via another means. When in doubt use
-    /// `to_func` above as it's safer.
-    ///
-    /// # Unsafety
-    ///
-    /// Can only be inserted into stores with a matching `T` relative to when
-    /// this `HostFunc` was first created.
-    ///
-    /// Additionally the `&Arc<Self>` is not cloned in this function. Instead a
-    /// raw pointer to `Self` is stored within the `Store` for this function.
-    /// The caller must arrange for the `Arc<Self>` to be "rooted" in the store
-    /// provided via another means, probably by pushing to
-    /// `StoreOpaque::rooted_host_funcs`.
-    ///
-    /// Similarly, the caller must arrange for `rooted_func_ref` to be rooted in
-    /// the same store.
-    pub unsafe fn to_func_store_rooted(
-        self: &Arc<Self>,
-        store: &mut StoreOpaque,
-        rooted_func_ref: Option<NonNull<VMFuncRef>>,
-    ) -> Func {
-        self.validate_store(store);
-
-        if rooted_func_ref.is_some() {
-            debug_assert!(self.func_ref().wasm_call.is_none());
-            debug_assert!(matches!(self.ctx, HostContext::Native(_)));
-        }
-
-        Func::from_func_kind(
-            FuncKind::RootedHost(RootedHostFunc::new(self, rooted_func_ref)),
-            store,
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Same as [`HostFunc::to_func`], different ownership.
-    unsafe fn into_func(self, store: &mut StoreOpaque) -> Func {
-        self.validate_store(store);
-        Func::from_func_kind(FuncKind::Host(Box::new(self)), store)
-    }
-
-    fn validate_store(&self, store: &mut StoreOpaque) {
-        // This assert is required to ensure that we can indeed safely insert
-        // `self` into the `store` provided, otherwise the type information we
-        // have listed won't be correct. This is possible to hit with the public
-        // API of Wasmtime, and should be documented in relevant functions.
-        assert!(
-            Engine::same(&self.engine, store.engine()),
-            "cannot use a store with a different engine than a linker was created with",
-        );
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn sig_index(&self) -> VMSharedSignatureIndex {
-        self.func_ref().type_index
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn func_ref(&self) -> &VMFuncRef {
-        match &self.ctx {
-            HostContext::Native(ctx) => unsafe { (*ctx.get()).func_ref() },
-            HostContext::Array(ctx) => unsafe { (*ctx.get()).func_ref() },
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn host_ctx(&self) -> &HostContext {
-        &self.ctx
-    }
-
-    fn export_func(&self) -> ExportFunction {
-        ExportFunction {
-            func_ref: NonNull::from(self.func_ref()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Drop for HostFunc {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        unsafe {
-            self.engine.signatures().unregister(self.sig_index());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl FuncData {
-    #[inline]
-    fn export(&self) -> ExportFunction {
-        self.kind.export()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn sig_index(&self) -> VMSharedSignatureIndex {
-        unsafe { self.export().func_ref.as_ref().type_index }
-    }
-}
-
-impl FuncKind {
-    #[inline]
-    fn export(&self) -> ExportFunction {
-        match self {
-            FuncKind::StoreOwned { export, .. } => *export,
-            FuncKind::SharedHost(host) => host.export_func(),
-            FuncKind::RootedHost(rooted) => ExportFunction {
-                func_ref: NonNull::from(rooted.func_ref()),
-            },
-            FuncKind::Host(host) => host.export_func(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-use self::rooted::*;
-
-/// An inner module is used here to force unsafe construction of
-/// `RootedHostFunc` instead of accidentally safely allowing access to its
-/// constructor.
-mod rooted {
-    use wasmtime_runtime::VMFuncRef;
-
-    use super::HostFunc;
-    use std::ptr::NonNull;
-    use std::sync::Arc;
-
-    /// A variant of a pointer-to-a-host-function used in `FuncKind::RootedHost`
-    /// above.
-    ///
-    /// For more documentation see `FuncKind::RootedHost`, `InstancePre`, and
-    /// `HostFunc::to_func_store_rooted`.
-    pub(crate) struct RootedHostFunc {
-        func: NonNull<HostFunc>,
-        func_ref: Option<NonNull<VMFuncRef>>,
-    }
-
-    // These are required due to the usage of `NonNull` but should be safe
-    // because `HostFunc` is itself send/sync.
-    unsafe impl Send for RootedHostFunc where HostFunc: Send {}
-    unsafe impl Sync for RootedHostFunc where HostFunc: Sync {}
-
-    impl RootedHostFunc {
-        /// Note that this is `unsafe` because this wrapper type allows safe
-        /// access to the pointer given at any time, including outside the
-        /// window of validity of `func`, so callers must not use the return
-        /// value past the lifetime of the provided `func`.
-        ///
-        /// Similarly, callers must ensure that the given `func_ref` is valid
-        /// for the liftime of the return value.
-        pub(crate) unsafe fn new(
-            func: &Arc<HostFunc>,
-            func_ref: Option<NonNull<VMFuncRef>>,
-        ) -> RootedHostFunc {
-            RootedHostFunc {
-                func: NonNull::from(&**func),
-                func_ref,
-            }
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn func(&self) -> &HostFunc {
-            // Safety invariants are upheld by the `RootedHostFunc::new` caller.
-            unsafe { self.func.as_ref() }
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn func_ref(&self) -> &VMFuncRef {
-            if let Some(f) = self.func_ref {
-                // Safety invariants are upheld by the `RootedHostFunc::new` caller.
-                unsafe { f.as_ref() }
-            } else {
-                self.func().func_ref()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}