studium 0.14.16

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Files changed (883) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +2987 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  16. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  20. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  21. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  22. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  23. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  24. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +10 -0
  26. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  27. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  28. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  29. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  30. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  31. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  32. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  33. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  34. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  35. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  36. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  37. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  38. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  39. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  40. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  41. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  42. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  43. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  44. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  45. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  46. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  47. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  48. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +82 -0
  49. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  50. data/doc/README.gen +2947 -0
  51. data/doc/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  52. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  53. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  54. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  55. data/doc/statistics/yearly_statistics.md +5 -0
  56. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_graphical_parts_of_the_studium_gem_including_www_related_aspects.md +32 -0
  57. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_studium_gem.md +58 -0
  58. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +3054 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +592 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +15 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +118 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +100 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +191 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_important_exams.rb +113 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +163 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +124 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_lecture_information.rb +428 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +572 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +46 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +40 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/colours/use_colours.rb +39 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +80 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +932 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +906 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/constants/colours.rb +14 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +1708 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +271 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/constants/regexes.rb +44 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/constants/web_constants.rb +28 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +267 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +210 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +143 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/README.md +9 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/handle_curricula.rb +179 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/misc.rb +705 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +323 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +75 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +163 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +11 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +264 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +163 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +64 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +38 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/sorted_individual_curricula.rb +121 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +196 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +614 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +191 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +51 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +108 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +100 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +793 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +225 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +105 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +518 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +44 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +85 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +229 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +117 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +63 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +74 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +59 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +76 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +977 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +447 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +132 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +292 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +323 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +117 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +770 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +95 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +85 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +243 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1005 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1004 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1010 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +126 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +389 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +79 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +24 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +507 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +155 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +139 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +135 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +89 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/birds +3 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +373 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +454 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +221 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +1011 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_vesicles +11 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +209 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_quorum_sensing_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +91 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +80 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +506 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +284 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_vision_and_computer_graphics +12 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +48 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +43 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +570 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytokines +6 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +116 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +69 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +57 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +317 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +211 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +356 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +89 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +41 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +603 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +353 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +184 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/erste_hilfe +158 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +138 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +356 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +83 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +576 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +217 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +80 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +187 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +272 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +928 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +8 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +626 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +54 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +94 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +64 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +25 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +109 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +101 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +139 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +224 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +265 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +998 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +103 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +24 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +64 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +597 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +14 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +9 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +222 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +95 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/macroeconomics +40 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/marketing +7 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mathematics +280 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizin_und_biomedizinische_technik +251 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizinische_chemie_und_pharmazie +416 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/messtechnik_und_regeltechnik +104 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/metabolismus +423 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/meteorologie_und_atmosph/303/244re +91 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microbial_ecology +35 -0
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@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
1
+ # ================================================================================ #
2
+ # === MIXED (Misc tag, mixed tag misc tag mis tag)
3
+ #
4
+ # Allgemein MIXED Questions. Inkludiert quasi alles, am besten wenn man nicht
5
+ # weiss wo die rein gehören.
6
+ # ================================================================================ #
7
+
8
+ - In the novel <one>1984</one>, the slogan of the ruling party was ... ? (1) <one>WAR IS PEACE</one> (2) <one>FREEDOM IS SLAVERY</one> (3) <one>IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH</one>
9
+ - <one>Gorko</one> (russisch) heißt ... ? <one>Bitter</one>.
10
+ - Das japanische Wort <one>Keikou</one> bedeutet ... ? <one>Fluoreszenz</one>.
11
+ - Der berühmteste Spruch von <one>René Descartes</one> war ... ? <one>„Ich denke, also bin ich.“</one>
12
+ - Was meinen wir generell mit einer <one>Patina</one>? Eine <one>Patina</one> ist <two>eine durch natürliche oder künstliche Alterung entstandene Oberfläche</two>.
13
+ - Lateinisch für Zeit? <one>Tempus</one>.
14
+ - <one>inter alia</one> can be translated to mean ... ? <one>Among other things</one>.
15
+ - Anderer Begriff für die <one>Sehschärfe</one>? A: <one>Visus</one>.
16
+ - <one>Wo</one> finde ich (warum) viel Phycocyanin? In <i>aquatic systems</i>, da Wasser blaues Licht absorbiert und Phycocyanin auf rotes Licht anspricht.
17
+ - Wofür stehen die beiden Abkürzungen <one>i. e.</one> und <one>e. g.</one>? <one>i. e.</one> heisst <two>id est</two>, <one>e. g.</one> heisst "exempli gratia".
18
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>vermännlichend</one> und <one>verweiblichend</one>? (1) Virilisierend ist vermännlichen. (2) feminisierend ist <two>verweiblichen</two>.
19
+ - Was ist eine <one>Coqueada</one>? Das ist <one>eine Kauperiode von Coca-Blättern + Kalk</one>, die etwa 2 Stunden dauert und auch von den Indios als Masseinheit für Wegstrecken verwendet wird.
20
+ - <one>Wer</one> schlug die <two>chemiosmotic theory</two> vor? Mitchell und Jennifer Moyle.
21
+ - The term <one>Carboniferous</one> means ... ? <one>Carbon-bearing</one>.
22
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>immer wieder</one>, insbesondere in der Medizin. A: <one>Rezidivierend</one>. URL: https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Rezidivierend []
23
+ - Wie unterscheidet sich ein <one>Dogma</one> von einer Theorie? Ein Dogma lässt sich nicht durch Fakten, die ihm widersprechen, beirren. []
24
+ - Sir Isaac Newton once said: <one>„If I have seen further, it is by ...“</one>? <one>„ ... by standing on the shoulders of giants.“</one>.
25
+ - Andere Worte für <one>Valleys</one> and Hills? (1) <one>Sulci</one>: Valleys (2) <one>Gyri</one>: Hills
26
+ - What means <one>inductive reasoning</one>? Inductive reasoning means to arrive at a conclusion based on one's observations.
27
+ - Nenne einen Vertreter der goldbraunen Algen. A: <one>Ochromonas danica</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/2986 []
28
+ - Was heisst <one>murus</one>? <one>Wall</one>. []
29
+ - Die hochexplosive Mischung <one>Cordit</one> besteht aus? A: (2x Nitro) <one>Nitroglycerin</one> und <two>Nitrocellulose</two>.
30
+ - Was genau ist <one>Terraforming</one>? Schaffung einer erdähnlichen Umwelt auf einem anderen Planeten. []
31
+ - Was heisst <one>Iridium</one>? Dies ist griechisch für <one>Regenbogen</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iridium []
32
+ - Warum wurde ein König <one>old coppernose</one> genannt? Weil seine Münzen viel Kupfer enthielt, und dies an der Nase (auf der Münze) verfärbte.
33
+ - What do we mean with the term <one>cybernetics</one>? <one>Cybernetics</one> is the <two>science of regulation</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics
34
+ - Nenne die vier Schritte beim Viertakt-Benzinmotor. A: (1) Ansaugen (2) Verdichten (3) Arbeiten (4) Ausstossen []
35
+ - Warum wirkt <one>Crack</one> stärker als Cocaine? <one>Backpulver</one> (<two>common baking soda</two>) besitzt Natriumhydrogencarbonat (NaHCO₃). Dieses Natriumhydrogencarbonat wandelt das Cocaine-Salz in eine freie Base um, die wiederum schnell die Blut-Hirnschranke überwinden kann.
36
+ - <one>Genencor</one> ist was? Ein joint venture von <one>Corning</one> und <one>Genentech</one>.
37
+ - Was ist die Substanz <one>Latex</one>? Eine milchig weisse Flüssigkeit. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milchsaft []
38
+ - <one>Paul Langerhans</one> entdeckte wann die Langerhans-Zellen? <one>1867</one>. []
39
+ - Was bedeutet das Wort <one>Spektroskopie</one>? <one>Schau-Spektrum</one>.
40
+ - Was heisst <one>aleatorisch</one>? Vom Zufall abhängig. []
41
+ - Einsatzmöglichkeiten von flüssigem Stickstoff? Hauptsächlich zur Konservierung, wie zum Beispiel bei der <one>Aufbewahrung von Sperma bei Zuchtbullen</one>. []
42
+ - Was heisst (griechisch) <one>pastos</one>? <one>Mehlteig</one>. []
43
+ - Was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>shunt</one>? Ein <one>Quereinstieg</one>. URL: https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Shunt []
44
+ - Was ist <one>kosmogonia</one>? <one>Weltzeugung</one>; die Erschaffung des Kosmos.
45
+ - Was heisst <one>lopho</one>? <one>Büschel</one> (Büschel tragend). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophophore#Etymology []
46
+ - Nenne drei <one>Irrtümer der Geschichte</one> (technische Anwendung), die dennoch ein Erfolg waren. A: (1) Teflon (2) Penicillin (3) <one>vulkanisierter Kautschuk</one>
47
+ - Was heisst <one>diskoidal</one>? Scheibenförmig.
48
+ - Was ist ein <one>Qilin</one>? Ein chinesisches Fabelwesen, mit Drachenkopf, Ochsenhufen, Rotwildgeweih und Löwenendstück. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qilin
49
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>ephemer</one>? Dies kommt aus dem altgriechischen, <one>vergänglich</one>, <one>flüchtig</one>, nur <two>einen Tag lang dauernd</two>. URL: https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/ephemer []
50
+ - Was heisst <one>Triptychon</one>? <one>Dreifach geteilt</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptychon []
51
+ - Wo spielt <one>positive Chemotaxis</one> eine grosse Rolle? Im menschlichen Körper. Immunzellen werden durch Cytokine zum Entzündungsherd geleitet.
52
+ - <one>SW-Rotoren</one> werden vor allem wo eingesetzt? Bei der <one>Zonensedimentation</one>.
53
+ - Das griechische Wort <one>kreas</one> bedeutet ... ? <one>Fleisch</one>.
54
+ - What does <one>Banderole</one> mean? <one>Little banner</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banderole
55
+ - What is <one>nutraceutical</one>? This is a combination of <one>nutrition</one> + <one>pharmaceuticals</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Food []
56
+ - Warum wollte Henry Ford nur schwarze Autos? Weil die Farbe schwarz schneller trocknete. []
57
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte <two>cell fission</two>? Spallanzani. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani []
58
+ - Was heisst <one>TENS</one>? A: Tris-EDTA-NaOH-SDS Puffer.
59
+ - What exactly is <one>critical thinking</one>? The deliberate process of judging the quality of information before accepting it.
60
+ - Was ist die <one>Rheologie</one>? Die Wissenschaft, die sich mit dem Verformungs- und Fließverhalten von Materie beschäftigt.
61
+ - Name <one>one fundamental difference</oen> between living and non-living. A: Living things create and maintain order. []
62
+ - Was heisst <one>argos</one>? <one>Inaktiv</one> (Argon). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon []
63
+ - <one>Wann</one> erhielt <two>Iljitsch Metschnikow</two> den Nobelpreis? <one>1908</one>.
64
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>zona</one>? <one>Gürtel</one>. URL: https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/zona#z%C5%8Dna_(Latein) []
65
+ - Was heisst <one>mottled</one>? <one>Gesprenkelt</one>. []
66
+ - <one>Wer</one> beschrieb erstmals die künstliche Befruchtung bei Hunden? <one>Lazzaro Spallanzani</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani []
67
+ - Name two different filter types. A: (1) Chamberland filters (2) Berkefeld filters []
68
+ - Anderes Wort für <one>Verschmelzen von Information</one>? <one>Hybridization</one>. []
69
+ - What is the <one>ourobor</one>, also called <one>ouroboros</one>? A serpent forming a circle by devouring its own tail. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboros []
70
+ - Was heisst (griechisch) <one>Analysis</one>? <one>Trennung</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis []
71
+ - Was heisst <one>Spektroskopie</one> wortwörtlich? <one>Erscheinung</one> (griechisch). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopie []
72
+ - Nenne einen berühmten Slogan von Louis Pasteur! A: <one>"Das Glück begünstigt den vorbereiteten Geist."</one> []
73
+ - Was heisst <one>stratum</one>? <one>Decke</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum []
74
+ - Warum ist ein Mongoose immun gegen das Schlangengift? Sie besitzen einen veränderten Rezeptor für Acetylcholine die ähnlich dem Schlangenrezeptor sind. Das Schlangentoxin kann so nicht daran ankoppeln. []
75
+ - Was heisst <one>idio</one>? <one>Eigen</one>. []
76
+ - Give another name for <one>leachate</one>. A: <one>Subsurface water</one>. []
77
+ - Was heisst <one>ligare</one>? <one>Binden</one>. []
78
+ - Was heisst "vale!"? Sei stark. []
79
+ - Wann wurde das erste Herz transplantiert? 1967. []
80
+ - Wo finden wir die <one>Capronsäure</one>? Unangenehmer Geruch von Socken. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprons%C3%A4ure []
81
+ - Was bedeutet <one>finistere</one>? <one>Finis terrae</one>, also das <two>Ende der Erde</two>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re []
82
+ - Was heisst das Fremdwort <one>autochthon</one>? <one>Selbständig</one>.
83
+ - What is meant with the term <one>atherosclerosis</one>? <one>Hardening of the arteries</one>. (arteria: Gefäss, sklerynse: Verhärtung aka <two>hardening</two>.)
84
+ - What was the <one>Horta</one>? A fictional, silicon-based life-form in the Star Trek Universe. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_in_the_Dark []
85
+ - Die vier apokalyptischen Reiter standen für ...? (1) Hunger (2) Seuche (3) Krieg (4) <one>Tod</one> []
86
+ - What means <one>Fratricide</one>? Killing his or her own brother. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratricide []
87
+ - Name a positive effect of <one>system redundancy</one>. A: <one>Damage Toleration</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering) []
88
+ - Was heisst <one>kakodyl</one>? <one>Übelriechend</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cacodyl#English []
89
+ - In der Biologie, gib ein konkretes Beispiel an, wo eine Doppelbindung wichtig ist. A: <one>Rhodopsin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin []
90
+ - <one>Language</one> has which three fundamental attributes? (1) <one>semantic</one> (2) <one>syntactic</one> (3) <one>phonological</one> []
91
+ - Das lateinische Wort <one>Impedanz</one> bedeutet ... ? <one>Hemmen</one>, hindern. In der Technik ist dies der <two>Wechselstromwiderstand</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedanz []
92
+ - Was heisst <one>Epikanthus</one>? <one>Augenwinkel</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epikanthus_medialis []
93
+ - Was heist <one>bombus</one>? <one>Dumpfes Tönen</one>. URL: https://de.pons.com/%C3%BCbersetzung/latein-deutsch/bombus []
94
+ - Lateinischer Name für den <one>Tee</one>? <one>Camellia sinensis</one>. URL: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia_sinensis []
95
+ - Was symbolisiert <one>die Schlange, die sich in den Schwanz beisst</one>? Diese Schlange symbolisiert <one>werden und vergehen</one>. []
96
+ - Was heisst <one>zygon</one>? <one>Joch</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zygon []
97
+ - Was heisst <one>Lympha</one>? <one>Klares Wasser</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lympha []
98
+ - Was heisst <one>Anilin</one>? an-nil = blau (Indigo-Farbe). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilin []
99
+ - Im alten Rom war der <one>Herold des neuen Tages</one> ... ? <one>Lucifer</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer_(r%C3%B6mische_Mythologie) []
100
+ - Was heisst <one>Proliferation</one> wörtlich? <one>Nachkommen-tragen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferation []
101
+ - Was heisst <one>Einheitspatent</one> auf englisch? <one>Unitary patent</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_patent []
102
+ - Englisch für <one>Endprodukte</one>? <one>Consumer products</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_good []
103
+ - Was heisst <one>graphein</one>? <one>Schreiben</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/-graphie []
104
+ - Wovon kommt das Wort <one>Minute</one>? Von <one>minor</one>, aka kleiner. []
105
+ - Was heisst <one>colligere</one>? <one>Sammeln</one>. URL: https://de.pons.com/%C3%BCbersetzung/latein-deutsch/colligere []
106
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Sterne</one>? <one>Himmlische Vulkane</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern []
107
+ - Griechisches Wort für due <one>Zweige junger Pflanzen</one>? <one>Thallium</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium#Geschichte []
108
+ - Was heisst <one>promovieren</one>? <one>Hochheben</one>. URL: https://www.academics.de/ratgeber/was-bedeutet-promovieren []
109
+ - What does <one>phoresis</one> mean? To carry across. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoresis []
110
+ - Was heisst <one>malum</one>? <one>Apfel</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84pfel []
111
+ - Nenne ein Gewürz der alten Römer. A: Garum. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garum []
112
+ - Woher kam das Wort <one>Syntex</one>? Synthese und <one>Mexiko</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntex []
113
+ - Was heisst <one>Furfur</one>? Kleie; auf englisch <one>bran</one>. []
114
+ - Was heisst indogermanisch <one>bhlei</one>? <one>Schimmern</one>. []
115
+ - Nenne einen <one>sauren Anilinfarbstoff</one>. A: <one>Eosin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosin []
116
+ - <one>Wann</one> endete Spaniens <two>Platinzeitalter</two>? <one>1808</one>. []
117
+ - What means <one>trans</one>? <one>Across</one>. []
118
+ - Was heisst <one>aleiphar</one>? <one>Fett</one>. URL: https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Aliphatisch []
119
+ - What is meant with the term <one>biogeography</one>? <one>Biogeography</one> is <two>the study of the geographic distribution of organisms</two>.
120
+ - Englischer Name für <one>Vertiefung</one>, im biochemischen Labor? <one>Wells</one>. []
121
+ - Farbe von <one>Alizarin</one>? <one>Rot</one> wie die Liebe. URL: https://i.imgur.com/k72ip2W.jpg []
122
+ - Wie <one>erhält</one> man, möglichst einfach, eine tiefere Stimme? Durch <one>Xenon</one>. []
123
+ - Was heisst <one>Apnoe</one>? <one>Ohne Atem zu holen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemstillstand []
124
+ - Translate the meaning of the word <one>kinein</one>. A: to <one>move</one>. []
125
+ - Nenne 3 <one>kationische Farbstoffe</one>. A: (1) Safranin (2) Methylenblau (3) <one>Kristallviolett</one>
126
+ - Give another name for <one>Amantin</one>. A: <one>Destroying Angel</one>. []
127
+ - Stärkstes Halluzinogen? LSD. []
128
+ - W. h. das englische Wort <one>to debase</one>? <one>Verringern</one>. []
129
+ - Andere Bezeichunng für die <one>Fructane</one>? <one>Inuline</one>. []
130
+ - Was heisst <one>bromos</one>? <one>Gestank</one>. []
131
+ - Was heisst griechisch <one>karpos</one>? <one>Frucht</one>. []
132
+ - Was heisst das Wort <one>Flox</one>? <one>Flamme</one>. []
133
+ - Italienisches Wort für <one>Köhler</one>? <one>Carbonaro</one>. []
134
+ - Was heisst <one>umami</one> übersetzt? <one>Köstlicher Geschmack</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umami []
135
+ - What does <one>ab initio</one> mean? <one>From the beginning</one>; ab means "from".
136
+ - What is <one>Biomechanics</one>? The study of the effects of forces in a living organism.
137
+ - Was heisst <one>geminus</one>? <one>Twin</one>. (Zwilling) []
138
+ - Was heisst <one>citrullus</one>? <one>Watermelon</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrullus []
139
+ - Was heisst <one>Medulla</one>? <one>Mark</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCckenmark []
140
+ - Warum erkrankten Japaner an <one>itai-itai</one>? Da der Reis Cadmium-belastet war. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itai-itai_disease []
141
+ - Was heisst <one>emers</one>? <one>Auf der Oberfläche</one>. []
142
+ - Was bedeutet <one>Opos</one>? <one>Saft</one>. []
143
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>gigantische Untergangsereignisse</one>? <one>Massenextinktion</one>. []
144
+ - Was heisst <one>axenic</one>? <one>Keimfrei</one>. []
145
+ - Temperatur auf dem Planeten Erde 10km über dem Meeresspiegel? <one>-51°C</one>. []
146
+ - Lateinisch für <one>dünn</one>? <one>Tenuis</one>. []
147
+ - Nenne einen wichtigen biologischen Puffer. A: Die <one>Phosphorsäure</one>. []
148
+ - Nenne einen Slogan von Victor Hugo. A: "Nichts ist mächtiger als eine Idee, deren Zeit gekommen ist." []
149
+ - Temperatur von <one>flüssigem Stickstoff</one>? <one>-196 °C</one>. []
150
+ - Seit wann enthält Coca-Cola kein Cocaine mehr? 1903. []
151
+ - <one>1884</one> bei einer Augenoperation wurde welches Mittel eingesetzt? <one>Kokain</one>. []
152
+ - Was heisst (lateinisch) <one>chela</one>? Die <one>Klaue</one>. []
153
+ - Nenne <one>eine frühe Form der Photographie</one>. A: Daguerreotypie. []
154
+ - Chlorella-Kosten im Verkauf / kg? A: 100 Euro. []
155
+ - Was heisst <one>arachis</one>? Erdnuss - genauer ist es eine Pflanzengattung. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachis []
156
+ - Die beliebteste Schönheits-OP im Jahre <one>2010</one> war ... ? Die <one>Fettabsaugung</one>. []
157
+ - Wie heisst die äusserste Schicht einer Lackierung? Klarlack. []
158
+ - Was heisst <one>Penicillium</one>? <one>Pinselchen</one>. []
159
+ - Anderer Begriff für <one>konstante Körpertemperatur</one>? <one>Homöostase</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%B6ostase []
160
+ - Wer wurde <one>Vanadis</one> genannt? Die Göttin <one>Freyja</one>. []
161
+ - Die <one>Grundlagenforschung</one> dient der ... ? Der <one>Erweiterung der wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisse</one>.
162
+ - Was heisst <one>Salvassen</one>? <one>Heilen</one>, gesund machen. []
163
+ - Welche Form ist charakteristisch für Schneeflocken? Die hexagonale Form. []
164
+ - Temperatur tiefer Meeresschichten (von, bis)? 4-10° C. []
165
+ - Wie kann <one>Nitroglycerin</one> stabilisiert werden? Durch <one>Adsorption an Kieselgel</one>. []
166
+ - Was heisst <one>lactis</one>? <one>Milch</one>. []
167
+ - Was heisst <one>variegiert</one>? <one>Gescheckt</one>. []
168
+ - Was heisst <one>eruere</one>? <one>Ausgraben</one>. []
169
+ - Was heisst (ägyptisch) <one>chami</one>? <one>Schwarz</one>. []
170
+ - Was heisst <one>salix</one>? <one>Weide</one>. []
171
+ - Gobar heisst? Kuhdung. []
172
+ - Was heisst <one>nolo contendere</one>? <one>"Ich will nicht streiten"</one>. []
173
+ - Was heisst <one>Theobroma</one>? <one>Götterspeise</one>. []
174
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für das <one>Polarlicht</one>? <one>Aurora Borealis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora []
175
+ - Was heisst <one>Arduino</one>? <one>Arduino</one> ist italienisch für <two>guter Freund</two>. []
176
+ - Wieso werden <one>Depotpräparate</one> eingesetzt (2)? Weil sie viel länger halten und nicht so umständlich sind wie das tägliche Spritzen von Substanzen.
177
+ - Was heisst <one>pelagic</one>? Free flotation.
178
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>getrocknet</one>? <one>Gedorrt</one>. []
179
+ - <one>Which person</one> built the first ultracentrifuge? <one>Theodor Svedberg</one>. []
180
+ - Was ist ein <one>Sollizitant</one>? Ein <one>Bittsteller</one>. URL: https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Sollizitant []
181
+ - Was heisst <one>Osmium</one>? <one>Geruch</one>. []
182
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Ecstasy</one>? <one>MDMA</one>. []
183
+ - Was heisst das lateinische Wort <one>Lacrimosa</one>? <one>Weinen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrimosa []
184
+ - <one>Die verbotene Stadt</one> war ein Abbild ... ? des <one>Himmels auf Erden</one>. []
185
+ - Was heisst <one>sym</one>? Zusammen.
186
+ - <one>Rosalyn Yalow</one> entwickelte was? <one>RIA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow []
187
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Erhitzen</one>? <one>Blanchieren</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanchieren []
188
+ - Ein <one>Karat</one> hat <two>wie viel Gram</two>? <one>0.200 Gramm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrisches_Karat []
189
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für ein <one>cultural genome</one>. A: Die <one>Khipu</one> der Incas. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipu []
190
+ - Eine Krise kann übergehen in ...? In eine Katastrophe. []
191
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>wechselseitige, gesicherte Zerstörung</one>? <one>Gleichgewicht des Schreckens</one>. URL: URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichgewicht_des_Schreckens []
192
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>windschief</one>? <one>Gauche</one>. []
193
+ - Definiere das Wort <one>Koksnase</one>. A: Die Nase von Süchtigen, welche oft eine beschädigte Nasenscheidewand aufweist.
194
+ - Was heisst <one>Safran</one>? <one>Gelb</one>. []
195
+ - What means the word <one>Bifurcation</one>? The splitting of a main body into two parts. (Eine Teilung also; in der Bioinformatik eine Teilung in einem Kladogramm).
196
+ - Was heisst <one>chalkos</one>? <one>Erz</one>. []
197
+ - Was heisst <one>chiros</one>? <one>Hand</one>. []
198
+ - Was ist ein <one>Assay</one>? Eine <one>Untersuchung</one>, eine Probe.
199
+ - Nenne eine sehr aussergewöhnliche, nicht biotische Form <one>N₂</one> zu konvertieren. A: <one>Blitze in der Atmosphäre</one> (Lightning in the atmosphere). []
200
+ - Was heisst <one>ozein</one>? <one>Riechen</one>. []
201
+ - Wer oder was ist <one>vanadis</one>? <one>Vanadis</one> ist die skandinavische Göttin der Schönheit. []
202
+ - Was heisst <one>Diastasis</one>? <one>Trennung</one> respektive <one>Separierung</one>.
203
+ - <one>Wann</one> starb das <two>Schaf Dolly</two>? <one>2003</one>. []
204
+ - Why would <one>FTA Paper</one> be used? In order to collect <one>biological evidence</one>. []
205
+ - Was heisst <one>catena</one>? <one>Kette</one>. []
206
+ - Nenne einen ungewöhnlichen Ort wo man Haifischzähne finden kann. A: In Manganknollen. []
207
+ - Der Mensch besteht zu wieviel Prozent aus Wasser? Zu 70%. []
208
+ - Was heisst <one>Dengue</one>? <one>Böser Geist</one> (Evil spirit). []
209
+ - Menschen, die Amanita essen, sterben typischerweise woran? An einem Versagen der Leber. []
210
+ - Wo liegt Sendai? In Japan. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai []
211
+ - Was heisst <one>barys</one>? <one>Schwere</one>. []
212
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Dechiffrierung</one>? <one>Entschlüsselung</one>. []
213
+ - Warum werden Biopharmazeutika nicht chemisch synthetisiert? Da sie zu komplex und zu gross sind. []
214
+ - "Origin of Species" wurde wann publiziert? 1859. []
215
+ - Wie heisst die <one>Weinrebe</one>? <one>Vitis vinifera</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_vinifera []
216
+ - Was heisst <one>Sahara</one>? <one>Unfruchtbares Land</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara []
217
+ - Was heisst <one>stoma</one>? <one>Mund</one>, Öffnung. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma []
218
+ - What does <one>adjuvant</one> mean? Adjuvant means <one>to help</one>. []
219
+ - Der kalifornische Kelp gehört zu den? <one>Braunalgen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunalgen []
220
+ - Woher kommt der Name <one>Margarine</one>? Abgeleitet von griechischen Wort <one>Margaron</one>, für <two>Perle</two>. []
221
+ - Was heisst <one>teichos</one>? <one>Wand</one>. []
222
+ - Fugu-Fische haben welches Gift? Tetrodotoxin. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin []
223
+ - <one>Menschlicher Zahnschmelz</one> besteht aus? <one>Hydroxylapatit</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylapatit []
224
+ - <one>Ecstasy</one> (MDMA) wird aus welchem Rohmaterial gewonnen? <one>Safrol</one>, dem Öl der Muskatnuss. []
225
+ - Nenne ein konkretes Beispiel für einen <one>light sensor</one>: A: <one>Opsin</one>. []
226
+ - Was heisst <one>striated</one>? <one>Gestreift</one> - zum Beispiel <two>gestreifte Muskeln</two> ... <two>striated muscles</two>. []
227
+ - Nenne ein <one>Anagramm</one> zu <two>Tablette</two>. A: <one>Teeblatt</one>. []
228
+ - <one>Welches Land</one> ist der größte <two>Fischproduzent</two>? <one>China</one>. []
229
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>zeitlich-räumlich</one>? <one>Temporospatial</one>. []
230
+ - Was heisst <one>SWOT Analyse</one>? <one>Strength</one>, weaknesses, opportunities, threats. []
231
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>sehr starker Glanz</one>? <one>Brillant</one>. []
232
+ - <one>Körperkerntemperatur eines Menschen</one>, in °C? <one>37°C</one>. []
233
+ - Was ist Hyperphagie? Fress-Sucht. []
234
+ - Wer gilt als <one>Erfinder des Plexiglases</one>? <one>Otto Röhm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymethylmethacrylat []
235
+ - Was ist <one>vinegar</one> (der deutsche Name hierzu)? <one>Essigsäure</one>. []
236
+ - Was heisst lateinisch <one>vitrum</one>? <one>Glas</one>. []
237
+ - Was heisst <one>para</one> "sitos"? para: bei, sitos: Nahrung.
238
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>abgießen</one>? <one>Dekantieren</one>. []
239
+ - Was heisst <one>mitos</one>? <one>Faden</one>. []
240
+ - What means the word <one>flavus</one>? <one>Yellow</one> (Latin word). []
241
+ - <one>Welche Firma</one> hält das Patent auf das Verpackungssystem Gigapack? <one>Stratagene</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratagene_California []
242
+ - Was heisst <one>histos</one>? <one>Gewebe</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologie []
243
+ - Der optische Test zu NADH wurde von wem entwickelt? <one>Otto Warburg</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Warburg_(Biochemiker) []
244
+ - Wie kann man künstlich die Erweiterung der Pupillen erreichen? Durch Verwendung von <one>Atropin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropin []
245
+ - Was heisst <one>koryne</one>? <one>Keule</one>. []
246
+ - Was heisst <one>wee</one>? Das ist schottisch für <one>klein</one>. []
247
+ - Im ETCS System der Universitäten entspricht 1 ECTS wievielen Arbeitsstunden? 25 Arbeitsstunden (über das ganze Semester verteilt). []
248
+ - Was heisst <one>scientia</one>? <one>Wissen</one> (auf lateinisch). []
249
+ - Give another name for <one>pigments</one>. A: <one>Photoreceptors</one>. []
250
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Euterentzündung</one>? (Bakterielle) <one>Mastitis</one>. []
251
+ - Freundschaft auf russisch? Drushba. []
252
+ - Was heisst <one>lysis</one>? <one>Auflösen</one>. []
253
+ - Nenne die <one>3 O</one> des Lichtmikroskops. A: (1) Objekttisch (2) Okular (3) Objektiv []
254
+ - Luft besteht aus ... (in %)? 78% N und 21% O. []
255
+ - Was heisst <one>ichthyo</one>? <one>Fisch</one>. []
256
+ - Give an example for <one>storage of glucose</one>? A: <one>Glycogen</one>. []
257
+ - Was sind <one>Ruminants</one>? <one>Wiederkäuer</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant []
258
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Dissertationsverteidigung</one>? A: <one>Rigorosum</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigorosum []
259
+ - Was bedeutet <one>kaizen</one>? <one>Continuous improvement</one>. []
260
+ - What are <one>emetics</one>? Emetics are substances that induce vomiting. []
261
+ - Was heisst <one>Trabeculus</one>? <one>Balken</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabekel []
262
+ - <one>Wann</one> wurde der Begriff Prion geprägt? <one>1982</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion []
263
+ - Was heisst <one>caesius</one>? <one>Blau</one> (Farbe des Himmels). []
264
+ - Warum heisst Chlorella so? A: Aufgrund ihrer grünen Farbe (Chlorophyllgehalt). []
265
+ - CMA (Calcium-Magnesium-Acetat) wird wo eingesetzt? Als Streusalz im Winter. []
266
+ - Was heisst <one>racemus</one>? <one>Traube</one>. []
267
+ - Was heisst <one>Pulpa</one>? <one>Weiche Masse</one>. []
268
+ - Was heisst <one>Nucleus</one>? <one>Nuss</one>. []
269
+ - Unterscheide DUI und DWI. A: Driving under the influence, driving while intoxicated. []
270
+ - Was heisst das griechische Wort <one>kystis</one>? <one>Blase</one>. []
271
+ - Was heisst <one>Vacca</one>? <one>Kuh</one>. []
272
+ - Was heisst <one>kinesis</one>? <one>Bewegung</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesis_(biology) []
273
+ - What is meant with the word <one>axially</one>? This means orientation <one>along the axes</one>; seen in many plants, for example.
274
+ - What is a "simulacra"? A copy of something that had no original.
275
+ - What are "Pachinko-Machines"? A ball falls down between different obstacles from top to bottom, using different ways.
276
+ - Welche 3 Methoden umfasste das kritische Denken der alten, griechischen Philosophen? (1) Analyse (2) Urteilsbildung (3) Diskussion
277
+ - Why is the earth like a battery? Because the gradient from oxygenic condition at the surface generates a "voltage potential".
278
+ - Warum ist Nitrat für den Menschen gefährlich? Nitrat wird im Körper zu Nitrit abgebaut, das an Eisen bindet, welcher in Hämoglobin zu finden ist.
279
+ - Was heisst <one>itai-itai</one>? <one>Aua Aua</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itai-itai_disease []
280
+ - Wann wurde der Begriff Hydrogenase eingeführt? 1931.
281
+ - Was bedeutet "Prima facie" wortwörtlich, und sinngemäss? Wortwörtlich: auf den ersten Blick. Singemäss: bis auf Widerruf.
282
+ - Nenne den Aufbau des Haares von aussen nach innen! A: cuticle, cortex, medulla ("CuCo Medusa").
283
+ - Welche 6 Schritte muss ein Medikament durchlaufen bevor es zugelassen wird? Vorklinische Versuche (preclinical) z.Bsp in-vitro sowie Versuchstiere, danach 3 Phasen mit steigendem Anteil an Personen, danach die Registrierungsphase und abschliessend die Phase der Kommerzialisierung.
284
+ - 3 Anforderungen an ein Patent? Es muss neu sein, gewerblich anwendbar und nicht naheliegend.
285
+ - Wann Riesenmaus? 1982.
286
+ - Ausser der fehlenden Akzeptanz durch den Kunden, welches Problem hatte Toprina? A: Hoher Gehalt an Nucleinsäuren, der zu Gicht führen kann bei Konsum.
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS
3
+ #
4
+ # Alles über die Molekularbiologie in Pflanzen, insbesondere von der
5
+ # BOKU. Stressphysiologie-Antwort bei Pflanzen. molplant tag, molplants tag.
6
+ # plantmol tag. Auch Plant Pathogens. Molplant. Mol_plant.
7
+ # molplantstag. molplanttag. molpltag.
8
+ #
9
+ # Auch "Plant Chromosome Structure and Evolution" und Phytohormone.
10
+ #
11
+ # Plant development biology will be covered in another file.
12
+ # =========================================================================== #
13
+
14
+ - Nenne zwei Beispiele für bittere Pflanzenalkaloide. A: (1) Brucin (2) Strychnin
15
+ - Wo genau erfolgt die <one>Transkription der T-DNA</one>? Im <one>Nucleus der Pflanzenzelle</one>. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6493/ []
16
+ - Aufgabe von <one>phosphoryliertem VirG</one> von <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>? Dieser <one>transkriptionaler Aktivator</one> aktiviert die Transkription des vir Operons (virA, virG etc..). Des weiteren initialisiert er die Translation an einem UUG codon.
17
+ - Finden wir DNA-Methylierung in Pflanzen? <one>Ja</one>.
18
+ - Conjugation of which protein to various substrates is essential for plant responses to changing environmental conditions, such as drought or cold? Of <one>the small protein SUMO</one>.
19
+ - Give an example for the dark side of agrochemistry. A: <one>Artificial auxins</one> can be used as <two>herbicides</two> (in german: <three>„Entlaubungsmittel“</three>).
20
+ - The ratio of Auxin to ... determines the <i>in-vitro</i> organogenesis. A: <one>Cytokinin</one>.
21
+ - Bei Maiskörner gibt es verschiedene Färbemuster, die als <one>Marmorierung</one> bekannt sind. Diese Marmorierung entsteht durch ... ? Durch die <one>Bildung von Anthocyan</one>.
22
+ - Do <one>plants</one> possess <two>TLRs</two> (Toll-like receptors)? <one>Yes</one>.
23
+ - About how many percent of the nuclear genes in Arabidopsis seem to come from cyanobacteria (+/- 5% is ok)? About <one>≈18%</one>.
24
+ - Wie wurde das Phytohormon "Auxin" entdeckt? Durch Untersuchungen zum <one>Phototropismus</one>.
25
+ - In plant genetics: the abbreviation <one>ERFs</one> stands for ... ? <one>Ethylene response factors</one>.
26
+ - Does <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> have <two>arbuscular mycorrhiza</two>? No. []
27
+ - <one>Zink</one> (<one>Zn</one>) ist wichtig für welches Phytohormon? <one>Auxin</one> (Auxin-Synthese). []
28
+ - Das wichtigste, charakteristisches Enzym der <one>Leguminosen</one> ist ... ? Die <one>Nitrogenase</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenase []
29
+ - Do <one>plants</one> contain <two>centrioles</two>? In general no, but there are a few exceptions.
30
+ - What is meant with the expression <one>DH plants</one>? This refers to <one>double haploid plants</one>.
31
+ - <one>Heat stress</one> in <two>Triticum aestivum</two> can result in ...? <one>leaf senescence</one>.
32
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one> absorbieren vor allem welches Licht? Hauptsächlich <one>Hellrotlicht</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome
33
+ - Can <one>phytochromes</one> move into the nucleus? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome []
34
+ - How many enzymes are, in general, required in plants for the synthesis of <one>anthocyanin</one>? <one>4</one>. []
35
+ - <one>Auxin</one> ähnelt in seiner molekularen Wirkung welch anderem <two>Phytohormon</two>? <one>Gibberellin</one>. []
36
+ - Auxin entsteht aus welcher Aminosäure? <one>Tryptophan</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxine []
37
+ - In Weizenblättern findet man bis zu n DNA-Moleküle pro Chloroplast? Bis zu 1000 DNA-Moleküle pro Chloroplast.
38
+ - Most plants contain more <one>chlorophyll a</one> or <two>chlorophyll b</two>? Most plants contain <one>more chlorophyll a</one>. []
39
+ - Welches Phytohormon verzögert den Blattfall? <one>Auxin</one>. []
40
+ - Findet man <one>Hox-Gene</one> in Pflanzen? Nein. []
41
+ - Welches Enzym ist bei Pflanzen wichtig für die <one>Zellwandsynthese</one>? Die <one>Cellulose-Synthase</one>.
42
+ - <one>Prolamellarkörper</one> finden wir, zum Beispiel, in ...? <one>Etioplasten</one>.
43
+ - Wie wirken <one>Brassinosteroide</one> auf die Pflanze? Sie <one>fördern die Sprossstreckung</one>.
44
+ - Nenne eine <one>pflanzliche miRNA</one>. A: "miR172" in Arabidopsis.
45
+ - Welche zwei Phytohormone steuern das <one>Wachstum von Pflanzenzellen</one>? (1) <one>Auxin</one> (2) <one>Cytokinin</one> []
46
+ - Fördert oder hemmt die <one>Abscisinsäure</one> das Wachstum bei Pflanzen? Es hemmt das Wachstum.
47
+ - Was bestimmt letzten Endes die <one>Grenzen der pflanzlichen Entwicklung</one> (ausgenommen Energie oder Wasser)? Das <one>pflanzliche Genom</one>. []
48
+ - In the "ABC gene flowering model, we may also have <one>D genes</one>. What is the function of the D genes? Function D specifies the identity of the ovule.
49
+ - Was war früher der beste <one>Zusatz für eine pflanzliche Zellkultur</one>? <one>Kokosmilch</one>. []
50
+ - Name a resistance gene in <one>maize</one>. A: <one>HM1</one>.
51
+ - Plants subject to <one>salt stress</one> accumulate ...? <one>Organic osmolytes</one>.
52
+ - In Pflanzen: wofür steht die Abkürzung für das Enzym <one>DFR</one>? <one>Dihydroflavinol-Reduktase</one>.
53
+ - Plants lives are very stressful. Name <one>two stress hormones</one> in plants. A: (1) ethylene (2) ABA
54
+ - Welcher <one>pflanzliche Plastid</one> ist degeneriert? Der <one>Gerontoplast</one>. []
55
+ - Falls <one>Pathogene</one> in das Xylem eindringen kann sich eine Pflanze wie wehren? Indem diese Leitgefäße durch Thyllen verschlossen werden.
56
+ - What effect should there be if a <one>virulence gene</one> is lost? There should be a <one>slower development of disease syptoms</one>, which can be measured via AUDPC, the <two>area under the disease progression curve</two>.
57
+ - Most <one>SUMO-modified proteins</one>, at the least in plants, contain a consensus motif. How many aminoacids? This motif is a "tetrapeptide"; thus it contains four aminoacids.
58
+ - <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> hat n Chromosomen? <one>5</one>. []
59
+ - High concentrations of <one>auxin</one> stimulate the production of which other phytohormone? Auxin stimulates the production of <one>ethylene</one>, at high concentrations.
60
+ - <one>Abscisic Acid</one> (ABA) is what chemical type? ABA is a "sesquiterpenoid" (15-carbon).
61
+ - Das <one>Arabidopsis Genom</one> enthält n Gene, die mit der Zellwandsynthese in Zusammenhang stehen? Über <one>1000 Gene</one>.
62
+ - What is the final product of the <one>shikimate pathway</one>? <one>Chorismic acid</one>.
63
+ - <one>Flavonoids</one> can be synthesized by plants. Which amino acid is the precursor there? The amino acid <one>phenylalanine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine []
64
+ - Name a plant that has the "T-urf13 gene". A: <one>Maize</one>.
65
+ - In <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> gibt es etwas das <two>CONSTANS</two> genannt wird. Was ist dies? <two>CONSTANTS</two> ist ein <one>Transkriptionsfaktor</one>. []
66
+ - Ein <one>Chlorophyll-Molekül</one> hat wieviele Stickstoffatome? <one>4</one>. []
67
+ - Welches Gen kodiert für den <one>Acetosyringon-Rezeptor</one>? <one>VirA</one>.
68
+ - A. W. für <one>pflanzliche Jugendhormone</one>? <one>Cytokinine</one>.
69
+ - <one>Plants</one> possess a unique class of CDKs, designated ...? <one>B-type CDKs</one>.
70
+ - Functionally, we can differ between which two variants of phytochromes? (1) <one>light-labile</one> (2) <one>light-stable</one>
71
+ - <one>Carotine</one> haben eine gelbe oder orange Farbe. Molekular betrachtet, wovon hängt diese Färbung ab? Von der Anzahl an konjugierten Doppelbindungen.
72
+ - Nenne ein Abwehrmolekül der Pflanzen, das Pathogene direkt angreifen kann. A: <one>Phytoalexine</one>.
73
+ - How can we detect <one>SUMOylation</one>? Via <one>Immunoblotting</one>, through <two>anti-SUMO antibodies</two>.
74
+ - Telomer-Struktur bei <one>Arabidopsis</one>? <one>TTTAGGG</one>. (7 Nukleotide in Summe.)
75
+ - Is PS I or PS II more susceptible to <one>photodamage</one>? <one>PS II</one>.
76
+ - Den gleichen Aufbau wie die <one>Chlorophylle</one> haben die ... ? <one>Phäophytine</one> - jedoch besitzen sie "kein Zentralatom" und sind deshalb ungeladen.
77
+ - Chromosomensatz der Kartoffel? Die Kartoffel ist <one>tetraploid</one>.
78
+ - Welches <one>pflanzliche Hormon</one> bewirkt das Schließen der Stomata? Die <one>Abscisinsäure</one> (<two>ABA</two>).
79
+ - Welches Phytohormon setzen "dehydrierte Mesophylzellen" frei? <one>Abscisinsäure</one>.
80
+ - <one>RUBISCO</one> has how many <two>subunits</two>? Is it a symmetrical molecule? 16 subunits. 8 identische grosse und 8 identische kleine Subunits. RUBISCO ist ein symmetrisches Molekül.
81
+ - <one>C4-Pflanzen</one>: warum dieser Name? Das erste Zwischenprodukt der Photosynthese bei C4-Pflanzen ist "Oxalacetat", welcher aus vier Kohlenstoff-Atomen besteht.
82
+ - <one>Which phytohormone</one> is important for <two>abiotic stress signalling</two>? Abscisic acid (ABA). It will accumulate.
83
+ - Eine Pflanze mag versuchen, ihre Zellwand mittels <one>Callose</one> zu verstärken. Was ist <one>Callose</one>? <one>Callose</one> ist das "Beta-1,3 Polymer der Glucose".
84
+ - Most <one>SUMO-modified proteins</one> contain a tetrapeptide consensus motif. Name the single aminoacid that is invariant and always the same, within that motif. A: Lysin.
85
+ - The <one>production of ABA</one> is accentuated by stresses such as ... (give 2 examples). A: (1) water loss (2) freezing temperatures
86
+ - Warum ist <one>Arabidopsis</one> ein gutes Modellsystem? Weil Arabidopsis ein kleines Genom hat; und weil Arabidopsis schnell wächst.
87
+ - <one>Welches Phytohormon</one> ist für die Apikaldominanz verantwortlich? <one>Auxin</one>. []
88
+ - What are the <one>GUN mutants</one>? <one>GUN</one> stands for <two>genome uncoupled</two>.
89
+ - <one>Stress</one> can <two>reduce the average plant productivity</two> by ...? <one>60-80%</one>.
90
+ - Where in a plant are <one>cytokinin concentrations</one> the highest? They are the highest in <one>meristematic regions</one>.
91
+ - Name four <one>environmental stress factors</one> that affect plant growth and may pose a threat to "sustainable agriculture". A: (1) drought (2) elevated temperature (3) salinity (4) rising CO2
92
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one>, in Pflanzen, existieren in zwei Varianten. Welchen? (1) "Hellrot-absorbierende Form" (Pr) (2) <one>Dunkelrot-absorbierende Form</one> (<two>Pfr</two>)
93
+ - Woraus besteht ein <one>Phragmoplast</one>? Er besteht aus <one>Mikrofilamenten</one> und <one>Mikrotubuli</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmoplast
94
+ - Sensitivity to the <one>Alternaria alternata</one> toxin in citrus occurs because of ...? Altered mitochondrial RNA processing.
95
+ - <one>Arabidopsis</one> has <two>how many phytochrome genes</two>? Arabidopsis has <one>five</one> (5) phytochrome genes; PHY (A - E) e. g. PHY-A, PHY-B etc. []
96
+ - <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> hat mindestens wieviele CDKs? <one>12</one>.
97
+ - The <one>Arabidopsis mitochondria genome</one> has which length? 368 kb.
98
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Monopteros</one>? <one>ARF5</one> - <two>auxin response factor 5</two> (At1g19850)
99
+ - Nenne ein Enzym das <one>PPT</one> (<two>Phosphinothricin</two>) modifiziert. A: Die <one>PPT-Acetyltransferase</one>.
100
+ - <one>Welches Phytohormon</one> ist für das <two>Streckungswachstum</two> bei Pflanzen hauptverantwortlich? <one>Gibberellin</one>. []
101
+ - The "chloroplast genome of higher plants" contains about n genes? About <one>120 genes</one>.
102
+ - In <one>plant genetics</one>, what can acetosyringone induce? It can induce the <one>vir-genes</one> of the Ti-plasmid.
103
+ - Wieso besitzen <one>Chloroplasten</one> ein sehr kleines Genom? Weil die meisten Funktionen durch <one>Kerngene</one> (Gene im Zellkern der Zelle) bereitgestellt werden. []
104
+ - <one>Cytokinins</one> are compounds with a structure resembling ...? <one>Adenine</one>. []
105
+ - <one>S-nitrosylation</one> is what exactly? This is the <one>reversible coupling of an NO moiety</one> to a critical cysteine residue.
106
+ - How do we denote <one>gene overexpression</one> via symbol? <one>o</one>/<one>e</one>.
107
+ - In the biosynthesis via the <one>shikimate pathway</one>, what is very important for a plant cell? The <one>plastids</one>.
108
+ - <one>Hybrid plant pathotypes</one> can be created how? By <one>protoplast fusion</one>.
109
+ - Name a <one>tetraploid plant</one>, that is quite important in central europe. A: <one>Potato</one>.
110
+ - If we take the relatively small <one>Arabidopsis genome</one>, how much percent of the DNA is composed of various repetitive elements? About <one>20%</one>.
111
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one> absorbieren bei welchen zwei Wellenlängen? (1) <one>660 nm</one> (2) <one>730 nm</one>
112
+ - How does <one>H2O2</one> get into the plant cell? Via the <one>apoplast</one>.
113
+ - <one>When</one> was the first cytokinin (<three>kinetin</three>) isolated and discovered? In <one>1955</one>, by Miller et al.
114
+ - What happens when a "mature chloroplast" ages? A <one>gerontoplast</one> arises.
115
+ - Die Form einer Pflanzenzelle wird von den <one>Mikrotubuli</one> bestimmt. Wieso? Bei der Bildung der Zellwand werden die Zellulosefibrillen stets parallel zu den Mikrotubuli angelegt; dies bestimmt somit die spätere Form der Zelle.
116
+ - Biotic and abiotic stresses can <one>reduce avarage plant productivity</one> by ... , depending on the crop? 60-80%.
117
+ - <one>Arabidopsis thaliana's genome</one> (<two>Brassicaceae</two>) has <three>2n</three> ... ? It has 10 chromosomes in 2n ("2n = 10").
118
+ - <one>Violaxanthin</one> is a carotenoid that is important for biosynthesis of "abscisic acid". How many carbons does it have? It has <one>40 (forty) carbon atoms</one>.
119
+ - Why is a <one>phragmoplast</one> required? The phragmoplast is required for the subsequent formation of a new cell wall, which will separate the two daughter cells.
120
+ - <one>2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigsäure</one> ähnelt welchem <two>Phytohormon</two>? <one>Auxin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigs%C3%A4ure []
121
+ - Plants that are subjected to <one>salt stress</one>, protect themselves against this how? By accumulating "organic osmolytes", in particular proline, ectoine and myo-inositol. These accumulate in the cytoplasm of the plant cell.
122
+ - Das Pathogen <one>Erwinia amylovora</one> greift zum Beispiel welche Pflanzen an? Äpfel und <one>Birnen</one>.
123
+ - <one>Chlorophyll</one> absorbiert welches Licht welcher Wellenlänge? (1) "blau": bei "480nm" (2) <one>rot</one>: bei <two>700nm</two>
124
+ - In plant genetics: what does the <one>tfa</one> gene stand for? <one>Things falling apart</one>.
125
+ - Wie können in Pflanzenzellen <one>Organellen</one> entlang der Mikrotubuli des Zellskelettes bewegt werden? Dank <one>Motorproteine</one>.
126
+ - Was ist <one>cpSRP</one>? Der <one>chloroplast signal recognition particle</one>.
127
+ - Das <one>tmr Gen</one> im Ti-Plasmid kodiert für? Die <one>Isopentenyltransferase</one>.
128
+ - A. W. für <one>plant steroids</one>? <one>Brassinosteroids. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinosteroid []
129
+ - Nenne einen <one>roten Farbstoff</one> der Pflanzen. A: <one>Phycoerythrin</one>.
130
+ - Das Enzym <one>RUBISCO</one> hat n Untereinheiten und n aktive Zentren? <one>16 UE</one>, 8 katalytische Zentren.
131
+ - Was ist das erste Entstehungsprodukt von <one>RUBISCO</one>? <one>3-Phosphoglycerat</one>.
132
+ - Pflanzen besitzen <one>Avr-Gene</one>. Warum dieser Name? <one>Avirulenzgene</one>.
133
+ - <one>Which light-colours</one> do <two>phytochromes</two> and <two>cryptochromes</two> make use of? (1) cryptochromes: blue light (2) phytochromes: red light
134
+ - What is the general role of the <one>flavonoids</one> in plants? <two>Flavonoids</two> act as <one>UV protectants</one>.
135
+ - What is the general effect of <one>auxin</one> in regards to <three>flower parts</three> of a plant? Auxin stimulates the growth of flower parts.
136
+ - In plant biology: why were the <one>cytokinins</one> named that way? Because due to <one>their ability to promote cytokinesis</one> (= <two>cell division</two>).
137
+ - <one>Plant cells</one> usually contain <two>how many different RNA-Polymerases</two>? <one>5</one>. []
138
+ - For plants, <one>water deficit</one> is lethal below ...? Below the <one>permanent wilting point</one>.
139
+ - <one>ACC synthases</one> are important for the synthesis of which plant hormone? <one>Ethylene</one>.
140
+ - Was sind <one>Phycobilisomen</one>? Dies sind große Proteinkomplexe, die Cyanobakterien, Rotalgen und Cyanellen bei der <one>Photosynthese nutzen</one>.
141
+ - Warum mag <one>zu viel Wasser</one> ein Problem für Pflanzen sein? Wasser kann die Sauerstoffdiffusion in die Wurzeln hinein stark einschränken.
142
+ - Which <one>plant hormone</one> is associated with <two>the triple response</two>? <one>Ethylene</one>. []
143
+ - Die <one>SAR-Antwort</one> (Systemic Acquired Resistance) der Pflanze wird durch welche Substanz ausgelöst? <one>Salicylsäure</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_acquired_resistance
144
+ - Are the <one>gibberellins</one> <two>more acidic</two> or <two>basidic compounds</two>? The <one>gibberellins</one> are more <two>acidic compounds</two>. []
145
+ - Plants need <one>Glucose</one> for ...? Synthesis of the <one>plant cell wall</one>. []
146
+ - Does the movement of <one>abscisic acid</one> (ABA) in plants not exhibit polarity, like auxins? No. ABA is capable of moving both up and down the stem.
147
+ - Can we find <one>linker histones</one> in plants? Yes. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3941478/ []
148
+ - Do we find <one>RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases</one> in plant cells such as <two>Arabidopsis</two>? Yes. []
149
+ - Fungal plant pathogens produce <one>HSTs</one>. What does this abbreviation stand for? <one>Host-selective toxins</one>.
150
+ - <one>Phototropin</one> has a chomophore. What colour of the light does this absorb? It absorbs <one>blue light</one>.
151
+ - Kommt <one>Monopteros</one> in Tieren vor? Nein. URL: https://dev.biologists.org/content/118/2/575 []
152
+ - What do we mean with "DH plants"? These are <one>double haploid</one> plants.
153
+ - Do we find <one>intermediate filaments</one> in plant cells? No. []
154
+ - In Planzenzellen: worauf beruht die <one>Plasmaströmung</one>? Auf der Wechselwirkung des Cytoskelett-Proteins "Aktin" mit dem Motorprotein <two>Myosin</two>.
155
+ - What effect should be the case if <one>a pathogenicity gene</one> is lost? This should lead to the <one>complete loss of pathogenicity</one>.
156
+ - Es gibt das Phytohormon <one>Auxin</one>. Das Wort stammt vom lateinischen <two>augere</two>. Was heisst <two>augere</two>? <one>Wachsen</one>. []
157
+ - Haben Pflanzen eine <one>angeborene Immunabwehr</one>? Ja. []
158
+ - <one>Phytochrome</one> consists of two identical chains, A and B. Each chain has two domains. Which ones? (1) PAS domain (2) GAF domain
159
+ - In plants: how is the <one>flowering time</one> determined in general? Flowering time is determined by <one>quantifying the number of rosette leaves</one>.
160
+ - <one>Chlorophyll a</one> appears in which colour, typically, to us humans? In <one>green</one>.
161
+ - Give an example, in <lightgreen>plants</lightgreen>, for <one>inverted vacuoles</one>. A: Salt bladders.
162
+ - Das <one>Weizen-Genom</one> ist wie gross? <one>16.5 gigabase pairs</one>.
163
+ - Besitzen Pflanzen eine <one>Na-K-Pumpe</one>? <one>Nein</one>.
164
+ - <one>Gibberellins</one> are synthesized via which pathway? Gibberellins are synthesized via the <one>mevalonic acid pathway</one>.
165
+ - Give an example of <one>plant hormones</one> that are <two>diterpenes</two>. A: The <one>Gibberellins</one> are diterpenes.
166
+ - <one>Chlorophylle</one> absorbieren Licht im welchen Wellenbereich? (1) <one>rote Wellenlänge</one> (2) <one>blaue Wellenlängen</one>
167
+ - Give two examples for <one>redox-modifications</one> in plants. A: (1) S-nitrosylation (2) <one>S-glutathionylation</one>
168
+ - <one>Chloroplast movement</one> ist ein Schutzmechanismus vor Schäden bei starken Lichtintensitäten, abhängig von Photorezeptoren. Wovon hängt dieser Schutzmechanismus zellulär ab? Von <one>Actin</one>.
169
+ - Welche <one>Aminosäure</one> schützt vor <two>Austrocknung</two>, in Pflanzen? <one>Prolin</one>.
170
+ - <one>Pectin</one> consists of <two>how many different polymers</two>? Of <one>3</one>.
171
+ - Wie wirkt "Gibberellin" molekularbiologisch? Es <one>entfernt den Repressor von dem Transkriptionskomplex</one>.
172
+ - Which <one>plant gene</one> is essential for cold- and salt tolerance? The <one>MKK2 gene</one>.
173
+ - Beim <one>Herzstadium</one> eines pflanzlichen Embryos: was sind die beiden Auswölbungen des Herzen? Dies sind <one>die späteren Cotyledonen</one>.
174
+ - In general: how do <one>organic osmolytes</one> accumulate mechanistically in plants? The rate at which they are synthesized, is increased.
175
+ - Ist <one>pflanzliche Stärke</one> optisch aktiv? Ja.
176
+ - Gibt es Pflanzen, die ohne Photosynthese überleben können? Ja - zum Beispiel die Alge <one>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</one>.
177
+ - In 1864, the <one>triple response</one> was first observed, caused by ethylene. What are the 3 parts of the triple response? (1) stunting of growth (2) twisting of plants (3) abnormal thickening of stems
178
+ - Phototropin is a <one>light-activated autophosphorylating serine/threonine kinase</one> that binds what exactly, for this to function as "blue light-absorbing chromophores"? <one>Two flavin mononucleotide</one> (FMN) molecules.
179
+ - Nenne ein <one>Alkaloid</one>, das als <two>Hustenmittel</two> Verwendung findet. A: <one>Codein</one>.
180
+ - Bei <one>Kren</one> wird Sinigrin in der Vakuole gespeichert. Wenn die Vakuole zerstört wird kommt Sinigrin mit dem Enzym ... in Kontakt und scharf riechendes Isothiocyanat wird freigesetzt. A: Das Enzym ist <one>Myrosinase</one>.
181
+ - Das Phytohormon <one>Zeatin</one> hat wieviele C-Atome? 5.
182
+ - Gemeinsamkeit von Trn1 und trnA? Sie flankieren das <one>16S rRNA Gen</one>.
183
+ - Chlorophyll a und b unterscheiden sich lediglich dadurch, dass das Chlorophyll a am 2. Pyrrolring eine Methylgruppe und das Chlorophyll b an derselben Stelle ... hat. A: eine <one>Aldehydgruppe</one>.
184
+ - Name two plants that show <one>cytoplasmic male sterility</one>. A: (1) <one>sorghum</one> (2) <one>maize</one>
185
+ - What is <one>the main driving force</one> of <two>intercellular auxin transport</two>? The <one>pH level</one>.
186
+ - Does <one>Arabidopsis thaliana</one> have a <two>symbiosis with N2-fixing bacteria</two>? No.
187
+ - Name 4 ways how <one>bacteria</one> can invade a plant cell. A: (1) through the stoma (2) through a wound (3) through a hydathode (4) through a <one>nectarthode</one>
188
+ - In pathogenicity, including plant pathogenecity: what does <one>AUDPC</one> stand for? The <one>area under the disease progression curve</one>.
189
+ - <one>Brachypodium distachyon</one> ist verwandt mit ...? <one>Weizen</one> und <one>Gräsern</one>.
190
+ - What is <one>the family</one> of the <two>Arabidopsis thaliana</two>? The <one>Brassicaceae</one>.
191
+ - Durch die Kartoffelfäule starben wieviele Iren vor 1900? Etwa "500.000".
192
+ - Durch die Thylakoidmembran wird das Innere des Chloroplasten in welche zwei Kompartimente geteilt? (1) das "Thylakoidlumen" (2) das "Stroma"
193
+ - "Glyphosat" hemmt was? Die "EPSP-Synthase".
194
+ - The plant can synthesize Ethylene from which aminoacid? "Methionine".
195
+ - Welche "enzymatische Akvititäten" vereint RUBISCO? (1) "Carboxylase-Aktivität" (2) "Oxygenase-Aktivität"
196
+ - Which plant hormone is involved in "fruit ripening"? "Ethylene".
197
+ - Nenne zwei Auswirkungen von Wassermangel in Pflanzenzellen, also auf "zellulärer Ebene". A: (1) eine Verminderung der Membranintegrität (2) Veränderung in der Raumstruktur der Proteine
198
+ - Pflanzen können durch Pathogene angegriffen werden. Nenne ein Zellwandprotein, das auf der Innenseite der Zellwand abgelagert wird. A: "Extensin".
199
+ - Wie sehen Monopteros-Mutanten in Arabidopsis aus? Ihnen fehlt der "Unterteil" des Embryos.
200
+ - Nenne eine Pflanzengruppe die "pokilohydre" ist. A: Die "Pteridophyta".
201
+ - Aus einem "Etioplasten" mag ein ... plast werden. A: Chloroplast.
202
+ - What may be the role of RNA polymerase IV and V in plant cells? They create an inhibitory chromatin structure by small interfering RNAs.
203
+ - Wie nennen wir, auf englisch, die Transformation einer Arabidopsis-Pflanze mit Agrobacterium tumefaciens, im Labor? "floral dip".
204
+ - Aquaporine in Pflanzen: sind diese beeinflussbar? Ja - Phosphoyleriung der Aquaporine kann die Geschwindigkeit der Wasserbewegung beeinflussen.
205
+ - RUBISCO Enzymtyp? Lyase.
206
+ - Give an example, in plants, for a relatively young "allopolyploid species". A: Rapeseed, aka "Brassica napus".
207
+ - Genomgröße von "Arabidopsis thaliana"? 135 MB. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana#Use_as_a_model_organism
208
+ - Aus dem "Proplastiden" können 7 andere Plastiden werden. Welche? (1) Leucoplast (2) Elaioplast (3) Amyloplast (4) Chromoplast (5) Gerontoplast (6) Etioplast (7) Mature chloroplast
209
+ - Chloroplast avoidance movement reduces ... in plants. A: photodamage.
210
+ - The absorbance maximum for phytochrome is at n nm? About 650-670 nm.
211
+ - Nenne eine Region am Gibberellinrezeptor. A: Die F-Box.
212
+ - Warum ist das "Sporopollenin" in der Außenwand der Pollenkörner so besonders? Sporopollenin ist der chemisch am widerstandsfähigste Naturstoff überhaupt.
213
+ - RUBISCO kann wieviele CO2 Moleküle in der Sekunde fixieren? 3.
214
+ - Wieviele Untereinheiten besitzt ein Phytochrom? 2.
215
+ - Ein Chloroplast entsteht woraus und wie? Durch eine "lichtinduzierte Entwicklung" aus einem Proplastiden.
216
+ - Wer erzeugt, ausgehend von "Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphat", mehr direkte Produkte - die "Oxygenase" oder die "Carboxylase"? Die Oxygenase; sie erzeugt "3-Phosphoglycerat" and "2-Phosphoglycolat".
217
+ - Bei Pflanzen, was meinen wir mit den "corticalen Mikrotubuli"? Dies sind Mikrotubuli, die unter dem Plasmalemma liegen.
218
+ - Was ist der Unterschied/Grund zwischen Pflanzen mit grossem und kleinem Genom? Der Unterschied ist vor allem im "Gehalt an mobilen genetischen Elementen" (Transposons) begründet.
219
+ - Abscisic Acid has which functional effect on "shoot growth" of a plant, in general? Abscisic Acid inhibits "shoot growth" of a plant.
220
+ - Name 2 genes that are induced during ripening of fruits. A: (1) the enzyme "cellulase" (2) the enzyme "polygalacturonase"
221
+ - Name a phytohormone that is partially synthesized in the chloroplasts. A: Abscisic Acid (ABA). As a consequence, biosynthesis primarily occurs in the leaves.
222
+ - Degradation of cytokinins, in plants, occurs largely due to which enzyme? The "cytokinin oxidase".
223
+ - Wie wirken Cytokinine, zumindest in Pflanzen? Sie "stimulieren die Zellteilung".
224
+ - What was the first cytokinin that was discovered? Kinetin.
225
+ - CAM Pflanzen fixieren CO2 in der Nacht, an Phosphoenolpyruvat (PEP). Welches Enzym führt diese Fixierung durch? Eine cytosolische "PEP-Carboxylase".
226
+ - Anthocyanins are synthesized from which amino acid? Phenylalanine.
227
+ - Die Gibberelline der Pflanzen gehören zu welcher sehr häufigen Klasse, chemisch gesehen? Sie gehören zu den "Diterpenen".
228
+ - Nenne 6 Phytohormone. A: (1) Auxine (2) Cytokinine (3) Gibberelline (4) Abscisinsäure (5) Ethylen (6) Brassinosteroide
229
+ - Nenne die fünf Hauptklassen von Phytohormonen. A: (1) Abscisinsäure (2) Auxine (3) Cytokinine (4) Ethylen (5) Gibberelline
230
+ - Was bewirkt eine höhere Auxinkonzentration, beim Spross, einseitig? Das die beschattete, andere Seite rasch wächst, so das sich die Spitze eines Sprosses zum Licht hin krümmt.
231
+ - Kann ein "physikalischer Reiz" die Induktion eines Phytohormons bewirken? Ja, zum Beispiel bei der Ethylenbildung.
232
+ - Welches Gas wirkt als "Ethylenantagonist"? CO2.
233
+ - When does the phragmoplast form? During "late cytokinesis".
234
+ - Ist das Genom von "Triticum aestivum" oder das Genom von "Oryza sativa" grösser? Das Genom von "Triticum aestivum" ist grösser.
235
+ - Name a typical and very important, "quantitative trait" for plant breeders. A: Yield.
236
+ - Welches Phytohormon hilft beim Schliessen der Spaltöffnungen? Abscisinsäure.
237
+ - Where in plants does fatty acid biosynthesis take place? Within plastids.
238
+ - Many plant nuclear genomes contain "accessory chromosomes". Give another word for these. A: "B chromosomes".
239
+ - In plant cells, where can we find the "individual Golgi stacks"? Adjacent to the ER exit sites.
240
+ - Nenne 3 Substanzen, die von einer Pflanze der Außenwelt ausgesetzt sind. A: (1) Cutin (2) Suberin (3) Wachs
241
+ - Cutin besteht aus ... ? Hydroxyfettsäuren.
242
+ - In plant-pathogen setups, what does the abbreviation "VIGS" refer to? This is "Virus induced gene silencing".
243
+ - The "maize HM1 gene" provides protetion against ... ? The lethal "leaf blight and ear mold disease".
244
+ - Auxin steuert die Expression von anderen Genen in Pflanzen. Im molekularen Kontext interagiert Auxin mit AUX/IAA. AUX/IAA wiederum interagiert mit welch anderem Protein? TPL, aka Topless.
245
+ - The filamentous fungus "Cochliobolus carbonum", a pathogen, is exceptionally virulent against which plant? Maize.
246
+ - Name two factors that can be responsible for "osmotic stress" in plants. A: (1) drought (2) salinity
247
+ - What is "cytoplasmic male sterility"? Cytoplasmic male sterility is the total or partial male sterility in plants as the result of specific nuclear and mitochondrial interactions. The affected plants can not produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes.
248
+ - Name 2 different strategies for stress survival in plants. A: (1) Stress tolerance (2) Stress avoidance
249
+ - Wie heisst die "mature Arabidopsis Plant"? Sporophyte.