vehicles 0.4.1 → 0.8.0

data/data/plates/sm.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,1119 @@
+# plates/sm.yml — San Marino (PRD-PLATES gate L1, microstates group).
+# DRAFT for verification. All primary text fetched from the Consiglio Grande e
+# Generale law archive (consigliograndeegenerale.sm), 2026-08-02.
+#
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# THIS FILE IS ALMOST ENTIRELY PRIMARY, AND THE CHAIN IS UNBROKEN BACK TO 1922.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# San Marino turned out to have the deepest reachable archive of the five
+# microstates. Every series below is dated from an instrument, and the
+# amendment chain is continuous: a 1922 Regolamento whose article 11 is STILL
+# the formal target of amendment a century later, replaced comma by comma in
+# 1986, 1993 and 2022.
+#
+# THE INSTRUMENTS, in the order they matter:
+#   * Legge 10 marzo 1989 n. 23, "Norme sulla Carta di Circolazione e sulle
+#     targhe di immatricolazione" (pubbl. 22 March 1989) — THE ENABLING ACT.
+#     Art. 17: "Con apposito Decreto Reggenziale sono stabilite le
+#     caratteristiche costruttive, dimensionali e cromatiche delle targhe,
+#     nonchè i loro prezzi di vendita." Every plate decree since cites it.
+#   * Regolamento 6 marzo 1922 n. 13, art. 11 — the root plate provision.
+#   * Decreto 18 dicembre 1986 n. 151 — the digits-only modern plate.
+#   * Decreto 29 settembre 1993 n. 109 — introduces LETTER + FOUR DIGITS.
+#   * Decreto Delegato 16 settembre 2022 n. 132 — the current redesign.
+#   * Decreto Delegato 31 gennaio 2019 n. 22 — the green electric plates.
+#   plus the per-class decrees cited on each series below.
+#
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# FOUR FINDINGS THAT CORRECT THE SECONDARY ACCOUNTS
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# 1. "RSM WAS REMOVED FROM THE PLATE IN 2023" IS FALSE, BY 37 YEARS. Decreto
+#    Delegato 132/2022 does not mention RSM at all — it could not remove what
+#    was already gone. RSM left the ordinary plate in 1986, when Decreto
+#    151/1986 art. 1 replaced the third comma of the 1922 art. 11 with a spec
+#    listing only the arms, the "Repubblica di San Marino" legend and the
+#    numbers. RSM survives as a SEPARATE OVAL national sign under Legge
+#    23/1989 art. 19 — "La targa di nazionalità dello Stato è composta dalle
+#    lettere RSM dipinte in nero su fondo rifrangente bianco a forma di
+#    elisse" — which DD 132/2022 art. 8 still prices separately at EUR 5,00.
+#    It also survives ON the historic-vehicle plate of 2006.
+#
+# 2. "THE CURRENT FORMAT DATES FROM 3 DECEMBER 1993" IS NOT SUPPORTED. The
+#    instrument that created the letter+four-digit format is Decreto 29
+#    settembre 1993 n. 109, and its art. 4 says the system "entra in vigore
+#    immediatamente" with plates issued progressively as old stock runs out.
+#    No primary text mentions 3 December 1993. `period.start` is 1993 on the
+#    instrument's own authority; the day-precision claim is not carried.
+#
+# 3. THE 2022 REDESIGN'S DATES ARE THREE DIFFERENT DATES, AND THE INSTRUMENT
+#    DISTINGUISHES THEM — this is the instrument-date rule in its richest form
+#    anywhere in this group:
+#      - 16 September 2022: DD 132/2022's own date, publication and entry into
+#        force. The small 300x100 front plate is lawful FROM THIS DATE.
+#      - 30 June 2023: the hard stop for issuing OLD-format stock (art. 9(1)).
+#      - 1 July 2023: the date from which the blue must be RAL 5017
+#        (art. 9(2)) — a COLOUR date, not a format date.
+#    Reading "first issued 1 July 2023" off this decree is wrong: art. 9(1)
+#    sets an END date for old stock, not a START date for the new model. The
+#    two series below carry the overlap honestly rather than inventing a clean
+#    cutover.
+#
+# 4. THE LETTER ALPHABET CHANGED IN 2022, AND BY EXACTLY ONE LETTER. Decreto
+#    109/1993 art. 2 listed NINETEEN letters (no U). DD 132/2022 art. 3 lists
+#    TWENTY, adding U. D, E, I, O, Q, R remain excluded throughout — R because
+#    it is reserved to rimorchi and E to export, which is a functional
+#    exclusion rather than a legibility one. Both alphabets are carried in
+#    `regex_strict` on their own series, which is exactly what the strict tier
+#    is for.
+#
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# period_evidence VOCABULARY used in this file:
+#   instrument-in-force            the instrument's own commencement
+#   instrument-dated-both-ends     start AND end each fixed by an instrument
+#   statutory-operative-date       the instrument names an OPERATIVE date for
+#                                  issuance that differs from its own
+#                                  commencement — the sharpest instance of the
+#                                  instrument-date rule in this file
+#   instrument-in-force-upper-bound  earliest instrument read; start is an
+#                                  UPPER bound
+#   secondary-wikipedia            WIKIPEDIA-DERIVED (mandatory tag)
+#
+# format_evidence VOCABULARY: statutory | secondary-wikipedia | not-established
+#
+# A NOTE ON THE ARCHIVE. consigliograndeegenerale.sm warns that documents
+# extracted from it "lack authenticated character" and directs anyone needing
+# authentic copies to the Segreteria Istituzionale. The Bollettino Ufficiale
+# issue numbers were NOT retrieved in this pass; publication dates come from
+# the archive's own metadata. Recorded as a limit on every citation below.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+jurisdiction: sm
+authority:
+  name: Ufficio Registro Automezzi, Repubblica di San Marino — Legge 10 marzo 1989 n. 23
+  url: "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17020838.html"
+binding: vehicle
+binding_note: >-
+  Legge 25 novembre 1997 n. 136 art. 7: the Ufficio "assegna il relativo numero
+  di immatricolazione e … rilascia le targhe e la Carta di Circolazione a nome
+  del proprietario" — the plate issues against the vehicle's registration, in
+  the owner's name. No provision reserves a number to a person across vehicles
+  in the Swiss/Liechtenstein manner, so `vehicle` rather than `owner`. Note the
+  contrast with li.yml and ch.yml, which is real and not an artefact.
+instrument:
+  citation: "Legge 10 marzo 1989 n. 23, Norme sulla Carta di Circolazione e sulle targhe di immatricolazione"
+  published: "1989-03-22"
+  delegation: >-
+    Art. 17: "Con apposito Decreto Reggenziale sono stabilite le caratteristiche
+    costruttive, dimensionali e cromatiche delle targhe, nonchè i loro prezzi di
+    vendita." This is why the plate specifications live in decrees rather than
+    in the Codice della Strada.
+  manufacture_control: >-
+    Art. 14: "La fabbricazione delle targhe è soggetta ad apposita autorizzazione
+    del Congresso di Stato che esercita il controllo sulla produzione a mezzo
+    dell'Ufficio Registro Automezzi."
+  source: "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17020838.html  # Legge 23/1989 art. 13, 14, 17, 18, 19"
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Jurisdiction-wide facts.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+common:
+  codice_della_strada_does_not_regulate_plates:
+    finding: >-
+      A SOURCED NEGATIVE worth stating, because it is where a researcher would
+      naturally look first. San Marino's road code — Decreto Delegato 28 aprile
+      2008 n. 67, promulgated in consolidated form as Decreto Delegato 26 maggio
+      2008 n. 81 under Legge 20 marzo 2008 n. 51 — contains NO plate
+      specification. Its art. 29 expressly delegates the subject out, listing
+      among the matters for special legislation "g) le carte di circolazione, le
+      targhe di immatricolazione, speciali, provvisorie e di prova." The code
+      carries only enforcement provisions (arts. 56, 60, 62, 63). Note also that
+      it is a DECRETO DELEGATO, not a Legge.
+    source: "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17023725.html  # DD 81/2008 art. 29 lit. g"
+  display:
+    rule: >-
+      Legge 23/1989 art. 13: "Ogni autoveicolo deve recare, nella parte anteriore
+      ed in quella posteriore, una targa contenente il numero di immatricolazione.
+      Ogni motoveicolo, rimorchio, trattrice agricola, rimorchio agricolo deve
+      essere munito della suddetta targa posta soltanto nella parte posteriore.
+      Ogni carrello appendice deve essere munito, nella parte posteriore, di una
+      targa ripetitrice del numero di immatricolazione del veicolo trainante."
+    frames_forbidden: >-
+      Art. 18: "Non è ammesso l'uso di cornici portatarga. Le viti di fissaggio
+      della targa, che devono essere di materiale non riflettente, non vanno
+      poste in corrispondenza dei numeri di immatricolazione, dello stemma e del
+      talloncino di revisione." A rare explicit ban on plate frames.
+    source: "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17020838.html  # Legge 23/1989 art. 13, 18"
+  country_sign:
+    letters: "RSM"
+    shape: ellipse
+    background: "#FFFFFF"
+    foreground: "#000000"
+    rule: >-
+      Legge 23/1989 art. 19: "La targa di nazionalità dello Stato è composta
+      dalle lettere RSM dipinte in nero su fondo rifrangente bianco a forma di
+      elisse." A SEPARATE OVAL, not a field on the plate — and still a priced
+      article in the current decree (DD 132/2022 art. 8, "Sigla Internazionale
+      dello Stato EUR 5,00"). See finding 1 in the header: RSM has not been part
+      of the ordinary plate since 1986.
+    source: "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17020838.html  # Legge 23/1989 art. 19"
+  euro_band:
+    present: false
+    evidence: >-
+      HONEST LIMIT ON A NEGATIVE. San Marino is not in the EU and no Euro band
+      appears in any specification from 1922 to 2026 — but no instrument
+      AFFIRMATIVELY states its absence. This is strong negative evidence from an
+      unbroken series of exhaustive design specs, not a positive citation, and
+      it is recorded as such rather than dressed up.
+  colours:
+    rule: >-
+      The characters and border are BLUE on a white retroreflective ground —
+      "di colore blu" in every decree from 1986 onward. The 1922 original said
+      "in azzurro su fondo bianco".
+    ral_5017:
+      value: "RAL 5017"
+      from: "2023-07-01"
+      rule: >-
+        DD 132/2022 art. 9(2), verbatim: "A decorrere dall'1 luglio 2023 i
+        caratteri alfanumerici blu delle targhe di immatricolazione saranno di
+        colore blu RAL 5017." THIS IS A NAMED COLOUR STANDARD — the only one in
+        the microstates group, and the reason San Marino's blue is a genuine
+        spec claim where Liechtenstein's and Monaco's colours are not.
+      hex_note: >-
+        RAL 5017 ("Verkehrsblau"/traffic blue) has no single authoritative sRGB
+        value; RAL publishes it as a physical standard. The hex carried below is
+        `hex_basis: ral-converted` — a conventional conversion, NOT a spec
+        value — and the RAL reference itself is the citable fact.
+    before_ral: >-
+      Before 1 July 2023 the decrees say only "di colore blu" with no RAL,
+      Pantone or CIE reference. Those series carry `hex_basis: observed`.
+    arms_colours: >-
+      Decreto 151/1986 art. 1 specifies the arms in "colori rifrangenti (rosso,
+      blu, verde, giallo e nero)"; DD 132/2022 art. 2 upgrades the reference to
+      "i pantoni di cui all'Allegato 'B' alla Legge Costituzionale 22 luglio
+      2011 n.1" and the logotype to the "manuale d'uso" annexed to Regolamento
+      6 agosto 2012 n. 3. NEITHER ANNEX WAS FETCHED in this pass — the Pantone
+      values themselves are a recorded gap.
+    source: "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 art. 2 and art. 9(2)"
+  alphabet:
+    current:
+      letters: [A, B, C, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z]
+      count: 20
+      rule: >-
+        DD 132/2022 art. 3: "I caratteri alfabetici utilizzabili per la
+        composizione delle targhe delle serie ordinarie sono i seguenti: A, B,
+        C, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z. 2. I caratteri
+        numerici utilizzabili per la composizione delle targhe di
+        immatricolazione vanno da zero a nove."
+    previous:
+      letters: [A, B, C, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z]
+      count: 19
+      rule: "Decreto 109/1993 art. 2, the same list WITHOUT U."
+    excluded: [D, E, I, O, Q, R, U]
+    excluded_note: >-
+      D, E, I, O, Q and R are excluded from the ordinary series throughout; U
+      was excluded until 2022 and is now admitted. The exclusions are NOT all of
+      one kind and the distinction matters: I, O and Q are legibility
+      exclusions (confusable with 1 and 0), while R is reserved to trailers and
+      E to export plates — functional reservations. Neither decree states the
+      reasons; the reservation of R and E is visible from the trailer and export
+      decrees themselves.
+    source: "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 art. 3; Decreto 109/1993 art. 2"
+  progression:
+    rule: >-
+      Sequential. Legge 136/1997 art. 7 and DD 132/2022 art. 7 both presuppose a
+      "numerazione progressiva" — the reservation right runs "entro i 400 numeri
+      successivi a quello disponibile al momento della prenotazione" (EUR 50) or
+      "entro i 1.000 numeri successivi" (EUR 100).
+    letter_rollover_gap: >-
+      RECORDED GAP, and a real one. NO INSTRUMENT STATES the rule for advancing
+      the letter when the four digits exhaust. The only exhaustion-triggered
+      rollover written into primary law anywhere in San Marino is on the EXPORT
+      series (DD 96/2026: the new grammar issues "a seguito dell'assegnazione
+      dell'ultima targa con la sigla della composizione attuale"). That rule
+      must NOT be generalised to the ordinary series, and no `progression` claim
+      below does so.
+    source: "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 art. 7"
+  emblem:
+    present: true
+    rendered: placeholder
+    rule: >-
+      The "stemma ufficiale" appears in relief on every ordinary plate, at the
+      left. DD 132/2022 art. 2 binds it to the constitutional annex's
+      proportions and Pantones. PRD-PLATES §3's placeholder rule applies: the
+      arms are a state emblem with no located clean licence, and the
+      constitutional annex was not fetched.
+  not_modelled:
+    - "GE (Gendarmeria) IS NOT MODELLED, and this is a positive finding rather than an omission. The archive was searched for Gendarmeria plate instruments and returned nothing. San Marino law knows only 'Corpi di Polizia' collectively (DD 132/2022 art. 4 lit. b) with a single POLIZIA legend. If GE plates exist they have no instrument in this archive, and asserting a legal basis for them would be manufacturing one."
+    - "VU (Vigili Urbani) IS NOT MODELLED. The archive holds Vigili Urbani corps instruments (organisation, staffing, the Regolamento 5 novembre 1963 n. 44) but NOTHING about targhe. The widely-repeated 'not used since 1983' end date has no primary support located, and without an instrument at either end the series cannot be dated at all."
+    - "TAXI plates do not appear in any instrument read. DD 132/2022 art. 8 prices a 'Targhetta N.C.C.' (noleggio con conducente) at EUR 50,00, which is a small supplementary plate rather than a registration series; it is noted here and not modelled as a series."
+    - "The CAPITANI REGGENTI vehicles reportedly carry reserved combinations. DD 132/2022 art. 6 and Decreto 149/2003 art. 2 do reserve certain strings from the personalized series, naming POLIZIA, POL, CRS, CD, RSM and SMR — but no instrument read creates a head-of-state series. Not modelled."
+
+series:
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # THE ORDINARY SERIES — letter + four digits. Split at 2022 because the
+  # FRONT PLATE CHANGED SIZE; see the modelling note on sm-standard-2022.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: sm-standard-1993
+    class: standard
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus]
+    period: { start: 1993, end: 2023 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-dated-both-ends
+    period_note: >-
+      START 1993: Decreto 29 settembre 1993 n. 109 art. 1 introduces "un
+      carattere alfabetico seguito da quattro caratteri numerici", and art. 4
+      commences it immediately — "Il sistema di targatura di cui all'Art. 1
+      entra in vigore immediatamente e le targhe saranno consegnate
+      progressivamente con l'esaurimento delle targhe di vecchio tipo ancora in
+      giacenza presso l'Ufficio Registro Automezzi." Note that the instrument
+      itself provides for a phased rollout, so 1993 is when issuance BEGAN, not
+      when the old plate stopped. END 2023: DD 132/2022 art. 9(1) sets the hard
+      stop — old-format plates issue "fino a esaurimento delle giacenze
+      d'ufficio e comunque non oltre il 30 giugno 2023."
+      The widely-repeated "3 December 1993" appears in no primary text; see
+      header finding 2.
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "L9999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]\d{4}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCFGHJKLMNPSTVWXYZ]\d{4}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      charset:
+        letters: "the NINETEEN letters of Decreto 109/1993 art. 2 — A B C F G H J K L M N P S T V W X Y Z. U is NOT among them; it is admitted only from 2022."
+        notes: >-
+          `regex` keeps [A-Z] because the lint round-trips it against the
+          pattern's L token; `regex_strict` carries the sourced nineteen-letter
+          alphabet. The difference between this strict twin and
+          sm-standard-2022's is exactly one letter, and that difference is the
+          only way to tell the two series apart from the string alone.
+      separator: none
+      separator_note: >-
+        The decree prescribes "un carattere alfabetico seguito da quattro
+        caratteri numerici" with NO separator glyph and no gap specification, so
+        the pattern spells the serial unbroken. This is one of the few series in
+        the dataset with no separator position at all.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm, note: "BOTH front and rear at this size — Decreto 109/1993 art. 1, 'Le targhe anteriori e posteriori degli autoveicoli devono essere di forma rettangolare delle dimensioni di mm.390x120'" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#003399"
+      foreground_note: "'di colore blu' with no RAL or Pantone reference in the 1993 decree — hex_basis observed. The named RAL arrives only in 2023; see common.colours."
+      characters: { h: 79, w: 45, stroke: 12.5, unit: mm, note: "Decreto 109/1993 art. 1 lit. b" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, position: left, note: "arms in reflective colours plus 'Repubblica di San Marino' on two lines in blue relief" }
+      legend: { text: "Repubblica di San Marino", color: "#003399", position: "beside the arms, two lines" }
+      border: { color: "#003399", relief: true }
+      rear_differs: false
+      rear_differs_note: "FALSE for this series — front and rear were the same 390x120 plate. That is precisely what changed in 2022."
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      THE 1993 ORDINARY SERIES: letter plus four digits, 390x120 mm front AND
+      rear, blue on white. Decreto 109/1993 also abolished the revision-sticker
+      obligation (art. 3), which is why the 27 mm raised circle prescribed by
+      the 1986 decree disappears from the plate. Overlaps sm-standard-2022 for
+      the 2022-2023 run-off; that overlap is real and is provided for by DD
+      132/2022 art. 9(1).
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17021492.html  # Decreto 29 settembre 1993 n. 109, artt. 1-4: the letter+4-digit format, the 19-letter alphabet, immediate commencement and phased issue"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 art. 9(1): old-format stock issues no later than 30 June 2023"
+
+  - id: sm-standard-2022
+    class: standard
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus]
+    period: { start: 2022 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    period_note: >-
+      16 September 2022 — the date DD 132/2022 was made, published and came into
+      force, all three being the same day per the archive's metadata. THE SMALL
+      FRONT PLATE IS LAWFUL FROM THAT DATE. It is tempting to date this series
+      to 1 July 2023 because that is the date most often reported, but art. 9(2)
+      makes 1 July 2023 the date the blue becomes RAL 5017 — a colour date
+      applying to ALL series — and art. 9(1) makes 30 June 2023 the last day for
+      OLD stock. Neither is this series' start. See header finding 3.
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "L9999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]\d{4}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCFGHJKLMNPSTUVWXYZ]\d{4}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      charset:
+        letters: "the TWENTY letters of DD 132/2022 art. 3 — the 1993 list plus U"
+        notes: >-
+          The serial GRAMMAR is unchanged from 1993; only the alphabet widened
+          by one letter. A string beginning U can only be from this series,
+          which makes U the single character that dates a San Marino plate.
+      separator: none
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm, note: "REAR — unchanged (DD 132/2022 art. 2)" }
+      plate_front: { w: 300, h: 100, unit: mm, note: "FRONT — NEW, and the reason this is its own series: 'Le targhe anteriori degli autoveicoli hanno forma rettangolare delle dimensioni di 300 x 100 mm'" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed, spec_note: "aluminium 1 mm with an adhesive vinyl retroreflective film — 'lamiera di alluminio dello spessore di mm 1 sul cui fronte è applicata una pellicola rifrangente vinilica adesiva'" }
+      foreground: "#005387"
+      foreground_note: >-
+        RAL 5017 from 1 July 2023 (DD 132/2022 art. 9(2)) — a NAMED COLOUR
+        STANDARD and therefore a genuine spec claim, unlike every other colour
+        in this microstates group. `hex_basis: ral-converted`: RAL 5017 is a
+        physical standard with no authoritative sRGB value, so the hex is a
+        conventional conversion and the RAL reference is the citable fact.
+      hex_basis: ral-converted
+      characters_front: { h: 62, w: 35, stroke: 8, unit: mm }
+      characters_rear: { h: 79, w: 45, stroke: 12.5, unit: mm }
+      border_front: { width: 3, stroke: 3, unit: mm, color: "#005387" }
+      border_rear: { width: 4, stroke: 4, unit: mm, color: "#005387" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, position: left, note: "arms in relief, in the Pantones of Allegato B to Legge Costituzionale 22 luglio 2011 n. 1; logotype per the manuale d'uso annexed to Regolamento 6 agosto 2012 n. 3. NEITHER ANNEX WAS FETCHED — recorded gap." }
+      legend: { text: "Repubblica di San Marino", color: "#000000", position: "beside the arms" }
+      rear_differs: true
+      rear_differs_note: >-
+        TRUE, and NEWLY so — this is the change that justifies a separate
+        series. From 2022 the front plate is 300x100 mm and the rear stays
+        390x120 mm, where the 1993 series had one size for both. The stated
+        reason is practical rather than aesthetic: the smaller front plate fits
+        sports cars with shallow plate recesses.
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      THE CURRENT ORDINARY SERIES. Same letter+four-digit grammar as 1993, but a
+      smaller FRONT plate (300x100 mm), a twentieth letter (U), and RAL 5017
+      blue from 1 July 2023. Modelled as its own series because the design
+      changed, per PRD-PLATES §2.3. Overlaps sm-standard-1993 across the
+      2022-2023 run-off, which is genuine parallel issuance provided for by the
+      decree itself. NOTE the motorcycle and moped series below are NOT split at
+      2022, because their plate SIZE did not change — only character metrics and
+      the colour, both of which are dated design facts within one series. That
+      asymmetry is deliberate and is the §2.3 test applied consistently.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # Decreto Delegato 16 settembre 2022 n. 132, artt. 2, 3, 9: front 300x100 and rear 390x120, the 20-letter alphabet, the run-off and the RAL 5017 date"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17135320.html  # ratification by the Consiglio Grande e Generale, 17 October 2022, Delibera n. 5"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17135471.html  # errata corrige of 26 October 2022 — corrects two entries in the art. 8 price table only; it does NOT touch dimensions, colour or dates"
+
+  - id: sm-standard-1986
+    class: standard
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus]
+    period: { start: 1986, end: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-dated-both-ends
+    period_note: >-
+      START: Decreto 18 dicembre 1986 n. 151, "Istituzione di nuovo modello di
+      targa per i veicoli", published 22 December 1986. END: superseded by
+      Decreto 109/1993, whose art. 1 replaces art. 1 of the 1986 decree.
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "99999"
+      regex: '\A\d{1,5}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: >-
+        DIGITS ONLY — the decree says "Numeri di immatricolazione a rilievo di
+        colore blu", with no alphabetic character anywhere in the ordinary
+        series. That single word settles the pre-1993 format from primary text
+        rather than from observation. The WIDTH is inferred, not stated: art. 4
+        opens the series at 30.000 for motor cars, which implies five digits,
+        but no article states a digit count. `\d{1,5}` is the honest encoding.
+      progression: >-
+        Decreto 151/1986 art. 4 names the opening numbers in terms: "Le targhe di
+        cui agli articoli precedenti saranno adottate a partire dai seguenti
+        numeri di immatricolazione: - n. 30.000 per gli autoveicoli - n. 7.600
+        per motoveicoli - n. 900 per rimorchi - n. 01 Per Corpo Diplomatico". A
+        rare primary statement of series starting points.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#003399"
+      characters: { h: 79, w: 45, stroke: 12.5, unit: mm }
+      revision_sticker: { present: true, diameter: 27, unit: mm, note: "'Cerchio a rilievo del diametro di mm. 27 destinato a contenere il talloncino di revisione' — abolished by Decreto 109/1993 art. 3" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, note: "arms in reflective colours (rosso, blu, verde, giallo e nero) plus the two-line legend" }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      THE DIGITS-ONLY MODERN PLATE, and the instrument that DROPPED RSM from the
+      ordinary plate — see header finding 1. It also carried a raised 27 mm
+      circle for the revision sticker, a feature that existed only between 1986
+      and 1993. Its art. 2 is the origin of the CD, POLIZIA and R markings that
+      survive to this day.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17020523.html  # Decreto 18 dicembre 1986 n. 151, artt. 1-4"
+
+  - id: sm-rsm-1922
+    class: standard
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus, motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 1922, end: 1986 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force-upper-bound
+    period_note: >-
+      START: Regolamento 6 marzo 1922 n. 13, "Norme generali sui veicoli e sulla
+      circolazione". Recorded as an UPPER bound on the start rather than a
+      certain origin — this is the earliest instrument reached, and whether any
+      earlier San Marino registration existed was not established. END: the
+      1922 art. 11 third comma was replaced by Decreto 151/1986 art. 1.
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "RSM 999"
+      regex: '\ARSM[- ]?\d+\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: >-
+        DELIBERATELY WIDE, hence `recall-only`. Art. 11 prescribes "l'indicazione
+        in azzurro su fondo bianco 'R.S.M.' ed il numero della licenza di
+        circolazione" — it names the components and gives their HEIGHT (10 cm,
+        stroke 1 cm) but never a digit count or ceiling, across a 64-year span.
+        A match is a shape hit and nothing more.
+      separator_note: >-
+        PRINTED WITH DOTS as "R.S.M.". U+002E FULL STOP is in
+        _meta/separators.yml's FORGIVING set but not its EMITTED set, so
+        PRD-PLATES §2.6 forbids writing it; the pattern spells "RSM" undotted
+        and a conformant consumer canonicalises a real "R.S.M. 123" to "RSM123",
+        which the separator-free twin matches. The same limitation as the Swiss
+        mid-height point.
+    design:
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: non-reflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#0087DC"
+      foreground_note: "'in azzurro' — AZZURRO, a lighter blue than the 'blu' of every later decree. The distinction is in the instruments' own words and is preserved here rather than flattened."
+      characters: { h: 100, stroke: 10, unit: mm, note: "art. 11: 'Tali indicazioni devono avere l'altezza di cm. 10 e la grossezza delle linee deve essere di cm. 1'; motorcycles 6 cm high, 6 mm stroke" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: false, note: "the 1922 provision lists only the RSM indication and the number — no arms" }
+      rear_differs: true
+      rear_differs_note: "art. 11 requires the indications to be REPEATED IN PAINT on the front of the vehicle — 'Sono ripetute a vernice nella parte anteriore del veicolo' — so the front was painted lettering, not a plate. Motorcycles carried a rear plate only."
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      THE ROOT SERIES, and the root INSTRUMENT: art. 11 of the 1922 Regolamento
+      is still the formal target of amendment a century later — DD 132/2022 art.
+      2 operates by replacing "Il terzo comma dell'articolo 11 del Regolamento
+      6 marzo 1922 n. 13". Modelled as one long series because no instrument
+      read draws a generation boundary inside it; secondary accounts describe
+      several plate generations between 1922 and 1986 and none of those
+      boundaries could be dated to an instrument, so none is asserted.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17016996.html  # Regolamento 6 marzo 1922 n. 13, art. 11 third comma"
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # TWO-WHEELERS.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: sm-motorcycle-1993
+    class: motorcycle
+    categories: [motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "L999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]\d{3}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCFGHJKLMNPSTUVWXYZ]\d{3}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      charset:
+        notes: >-
+          THREE digits against the cars' four — the structural difference
+          between the two number spaces. `regex_strict` carries the CURRENT
+          20-letter alphabet; between 1993 and 2022 it was the 19-letter list
+          without U, which is recorded here rather than split into a second
+          series because the plate SIZE never changed.
+      separator: none
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 165, h: 165, unit: mm, note: "square, unchanged from 1993 through the 2022 redesign — the reason this series is NOT split at 2022" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#005387"
+      hex_basis: ral-converted
+      characters_1993: { h: 59, w: 29, stroke: 7, unit: mm, note: "Decreto 109/1993 art. 1" }
+      characters_2022: { h: 60, w: 25.5, stroke: 8, unit: mm, note: "DD 132/2022 art. 2 — a metric revision within the same plate size" }
+      border: { width: 4, stroke: 4, unit: mm }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: false
+      display: "rear plate only — Legge 23/1989 art. 13"
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      MOTORCYCLES: a square 165x165 mm plate carrying a letter and THREE digits.
+      Modelled as one continuous series across the 2022 redesign because the
+      plate size did not change; the character metrics and the RAL 5017 colour
+      are dated design facts inside it. Contrast the car series, which IS split,
+      because its front plate shrank. This is the PRD-PLATES §2.3 test producing
+      different answers on the same reform for different vehicle classes.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17021492.html  # Decreto 109/1993 art. 1: 165x165 mm, letter + three digits"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 art. 2 (metrics) and art. 3 (alphabet)"
+
+  - id: sm-moped
+    class: moped
+    categories: [moped]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force-upper-bound
+    period_note: >-
+      Decreto 15 aprile 1993 n. 58 extended the registration obligation to
+      ciclomotori. Its ORIGINAL text was not fetched in this pass — only its
+      1997 amendment (Decreto 28 marzo 1997 n. 39, itself repealed in 2022) and
+      the current specification in DD 132/2022 art. 5. So 1993 is an upper bound
+      resting on the decree's existence and date rather than on its read text.
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "L999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]\d{3}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCFGHJKLMNPSTUVWXYZ]\d{3}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      separator: none
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 115, h: 100, unit: mm, note: "DD 132/2022 art. 5 — the smallest plate in the San Marino system" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#005387"
+      hex_basis: ral-converted
+      characters: { h: 40, w: 20, stroke: 4, unit: mm }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, note: "arms and logotype inside a raised rectangle 45 x 35 mm" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      CICLOMOTORI (mopeds). The current specification replaces art. 3 of Decreto
+      58/1993 and shares the ordinary 20-letter alphabet — there is no dedicated
+      moped letter block in any instrument read, contrary to some secondary
+      accounts.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 art. 5, replacing art. 3 of Decreto 15 aprile 1993 n. 58"
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # THE ELECTRIC SERIES — created and abolished, both by instrument. The
+  # cleanest instrument-dated-both-ends row in the microstates group.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: sm-electric-ve
+    class: electric
+    categories: [car, van]
+    period: { start: 2019, end: 2023 }
+    period_evidence: statutory-operative-date
+    period_note: >-
+      A TEXTBOOK CASE, and the reason `instrument-issue-date` exists as a tag.
+      Decreto Delegato 31 gennaio 2019 n. 22 is DATED 31 January 2019 and came
+      into force that day — but it does not start the series on its own date.
+      Its art. 4 (Decorrenza) says in terms: "Le targhe di immatricolazione dei
+      veicoli ad alimentazione elettrica saranno rilasciate a decorrere dal
+      2 maggio 2019." THREE MONTHS LATER. Shipping 31 January 2019 as the series
+      start would be exactly the Spanish error, and the instrument itself
+      forbids it.
+      END: repealed by DD 132/2022 art. 10 on 16 September 2022, with existing
+      stock issuing until 30 June 2023 under art. 9(1). The series therefore
+      runs 2 May 2019 to 30 June 2023 at the latest, both ends instrument-fixed.
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "VE999"
+      regex: '\AVE[- ]?\d{3}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      charset:
+        notes: >-
+          THREE digits for cars, FOUR for motorcycles, THREE for mopeds — the
+          car series is the narrowest, which is unusual and is stated in art. 1
+          comma by comma.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm, note: "front and rear alike — art. 1(2)" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed, spec_note: "aluminium EN AW-1050A, 1 mm, with adhesive vinyl retroreflective film" }
+      foreground: "#4D7B2E"
+      foreground_note: >-
+        RAL 6018, named in the instrument: "di colore verde giallastro,
+        RAL 6018". A genuine spec claim, like the later RAL 5017.
+        `hex_basis: ral-converted` — the hex is a conventional conversion, the
+        RAL reference is the fact.
+      hex_basis: ral-converted
+      characters: { h: 79, w: 45, stroke: 12.5, unit: mm }
+      border: { width: 4, stroke: 4, unit: mm, color: "#4D7B2E" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      GREEN PLATES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES, 2019-2023. The whole regime lasted
+      just over four years. Its art. 2 also made the PERSONALIZED series green
+      for electric vehicles — a colour variant of another series rather than a
+      series of its own, recorded on sm-personalized. Take-up was reported to be
+      very small, which is the stated reason for abolition; that figure is
+      journalistic and is not carried as data here.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17106679.html  # Decreto Delegato 31 gennaio 2019 n. 22, artt. 1, 2, 4 — the VE grammar, RAL 6018, and the 2 May 2019 issue date"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 artt. 9(1) and 10 — repeal and run-off to 30 June 2023"
+
+  - id: sm-electric-ve-motorcycle
+    class: electric
+    categories: [motorcycle, moped]
+    period: { start: 2019, end: 2023 }
+    period_evidence: statutory-operative-date
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "VE9999"
+      regex: '\AVE[- ]?\d{4}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: "FOUR digits for motoveicoli, against three on the car series — art. 1(3). Mopeds took three digits on a 115x100 mm plate (art. 1(4))."
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 165, h: 165, unit: mm }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#4D7B2E"
+      hex_basis: ral-converted
+      characters: { h: 60, w: 25.5, stroke: 8, unit: mm }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      The two-wheeler arm of the 2019-2023 electric regime, separated from
+      sm-electric-ve because the digit count and the plate size both differ.
+      Same instrument, same 2 May 2019 issue date, same 30 June 2023 run-off.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17106679.html  # DD 22/2019 art. 1(3)-(4) and art. 4"
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # MARKED AND SPECIAL SERIES.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: sm-diplomatic-cd-1986
+    class: diplomatic
+    categories: [car, van]
+    period: { start: 1986 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "CD999"
+      regex: '\ACD[- ]?\d{1,3}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: >-
+        Decreto 151/1986 art. 2 lit. a: "Per il Corpo Diplomatico i numeri di
+        immatricolazione sono preceduti dalla sigla CD composta di lettere a
+        rilievo di colore blu". DD 132/2022 art. 4 lit. a fixes the count at
+        three and CHANGES THE SIGLA'S COLOUR TO RED: "i tre caratteri numerici
+        di colore blu sono preceduti dalla sigla CD composta da caratteri
+        alfabetici a rilievo di colore rosso." The digits stay blue.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#005387"
+      hex_basis: ral-converted
+      sigla_colour: { value: "#CC0000", from: 2022, note: "CD in RED from DD 132/2022 art. 4 lit. a; blue before that (Decreto 151/1986 art. 2 lit. a)" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      DIPLOMATIC CORPS. Numbering opened at 01 under Decreto 151/1986 art. 4.
+      The two-tone effect from 2022 — a red CD followed by blue digits — is
+      unusual and is stated in the instrument rather than observed.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17020523.html  # Decreto 151/1986 art. 2 lit. a and art. 4"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 art. 4 lit. a — three digits and the red sigla"
+
+  - id: sm-diplomatic-cd-1976
+    class: diplomatic
+    categories: [car, van]
+    period: { start: 1976, end: 1986 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-dated-both-ends
+    period_note: >-
+      Decreto 7 ottobre 1976 n. 55, posted in the Pubblico Palazzo on 8 October
+      1976, creates the CD plate; Decreto 151/1986 art. 2 replaces the
+      specification. The 1976 plate is a genuinely different object, not a
+      restyling — see the design block.
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "CD99"
+      regex: '\ACD[- ]?\d{1,2}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: "'Numeri con due cifre' — two digits, stated in terms."
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 486, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "the single-line 486x109 format, quite unlike the 390x120 ordinary plate of the period" }
+      background: { color: "#C8C8C0", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed, spec_note: "'pellicola rifrangente termoadesiva di color grigio perla' — PEARL GREY, the only non-white ground in San Marino's plate history" }
+      foreground: "#003399"
+      layout: "left to right: RSM in blue (76 mm high, 15 mm stroke), the arms in a 50x75 mm rectangle in blue outlined red, CD in light blue (65 mm high, 19 mm stroke), then two blue digits (75 mm high, 15 mm stroke)"
+      sigla_colour:
+        value: "#4A90D9"
+        hex_basis: observed
+        note: >-
+          'azzurro' — the CD sigla only; RSM and the digits are the darker
+          'blu' (#003399) this entry's foreground already carries. Promoted
+          from the layout prose to a structured field so a renderer can read
+          the two-tone split (the same shape sm-diplomatic-cd-1986 uses for
+          its own, later, red sigla). Evidence: derived from the decreto's own
+          wording, Decreto 7 ottobre 1976 n. 55 articolo unico.
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: false
+      rear_differs_note: "'Saranno dello stesso tipo sia la targa anteriore che quella posteriore.'"
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      THE 1976 DIPLOMATIC PLATE — pearl grey, 486x109 mm, and one of only two
+      places RSM survived on a San Marino plate after the ordinary series
+      dropped it (the other being the 2006 historic plate). It also used TWO
+      shades of blue at once: "blu" for RSM and the digits, "azzurro" for the CD
+      sigla. Recorded because it is the sharpest counterexample to the idea that
+      San Marino has always used one plate design.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17019324.html  # Decreto 7 ottobre 1976 n. 55, articolo unico"
+
+  - id: sm-police
+    class: police
+    categories: [car, van, motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 1986 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "999"
+      regex: '\A\d{1,3}\z'
+      printed_form: "POLIZIA 999"
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: >-
+        THE SERIAL IS THE THREE DIGITS; "POLIZIA" IS PLATE FURNITURE, and the
+        instrument supports that reading rather than merely permitting it. DD
+        132/2022 art. 4 lit. b describes the word as "iscritta in un rettangolo
+        a rilievo" — inscribed in a RAISED RECTANGLE — of 80x29 mm on the front
+        plate and 103x37 mm on the rear, with a 3 mm stroke. A badge whose size
+        differs between the front and rear plates is not a serial character; it
+        is a device, like the arms. Decreto 151/1986 art. 2 lit. b had a single
+        95x37 mm rectangle.
+        SECOND REASON, and it is the honest one: the human-pattern DSL cannot
+        spell a literal "L" — the lint reads every L in a pattern as "any
+        letter", so "POLIZIA 999" would generate "POIIZIA 692". Even had the
+        word been serial-significant it could not be written here. See
+        li.yml's common.pattern_dsl_limitation for the same problem in a case
+        where it genuinely hurt. `printed_form` records what a human reads off
+        the plate, so nothing is lost.
+      matching_caveat: >-
+        A CONSEQUENCE A CONSUMER MUST SEE: with POLIZIA out of the serial, this
+        series' regex is three digits and is therefore NOT DISCRIMINATIVE — it
+        will match any short numeric string, including a Monegasque plate. The
+        series is identified by the plate's furniture and colour, not by its
+        string. `matching: strict` is still correct (the regex lies inside the
+        issuing grammar), but a match is worth very little on its own.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm }
+      plate_front: { w: 300, h: 100, unit: mm, note: "follows the 2022 ordinary front size" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#005387"
+      hex_basis: ral-converted
+      legend: { text: "POLIZIA", color: "#CC0000", in_relief_rectangle: true, front: { w: 80, h: 29, unit: mm }, rear: { w: 103, h: 37, unit: mm } }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: true
+      rear_differs_note: "TRUE and doubly so from 2022 — different plate size AND a different POLIZIA rectangle size front and rear."
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      POLICE. ONE SERIES COVERS ALL THE CORPS: the current text says "Corpi di
+      Polizia" in the plural and prescribes a single POLIZIA legend. That is why
+      no separate Gendarmeria or Guardia di Rocca series appears in this file —
+      see common.not_modelled, where the absence of a GE instrument is recorded
+      as a searched-for negative rather than an oversight.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 art. 4 lit. b"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17020523.html  # Decreto 151/1986 art. 2 lit. b and art. 3"
+
+  - id: sm-redcross-crs
+    class: government
+    categories: [car, van, ambulance]
+    period: { start: 1989 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    period_note: >-
+      Unusually, this series is created by the ENABLING ACT itself rather than
+      by a decree under it — Legge 23/1989 art. 13, which otherwise deals with
+      where plates are mounted.
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "CRS 999"
+      regex: '\ACRS[- ]?\d{1,3}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: >-
+        Legge 23/1989 art. 13: vehicles of the Croce Rossa Sammarinese entered
+        in a dedicated register carry plates on the Decreto 151/1986 model "con
+        i numeri di immatricolazione e la sigla CRS di colore rosso." Both the
+        sigla AND the digits are red, unlike the diplomatic series where only
+        the sigla is. No digit count is stated; \d{1,3} is a practical bound.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#CC0000"
+      foreground_note: "RED characters — sigla and digits alike, per the statute's own wording"
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      SAMMARINESE RED CROSS. Class `government` under _meta/classes.yml as a
+      civil body fleet with a distinct series; it is not `police` and not
+      `military`. The red-on-white scheme is shared with no other current San
+      Marino series.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17020838.html  # Legge 10 marzo 1989 n. 23 art. 13"
+
+  - id: sm-trailer-r
+    class: trailer
+    categories: [trailer, semitrailer]
+    period: { start: 1986 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "R9999"
+      regex: '\AR[- ]?\d{1,4}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: >-
+        Decreto 151/1986 art. 2 lit. c: "Per i rimorchi i numeri di
+        immatricolazione sono preceduti dalla lettera 'R' a rilievo di colore
+        rosso dell'altezza di mm. 79, larghezza mm. 45 e con il tratto di mm.
+        12,5." This is why R is excluded from the ordinary alphabet — a
+        FUNCTIONAL reservation, not a legibility exclusion.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#005387"
+      hex_basis: ral-converted
+      sigla_colour: { value: "#CC0000", note: "the R is RED; the digits are blue" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: false
+      display: "rear only — Legge 23/1989 art. 13"
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      TRAILERS. Numbering opened at 900 (Decreto 151/1986 art. 4). A separate
+      REPEATER plate exists for carrelli appendice — a small red R, 21 mm high
+      and 11 mm wide, on a plate repeating the towing vehicle's number (art. 2
+      lit. d, and Legge 23/1989 art. 13). The repeater is recorded here rather
+      than as its own series because it carries no independent number.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17020523.html  # Decreto 151/1986 art. 2 lit. c-d, art. 4"
+
+  - id: sm-prova
+    class: dealer
+    categories: [car, van, truck, motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 2007 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    period_note: >-
+      The current SPECIFICATION dates from Decreto Delegato 23 luglio 2007
+      n. 87, which replaces art. 3 of Legge 19 settembre 1973 n. 31. The test-
+      plate REGIME is much older — Legge 31/1973, published 24 September 1973 —
+      so 2007 dates this plate's design, not the institution. The 1973 statute
+      was located but its plate article was read only through the 2007
+      replacement, so no earlier series is asserted.
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "PROVA 999"
+      regex: '\APROVA[- ]?\d{1,3}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: "three digits for cars, two for motorcycles (art. 1)"
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm, note: "motorcycle test plate 164x164 mm — note NOT 165x165 like the ordinary motorcycle plate" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      foreground_note: "BLACK, not blue — the test plate is the only current San Marino series with black characters"
+      legend: { text: "PROVA", color: "#000000", w: 97, h: 37, stroke: 4, unit: mm }
+      border: { color: "#000000", stroke: 5, unit: mm }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, note: "arms with the two-line legend in blue relief at the left" }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      TEST / TRADE PLATES. Transferable between vehicles by the instrument's own
+      words — "La targa è trasferibile da veicolo a veicolo" — which is what
+      makes the class `dealer` rather than `temporary`. A bilateral Italy-San
+      Marino arrangement on test-plate recognition is reported to have taken
+      effect 1 May 1995; that agreement was NOT located in this pass and is not
+      cited.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17023571.html  # Decreto Delegato 23 luglio 2007 n. 87 art. 1, replacing art. 3 of Legge 19 settembre 1973 n. 31"
+
+  - id: sm-export-e
+    class: export
+    categories: [car, van, truck, motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 1990 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "E9999"
+      regex: '\AE[- ]?\d{1,4}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: >-
+        Decreto 20 febbraio 1990 n. 34 art. 1: provisional plates for vehicles
+        struck off the register "per esportazione all'estero" carry a RED letter
+        E (79 mm high on cars, 53 mm on motorcycles) followed by BLACK digits.
+        This is why E is excluded from the ordinary alphabet — the second
+        functional reservation, alongside R.
+      successor_format: >-
+        A CHANGE IS PENDING AND ITS TRIGGER IS NOT A DATE. Decreto Delegato
+        27 luglio 2026 n. 96 amends the grammar to a black number, then the red
+        E, then three black digits — and commences it on EXHAUSTION rather than
+        on a calendar date: "sono rilasciate a seguito dell'assegnazione
+        dell'ultima targa con la sigla della composizione attuale." No new
+        series is opened here because no start date exists yet to open it on;
+        recorded so a verifier can open one when the rollover occurs. This is
+        also the only exhaustion-triggered rollover written into San Marino law
+        — see common.progression.letter_rollover_gap.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm, note: "same dimensions as the Decreto 151/1986 ordinary plate, which the decree adopts by reference" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      foreground_note: "BLACK digits and black border — and the arms and legend are rendered 'in bianco e nero', the only monochrome arms in the system"
+      sigla_colour: { value: "#CC0000", note: "the E is red" }
+      expiry_sticker: { present: true, note: "'Su entrambi i tipi di targa va applicato un talloncino contenente i dati relativi alla scadenza'" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, note: "arms in BLACK AND WHITE" }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      EXPORT / PROVISIONAL PLATES for vehicles leaving San Marino permanently.
+      Distinguished from every other series by monochrome arms and black
+      characters. Still live and still being amended in 2026.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17020984.html  # Decreto 20 febbraio 1990 n. 34 art. 1"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17159835.html  # Decreto Delegato 27 luglio 2026 n. 96, articolo unico — the pending grammar change and its exhaustion trigger"
+
+  - id: sm-historic-h
+    class: historic
+    categories: [car, van, motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 2006 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "H999"
+      regex: '\AH[- ]?\d{3}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: >-
+        A RED H followed by three BLUE digits, with RSM in blue also on the
+        plate — one of only two places RSM survives on a San Marino plate. The
+        front plate reads H, digits, RSM on one line; the rear puts RSM on the
+        upper row and the H plus digits on the lower.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 267, h: 63, unit: mm, note: "FRONT — 267x63 mm" }
+      plate_rear: { w: 280.8, h: 203.6, unit: mm, note: "REAR — 280.8x203.6 mm, a tall near-square, and the most unusual plate geometry in this file" }
+      background: { color: "#FFF4C1", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed, spec_note: "'pellicola riflettente con effetto ingiallente' — a deliberately YELLOWING film, evoking aged plates. A striking spec: the instrument prescribes the appearance of age." }
+      foreground: "#003399"
+      sigla_colour: { value: "#CC0000", note: "the H is red" }
+      legend:
+        text: "RSM"
+        color: "#003399"
+        position: >-
+          front: on the single line with the H and digits; rear: RSM alone on
+          the upper row, H plus digits on the lower. Promoted from format_note
+          prose to the structured field the ordinary series already use for
+          "Repubblica di San Marino", so a renderer finds it. Evidence:
+          derived from Decreto 15 marzo 2006 n. 65 art. 2 (this entry's own
+          cited instrument).
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, note: "a STYLISED arms in red and blue on the rear plate, not the full-colour arms of the ordinary series" }
+      rear_differs: true
+      rear_differs_note: "TRUE and dramatically so: 267x63 mm front against 280.8x203.6 mm rear, with different layouts."
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      HISTORIC / COLLECTOR VEHICLES, from 2006. Issued by the Ufficio Registro
+      Automezzi on the application of the Automobile Club San Marino /
+      Automotoclub Storico Sammarinese under Legge 16 gennaio 1997 n. 8. The
+      design deliberately evokes the pre-1976 plate, including the return of
+      RSM. Motorcycles take the 165x165 mm square.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17023371.html  # Decreto 15 marzo 2006 n. 65 art. 2"
+
+  - id: sm-agricultural-ma
+    class: agricultural
+    categories: [tractor, machine, trailer]
+    period: { start: 1990 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "MA 9999"
+      regex: '\AMA[- ]?\d{1,4}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      separator_note: >-
+        PRINTED WITH DOTS as "M.A.". As with the 1922 RSM series, U+002E is
+        forgiving-but-not-emitted under PRD-PLATES §2.6, so the pattern spells
+        "MA" undotted and a conformant consumer canonicalises correctly.
+      progression: "Decreto 47/1990 art. 2: numbering adopted from 1010 for macchine agricole"
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 165, h: 165, unit: mm }
+      background: { color: "#FFD700", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed, spec_note: "YELLOW reflective film — 'pellicola rifrangente di colore giallo'" }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      foreground_note: "BLACK arms, legend, letters and digits on yellow"
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      MACCHINE AGRICOLE. Yellow ground with black characters — the only yellow
+      plate in the San Marino system, and the sibling of sm-machinery-mo, which
+      the same decree creates in white and green.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17020997.html  # Decreto 19 aprile 1990 n. 47 artt. 1-2"
+
+  - id: sm-machinery-mo
+    class: agricultural
+    categories: [machine]
+    period: { start: 1990 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "MO 9999"
+      regex: '\AMO[- ]?\d{1,4}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      separator_note: "printed with dots as 'M.O.' — see sm-agricultural-ma"
+      progression: "Decreto 47/1990 art. 2: numbering adopted from 0001 for macchine operatrici"
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 165, h: 165, unit: mm }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#008000"
+      foreground_note: "GREEN arms, legend, letters, digits and border on white — the only green-on-white series"
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: false
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      MACCHINE OPERATRICI — construction and works machinery. Created by the
+      same 1990 decree as the agricultural plate and deliberately contrasted
+      with it: white ground with green characters against yellow ground with
+      black. Class `agricultural` is the closest fit in _meta/classes.yml, which
+      has no separate works-machinery class; the categories field carries the
+      real distinction.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17020997.html  # Decreto 19 aprile 1990 n. 47 artt. 1-2"
+
+  - id: sm-personalized
+    class: personalized
+    categories: [car, van]
+    period: { start: 2003 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    period_note: >-
+      2003, NOT 2004. Decreto 11 novembre 2003 n. 149 creates the special
+      series; Decreto 26 luglio 2004 n. 107 merely widens its grammar. Secondary
+      accounts date the scheme to 2004, which is the amending instrument rather
+      than the creating one — a small instance of the same error class the
+      period discipline exists to catch.
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z0-9]{5}\z'
+      format_evidence: statutory
+      format_note: >-
+        DELIBERATELY WIDE, hence `recall-only`. The grammar has been rewritten
+        three times and is now a CONSTRAINT rather than a template: DD 132/2022
+        art. 6 replaced the enumerated patterns with "La serie alfanumerica
+        speciale deve essere composta obbligatoriamente da almeno due caratteri
+        alfabetici ed almeno da un carattere numerico." A five-character
+        alphanumeric regex is the honest encoding of that; it accepts strings
+        the rule forbids (e.g. one letter and four digits), so a match is a
+        shape hit and not a validity claim.
+      grammar_history:
+        - "2003 (Decreto 149/2003 art. 1, 3): five characters, in the shapes AAA00-ZZZ99, AAAAA-ZZZZZ, AA00A-AA00Z, AAAA0-ZZZZ9"
+        - "2004 (Decreto 107/2004 art. 5): eleven enumerated shapes; art. 4 drops O and Q from the letter set"
+        - "2022 (DD 132/2022 art. 6): the enumeration is abolished in favour of the two-letters-and-one-digit minimum quoted above"
+      reserved_strings:
+        values: [POLIZIA, POL, CRS, CD, RSM, SMR]
+        rule: >-
+          Decreto 149/2003 art. 2: a special series may not form, even
+          partially, words or acronyms reserved to other uses — naming POLIZIA,
+          POL, CRS, CD, RSM and SMR — "salvo che il richiedente sia legittimato
+          o autorizzato all'utilizzo dei relativi veicoli", nor anything
+          contrary to public decency or resembling the ordinary series.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 390, h: 120, unit: mm }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#005387"
+      hex_basis: ral-converted
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: true
+      rear_differs_note: "follows the ordinary series — 300x100 front, 390x120 rear, from 2022"
+      colour_variant:
+        note: >-
+          Between 2019 and 2023 a personalized plate on an ELECTRIC vehicle was
+          issued in green rather than blue — DD 22/2019 art. 2: "la serie
+          alfanumerica speciale scelta ed il bordo perimetrale saranno di colore
+          verde." A colour-only variant of the same format and period, so a
+          sub-entry here rather than its own series, per PRD-PLATES §2.3.
+    region_encoding: none
+    notes: >-
+      PERSONALIZED PLATES, from 2003. Priced at EUR 750 initially and EUR 900 a
+      pair under DD 132/2022 art. 8. Distinct from the RESERVATION right of DD
+      132/2022 art. 7, which lets a buyer book an ordinary-series number within
+      the next 400 or 1,000 numbers for EUR 50 or EUR 100 — that is a booking
+      mechanism on the ordinary series, not a series of its own, and is not
+      modelled.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17022923.html  # Decreto 11 novembre 2003 n. 149 artt. 1-4"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/archivio-leggi-decreti-e-regolamenti/documento17023036.html  # Decreto 26 luglio 2004 n. 107 artt. 4-5"
+      - "https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/documento17134662.html  # DD 132/2022 artt. 6-8"