vehicles 0.4.1 → 0.8.0

data/data/plates/_decode/cz-kraj.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# plates/_decode/cz-kraj.yml — the Czech region (kraj) codes carried by a
+# registrační značka.
+#
+# THE SOURCE FINDING, and it is the Austrian case rather than the German one:
+# THE LIST IS INSIDE THE REGULATION. Two lists, in fact, and a consumer needs
+# both, because Czech law encodes the kraj in TWO DIFFERENT ALPHABETS depending
+# on which series it is looking at:
+#
+#   1. A LETTER, for standard, dealer and one-trip marks. § 24 ods. 2 vyhlášky
+#      č. 343/2014 Sb.: "První písmeno ve standardní registrační značce
+#      vyjadřuje kód kraje" in the 2001 wording; the letter-to-kraj assignment
+#      itself is § 28 of vyhláška č. 343/2014 Sb. (and was § 19 ods. 2 of
+#      vyhláška č. 243/2001 Sb., with the identical fourteen pairs).
+#   2. A TWO-DIGIT NUMERAL, for historic-vehicle and sports-vehicle marks.
+#      § 26 ods. 6 vyhlášky č. 343/2014 Sb.: "Na tabulkách s registrační
+#      značkou pro historická vozidla a registrační značkou pro sportovní
+#      vozidla se používají číselné kódy pro ...".
+#
+# The two alphabets DO NOT AGREE and are not derivable from one another —
+# Jihomoravský is B in letters and 02 in numerals, Jihočeský is C and 03. A
+# parse API that learned one and inferred the other would be wrong on twelve of
+# the fourteen rows. Both are authored here, in the instrument's own order.
+#
+# PERIOD DISCIPLINE (PRD-PLATES §2.4). The fourteen kraje were created by
+# ústavní zákon č. 347/1997 Sb. and have not been re-cut since, so unlike the
+# German and Austrian tables this one has no withdrawn rows and no merger
+# history. What DID change is the meaning of the code on a plate, and it
+# changed on a dated day — see `portability_2015` below. The letter pairs
+# themselves are unchanged between the 2001 and the 2014 regulation; the pass
+# read both and diffed them.
+#
+# Referenced by plates/cz.yml via region_encoding.
+jurisdiction: cz
+topic: kraj
+authority:
+  name: "Vyhláška č. 343/2014 Sb., o registraci vozidel — § 28 (letters) and § 26 ods. 6 (numerals)"
+  url: "https://aplikace.mv.gov.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ViewFile.aspx?type=z&id=27609"
+sources:
+  - "https://aplikace.mv.gov.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ViewFile.aspx?type=z&id=27609  # vyhláška č. 343/2014 Sb., o registraci vozidel, částka 136 rozeslaná 31. prosince 2014, as published in the official Sbírka zákonů PDF. § 28 'Způsob zajišťování tabulek s registrační značkou' carries the fourteen kraj LETTERS a) to n); § 26 ods. 6 carries the fourteen kraj NUMERALS 01 to 14; § 24 ods. 2 the 5-8 character rule; § 27 ods. 3 the letter charset. Accessed 2026-08-02"
+  - "https://aplikace.mv.gov.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ViewFile.aspx?type=c&id=3670  # vyhláška č. 243/2001 Sb., o registraci vozidel, částka 92 rozeslaná 17. července 2001. § 19 ods. 2 'Tabulky s registrační značkou se přidělují pouze podle kódu kraje' — the SAME fourteen letter pairs, first enacted. § 19 ods. 3: 'Registrační místa okresních úřadů vydávají tabulky pouze s registrační značkou podle místní příslušnosti svého kraje.' Accessed 2026-08-02"
+  - "https://www.psp.cz/sqw/sbirka.sqw?cz=343&r=2014  # official Sbírka index entry: Částka 136 (31. 12. 2014), Účinnost od 1. 1. 2015, still in force. Accessed 2026-08-02"
+period: { start: 2001 }
+period_evidence: enacted-commencement
+period_note: >-
+  2001 is the letter system's own commencement, not an instrument date: vyhláška
+  č. 243/2001 Sb. § 32 provides "Tato vyhláška nabývá účinnosti dnem vyhlášení"
+  and the Sbírka masthead of částka 92 reads "Rozeslána dne 17. července 2001",
+  so the kraj letters entered force on 17 JULY 2001 — not on 29 June 2001, which
+  is the date the minister SIGNED the vyhláška and which secondary sources
+  routinely quote as a range ("introduced between 29 June and 17 July 2001").
+  The table has run unbroken since; vyhláška č. 343/2014 Sb. re-enacted the same
+  fourteen pairs with effect from 1 January 2015.
+
+decode_direction: "code -> kraj of the registration place that ISSUED the mark"
+split_note: >-
+  FIXED WIDTH, and self-delimiting for the wrong reason. The kraj letter is a
+  SINGLE character and it is the FIRST LETTER of the mark, not the first
+  character: § 24 ods. 2 vyhlášky 243/2001 Sb., verbatim, "První písmeno ve
+  standardní registrační značce vyjadřuje kód kraje, do jehož obvodu náleží
+  registrační místo, které registrační značku přiděluje". On the canonical
+  modern mark (digit, letter, digit, gap, four digits — "1A2 3456") that letter
+  sits at position 2, which is why a naive first-character decode fails on every
+  Czech plate. Three series are expressly EXCLUDED from the rule by the same
+  sentence: diplomatic, cizinecká and historic marks.
+
+portability_2015:
+  effective: "2015-01-01"
+  effect: >-
+    THE CODE STOPPED TRACKING THE VEHICLE. Under vyhláška č. 243/2001 Sb. § 20
+    ods. 1, verbatim: "Při převodu vozidla do obvodu registračního místa, pro
+    něž je určen jiný kód kraje, přidělí nové registrační místo vždy novou
+    registrační značku a vydá novou tabulku registrační značky." — a move to
+    another kraj FORCED a new mark. Vyhláška č. 343/2014 Sb. carries no such
+    provision, and from its commencement on 1 January 2015 the mark is retained
+    on a change of keeper or of kraj.
+  consequence: >-
+    Exactly as in Slovakia after 2023, though eight years earlier and by a
+    quieter route (an omission rather than an express repeal): a decode of the
+    kraj letter is a claim about WHERE THE MARK WAS ISSUED, never about where
+    the vehicle is registered now. For marks issued before 2015 the two
+    coincided at issue; for marks issued since, and for any pre-2015 mark whose
+    vehicle has since moved, they need not.
+  evidence: instrument-in-force
+  evidence_note: >-
+    The 2001 rule is quoted verbatim from the primary. Its ABSENCE from the 2014
+    vyhláška is this pass's own reading of the successor text, which is weaker
+    than a repeal clause would be; the widely repeated "as of 1 January 2015
+    registration numbers are not changed if the owner moves to another region"
+    is corroborating secondary and is tagged as such below. No transitional
+    provision was located expressly stating the retention rule — recorded gap.
+  corroboration: secondary-wikipedia
+  corroboration_source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Czech_Republic  # 'As of 1 January 2015, registration numbers are not changed if the owner of a vehicle moves to another region or if the vehicle is re-registered to a new owner residing in a different region.' Accessed 2026-08-02"
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 1. THE LETTER CODES — § 28 vyhlášky č. 343/2014 Sb., in the instrument's own
+#    order a) to n). Used by cz-standard-*, cz-dealer, cz-transfer.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+letters:
+  - { code: A, kraj: "Hlavní město Praha" }
+  - { code: S, kraj: "Středočeský" }
+  - { code: U, kraj: "Ústecký" }
+  - { code: L, kraj: "Liberecký" }
+  - { code: K, kraj: "Karlovarský" }
+  - { code: H, kraj: "Královéhradecký" }
+  - { code: E, kraj: "Pardubický" }
+  - { code: P, kraj: "Plzeňský" }
+  - { code: C, kraj: "Jihočeský" }
+  - { code: J, kraj: "Vysočina" }
+  - { code: B, kraj: "Jihomoravský" }
+  - { code: M, kraj: "Olomoucký" }
+  - { code: T, kraj: "Moravskoslezský" }
+  - { code: Z, kraj: "Zlínský" }
+letters_note: >-
+  Fourteen codes for fourteen kraje — a CLOSED, COMPLETE table, which is the
+  useful thing about it: an unmatched leading letter on a standard Czech mark is
+  not an unknown region, it is a malformed or non-standard mark. Recorded
+  drafting defect in the FIRST enactment, because it is visible in the official
+  PDF and a future verifier will otherwise think this file miscopied it:
+  § 19 ods. 2 of vyhláška č. 243/2001 Sb. labels FIFTEEN sub-paragraphs a) to
+  m) but prints the letter "e)" TWICE — once for Karlovarský and again for
+  Královéhradecký — so its list runs a) b) c) d) e) e) f) ... m). The pairs
+  themselves are correct and are unchanged in § 28 of vyhláška č. 343/2014 Sb.,
+  which numbers them cleanly a) to n).
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 2. THE NUMERIC CODES — § 26 ods. 6 vyhlášky č. 343/2014 Sb. Used ONLY by
+#    cz-historic-2015 and cz-sport, where the two digits open the mark.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+numerals:
+  - { code: "01", kraj: "Hlavní město Praha" }
+  - { code: "02", kraj: "Jihomoravský" }
+  - { code: "03", kraj: "Jihočeský" }
+  - { code: "04", kraj: "Pardubický" }
+  - { code: "05", kraj: "Královéhradecký" }
+  - { code: "06", kraj: "Vysočina" }
+  - { code: "07", kraj: "Karlovarský" }
+  - { code: "08", kraj: "Liberecký" }
+  - { code: "09", kraj: "Olomoucký" }
+  - { code: "10", kraj: "Plzeňský" }
+  - { code: "11", kraj: "Středočeský" }
+  - { code: "12", kraj: "Moravskoslezský" }
+  - { code: "13", kraj: "Ústecký" }
+  - { code: "14", kraj: "Zlínský" }
+numerals_note: >-
+  The numeral identifies "registračního místa, které zajišťuje registraci
+  historických vozidel na správním území kraje" (§ 26 ods. 1) — the ONE
+  registration office per kraj that handles historic vehicles, so the code is a
+  kraj code with an administrative extra meaning. These codes are ALPHABETICAL
+  BY CZECH KRAJ NAME (Hlavní město Praha, Jihomoravský, Jihočeský, Pardubický,
+  ...) rather than following the letter table's order, which is why the two
+  tables look unrelated: they are two different orderings of the same fourteen
+  regions. Note 01 is Praha in both alphabets and nothing else lines up.
+
+not_region_codes:
+  - "F — the leading letter of a TEST mark (registrační značka pro zkušební provoz), § 26 ods. 4 vyhlášky 343/2014 Sb.: 'začíná vždy písmenem „F“'. F is not a kraj letter in either regulation, and vyhláška 243/2001 Sb. § 18 ods. 1 expressly kept F out of the general letter charset, which is what made it available as a series marker."
+  - "V — the historic-vehicle marker, § 26 ods. 1: the mark is 'dvoumístným číselným znakem ... a velkým písmenem „V“'. Under the 2001 regulation the mark was V + four digits with NO kraj code at all (§ 16 ods. 5), so a bare-V historic mark is pre-2015 and carries no geography."
+  - "R — the sports-vehicle marker, § 26 ods. 5, in the same numeral+letter position as V."
+  - "CD, XX, XS, HC — diplomatic and cizinecká prefixes, § 24 ods. 3 vyhlášky 343/2014 Sb. Expressly excluded from the kraj rule and carrying no geography."
+  - "G, O, Q, W — issued in NO position. § 27 ods. 3 vyhlášky 343/2014 Sb. enumerates the letters usable after the kraj code as A, B, C, D, E, F, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z — twenty-two of twenty-six. The 2001 predecessor (§ 18 ods. 1 vyhlášky 243/2001 Sb.) was tighter still, omitting F and H as well and leaving twenty."

data/data/plates/_decode/dk-serial-blocks.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# plates/_decode/dk-serial-blocks.yml — what a Danish registration number's
+# DIGIT BLOCK says about the vehicle.
+#
+# WHY THIS FILE EXISTS AND WHAT IT IS NOT. Denmark encodes NO GEOGRAPHY. The
+# single letter on a pre-1958 plate was a county marker and it is long gone;
+# since then the two letters are a pure serial, re-used after deregistration
+# and restarted from AA when the digital register came in, so they date and
+# locate nothing. What a Danish number DOES still encode is the vehicle's kind
+# or use, and it encodes it in the DIGITS. This file is that decode, and it is
+# the only decode table Denmark supports.
+#
+# THE LEGAL BASIS IS PRIMARY; THE TABLE IS NOT IN ANY INSTRUMENT.
+# BEK nr 663 af 10/06/2025 § 68, stk. 3, verbatim: "Skatteforvaltningen kan
+# inddele registreringsnumre i serier efter køretøjers art eller anvendelse."
+# The POWER to divide numbers into series by vehicle kind or use is enacted;
+# the DIVISION is published only by the authority, in its plate catalogue, and
+# has never been an annex to anything. That is why this file exists as a decode
+# table rather than as a quotation, and why its rows are tiered by source.
+#
+# THE HINGE DATE IS 6 JUNE 2012, and it is dated by an instrument, not by an
+# enthusiast page. BEK nr 504 af 30/05/2012 § 118: "Bekendtgørelsen træder i
+# kraft den 6. juni 2012." SKAT dated its complete plate catalogue "pr.
+# 06.06.2012" to the same day. On that day the fine-grained per-kind blocks
+# were consolidated: cars, vans, lorries, motorcycles and approved tractors now
+# share one range, and only two carve-outs survived — 76.000-77.999 for
+# diplomatic plates and 98.000-99.999 for taxis and patient transport.
+# English Wikipedia says "after 2012"; Danish Wikipedia says the digital
+# register came in "i 2011". Both are approximations of a date the
+# bekendtgørelse gives exactly.
+#
+# SOURCE TIERS, PER ROW, AND WHY THEY DIFFER BETWEEN THE TWO ERAS
+#   * `primary-authority` — SKAT's own documents: the 2012 plate catalogue
+#     (complete, every stocked plate type with its number range) and the
+#     archived skat.dk per-plate pages from the 2009 EU-plate rollout (one
+#     page per type, each carrying Serie / Betegnelse / Størrelse / Farve /
+#     Nummerrække / Format). Only ONE of those per-plate pages survived in the
+#     Internet Archive in a readable state — "Personbil - EU", Serie 61 — so
+#     the pre-2012 era has exactly one primary row.
+#   * `secondary-wikipedia` — the rest of the pre-2012 rows. Both the English
+#     and the Danish Wikipedia article carry a pre-2012 block table, each
+#     crediting the enthusiast register nrpl.dk. THE TWO TABLES DISAGREE, and
+#     PRD-PLATES §5.3 says record disagreements rather than average them, so
+#     conflicting rows carry both readings and a `conflict:` note. Nothing here
+#     is presented as an instrument.
+#
+# HOW A CONSUMER SHOULD USE THIS
+#   1. Establish the era first. A Danish number gives no era signal of its own,
+#      so the era must come from the vehicle record, not from the plate.
+#   2. In the 2012- era, only the diplomatic and taxi blocks are decisive; the
+#      general range says "car, van, lorry, motorcycle or approved tractor" and
+#      no more.
+#   3. In the pre-2012 era, treat every row below `evidence: secondary-wikipedia`
+#      as a hypothesis with a confidence, never as a fact. Old-stock plates from
+#      the pre-2012 blocks were still being issued alongside the new ones for
+#      years afterwards (Danish Wikipedia reports "frem til i hvert fald 2022"),
+#      so a pre-2012-shaped number on a 2020 registration is not an anomaly.
+jurisdiction: dk
+topic: serial-blocks
+authority:
+  name: Skatteforvaltningen (Motorstyrelsen) — Køretøjsregisteret
+  url: "https://motorst.dk/borger/nummerplader"
+sources:
+  - "https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2025/663/dan/xml  # BEK 663/2025 § 68, stk. 3 — the enacted power to divide registration numbers into series by vehicle kind or use; accessed 2026-08-02"
+  - "https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2012/504/dan/xml  # BEK 504/2012 § 118 — 'Bekendtgørelsen træder i kraft den 6. juni 2012', the hinge date; accessed 2026-08-02"
+  - "https://web.archive.org/web/20170917063422/https://www.skat.dk/getFiles.aspx?Id=e6c2c7e8-e7a7-4b5e-b15e-4b67e27d3f66&name=planche_nummerplader_2012.pdf  # SKAT, 'Liste over alle pladetyper i Danmark pr. 06.06.2012' — the complete plate-stock poster, source of every 2012- row below; archived capture 2017-09-17; accessed 2026-08-02"
+  - "https://web.archive.org/web/20110716080639/http://www.skat.dk/SKAT.aspx?oId=1826647  # skat.dk 'Personbil - EU', Serie 61: nummerrække 20.000-59.999, størrelse 120 x 504, farve Hvid/sort/rød, format '@@ ## ###'; the only pre-2012 row here with an authority source; archived capture 2011-07-16; accessed 2026-08-02"
+  - "https://web.archive.org/web/20120127070602/http://www.skat.dk/SKAT.aspx?oId=1826638  # skat.dk 'Nummerplader med EU-symbol', headed 'Aktuelle EU-nummerplader pr. 12. oktober 2009', the index of the per-plate pages; accessed 2026-08-02"
+  - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Denmark  # secondary-wikipedia: the pre-2012 block table, credited to nrpl.dk; accessed 2026-08-02"
+  - "https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummerplade  # secondary-wikipedia: a second, differently-cut pre-2012 block table, also credited to nrpl.dk, plus the note that pre-2012 stock kept being issued 'frem til i hvert fald 2022'; accessed 2026-08-02"
+period: { start: 1976 }
+period_evidence: statutory-date
+period_note: >-
+  1976 is the 1 April 1976 numbering guidelines that the whole two-letter system
+  rests on (BEK 663/2025 § 72, stk. 4, nr. 4). The table itself is split into
+  two eras at 6 June 2012; each era carries its own dates below. No row here
+  claims a date of its own — SKAT publishes ranges, never the day a range
+  opened.
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ERA 2: 6 JUNE 2012 ONWARDS. Primary throughout — every row is a line of
+# SKAT's own plate catalogue, dated by the catalogue's own title.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+blocks_2012:
+  period: { start: 2012 }
+  period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+  period_note: >-
+    6 June 2012, from BEK 504/2012 § 118's commencement clause, corroborated by
+    the date SKAT put on the catalogue itself ("pr. 06.06.2012").
+  evidence: primary-authority
+  note: >-
+    The consolidation is the point. Before this date a Danish number told you
+    the vehicle's kind; after it, the general range covers cars, vans, lorries,
+    motorcycles and approved tractors alike, and only the diplomatic and taxi
+    carve-outs still decode. Ranges are written here as SKAT prints them.
+  rows:
+    - range: "10-99"
+      digits: 2
+      means: "fast prøveskilt (trade plate) — car and motorcycle alike"
+      series_ref: dk-dealer-testplate
+    - range: "100-999"
+      digits: 3
+      means: "stor knallert (moped over 30 km/h), and registreret traktor"
+      series_ref: [dk-moped-large, dk-tractor-registered]
+      note: >-
+        SKAT stocks two different plates on one range — the moped's 145x125 mm
+        white plate and the tractor's 240x165 mm one — so three digits alone do
+        not separate them; the plate SIZE does.
+    - range: "1.000-9.999"
+      digits: 4
+      means: "påhængsvogn, sættevogn and påhængsredskab (incl. campingvogn), and lille knallert"
+      series_ref: [dk-trailer-1976, dk-moped-small-2006]
+      note: >-
+        Again two plates on one range, separated by colour and size rather than
+        by number: the trailer plate is 504x120 mm yellow, the small moped's is
+        145x125 mm yellow.
+    - range: "10.000-75.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "the general range — personbil, vare-/lastbil, motorcykel, godkendt traktor"
+      series_ref: [dk-standard-1976, dk-van-commercial-yellow, dk-van-parrot-2009, dk-motorcycle-1976, dk-tractor-approved]
+      note: "DOES NOT DECODE to a vehicle kind. Together with 78.000-97.999 this is the consolidated block; the plate's colour and size carry the class, the number does not."
+    - range: "76.000-76.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "diplomatic — foreign states' diplomatic and consular missions"
+      series_ref: dk-diplomatic-mission
+      evidence: "primary-authority for the 76.000-77.999 block; secondary-wikipedia for the split at 77.000"
+      note: >-
+        SKAT's catalogue gives the diplomatic block undivided as 76.000-77.999.
+        The split into 76 for states' missions and 77 for international
+        organisations is reported consistently by both Wikipedia articles and is
+        tagged secondary-wikipedia; the block, the blue plate and the compulsory
+        EU band are primary (BEK 663/2025 §§ 76 and 68, stk. 5).
+    - range: "77.000-77.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "diplomatic — international organisations and institutions"
+      series_ref: dk-diplomatic-organisation
+      evidence: "primary-authority for the block; secondary-wikipedia for the split"
+    - range: "78.000-97.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "the general range, upper half — see 10.000-75.999"
+      series_ref: [dk-standard-1976, dk-van-commercial-yellow, dk-van-parrot-2009, dk-motorcycle-1976, dk-tractor-approved]
+    - range: "98.000-99.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "taxi and patient transport — SKAT's '20% (Taxi og sygetransportere)', after the reduced registration-tax rate"
+      series_ref: dk-taxi
+    - range: "RF10000-RF99999"
+      digits: 5
+      prefix: RF
+      means: "airport (airside-only) vehicle"
+      series_ref: dk-airport-rf
+    - range: "RF1000-RF9999"
+      digits: 4
+      prefix: RF
+      means: "airport (airside-only) trailer"
+      series_ref: dk-airport-rf-trailer
+      note: "SKAT's catalogue prints this range as 'RF1000-FR9999'; the trailing FR is a transposition in the source, recorded and not silently corrected"
+    - range: "100000-999999"
+      digits: 6
+      means: "blokvogn (heavy haulage) — the only Danish number with six digits, and no letters"
+      series_ref: dk-blokvogn
+    - range: "2-7 characters, letters and/or digits"
+      digits: null
+      means: "ønskenummer (personalised) — BEK 663/2025 § 74, stk. 2"
+      series_ref: dk-personalized-1992
+      evidence: primary-instrument
+      note: "the one row in this file whose grammar comes from the instrument rather than from the catalogue"
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ERA 1: 1 APRIL 1976 TO 5 JUNE 2012. One primary row; the rest is
+# secondary-wikipedia, and the two Wikipedia tables do not agree.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+blocks_pre2012:
+  period: { start: 1976, end: 2012 }
+  period_evidence: statutory-date
+  period_note: >-
+    Opens with the 1 April 1976 numbering guidelines (BEK 663/2025 § 72, stk. 4,
+    nr. 4) and closes on 5 June 2012, the day before BEK 504/2012 came into
+    force. The closing date is exact; the opening date is the guidelines' date
+    and not a date on which any particular block opened.
+  issuance_tail_warning: >-
+    THE BLOCKS CLOSED; THE PLATES DID NOT. Danish Wikipedia reports that
+    remaining stock from these series kept being issued alongside the new
+    allocation "frem til i hvert fald 2022". A number in a pre-2012 block is
+    therefore evidence about the PLATE, not about the registration date.
+  default_evidence: secondary-wikipedia
+  conflict_summary: >-
+    The English and Danish Wikipedia tables agree on eight ranges and disagree
+    on four. The substantive disagreements are (a) whether 5.500-9.999 was small
+    mopeds or trailers/semi-trailers, (b) which of 78.000-87.999 and
+    88.000-97.999 was the square-plate goods vehicle and which the rectangular,
+    (c) whether tractors sat at 700-999 or also at 19.000-19.499, and (d) three
+    ranges that only the Danish table carries (30.00-49.99 exhausted, the
+    prøveskilt ranges, and 19.500-19.999 varemotorcykler). Every disagreement is
+    recorded on its row. Nothing is averaged.
+  rows:
+    - range: "001-699"
+      digits: 3
+      means: "stor knallert (moped up to 45 km/h)"
+      agreement: "en and da agree"
+    - range: "700-999"
+      digits: 3
+      means: "registreret traktor"
+      agreement: "en and da agree"
+    - range: "1.000-2.999"
+      digits: 4
+      means: "påhængsredskab, incl. campingvogn"
+      agreement: >-
+        en gives 'Trailers, 10 00 - 29 99'; da gives '10 00-29 99
+        Påhængsredskaber, herunder campingvogne'. Same range, da is the more
+        specific reading and is the one written here.
+    - range: "3.000-4.999"
+      digits: 4
+      means: "withdrawn — letter combinations exhausted"
+      agreement: "da only; absent from en"
+    - range: "5.000-5.399"
+      digits: 4
+      means: "faste prøveskilte, cars"
+      agreement: "da only; absent from en"
+    - range: "5.400-5.499"
+      digits: 4
+      means: "faste prøveskilte, motorcycles"
+      agreement: "da only; absent from en"
+      note: >-
+        Note the tension with the 2012- era, where SKAT gives the prøveskilt
+        range as 10-99 (two digits). Either the prøveskilt number was
+        renumbered at the consolidation or one of the two sources is wrong; no
+        source reached resolves it, and both readings are left standing.
+    - range: "5.500-9.999"
+      digits: 4
+      means: "DISPUTED"
+      conflict: >-
+        da: 'lille knallert (30-knallert), from letter block VB onwards'.
+        en: 'Small mopeds' at 5 500-9 999 AND 'Trailers and semi-trailers' at
+        55 00-99 99. da resolves the overlap by letter block — 55.00-99.99 up to
+        UZ is trailers and semi-trailers, 5.500-9.999 from VB is small mopeds —
+        which is the only reading that makes both ranges consistent, and is
+        therefore the one recorded as most likely. It is still secondary.
+      most_likely: "lille knallert from letter block VB; trailers and semi-trailers up to letter block UZ"
+    - range: "10.000-18.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "motorcykel"
+      agreement: "en and da agree"
+    - range: "19.000-19.499"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "godkendt traktor"
+      agreement: "en and da agree"
+    - range: "19.500-19.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "varemotorcykel (goods motorcycle)"
+      agreement: "da only; absent from en"
+    - range: "20.000-59.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "personbil, rectangular plate"
+      evidence: primary-authority
+      agreement: >-
+        THE ONE PRIMARY ROW IN THIS ERA. skat.dk's own 'Personbil - EU' page
+        gives Serie 61 with nummerrække 20.000-59.999, and both Wikipedia
+        tables agree with it. The agreement is worth recording: where the
+        authority can be checked, the secondary tables are right.
+    - range: "60.000-75.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "personbil with a square rear plate"
+      agreement: "en and da agree"
+    - range: "76.000-76.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "diplomatic — states' missions"
+      agreement: "en and da agree; unchanged through the consolidation"
+    - range: "77.000-77.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "diplomatic — international organisations"
+      agreement: "en and da agree; unchanged through the consolidation"
+    - range: "78.000-87.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "DISPUTED — vare- and lastbil"
+      conflict: >-
+        en: 'Trucks, buses, vans (rectangular format)'. da: 'Vare- og lastbiler
+        m. kvadratisk bagnummerplade' (SQUARE rear plate). The two articles
+        assign the rectangular and square readings to 78.000-87.999 and
+        88.000-97.999 in opposite order. Neither is primary and no authority
+        source reached covers either range, so both readings stand.
+      most_likely: null
+    - range: "88.000-97.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "DISPUTED — vare- and lastbil"
+      conflict: "the mirror image of 78.000-87.999; en says square, da says rectangular"
+      most_likely: null
+    - range: "98.000-99.699"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "taxi and hire limousine, rectangular plate"
+      agreement: "en and da agree"
+    - range: "99.700-99.999"
+      digits: 5
+      means: "taxi and hire limousine with a square rear plate"
+      agreement: "en and da agree"
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# WHAT IS NOT IN THIS FILE
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+not_covered:
+  pre_1958_county_letters: >-
+    The single letter on a pre-1958 Danish plate WAS geographic — an amt or city
+    marker — and that much is corroborated from the instrument side, since BEK
+    633/2009 § 101, stk. 2 and BEK 651/2011 § 102, stk. 2 both keep
+    single-letter plates lawful on the road. But no source reached, primary or
+    secondary, ENUMERATES the letters against their counties. A decode table
+    with no rows is worse than no decode table, so none is shipped and the gap
+    is filed in plates/dk.yml under dk-gap-pre1958-county-letters. The
+    enthusiast register nrpl.dk, cited by both Wikipedia articles, is the
+    likeliest place a full list exists.
+  police_district_combinations: >-
+    Danish Wikipedia reports that more than a hundred two-letter combinations
+    used by the individual police districts before the Centralregisteret for
+    Motorkøretøjer centralised registration in the late 1960s are permanently
+    skipped in allocation. The list is not reproduced and no claim is made about
+    its membership.
+  nordic_border_office_codes: >-
+    The abolished nordiske grænsenummerplade is reported to have carried the
+    issuing motor office in its first two digits. No source enumerates the
+    codes; see dk-border-nordic in plates/dk.yml.
+  letter_blocks: >-
+    NO LETTER-BLOCK DECODE EXISTS AND NONE IS INVENTED. Danish letters are a
+    pure serial: they are re-used after twelve years (BEK 663/2025 § 2, stk. 6
+    corroborates the twelve), allocation restarted from AA with the digital
+    register, and stock from the old per-kind blocks kept being issued for a
+    decade afterwards. Wikipedia's "highest assigned serial letters" columns
+    record how far allocation had reached in each block at the time of writing;
+    they are a moving watermark rather than a decode, and they are deliberately
+    not reproduced here.

data/data/plates/_decode/es-provinces.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# plates/_decode/es-provinces.yml — Spanish province contraseñas.
+#
+# THE SOURCE FINDING: this table is PRIMARY, not Wikipedia. The EU research
+# dossier recorded that "Wikipedia supplies the full code table" for the
+# pre-2000 Spanish provincial system. It is in fact enacted law: Reglamento
+# General de Vehículos (RD 2822/1998) ANEXO XVIII, section
+# "II. Contraseñas de las placas — A. Siglas de provincias", which lists all
+# 52 codes. Every row below is that table, verbatim, in its own order
+# (alphabetical by province name as the BOE prints it).
+#
+# Referenced by: es-provincial (plates/es.yml) via region_encoding.
+#
+# PERIOD DISCIPLINE (PRD-PLATES §2.4 — "province codes changed over time"):
+# these codes are the set in force in the CONSOLIDATED Anexo XVIII, and they
+# use the CURRENT official province names (Illes Balears, Girona, Lleida,
+# Ourense, A Coruña). Historic contraseñas that predate the RGV and appear on
+# older plates — PM for Baleares, GE for Gerona, OR for Orense, and the
+# pre-1982 forms — are NOT in this primary and are NOT invented here; they are
+# a recorded gap for gate L1/L4. A decode of a physical plate older than the
+# RGV must therefore be treated as unresolved rather than mapped through this
+# table.
+jurisdiction: es
+topic: provinces
+authority:
+  name: Reglamento General de Vehículos (RD 2822/1998), Anexo XVIII II.A
+  url: "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1999-1826"
+sources:
+  - "https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/1999/BOE-A-1999-1826-consolidado.pdf  # Anexo XVIII, II. Contraseñas de las placas, A. Siglas de provincias — all 52 rows"
+  - "https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1999-1826  # original enacted text (in force 26-07-1999), same section"
+period: { start: 1999 }
+period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+period_note: >-
+  The contraseñas long predate RD 2822/1998; 1999 is the date of the instrument
+  that ENACTS the list read here, not the date the codes came into use. Codes
+  remain decodable indefinitely because provincial plates stay valid: RD
+  2822/1998 disposición transitoria preserves them, and the Orden of 15-09-2000
+  only stopped ISSUING them (in force 17-09-2000).
+
+# Ambiguity notes a parse API must carry:
+#   * CC decodes to CÁCERES here AND is the consular series prefix
+#     (Anexo XVIII I.B.a).3). Disambiguate on group structure, not prefix:
+#     provincial = 4 digits + 1-2 letters; consular = two digit groups.
+#   * C (A Coruña) vs CA (Cádiz) vs CC (Cáceres) vs CE (Ceuta) vs CO (Córdoba)
+#     vs CR (Ciudad Real) vs CS (Castellón) vs CU (Cuenca): the code is
+#     MAXIMAL-MUNCH — always take the longest matching code before the digits.
+#   * S (Cantabria) vs SA / SE / SG / SO / SS: same rule.
+#   * L (Lleida) vs LE / LO / LU: same rule.
+#   * O (Asturias) vs OU (Ourense): same rule.
+#   * Z (Zaragoza) vs ZA (Zamora): same rule.
+#   * Ceuta (CE) and Melilla (ML) are autonomous cities, not provinces; the
+#     BOE table lists them under the same heading.
+maximal_munch: true
+
+codes:
+  - { code: VI,  name: "Álava" }
+  - { code: AB,  name: "Albacete" }
+  - { code: A,   name: "Alicante" }
+  - { code: AL,  name: "Almería" }
+  - { code: O,   name: "Asturias" }
+  - { code: AV,  name: "Ávila" }
+  - { code: BA,  name: "Badajoz" }
+  - { code: B,   name: "Barcelona" }
+  - { code: BU,  name: "Burgos" }
+  - { code: CC,  name: "Cáceres" }
+  - { code: CA,  name: "Cádiz" }
+  - { code: S,   name: "Cantabria" }
+  - { code: CS,  name: "Castellón" }
+  - { code: CR,  name: "Ciudad Real" }
+  - { code: CO,  name: "Córdoba" }
+  - { code: C,   name: "A Coruña" }
+  - { code: CU,  name: "Cuenca" }
+  - { code: GI,  name: "Girona" }
+  - { code: GR,  name: "Granada" }
+  - { code: GU,  name: "Guadalajara" }
+  - { code: SS,  name: "Guipúzcoa" }
+  - { code: H,   name: "Huelva" }
+  - { code: HU,  name: "Huesca" }
+  - { code: IB,  name: "Illes Balears" }
+  - { code: J,   name: "Jaén" }
+  - { code: LE,  name: "León" }
+  - { code: L,   name: "Lleida" }
+  - { code: LU,  name: "Lugo" }
+  - { code: M,   name: "Madrid" }
+  - { code: MA,  name: "Málaga" }
+  - { code: MU,  name: "Murcia" }
+  - { code: NA,  name: "Navarra" }
+  - { code: OU,  name: "Ourense" }
+  - { code: P,   name: "Palencia" }
+  - { code: GC,  name: "Las Palmas" }
+  - { code: PO,  name: "Pontevedra" }
+  - { code: LO,  name: "La Rioja" }
+  - { code: SA,  name: "Salamanca" }
+  - { code: TF,  name: "Santa Cruz de Tenerife" }
+  - { code: SG,  name: "Segovia" }
+  - { code: SE,  name: "Sevilla" }
+  - { code: SO,  name: "Soria" }
+  - { code: T,   name: "Tarragona" }
+  - { code: TE,  name: "Teruel" }
+  - { code: TO,  name: "Toledo" }
+  - { code: V,   name: "Valencia" }
+  - { code: VA,  name: "Valladolid" }
+  - { code: BI,  name: "Vizcaya" }
+  - { code: ZA,  name: "Zamora" }
+  - { code: Z,   name: "Zaragoza" }
+  - { code: CE,  name: "Ceuta",   kind: autonomous-city }
+  - { code: ML,  name: "Melilla", kind: autonomous-city }
+
+# State and NATO contraseñas from the SAME Anexo XVIII section (II.B) are
+# modelled as series in plates/es.yml (es-military-1999, es-nato-fae-1999,
+# es-government-1999, es-police-1999) rather than as decode rows, because they
+# are issuance series in their own right and not a geographic decode.
+state_codes_see_also:
+  - "plates/es.yml#es-military-1999   # ET Ejército de Tierra, FN Armada, EA Ejército del Aire"
+  - "plates/es.yml#es-government-1999 # MF Fomento, MMA Medio Ambiente, PME Parque Móvil del Estado"
+  - "plates/es.yml#es-police-1999     # CNP Cuerpo Nacional de Policía, PGC Guardia Civil"
+  - "plates/es.yml#es-nato-fae-1999   # FAE NATO international military headquarters in Spain"