wasmtime 9.0.4 → 10.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasi-common-10.0.0/src/snapshots/preview_1.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1490 @@
+use crate::{
+    dir::{DirEntry, OpenResult, ReaddirCursor, ReaddirEntity, TableDirExt},
+    file::{
+        Advice, FdFlags, FdStat, FileAccessMode, FileEntry, FileType, Filestat, OFlags, RiFlags,
+        RoFlags, SdFlags, SiFlags, TableFileExt, WasiFile,
+    },
+    sched::{
+        subscription::{RwEventFlags, SubscriptionResult},
+        Poll, Userdata,
+    },
+    I32Exit, SystemTimeSpec, WasiCtx,
+};
+use cap_std::time::{Duration, SystemClock};
+use std::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto};
+use std::io::{IoSlice, IoSliceMut};
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use wiggle::GuestPtr;
+
+pub mod error;
+use error::{Error, ErrorExt};
+
+// Limit the size of intermediate buffers when copying to WebAssembly shared
+// memory.
+pub(crate) const MAX_SHARED_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 1 << 16;
+
+wiggle::from_witx!({
+    witx: ["$WASI_ROOT/phases/snapshot/witx/wasi_snapshot_preview1.witx"],
+    errors: { errno => trappable Error },
+    // Note: not every function actually needs to be async, however, nearly all of them do, and
+    // keeping that set the same in this macro and the wasmtime_wiggle / lucet_wiggle macros is
+    // tedious, and there is no cost to having a sync function be async in this case.
+    async: *,
+    wasmtime: false,
+});
+
+impl wiggle::GuestErrorType for types::Errno {
+    fn success() -> Self {
+        Self::Success
+    }
+}
+
+#[wiggle::async_trait]
+impl wasi_snapshot_preview1::WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
+    async fn args_get<'b>(
+        &mut self,
+        argv: &GuestPtr<'b, GuestPtr<'b, u8>>,
+        argv_buf: &GuestPtr<'b, u8>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.args.write_to_guest(argv_buf, argv)
+    }
+
+    async fn args_sizes_get(&mut self) -> Result<(types::Size, types::Size), Error> {
+        Ok((self.args.number_elements(), self.args.cumulative_size()))
+    }
+
+    async fn environ_get<'b>(
+        &mut self,
+        environ: &GuestPtr<'b, GuestPtr<'b, u8>>,
+        environ_buf: &GuestPtr<'b, u8>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.env.write_to_guest(environ_buf, environ)
+    }
+
+    async fn environ_sizes_get(&mut self) -> Result<(types::Size, types::Size), Error> {
+        Ok((self.env.number_elements(), self.env.cumulative_size()))
+    }
+
+    async fn clock_res_get(&mut self, id: types::Clockid) -> Result<types::Timestamp, Error> {
+        let resolution = match id {
+            types::Clockid::Realtime => Ok(self.clocks.system()?.resolution()),
+            types::Clockid::Monotonic => Ok(self.clocks.monotonic()?.abs_clock.resolution()),
+            types::Clockid::ProcessCputimeId | types::Clockid::ThreadCputimeId => {
+                Err(Error::badf().context("process and thread clocks are not supported"))
+            }
+        }?;
+        Ok(resolution.as_nanos().try_into()?)
+    }
+
+    async fn clock_time_get(
+        &mut self,
+        id: types::Clockid,
+        precision: types::Timestamp,
+    ) -> Result<types::Timestamp, Error> {
+        let precision = Duration::from_nanos(precision);
+        match id {
+            types::Clockid::Realtime => {
+                let now = self.clocks.system()?.now(precision).into_std();
+                let d = now
+                    .duration_since(std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
+                    .map_err(|_| {
+                        Error::trap(anyhow::Error::msg("current time before unix epoch"))
+                    })?;
+                Ok(d.as_nanos().try_into()?)
+            }
+            types::Clockid::Monotonic => {
+                let clock = self.clocks.monotonic()?;
+                let now = clock.abs_clock.now(precision);
+                let d = now.duration_since(clock.creation_time);
+                Ok(d.as_nanos().try_into()?)
+            }
+            types::Clockid::ProcessCputimeId | types::Clockid::ThreadCputimeId => {
+                Err(Error::badf().context("process and thread clocks are not supported"))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_advise(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        offset: types::Filesize,
+        len: types::Filesize,
+        advice: types::Advice,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.table()
+            .get_file(u32::from(fd))?
+            .file
+            .advise(offset, len, advice.into())
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_allocate(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        _offset: types::Filesize,
+        _len: types::Filesize,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        // Check if fd is a file, and has rights, just to reject those cases
+        // with the errors expected:
+        let _ = self.table().get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+        // This operation from cloudabi is linux-specific, isn't even
+        // supported across all linux filesystems, and has no support on macos
+        // or windows. Rather than ship spotty support, it has been removed
+        // from preview 2, and we are no longer supporting it in preview 1 as
+        // well.
+        Err(Error::not_supported())
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_close(&mut self, fd: types::Fd) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let fd = u32::from(fd);
+
+        // Fail fast: If not present in table, Badf
+        if !table.contains_key(fd) {
+            return Err(Error::badf().context("key not in table"));
+        }
+        // fd_close must close either a File or a Dir handle
+        if table.is::<FileEntry>(fd) {
+            let _ = table.delete::<FileEntry>(fd);
+        } else if table.is::<DirEntry>(fd) {
+            let _ = table.delete::<DirEntry>(fd);
+        } else {
+            return Err(Error::badf().context("key does not refer to file or directory"));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_datasync(&mut self, fd: types::Fd) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.table()
+            .get_file(u32::from(fd))?
+            .file
+            .datasync()
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_fdstat_get(&mut self, fd: types::Fd) -> Result<types::Fdstat, Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let fd = u32::from(fd);
+        if table.is::<FileEntry>(fd) {
+            let file_entry: Arc<FileEntry> = table.get(fd)?;
+            let fdstat = file_entry.get_fdstat().await?;
+            Ok(types::Fdstat::from(&fdstat))
+        } else if table.is::<DirEntry>(fd) {
+            let _dir_entry: Arc<DirEntry> = table.get(fd)?;
+            let dir_fdstat = types::Fdstat {
+                fs_filetype: types::Filetype::Directory,
+                fs_rights_base: directory_base_rights(),
+                fs_rights_inheriting: directory_inheriting_rights(),
+                fs_flags: types::Fdflags::empty(),
+            };
+            Ok(dir_fdstat)
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::badf())
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_fdstat_set_flags(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        flags: types::Fdflags,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if let Some(table) = self.table_mut() {
+            table
+                .get_file_mut(u32::from(fd))?
+                .file
+                .set_fdflags(FdFlags::from(flags))
+                .await
+        } else {
+            log::warn!("`fd_fdstat_set_flags` does not work with wasi-threads enabled; see https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasmtime/issues/5643");
+            Err(Error::not_supported())
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_fdstat_set_rights(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        _fs_rights_base: types::Rights,
+        _fs_rights_inheriting: types::Rights,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let fd = u32::from(fd);
+        if table.is::<FileEntry>(fd) {
+            let _file_entry: Arc<FileEntry> = table.get(fd)?;
+            Ok(())
+        } else if table.is::<DirEntry>(fd) {
+            let _dir_entry: Arc<DirEntry> = table.get(fd)?;
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::badf())
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_filestat_get(&mut self, fd: types::Fd) -> Result<types::Filestat, Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let fd = u32::from(fd);
+        if table.is::<FileEntry>(fd) {
+            let filestat = table.get_file(fd)?.file.get_filestat().await?;
+            Ok(filestat.into())
+        } else if table.is::<DirEntry>(fd) {
+            let filestat = table.get_dir(fd)?.dir.get_filestat().await?;
+            Ok(filestat.into())
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::badf())
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_filestat_set_size(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        size: types::Filesize,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.table()
+            .get_file(u32::from(fd))?
+            .file
+            .set_filestat_size(size)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_filestat_set_times(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        atim: types::Timestamp,
+        mtim: types::Timestamp,
+        fst_flags: types::Fstflags,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let fd = u32::from(fd);
+        let table = self.table();
+        // Validate flags
+        let set_atim = fst_flags.contains(types::Fstflags::ATIM);
+        let set_atim_now = fst_flags.contains(types::Fstflags::ATIM_NOW);
+        let set_mtim = fst_flags.contains(types::Fstflags::MTIM);
+        let set_mtim_now = fst_flags.contains(types::Fstflags::MTIM_NOW);
+
+        let atim = systimespec(set_atim, atim, set_atim_now).map_err(|e| e.context("atim"))?;
+        let mtim = systimespec(set_mtim, mtim, set_mtim_now).map_err(|e| e.context("mtim"))?;
+
+        if table.is::<FileEntry>(fd) {
+            table
+                .get_file(fd)
+                .expect("checked that entry is file")
+                .file
+                .set_times(atim, mtim)
+                .await
+        } else if table.is::<DirEntry>(fd) {
+            table
+                .get_dir(fd)
+                .expect("checked that entry is dir")
+                .dir
+                .set_times(".", atim, mtim, false)
+                .await
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::badf())
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_read<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        iovs: &types::IovecArray<'a>,
+    ) -> Result<types::Size, Error> {
+        let f = self.table().get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+        // Access mode check normalizes error returned (windows would prefer ACCES here)
+        if !f.access_mode.contains(FileAccessMode::READ) {
+            Err(types::Errno::Badf)?
+        }
+        let f = &f.file;
+
+        let iovs: Vec<wiggle::GuestPtr<[u8]>> = iovs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|iov_ptr| {
+                let iov_ptr = iov_ptr?;
+                let iov: types::Iovec = iov_ptr.read()?;
+                Ok(iov.buf.as_array(iov.buf_len))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_, Error>>()?;
+
+        // If the first iov structure is from shared memory we can safely assume
+        // all the rest will be. We then read into memory based on the memory's
+        // shared-ness:
+        // - if not shared, we copy directly into the Wasm memory
+        // - if shared, we use an intermediate buffer; this avoids Rust unsafety
+        //   due to holding on to a `&mut [u8]` of Wasm memory when we cannot
+        //   guarantee the `&mut` exclusivity--other threads could be modifying
+        //   the data as this functions writes to it. Though likely there is no
+        //   issue with OS writing to io structs in multi-threaded scenarios,
+        //   since we do not know here if `&dyn WasiFile` does anything else
+        //   (e.g., read), we cautiously incur some performance overhead by
+        //   copying twice.
+        let is_shared_memory = iovs
+            .iter()
+            .next()
+            .and_then(|s| Some(s.is_shared_memory()))
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        let bytes_read: u64 = if is_shared_memory {
+            // For shared memory, read into an intermediate buffer. Only the
+            // first iov will be filled and even then the read is capped by the
+            // `MAX_SHARED_BUFFER_SIZE`, so users are expected to re-call.
+            let iov = iovs.into_iter().next();
+            if let Some(iov) = iov {
+                let mut buffer = vec![0; (iov.len() as usize).min(MAX_SHARED_BUFFER_SIZE)];
+                let bytes_read = f.read_vectored(&mut [IoSliceMut::new(&mut buffer)]).await?;
+                iov.get_range(0..bytes_read.try_into()?)
+                    .expect("it should always be possible to slice the iov smaller")
+                    .copy_from_slice(&buffer[0..bytes_read.try_into()?])?;
+                bytes_read
+            } else {
+                return Ok(0);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Convert all of the unsafe guest slices to safe ones--this uses
+            // Wiggle's internal borrow checker to ensure no overlaps. We assume
+            // here that, because the memory is not shared, there are no other
+            // threads to access it while it is written to.
+            let mut guest_slices: Vec<wiggle::GuestSliceMut<u8>> = iovs
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|iov| Ok(iov.as_slice_mut()?.unwrap()))
+                .collect::<Result<_, Error>>()?;
+
+            // Read directly into the Wasm memory.
+            let mut ioslices: Vec<IoSliceMut> = guest_slices
+                .iter_mut()
+                .map(|s| IoSliceMut::new(&mut *s))
+                .collect();
+            f.read_vectored(&mut ioslices).await?
+        };
+
+        Ok(types::Size::try_from(bytes_read)?)
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_pread<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        iovs: &types::IovecArray<'a>,
+        offset: types::Filesize,
+    ) -> Result<types::Size, Error> {
+        let f = self.table().get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+        // Access mode check normalizes error returned (windows would prefer ACCES here)
+        if !f.access_mode.contains(FileAccessMode::READ) {
+            Err(types::Errno::Badf)?
+        }
+        let f = &f.file;
+
+        let iovs: Vec<wiggle::GuestPtr<[u8]>> = iovs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|iov_ptr| {
+                let iov_ptr = iov_ptr?;
+                let iov: types::Iovec = iov_ptr.read()?;
+                Ok(iov.buf.as_array(iov.buf_len))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_, Error>>()?;
+
+        // If the first iov structure is from shared memory we can safely assume
+        // all the rest will be. We then read into memory based on the memory's
+        // shared-ness:
+        // - if not shared, we copy directly into the Wasm memory
+        // - if shared, we use an intermediate buffer; this avoids Rust unsafety
+        //   due to holding on to a `&mut [u8]` of Wasm memory when we cannot
+        //   guarantee the `&mut` exclusivity--other threads could be modifying
+        //   the data as this functions writes to it. Though likely there is no
+        //   issue with OS writing to io structs in multi-threaded scenarios,
+        //   since we do not know here if `&dyn WasiFile` does anything else
+        //   (e.g., read), we cautiously incur some performance overhead by
+        //   copying twice.
+        let is_shared_memory = iovs
+            .iter()
+            .next()
+            .and_then(|s| Some(s.is_shared_memory()))
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        let bytes_read: u64 = if is_shared_memory {
+            // For shared memory, read into an intermediate buffer. Only the
+            // first iov will be filled and even then the read is capped by the
+            // `MAX_SHARED_BUFFER_SIZE`, so users are expected to re-call.
+            let iov = iovs.into_iter().next();
+            if let Some(iov) = iov {
+                let mut buffer = vec![0; (iov.len() as usize).min(MAX_SHARED_BUFFER_SIZE)];
+                let bytes_read = f
+                    .read_vectored_at(&mut [IoSliceMut::new(&mut buffer)], offset)
+                    .await?;
+                iov.get_range(0..bytes_read.try_into()?)
+                    .expect("it should always be possible to slice the iov smaller")
+                    .copy_from_slice(&buffer[0..bytes_read.try_into()?])?;
+                bytes_read
+            } else {
+                return Ok(0);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Convert all of the unsafe guest slices to safe ones--this uses
+            // Wiggle's internal borrow checker to ensure no overlaps. We assume
+            // here that, because the memory is not shared, there are no other
+            // threads to access it while it is written to.
+            let mut guest_slices: Vec<wiggle::GuestSliceMut<u8>> = iovs
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|iov| Ok(iov.as_slice_mut()?.unwrap()))
+                .collect::<Result<_, Error>>()?;
+
+            // Read directly into the Wasm memory.
+            let mut ioslices: Vec<IoSliceMut> = guest_slices
+                .iter_mut()
+                .map(|s| IoSliceMut::new(&mut *s))
+                .collect();
+            f.read_vectored_at(&mut ioslices, offset).await?
+        };
+
+        Ok(types::Size::try_from(bytes_read)?)
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_write<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        ciovs: &types::CiovecArray<'a>,
+    ) -> Result<types::Size, Error> {
+        let f = self.table().get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+        // Access mode check normalizes error returned (windows would prefer ACCES here)
+        if !f.access_mode.contains(FileAccessMode::WRITE) {
+            Err(types::Errno::Badf)?
+        }
+        let f = &f.file;
+
+        let guest_slices: Vec<wiggle::GuestCow<u8>> = ciovs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|iov_ptr| {
+                let iov_ptr = iov_ptr?;
+                let iov: types::Ciovec = iov_ptr.read()?;
+                Ok(iov.buf.as_array(iov.buf_len).as_cow()?)
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_, Error>>()?;
+
+        let ioslices: Vec<IoSlice> = guest_slices
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| IoSlice::new(s.deref()))
+            .collect();
+        let bytes_written = f.write_vectored(&ioslices).await?;
+
+        Ok(types::Size::try_from(bytes_written)?)
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_pwrite<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        ciovs: &types::CiovecArray<'a>,
+        offset: types::Filesize,
+    ) -> Result<types::Size, Error> {
+        let f = self.table().get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+        // Access mode check normalizes error returned (windows would prefer ACCES here)
+        if !f.access_mode.contains(FileAccessMode::WRITE) {
+            Err(types::Errno::Badf)?
+        }
+        let f = &f.file;
+
+        let guest_slices: Vec<wiggle::GuestCow<u8>> = ciovs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|iov_ptr| {
+                let iov_ptr = iov_ptr?;
+                let iov: types::Ciovec = iov_ptr.read()?;
+                Ok(iov.buf.as_array(iov.buf_len).as_cow()?)
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_, Error>>()?;
+
+        let ioslices: Vec<IoSlice> = guest_slices
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| IoSlice::new(s.deref()))
+            .collect();
+        let bytes_written = f.write_vectored_at(&ioslices, offset).await?;
+
+        Ok(types::Size::try_from(bytes_written)?)
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_prestat_get(&mut self, fd: types::Fd) -> Result<types::Prestat, Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let dir_entry: Arc<DirEntry> = table.get(u32::from(fd)).map_err(|_| Error::badf())?;
+        if let Some(ref preopen) = dir_entry.preopen_path() {
+            let path_str = preopen.to_str().ok_or_else(|| Error::not_supported())?;
+            let pr_name_len = u32::try_from(path_str.as_bytes().len())?;
+            Ok(types::Prestat::Dir(types::PrestatDir { pr_name_len }))
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::not_supported().context("file is not a preopen"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_prestat_dir_name<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        path: &GuestPtr<'a, u8>,
+        path_max_len: types::Size,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let dir_entry: Arc<DirEntry> = table.get(u32::from(fd)).map_err(|_| Error::not_dir())?;
+        if let Some(ref preopen) = dir_entry.preopen_path() {
+            let path_bytes = preopen
+                .to_str()
+                .ok_or_else(|| Error::not_supported())?
+                .as_bytes();
+            let path_len = path_bytes.len();
+            if path_len > path_max_len as usize {
+                return Err(Error::name_too_long());
+            }
+            path.as_array(path_len as u32).copy_from_slice(path_bytes)?;
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::not_supported())
+        }
+    }
+    async fn fd_renumber(&mut self, from: types::Fd, to: types::Fd) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let from = u32::from(from);
+        let to = u32::from(to);
+        if !table.contains_key(from) {
+            return Err(Error::badf());
+        }
+        table.renumber(from, to)
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_seek(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        offset: types::Filedelta,
+        whence: types::Whence,
+    ) -> Result<types::Filesize, Error> {
+        use std::io::SeekFrom;
+        let whence = match whence {
+            types::Whence::Cur => SeekFrom::Current(offset),
+            types::Whence::End => SeekFrom::End(offset),
+            types::Whence::Set => SeekFrom::Start(offset as u64),
+        };
+        let newoffset = self
+            .table()
+            .get_file(u32::from(fd))?
+            .file
+            .seek(whence)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(newoffset)
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_sync(&mut self, fd: types::Fd) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.table().get_file(u32::from(fd))?.file.sync().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_tell(&mut self, fd: types::Fd) -> Result<types::Filesize, Error> {
+        let offset = self
+            .table()
+            .get_file(u32::from(fd))?
+            .file
+            .seek(std::io::SeekFrom::Current(0))
+            .await?;
+        Ok(offset)
+    }
+
+    async fn fd_readdir<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        buf: &GuestPtr<'a, u8>,
+        buf_len: types::Size,
+        cookie: types::Dircookie,
+    ) -> Result<types::Size, Error> {
+        let mut bufused = 0;
+        let mut buf = buf.clone();
+        for entity in self
+            .table()
+            .get_dir(u32::from(fd))?
+            .dir
+            .readdir(ReaddirCursor::from(cookie))
+            .await?
+        {
+            let entity = entity?;
+            let dirent_raw = dirent_bytes(types::Dirent::try_from(&entity)?);
+            let dirent_len: types::Size = dirent_raw.len().try_into()?;
+            let name_raw = entity.name.as_bytes();
+            let name_len: types::Size = name_raw.len().try_into()?;
+
+            // Copy as many bytes of the dirent as we can, up to the end of the buffer
+            let dirent_copy_len = std::cmp::min(dirent_len, buf_len - bufused);
+            buf.as_array(dirent_copy_len)
+                .copy_from_slice(&dirent_raw[..dirent_copy_len as usize])?;
+
+            // If the dirent struct wasnt compied entirely, return that we filled the buffer, which
+            // tells libc that we're not at EOF.
+            if dirent_copy_len < dirent_len {
+                return Ok(buf_len);
+            }
+
+            buf = buf.add(dirent_copy_len)?;
+            bufused += dirent_copy_len;
+
+            // Copy as many bytes of the name as we can, up to the end of the buffer
+            let name_copy_len = std::cmp::min(name_len, buf_len - bufused);
+            buf.as_array(name_copy_len)
+                .copy_from_slice(&name_raw[..name_copy_len as usize])?;
+
+            // If the dirent struct wasn't copied entirely, return that we filled the buffer, which
+            // tells libc that we're not at EOF
+
+            if name_copy_len < name_len {
+                return Ok(buf_len);
+            }
+
+            buf = buf.add(name_copy_len)?;
+            bufused += name_copy_len;
+        }
+        Ok(bufused)
+    }
+
+    async fn path_create_directory<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        dirfd: types::Fd,
+        path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.table()
+            .get_dir(u32::from(dirfd))?
+            .dir
+            .create_dir(path.as_cow()?.deref())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn path_filestat_get<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        dirfd: types::Fd,
+        flags: types::Lookupflags,
+        path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+    ) -> Result<types::Filestat, Error> {
+        let filestat = self
+            .table()
+            .get_dir(u32::from(dirfd))?
+            .dir
+            .get_path_filestat(
+                path.as_cow()?.deref(),
+                flags.contains(types::Lookupflags::SYMLINK_FOLLOW),
+            )
+            .await?;
+        Ok(types::Filestat::from(filestat))
+    }
+
+    async fn path_filestat_set_times<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        dirfd: types::Fd,
+        flags: types::Lookupflags,
+        path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+        atim: types::Timestamp,
+        mtim: types::Timestamp,
+        fst_flags: types::Fstflags,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let set_atim = fst_flags.contains(types::Fstflags::ATIM);
+        let set_atim_now = fst_flags.contains(types::Fstflags::ATIM_NOW);
+        let set_mtim = fst_flags.contains(types::Fstflags::MTIM);
+        let set_mtim_now = fst_flags.contains(types::Fstflags::MTIM_NOW);
+
+        let atim = systimespec(set_atim, atim, set_atim_now).map_err(|e| e.context("atim"))?;
+        let mtim = systimespec(set_mtim, mtim, set_mtim_now).map_err(|e| e.context("mtim"))?;
+        self.table()
+            .get_dir(u32::from(dirfd))?
+            .dir
+            .set_times(
+                path.as_cow()?.deref(),
+                atim,
+                mtim,
+                flags.contains(types::Lookupflags::SYMLINK_FOLLOW),
+            )
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn path_link<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        src_fd: types::Fd,
+        src_flags: types::Lookupflags,
+        src_path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+        target_fd: types::Fd,
+        target_path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let src_dir = table.get_dir(u32::from(src_fd))?;
+        let target_dir = table.get_dir(u32::from(target_fd))?;
+        let symlink_follow = src_flags.contains(types::Lookupflags::SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
+        if symlink_follow {
+            return Err(Error::invalid_argument()
+                .context("symlink following on path_link is not supported"));
+        }
+
+        src_dir
+            .dir
+            .hard_link(
+                src_path.as_cow()?.deref(),
+                target_dir.dir.deref(),
+                target_path.as_cow()?.deref(),
+            )
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn path_open<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        dirfd: types::Fd,
+        dirflags: types::Lookupflags,
+        path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+        oflags: types::Oflags,
+        fs_rights_base: types::Rights,
+        _fs_rights_inheriting: types::Rights,
+        fdflags: types::Fdflags,
+    ) -> Result<types::Fd, Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let dirfd = u32::from(dirfd);
+        if table.is::<FileEntry>(dirfd) {
+            return Err(Error::not_dir());
+        }
+        let dir_entry = table.get_dir(dirfd)?;
+
+        let symlink_follow = dirflags.contains(types::Lookupflags::SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
+
+        let oflags = OFlags::from(&oflags);
+        let fdflags = FdFlags::from(fdflags);
+        let path = path.as_cow()?;
+
+        let read = fs_rights_base.contains(types::Rights::FD_READ);
+        let write = fs_rights_base.contains(types::Rights::FD_WRITE);
+        let access_mode = if read {
+            FileAccessMode::READ
+        } else {
+            FileAccessMode::empty()
+        } | if write {
+            FileAccessMode::WRITE
+        } else {
+            FileAccessMode::empty()
+        };
+
+        let file = dir_entry
+            .dir
+            .open_file(symlink_follow, path.deref(), oflags, read, write, fdflags)
+            .await?;
+        drop(dir_entry);
+
+        let fd = match file {
+            OpenResult::File(file) => table.push(Arc::new(FileEntry::new(file, access_mode)))?,
+            OpenResult::Dir(child_dir) => table.push(Arc::new(DirEntry::new(None, child_dir)))?,
+        };
+        Ok(types::Fd::from(fd))
+    }
+
+    async fn path_readlink<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        dirfd: types::Fd,
+        path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+        buf: &GuestPtr<'a, u8>,
+        buf_len: types::Size,
+    ) -> Result<types::Size, Error> {
+        let link = self
+            .table()
+            .get_dir(u32::from(dirfd))?
+            .dir
+            .read_link(path.as_cow()?.deref())
+            .await?
+            .into_os_string()
+            .into_string()
+            .map_err(|_| Error::illegal_byte_sequence().context("link contents"))?;
+        let link_bytes = link.as_bytes();
+        // Like posix readlink(2), silently truncate links when they are larger than the
+        // destination buffer:
+        let link_len = std::cmp::min(link_bytes.len(), buf_len as usize);
+        buf.as_array(link_len as u32)
+            .copy_from_slice(&link_bytes[..link_len])?;
+        Ok(link_len as types::Size)
+    }
+
+    async fn path_remove_directory<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        dirfd: types::Fd,
+        path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.table()
+            .get_dir(u32::from(dirfd))?
+            .dir
+            .remove_dir(path.as_cow()?.deref())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn path_rename<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        src_fd: types::Fd,
+        src_path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+        dest_fd: types::Fd,
+        dest_path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let src_dir = table.get_dir(u32::from(src_fd))?;
+        let dest_dir = table.get_dir(u32::from(dest_fd))?;
+        src_dir
+            .dir
+            .rename(
+                src_path.as_cow()?.deref(),
+                dest_dir.dir.deref(),
+                dest_path.as_cow()?.deref(),
+            )
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn path_symlink<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        src_path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+        dirfd: types::Fd,
+        dest_path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.table()
+            .get_dir(u32::from(dirfd))?
+            .dir
+            .symlink(src_path.as_cow()?.deref(), dest_path.as_cow()?.deref())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn path_unlink_file<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        dirfd: types::Fd,
+        path: &GuestPtr<'a, str>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.table()
+            .get_dir(u32::from(dirfd))?
+            .dir
+            .unlink_file(path.as_cow()?.deref())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn poll_oneoff<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        subs: &GuestPtr<'a, types::Subscription>,
+        events: &GuestPtr<'a, types::Event>,
+        nsubscriptions: types::Size,
+    ) -> Result<types::Size, Error> {
+        if nsubscriptions == 0 {
+            return Err(Error::invalid_argument().context("nsubscriptions must be nonzero"));
+        }
+
+        // Special-case a `poll_oneoff` which is just sleeping on a single
+        // relative timer event, such as what WASI libc uses to implement sleep
+        // functions. This supports all clock IDs, because POSIX says that
+        // `clock_settime` doesn't effect relative sleeps.
+        if nsubscriptions == 1 {
+            let sub = subs.read()?;
+            if let types::SubscriptionU::Clock(clocksub) = sub.u {
+                if !clocksub
+                    .flags
+                    .contains(types::Subclockflags::SUBSCRIPTION_CLOCK_ABSTIME)
+                {
+                    self.sched
+                        .sleep(Duration::from_nanos(clocksub.timeout))
+                        .await?;
+                    events.write(types::Event {
+                        userdata: sub.userdata,
+                        error: types::Errno::Success,
+                        type_: types::Eventtype::Clock,
+                        fd_readwrite: fd_readwrite_empty(),
+                    })?;
+                    return Ok(1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let table = &self.table;
+        // We need these refmuts to outlive Poll, which will hold the &mut dyn WasiFile inside
+        let mut read_refs: Vec<(Arc<FileEntry>, Option<Userdata>)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut write_refs: Vec<(Arc<FileEntry>, Option<Userdata>)> = Vec::new();
+
+        let mut poll = Poll::new();
+
+        let subs = subs.as_array(nsubscriptions);
+        for sub_elem in subs.iter() {
+            let sub_ptr = sub_elem?;
+            let sub = sub_ptr.read()?;
+            match sub.u {
+                types::SubscriptionU::Clock(clocksub) => match clocksub.id {
+                    types::Clockid::Monotonic => {
+                        let clock = self.clocks.monotonic()?;
+                        let precision = Duration::from_nanos(clocksub.precision);
+                        let duration = Duration::from_nanos(clocksub.timeout);
+                        let start = if clocksub
+                            .flags
+                            .contains(types::Subclockflags::SUBSCRIPTION_CLOCK_ABSTIME)
+                        {
+                            clock.creation_time
+                        } else {
+                            clock.abs_clock.now(precision)
+                        };
+                        let deadline = start
+                            .checked_add(duration)
+                            .ok_or_else(|| Error::overflow().context("deadline"))?;
+                        poll.subscribe_monotonic_clock(
+                            &*clock.abs_clock,
+                            deadline,
+                            precision,
+                            sub.userdata.into(),
+                        )
+                    }
+                    types::Clockid::Realtime => {
+                        // POSIX specifies that functions like `nanosleep` and others use the
+                        // `REALTIME` clock. But it also says that `clock_settime` has no effect
+                        // on threads waiting in these functions. MONOTONIC should always have
+                        // resolution at least as good as REALTIME, so we can translate a
+                        // non-absolute `REALTIME` request into a `MONOTONIC` request.
+                        let clock = self.clocks.monotonic()?;
+                        let precision = Duration::from_nanos(clocksub.precision);
+                        let duration = Duration::from_nanos(clocksub.timeout);
+                        let deadline = if clocksub
+                            .flags
+                            .contains(types::Subclockflags::SUBSCRIPTION_CLOCK_ABSTIME)
+                        {
+                            return Err(Error::not_supported());
+                        } else {
+                            clock
+                                .abs_clock
+                                .now(precision)
+                                .checked_add(duration)
+                                .ok_or_else(|| Error::overflow().context("deadline"))?
+                        };
+                        poll.subscribe_monotonic_clock(
+                            &*clock.abs_clock,
+                            deadline,
+                            precision,
+                            sub.userdata.into(),
+                        )
+                    }
+                    _ => Err(Error::invalid_argument()
+                        .context("timer subscriptions only support monotonic timer"))?,
+                },
+                types::SubscriptionU::FdRead(readsub) => {
+                    let fd = readsub.file_descriptor;
+                    let file_ref = table.get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+                    read_refs.push((file_ref, Some(sub.userdata.into())));
+                }
+                types::SubscriptionU::FdWrite(writesub) => {
+                    let fd = writesub.file_descriptor;
+                    let file_ref = table.get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+                    write_refs.push((file_ref, Some(sub.userdata.into())));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut read_mut_refs: Vec<(&dyn WasiFile, Userdata)> = Vec::new();
+        for (file_lock, userdata) in read_refs.iter_mut() {
+            read_mut_refs.push((file_lock.file.deref(), userdata.take().unwrap()));
+        }
+
+        for (f, ud) in read_mut_refs.iter_mut() {
+            poll.subscribe_read(*f, *ud);
+        }
+
+        let mut write_mut_refs: Vec<(&dyn WasiFile, Userdata)> = Vec::new();
+        for (file_lock, userdata) in write_refs.iter_mut() {
+            write_mut_refs.push((file_lock.file.deref(), userdata.take().unwrap()));
+        }
+
+        for (f, ud) in write_mut_refs.iter_mut() {
+            poll.subscribe_write(*f, *ud);
+        }
+
+        self.sched.poll_oneoff(&mut poll).await?;
+
+        let results = poll.results();
+        let num_results = results.len();
+        assert!(
+            num_results <= nsubscriptions as usize,
+            "results exceeds subscriptions"
+        );
+        let events = events.as_array(
+            num_results
+                .try_into()
+                .expect("not greater than nsubscriptions"),
+        );
+        for ((result, userdata), event_elem) in results.into_iter().zip(events.iter()) {
+            let event_ptr = event_elem?;
+            let userdata: types::Userdata = userdata.into();
+            event_ptr.write(match result {
+                SubscriptionResult::Read(r) => {
+                    let type_ = types::Eventtype::FdRead;
+                    match r {
+                        Ok((nbytes, flags)) => types::Event {
+                            userdata,
+                            error: types::Errno::Success,
+                            type_,
+                            fd_readwrite: types::EventFdReadwrite {
+                                nbytes,
+                                flags: types::Eventrwflags::from(&flags),
+                            },
+                        },
+                        Err(e) => types::Event {
+                            userdata,
+                            error: e.downcast().map_err(Error::trap)?,
+                            type_,
+                            fd_readwrite: fd_readwrite_empty(),
+                        },
+                    }
+                }
+                SubscriptionResult::Write(r) => {
+                    let type_ = types::Eventtype::FdWrite;
+                    match r {
+                        Ok((nbytes, flags)) => types::Event {
+                            userdata,
+                            error: types::Errno::Success,
+                            type_,
+                            fd_readwrite: types::EventFdReadwrite {
+                                nbytes,
+                                flags: types::Eventrwflags::from(&flags),
+                            },
+                        },
+                        Err(e) => types::Event {
+                            userdata,
+                            error: e.downcast().map_err(Error::trap)?,
+                            type_,
+                            fd_readwrite: fd_readwrite_empty(),
+                        },
+                    }
+                }
+                SubscriptionResult::MonotonicClock(r) => {
+                    let type_ = types::Eventtype::Clock;
+                    types::Event {
+                        userdata,
+                        error: match r {
+                            Ok(()) => types::Errno::Success,
+                            Err(e) => e.downcast().map_err(Error::trap)?,
+                        },
+                        type_,
+                        fd_readwrite: fd_readwrite_empty(),
+                    }
+                }
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(num_results.try_into().expect("results fit into memory"))
+    }
+
+    async fn proc_exit(&mut self, status: types::Exitcode) -> anyhow::Error {
+        // Check that the status is within WASI's range.
+        if status < 126 {
+            I32Exit(status as i32).into()
+        } else {
+            anyhow::Error::msg("exit with invalid exit status outside of [0..126)")
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn proc_raise(&mut self, _sig: types::Signal) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        Err(Error::trap(anyhow::Error::msg("proc_raise unsupported")))
+    }
+
+    async fn sched_yield(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.sched.sched_yield().await
+    }
+
+    async fn random_get<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        buf: &GuestPtr<'a, u8>,
+        buf_len: types::Size,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let buf = buf.as_array(buf_len);
+        if buf.is_shared_memory() {
+            // If the Wasm memory is shared, copy to an intermediate buffer to
+            // avoid Rust unsafety (i.e., the called function could rely on
+            // `&mut [u8]`'s exclusive ownership which is not guaranteed due to
+            // potential access from other threads).
+            let mut copied: u32 = 0;
+            while copied < buf.len() {
+                let len = (buf.len() - copied).min(MAX_SHARED_BUFFER_SIZE as u32);
+                let mut tmp = vec![0; len as usize];
+                self.random.lock().unwrap().try_fill_bytes(&mut tmp)?;
+                let dest = buf
+                    .get_range(copied..copied + len)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .as_unsafe_slice_mut()?;
+                dest.copy_from_slice(&tmp)?;
+                copied += len;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // If the Wasm memory is non-shared, copy directly into the linear
+            // memory.
+            let mem = &mut buf.as_slice_mut()?.unwrap();
+            self.random.lock().unwrap().try_fill_bytes(mem)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn sock_accept(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        flags: types::Fdflags,
+    ) -> Result<types::Fd, Error> {
+        let table = self.table();
+        let f = table.get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+        let file = f.file.sock_accept(FdFlags::from(flags)).await?;
+        let fd = table.push(Arc::new(FileEntry::new(file, FileAccessMode::all())))?;
+        Ok(types::Fd::from(fd))
+    }
+
+    async fn sock_recv<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        ri_data: &types::IovecArray<'a>,
+        ri_flags: types::Riflags,
+    ) -> Result<(types::Size, types::Roflags), Error> {
+        let f = self.table().get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+
+        let iovs: Vec<wiggle::GuestPtr<[u8]>> = ri_data
+            .iter()
+            .map(|iov_ptr| {
+                let iov_ptr = iov_ptr?;
+                let iov: types::Iovec = iov_ptr.read()?;
+                Ok(iov.buf.as_array(iov.buf_len))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_, Error>>()?;
+
+        // If the first iov structure is from shared memory we can safely assume
+        // all the rest will be. We then read into memory based on the memory's
+        // shared-ness:
+        // - if not shared, we copy directly into the Wasm memory
+        // - if shared, we use an intermediate buffer; this avoids Rust unsafety
+        //   due to holding on to a `&mut [u8]` of Wasm memory when we cannot
+        //   guarantee the `&mut` exclusivity--other threads could be modifying
+        //   the data as this functions writes to it. Though likely there is no
+        //   issue with OS writing to io structs in multi-threaded scenarios,
+        //   since we do not know here if `&dyn WasiFile` does anything else
+        //   (e.g., read), we cautiously incur some performance overhead by
+        //   copying twice.
+        let is_shared_memory = iovs
+            .iter()
+            .next()
+            .and_then(|s| Some(s.is_shared_memory()))
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        let (bytes_read, ro_flags) = if is_shared_memory {
+            // For shared memory, read into an intermediate buffer. Only the
+            // first iov will be filled and even then the read is capped by the
+            // `MAX_SHARED_BUFFER_SIZE`, so users are expected to re-call.
+            let iov = iovs.into_iter().next();
+            if let Some(iov) = iov {
+                let mut buffer = vec![0; (iov.len() as usize).min(MAX_SHARED_BUFFER_SIZE)];
+                let (bytes_read, ro_flags) = f
+                    .file
+                    .sock_recv(&mut [IoSliceMut::new(&mut buffer)], RiFlags::from(ri_flags))
+                    .await?;
+                iov.get_range(0..bytes_read.try_into()?)
+                    .expect("it should always be possible to slice the iov smaller")
+                    .copy_from_slice(&buffer[0..bytes_read.try_into()?])?;
+                (bytes_read, ro_flags)
+            } else {
+                return Ok((0, RoFlags::empty().into()));
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Convert all of the unsafe guest slices to safe ones--this uses
+            // Wiggle's internal borrow checker to ensure no overlaps. We assume
+            // here that, because the memory is not shared, there are no other
+            // threads to access it while it is written to.
+            let mut guest_slices: Vec<wiggle::GuestSliceMut<u8>> = iovs
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|iov| Ok(iov.as_slice_mut()?.unwrap()))
+                .collect::<Result<_, Error>>()?;
+
+            // Read directly into the Wasm memory.
+            let mut ioslices: Vec<IoSliceMut> = guest_slices
+                .iter_mut()
+                .map(|s| IoSliceMut::new(&mut *s))
+                .collect();
+            f.file
+                .sock_recv(&mut ioslices, RiFlags::from(ri_flags))
+                .await?
+        };
+
+        Ok((types::Size::try_from(bytes_read)?, ro_flags.into()))
+    }
+
+    async fn sock_send<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        fd: types::Fd,
+        si_data: &types::CiovecArray<'a>,
+        _si_flags: types::Siflags,
+    ) -> Result<types::Size, Error> {
+        let f = self.table().get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+
+        let guest_slices: Vec<wiggle::GuestCow<u8>> = si_data
+            .iter()
+            .map(|iov_ptr| {
+                let iov_ptr = iov_ptr?;
+                let iov: types::Ciovec = iov_ptr.read()?;
+                Ok(iov.buf.as_array(iov.buf_len).as_cow()?)
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_, Error>>()?;
+
+        let ioslices: Vec<IoSlice> = guest_slices
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| IoSlice::new(s.deref()))
+            .collect();
+        let bytes_written = f.file.sock_send(&ioslices, SiFlags::empty()).await?;
+
+        Ok(types::Size::try_from(bytes_written)?)
+    }
+
+    async fn sock_shutdown(&mut self, fd: types::Fd, how: types::Sdflags) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let f = self.table().get_file(u32::from(fd))?;
+
+        f.file.sock_shutdown(SdFlags::from(how)).await
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<types::Advice> for Advice {
+    fn from(advice: types::Advice) -> Advice {
+        match advice {
+            types::Advice::Normal => Advice::Normal,
+            types::Advice::Sequential => Advice::Sequential,
+            types::Advice::Random => Advice::Random,
+            types::Advice::Willneed => Advice::WillNeed,
+            types::Advice::Dontneed => Advice::DontNeed,
+            types::Advice::Noreuse => Advice::NoReuse,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&FdStat> for types::Fdstat {
+    fn from(fdstat: &FdStat) -> types::Fdstat {
+        let mut fs_rights_base = types::Rights::empty();
+        if fdstat.access_mode.contains(FileAccessMode::READ) {
+            fs_rights_base |= types::Rights::FD_READ;
+        }
+        if fdstat.access_mode.contains(FileAccessMode::WRITE) {
+            fs_rights_base |= types::Rights::FD_WRITE;
+        }
+        types::Fdstat {
+            fs_filetype: types::Filetype::from(&fdstat.filetype),
+            fs_rights_base,
+            fs_rights_inheriting: types::Rights::empty(),
+            fs_flags: types::Fdflags::from(fdstat.flags),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&FileType> for types::Filetype {
+    fn from(ft: &FileType) -> types::Filetype {
+        match ft {
+            FileType::Directory => types::Filetype::Directory,
+            FileType::BlockDevice => types::Filetype::BlockDevice,
+            FileType::CharacterDevice => types::Filetype::CharacterDevice,
+            FileType::RegularFile => types::Filetype::RegularFile,
+            FileType::SocketDgram => types::Filetype::SocketDgram,
+            FileType::SocketStream => types::Filetype::SocketStream,
+            FileType::SymbolicLink => types::Filetype::SymbolicLink,
+            FileType::Unknown => types::Filetype::Unknown,
+            FileType::Pipe => types::Filetype::Unknown,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! convert_flags {
+    ($from:ty, $to:ty, $($flag:ident),+) => {
+        impl From<$from> for $to {
+            fn from(f: $from) -> $to {
+                let mut out = <$to>::empty();
+                $(
+                    if f.contains(<$from>::$flag) {
+                        out |= <$to>::$flag;
+                    }
+                )+
+                out
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! convert_flags_bidirectional {
+    ($from:ty, $to:ty, $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        convert_flags!($from, $to, $($rest)*);
+        convert_flags!($to, $from, $($rest)*);
+    }
+}
+
+convert_flags_bidirectional!(
+    FdFlags,
+    types::Fdflags,
+    APPEND,
+    DSYNC,
+    NONBLOCK,
+    RSYNC,
+    SYNC
+);
+
+convert_flags_bidirectional!(RiFlags, types::Riflags, RECV_PEEK, RECV_WAITALL);
+
+convert_flags_bidirectional!(RoFlags, types::Roflags, RECV_DATA_TRUNCATED);
+
+convert_flags_bidirectional!(SdFlags, types::Sdflags, RD, WR);
+
+impl From<&types::Oflags> for OFlags {
+    fn from(oflags: &types::Oflags) -> OFlags {
+        let mut out = OFlags::empty();
+        if oflags.contains(types::Oflags::CREAT) {
+            out = out | OFlags::CREATE;
+        }
+        if oflags.contains(types::Oflags::DIRECTORY) {
+            out = out | OFlags::DIRECTORY;
+        }
+        if oflags.contains(types::Oflags::EXCL) {
+            out = out | OFlags::EXCLUSIVE;
+        }
+        if oflags.contains(types::Oflags::TRUNC) {
+            out = out | OFlags::TRUNCATE;
+        }
+        out
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&OFlags> for types::Oflags {
+    fn from(oflags: &OFlags) -> types::Oflags {
+        let mut out = types::Oflags::empty();
+        if oflags.contains(OFlags::CREATE) {
+            out = out | types::Oflags::CREAT;
+        }
+        if oflags.contains(OFlags::DIRECTORY) {
+            out = out | types::Oflags::DIRECTORY;
+        }
+        if oflags.contains(OFlags::EXCLUSIVE) {
+            out = out | types::Oflags::EXCL;
+        }
+        if oflags.contains(OFlags::TRUNCATE) {
+            out = out | types::Oflags::TRUNC;
+        }
+        out
+    }
+}
+impl From<Filestat> for types::Filestat {
+    fn from(stat: Filestat) -> types::Filestat {
+        types::Filestat {
+            dev: stat.device_id,
+            ino: stat.inode,
+            filetype: types::Filetype::from(&stat.filetype),
+            nlink: stat.nlink,
+            size: stat.size,
+            atim: stat
+                .atim
+                .map(|t| t.duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_nanos() as u64)
+                .unwrap_or(0),
+            mtim: stat
+                .mtim
+                .map(|t| t.duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_nanos() as u64)
+                .unwrap_or(0),
+            ctim: stat
+                .ctim
+                .map(|t| t.duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_nanos() as u64)
+                .unwrap_or(0),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&ReaddirEntity> for types::Dirent {
+    type Error = Error;
+    fn try_from(e: &ReaddirEntity) -> Result<types::Dirent, Error> {
+        Ok(types::Dirent {
+            d_ino: e.inode,
+            d_namlen: e.name.as_bytes().len().try_into()?,
+            d_type: types::Filetype::from(&e.filetype),
+            d_next: e.next.into(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn dirent_bytes(dirent: types::Dirent) -> Vec<u8> {
+    use wiggle::GuestType;
+    assert_eq!(
+        types::Dirent::guest_size(),
+        std::mem::size_of::<types::Dirent>() as u32,
+        "Dirent guest repr and host repr should match"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        1,
+        std::mem::size_of_val(&dirent.d_type),
+        "Dirent member d_type should be endian-invariant"
+    );
+    let size = types::Dirent::guest_size()
+        .try_into()
+        .expect("Dirent is smaller than 2^32");
+    let mut bytes = Vec::with_capacity(size);
+    bytes.resize(size, 0);
+    let ptr = bytes.as_mut_ptr().cast::<types::Dirent>();
+    let guest_dirent = types::Dirent {
+        d_ino: dirent.d_ino.to_le(),
+        d_namlen: dirent.d_namlen.to_le(),
+        d_type: dirent.d_type, // endian-invariant
+        d_next: dirent.d_next.to_le(),
+    };
+    unsafe { ptr.write_unaligned(guest_dirent) };
+    bytes
+}
+
+impl From<&RwEventFlags> for types::Eventrwflags {
+    fn from(flags: &RwEventFlags) -> types::Eventrwflags {
+        let mut out = types::Eventrwflags::empty();
+        if flags.contains(RwEventFlags::HANGUP) {
+            out = out | types::Eventrwflags::FD_READWRITE_HANGUP;
+        }
+        out
+    }
+}
+
+fn fd_readwrite_empty() -> types::EventFdReadwrite {
+    types::EventFdReadwrite {
+        nbytes: 0,
+        flags: types::Eventrwflags::empty(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn systimespec(
+    set: bool,
+    ts: types::Timestamp,
+    now: bool,
+) -> Result<Option<SystemTimeSpec>, Error> {
+    if set && now {
+        Err(Error::invalid_argument())
+    } else if set {
+        Ok(Some(SystemTimeSpec::Absolute(
+            SystemClock::UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_nanos(ts),
+        )))
+    } else if now {
+        Ok(Some(SystemTimeSpec::SymbolicNow))
+    } else {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+}
+
+// This is the default subset of base Rights reported for directories prior to
+// https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasmtime/pull/6265. Some
+// implementations still expect this set of rights to be reported.
+pub(crate) fn directory_base_rights() -> types::Rights {
+    types::Rights::PATH_CREATE_DIRECTORY
+        | types::Rights::PATH_CREATE_FILE
+        | types::Rights::PATH_LINK_SOURCE
+        | types::Rights::PATH_LINK_TARGET
+        | types::Rights::PATH_OPEN
+        | types::Rights::FD_READDIR
+        | types::Rights::PATH_READLINK
+        | types::Rights::PATH_RENAME_SOURCE
+        | types::Rights::PATH_RENAME_TARGET
+        | types::Rights::PATH_SYMLINK
+        | types::Rights::PATH_REMOVE_DIRECTORY
+        | types::Rights::PATH_UNLINK_FILE
+        | types::Rights::PATH_FILESTAT_GET
+        | types::Rights::PATH_FILESTAT_SET_TIMES
+        | types::Rights::FD_FILESTAT_GET
+        | types::Rights::FD_FILESTAT_SET_TIMES
+}
+
+// This is the default subset of inheriting Rights reported for directories
+// prior to https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasmtime/pull/6265. Some
+// implementations still expect this set of rights to be reported.
+pub(crate) fn directory_inheriting_rights() -> types::Rights {
+    types::Rights::FD_DATASYNC
+        | types::Rights::FD_READ
+        | types::Rights::FD_SEEK
+        | types::Rights::FD_FDSTAT_SET_FLAGS
+        | types::Rights::FD_SYNC
+        | types::Rights::FD_TELL
+        | types::Rights::FD_WRITE
+        | types::Rights::FD_ADVISE
+        | types::Rights::FD_ALLOCATE
+        | types::Rights::FD_FILESTAT_GET
+        | types::Rights::FD_FILESTAT_SET_SIZE
+        | types::Rights::FD_FILESTAT_SET_TIMES
+        | types::Rights::POLL_FD_READWRITE
+        | directory_base_rights()
+}