studium 0.14.16

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Cancer tag, Cancerbiology tag
+#
+# Krebs tag. Zellzyklus tag. Tumor Tag.
+# Cancer tag. Cancertag. Cantag. Can tag. oncology tag.
+#
+# Auch Viren die Krebs verursachen können mögen hier in dieser
+# Datei gespeichert werden.
+#
+# Auch manche Krebsmedikamente werden hier eingetragen.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Cancer typically originates from a single cell. How is this cell typically called? This is <one>the cancer founder cell</one>.
+- In cancer, the <one>p53 gene</one> is most commonly mutated. Which gene is the second most commonly mutated one? A <one>PI3K kinase activation mutation</one>.
+- Do <one>DNA tumor virus oncogenes</one> have a cellular counterpart? <one>No</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> did <two>HeLa cells</two> become cancerous? They were infected with <one>HPV18</one> (<two>human papilloma virus 18</two>).
+- Ein wichtiges Antitumormittel ist <one>FdUMP</one>. <two>Wofür steht diese Abkürzung</two>? <one>Fluordesoxyuridylat</one>.
+- Bei <one>Krebs</one>: was genau bezeichnet der Begriff <two>Tumor-Promotion</two>? Ein normaler Wachstumsreiz stimuliert präferentiell das Wachstum von (prä-)neoplastischen Zellen.
+- The <one>Wnt protein</one> binds to ...? To <one>frizzled receptors</one>.
+- Name <one>a simple way for most people</one> to <two>reduce the risk for colon cancer</two>. A: <one>Physical activity</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel für einen nicht soliden Tumor</one>. A: Das <one>Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom</one>.
+- Was ist der <one>Kanzerogen-Spender Nummer 1</one>? <one>Tabak</one> (beziehungsweise <two>Tabakrauch</two>). []
+- Nenne <one>ein Protein</one>, <two>das an den Transkriptionsfaktor E2F binden kann</two>. A: Das <one>pRB</one> Protein.
+- Name <one>a drug</one> that preferentially kills "transit-amplifying" cells. A: <one>Gleevec</one>.
+- <one>How</one> can we value carcinocity? With the aid of the <one>Ames Test</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>liquid tumor</one>. A: <one>Lymphomas</one>.
+- What is <one>the last step</one> of the <two>invasion-metastasis cascade</two>? <one>Colonization</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für "tumor suppressor gene"? <one>anti-oncogenes</one>.
+- Wie können wir das <one>HER2-Level</one> (also HER2-Rezeptoren) an der Oberfläche von Krebszellen bestimmen? Mit Hilfe der <one>IHC</one> (<two>Immunhistochemie</two>).
+- The <one>reverse Warburg effect</one> was discovered (or postulated) in which year? <one>2009</one>.
+- Wie können <one>Bluttplättchen</one> zu Tumoren beitragen? Sie können Tumore abschirben, so das natürliche Killerzellen nicht an die Tumore rankommen.
+- Das <one>Hämangiosarkom</one> ist ... ? ein Tumor der Blutgefäße.
+- Name <one>the six hallmarks of cancer</one>. A: (1) <one>cancer cells stimulate their own growth</one> (2) they resist inhibitory signals that might otherwise stop their growth (3) they resist their own programmed cell death (apoptosis) (4) they stimulate the growth of blood vessels to supply nutrients to tumors (angiogenesis) (5) they can multiply forever (immortality) (6) they invade local tissue and spread to distant sites (metastasis)
+- If the level of <one>p53</one> increases, what other level also increases? The levels of the <one>p21 protein</one>.
+- <one>When</one> do we say that a tumor is <two>malignant</two>? When cells detach from it and "invade surrounding tissues".
+- Warum ist die <one>Durchblutung</one> so wichtig in der Tumorbiologie? Die "Größe der Tumorzellen" wird zu einem grossen Teil von den Kapillaren, also der Blutversorgung, bestimmt.
+- A. W. für <one>Umwandlungen</one> in der Tumorbiologie? <one>Metaplasien</one>.
+- <one>80% of the human tumors</one> are classified as ...? <one>Carcinomas</one>.
+- Name <one>four types of malignant tumors or cancers</one>. A: (1) carcinomas (2) sarcomas (3) <one>lymphomas</one> (4) <one>leukemias</one>
+- <one>Who</one> is the <two>Guardian of the Genome</two>? The Tumor suppressor <one>p53</one>. []
+- Boundary for a <one>benign tumor</one> is ...? A <one>fibrous capsule</one>. []
+- <one>Which person</one> first described the <two>Burkitt lymphoma</two>? <one>Denis Burkitt</one>.
+- Is <one>Aspirin</one> carcinogenic in regards to stomach cancer? <one>No</one> - Aspirin it can even <two>cause a 40% reduction in stomach cancer</two>.
+- What is <one>v-src</one>? A <one>protein kinase</one> <two>carried by a retrovirus</two>, able to insert into the plasma membranes of infected cells.
+- Does <one>Rapamycin</one> <two>inhibit</two> <three>cancer cell growth</three>? <one>Yes</one>, it can. []
+- <one>How many percent</one> of human cancers carry mutation in the <two>p53 gene</two>? <one>50%</one>.
+- The <one>Human Papillomavirus</one> <two>is implicated in the development of which cancer</two>? Of <one>cervical carcinoma</one>. []
+- In cancer biology: for a transcription factor to show <one>pleiotropy</one>, what does this mean? This is when such a transcription factor may simultaneously orchestrate the expression of a large cohort of responding genes that, together, proceed to create major components of the particular cancer cell phenotype at hand.
+- Can <one>p53</one> easily become a <two>tumor-promoting contributor</two>? <one>Yes</one>, a point mutation may be enough. <two>p53</two> is a <three>tumor suppressor gene</three>. []
+- Nenne die drei Stufen der Kanzerogenese. A: (1) "Initiation" (2) "Promotion" (3) <one>Progression</one>
+- <one>The first anti-cancer drug targeting an immune checkpoint</one> was <two>ipilimumab</two>, in <three>2011</three>. It blocks what exactly? <one>CTLA4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkpoint_inhibitor
+- What does the <one>Cancer Immunosurveillance</one> theory from 1957 state? <one>Lymphocytes</one> <two>act as sentinels</two> in recognizing and eliminating nascent, transformed cells. This decreases cancer rates through <three>inhibition of carcinogenesis</three>.
+- The <one>Ames Test</one> makes use of which bacterium? <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>.
+- What does <one>neoplasm</one> mean? <one>New growth</one>. []
+- Worldwide, how many of the human cancers were caused by a virus? <one>11.9%</one> - so about <one>12%</one>.
+- <one>Inherited Cancer Syndromes</one> are usually caused by ... ? Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes.
+- Beim <one>Warburg-Effekt</one> betreiben Krebszellen nicht nur vermehrt Glykolyse, sondern scheiden auch verstärkt welche Substanz aus? <one>Laktat</one>.
+- Why is the <one>Merkel cell polyomavirus</one> considered dangerous? A mutation can happen that truncates the T antigen. Thus, viral replication is eliminated, but it may still suppress the cellular function of RB1.
+- What does the <one>mutator phenotype hypothesis</one> postulate? The mutation rate in the early stages of tumor development must be significantly greater than that of normal somatic cells.
+- Die <one>deacetylase SIRT6</one> fungiert als ein Corepressor von welchen zwei Genen? (1) HIF-1a (2) <one>MYC</one>
+- <one>When</one> were <two>cell-cycle phases</two> first recognized? In the year <one>1882</one>.
+- <one>Cancer</one> <two>causes n% of deaths in the United States</two>? About <one>22.5%</one>.
+- <one>Small-cell lung carcinomas</one> can often be seen in ... <two>which people</two>? <one>Tobacco users</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma
+- Paradebeispiel für einen <one>Gatekeeper</one>? Das <one>Retinoblastoma-Protein</one>.
+- Was bewirken <one>landscaper molecules</one>? Landscaper molecules regulieren die <two>extrazelluläre Matrix</two>, also die Umgebung der Zelle - daher der Name "Landscaper".
+- <one>Welcher Virus</one> verursacht das <two>Kaposi-Sarkom</two>? <one>Herpesvirus 8</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus []
+- <one>Which experiment</one> found out that tumor suppressor genes are recessive? <one>Experimental fusion of cells</one> experiment.
+- Name a famous hypothesis of <one>genomic instability</one>. A: The <one>Goldilock Hypothesis</one> of Genomic Instability.
+- <one>Inflammatory responses</one> and (usually bacterial) infections, are linked to how many percent of deaths from cancer worldwide? About <one>15-20%</one>.
+- Provide <one>three examples</one> for "cancer-causing agents" that can damage DNA. A: (1) chemical carcinogens such as "tobacco smoke" (2) radiation, such as UV (3) viruses
+- <one>CHK2</one> is mainly activated by DNA-strand-breaks via the ATM pathway. It phosphorylates CDC25 phosphatases. What effect does this have? This results in <one>cell cycle arrest</one>.
+- <one>Ganciclovir</one> ist ein Analog zu Aciclovir, mit welchem strukturellen Unterschied? Ganciclovr hat eine extra hydroxymethylene group (-CH2-OH).
+- The <one>RB protein</one> binds to which transcription factor in the cell? <one>E2F</one>.
+- Name <one>one model of Tumor Progression</one>. A: The <one>Rip-Tag Model</one>.
+- We can claim that <one>inflammation is linked to cancer</one>, but can we provide any evidence for such a claim? (1) Inflammatory diseases increase the cancer risk (2) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the risk or cancer (3) signaling pathways involved in inflammation operate downstream of oncogenic mutations such as ras or myc (4) Inflammatory cells are present in the tumor microenvironment (5) Adoptive transfer of inflammatory cells promotes "tumor development"
+- Unterschied zwischen <one>Krebs</one> und anderen genetischen Erkrankungen? Krebs geht selten aus einer Einzelmutation hervor und häufiger aus einer Anhäufung vieler Mutationen.
+- A. W. für <one>Tumore</one>? <one>Neoplasie</one>.
+- Is <one>metastasis</one> <two>a random process</two>? Not at all. Specific tumors do happen to spread into specific target organs. Both tumor cell and target organ contribute to the choice of site.
+- <one>Myelomzellen in Kultur</one> teilen sich solange ... ? Solange <one>ausreichend Nährstoffe zur Verfügung stehen</one>.
+- Was kommt vor der <one>Dysplasie</one>, bei der Tumorprogression? Die <one>Hyperplasie</one>.
+- A ... usually delineates the extent of a <one>benign tumor</one>. A: <one>Fibrous capsule</one>. []
+- Give <one>three examples</one> for small, oncogenic DNA-viruses. A: "pap mnemonic". (1) papillomaviruses (2) adenoviruses (3) polyomaviruses
+- Manche Tumorzellen werden <one>CTCs</one> genannt, englisch. Wofür steht diese Abkürzung? <one>Circulating tumor cells</one>.
+- Name a simple way how to <one>study DNA methylation patterns</one>. A: Treat the DNA with bisulphite.
+- Why was the name <one>p53</one> chosen? Because its molecular weight is <one>53 kilodaltons</one>. []
+- The <one>intrinsic pathway</one> of <two>inflammation</two> can contribute to the formation of cancer. Name a specific, important enzyme that contributes to this. A: The <one>protein tyrosine kinase RET</one>.
+- The <one>seed and soil</one> hypothesis developed by the surgeon <two>Stephen Paget</two> is fairly old. In which year was it suggested? In the year <one>1889</one>.
+- The <one>tumorigenic process</one> that leads from a normal cell to cancer can be divided into which three phases? (1) "tumor initiation" (2) <one>tumor promotion</one> (3) <one>tumor progression</one>
+- Nenne einen allgemeinen Weg wie man zu einem <one>Mutator Phänotyp</one> gelangen kann. A: Inaktivierung oder Deletion von DNA Reparaturgenen.
+- Which two cell cycle classes of proteins are very important? (1) <one>cyclins</one> (2) <one>cyclin-dependent kinases</one> (the <two>cdks</two>)
+- <one>Cancer induction</one> by <violet>DNA-Tumorviruses</violet> is primarily caused by what genetic mutation? The <one>inactivation of tumor-suppressorgenes</one>.
+- <one>Attachment of Pericytes to Microvessels</one> depends on ...? <one>PDGF</one>.
+- The <one>retinoblastoma protein pRB</one> <two>coimmunoprecipitates</two> with which viral oncoprotein? With the Adenovirus <one>E1A</one> oncoprotein.
+- Name <one>something</one> that can turn a <two>proto-oncogene</two> into an "oncogene"? A <one>point mutation</one>.
+- <one>c-myc</one>, als Ursache, <two>finden wir bei welchem Krebs-Typ</two>? Im <one>Burkitt Lymphom</one>.
+- <one>p53</one> <two>bewirkt welche zwei Dinge in der Zelle</two>? (1) Anhalten des Zellzyklus (2) DNA-Reparatur oder Apoptose
+- What is the cause for <one>Burkitt's lymphoma</one>? Reciprocal translocation between chromosome 8 and chromosome 11 (or another chromosome, not sure).
+- What usually delineates the extent of a benign tumor? A <one>fibrous capsule</one>. []
+- Ist eine strikte Einteilung in <one>caretaker</one> und "gatekeeper" sinnvoll? Nicht wirklich - <one>p53</one> ist sowohl ein "caretaker", als auch ein <two>gatekeeper</two>.
+- <one>Elevated HOTAIR lncRNA expression</one> is associated with which two cancers? (1) human breast carcinomas (2) human colorectal carcinomas
+- Is <one>a single mutation</one> sufficient to cause cancer? <one>No</one>. []
+- What happens to <one>knockout-mice that lack p53</one>? They <one>develop cancer very early</one> - and die.
+- Is <one>alcohol</one> or HBV infection more dangerous in order to develop hepatocellular carcinoma? <one>HBV-Infection</one>.
+- Why are <one>nude mice</one> used in cancer research? These hairless mutant mice lack a thymus, and <two>are therefore immunocompromised</two>.
+- <one>Tamoxifen</one> is <two>used in therapy against which cancer</two>? Against <one>breast cancer</one>, in pre-menopausal women.
+- A. W. für <one>Immortalisierung</one>? <one>Unbegrenzte Proliferation</one>.
+- Was meinen wir wenn wir von einer <one>Mutator-DNA-Polymerase</one> sprechen? Dies sind "Mutationen in DNA-Polymerasen", die dadurch eine geringere Genauigkeit aufweisen.
+- Name <one>which cyclins</one> we can find in the various cell cycle phases. A: (1) "G1": has D1/E (2) "S":  has D2 (3) <one>G2</one>: has A (4) <one>M</one>:  has B. Mnemonic: "D1E/D2/A/B".
+- <one>Melanoma</one> derive from ... ? From a pigmented cell in the skin.
+- The <one>Epstein-Barr virus</one> <two>can cause what cancer</two>? It can cause <one>Burkitt's Lymphoma</one>.
+- In <one>liver carcinogenesis</one>: name a chemical that we can use to give rise to more <two>neoplastic hepatocytes</two>. A: Exposure to <one>phenobarbital</one>.
+- <one>Exogenous risk factors</one> for cancer progression can be grouped into which 2 classes? (1) "genotoxic" such as chemicals or irradiation (2) "non-genotoxic"
+- <one>TPA</one> ("12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate") can cause what cancer? Skin cancer. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
+- <one>Proto-oncogenes</one> encode what? <one>Transcription factors</one>.
+- What does <one>NSAID</one> mean in cancer biology? <one>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug</one>.
+- Name <one>two ways</one> how a <two>tyrosine kinase</two> can be deactivated. A: (1) by a "Tyrosine Phosphatase" (2) degradation by the 26S proteasome
+- Ein Chirurg mag einen Tumor operativ entfernen; dieser Tumor mag jedoch wiederkehren. Dies wird auch <one>Rezidiv</one> genannt. Nenne zwei verschiedene, mögliche Ursachen hierzu. A: (1) unvollständige Entfernung (2) Tumorprogression aus schlummernden Tumorzellen
+- The <one>stromal microenvironment</one> in which tumor cells develop profoundly influences many steps of tumor progression. Name 3 influences found thereof. A: (1) It affects the efficiency of tumor formation (2) It affects the rate of tumor growth (3) It affects the extent of invasiveness and metastasization
+- Was macht der <one>START checkpoint</one>? Er entscheidet ob einer Zelle in die S Phase gehen darf oder nicht.
+- Wie heisst <one>p53</one> im Menschen? <one>TP53</one>. TODO: ADD URL HERE.
+- <one>Cancer terminator viruses</one> <two>belong to which virus family</two>? <one>Adenovirus</one>.
+- <one>H-ras mutations</one> cause production of ... by Tumor Cells? H-ras Mutations cause production of IL-6 by Tumor Cells.
+- <one>Aktiviertes p53</one> fördert die Transkription von <two>BAX</two> oder von <two>Bcl2</two>? Von <one>BAX</one>. []
+- In cancerbiology: what does <one>vascularization</one> mean? Vascularization means that the cancer cells proliferate and clump up. During that process, they also form blood vessels to nourish themselves, which is called "vascularization".
+- <one>Which cancer</one> is associated with the VHL gene? <one>Pheochromocytoma</one>.
+- Name a <one>disadvantage of cancer cells experiments</one>. A: These experiments are often very hard to reproduce, largely because of cancer cells being so different to one another.
+- The <one>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</one> effectively does what onto a human patient? It <one>greatly increases the susceptibility to cancer</one>.
+- Give another name for a <one>primary tumor</one>. A: <one>Founding tumor</one>.
+- Contrast the <one>differentiation</one> of normal cells with cancer cells. A: Cancer cells are usually less well differentiated than normal cells (or benign tumor cells).
+- Individuals with a <one>mutant RB1 gene</one> have only a high chance of developing retinoblastoma? <one>No</one> - they also have a high chance for developing other cancers.
+- The <one>Hallmarks of Cancer</one> was <two>written by which two researchers</two> (family name is sufficient)? (1) <one>Robert Weinberg</one> (2) <one>Douglas Hanahan</one>
+- Give an example for <one>indirect viral oncogenicity</one>. A: For example, <one>chronic nonspecific inflammation</one> occurring over decades of infection, such as is the case for "HCV-induced liver cancer".
+- If we <one>methylate a promotor</one>, may this lead to the inactivation of tumorsuppressor genes? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Wieso müssen große Tumore <one>Angiogenese</one> betreiben? Sie stellen dadurch Ressourcen/Nährstoffen sicher - und natürlich Sauerstoff.
+- Name a protein that is important in cancer-biology, that can be described as an <one>anti-pausing protein</one>. A: <one>Myc</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myc
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>Zink-Transkriptionsfaktor</one> der oft eine Rolle bei Tumoren spielen mag. A: <one>AP1 jun</one> / <one>fos Proteine</one>.
+- <one>Which gene</one> is very often responsible for <two>pancreatic carcinoma</two>? The <one>K-ras oncogene</one>.
+- We can <one>trace and detect cancer cells</one> by their uptake of radioactively labeled substances, such as FDG. FDG stands for ... ? <one>Fluorodeoxyglucose</one>.
+- <one>Warum</one> ist das Fusionsprotein BCR-ABL ein Problem? Es kann die Zelle zur <one>ständigen Proliferation</one> stimulieren.
+- What does the term <one>unilateral retinoblastoma</one> mean? This term refers to <one>a retinoblastom that affects only a single eye</one>.
+- The <one>k-ras gene</one>, from the point of view of tumor biology, belongs to a class of genes known as ... ? <one>Oncogenes</one>.
+- Name <one>the top three most commonly seen cancer in men</one> (male individuals). A: (1) <one>prostate cancer</one> (2) <one>lung cancer</one> (3) <one>colon cancer</one>
+- What is an <one>osteosarcoma</one>? An <one>osteosarcoma</one> is a cancerous tumor in a bone. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma
+- Give another name for <one>carcinomas of the liver</one>. A: <one>Hepatomas</one>.
+- The <one>k-ras</one> gene, or more accurately, its protein product, is involved primarily in regulating cell division. Name a signaling pathway in which this protein is involved normally. A: The <one>RAS</one>/<one>MAPK pathway</one>.
+- <one>Which factor</one> initiates the G2→M transition? The <one>maturation promoting factor</one> (<two>MPF</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturation_promoting_factor
+- <one>Welche Rolle</one> haben "Cycline"? Cycline sorgen dafür, das die cyclin-abhängigen Kinasen aktiv werden können.
+- How may alcohol contribute to liver cancer? Alcohol may <two>cause inflammation of the liver</two>.
+- <one>Welche Proteine</one> wirken allgemein als Tumorsuppressoren? <one>Reparaturproteine</one>.
+- For <one>colon cancer</one>: which gene is very important? The <one>APC gene</one>.
+- Name <one>the four most important exogenous risk factors</one> <two>for cancer progression</two>. A: (1) Workplace (2) Tobacco smoke (3) Nutrition (4) Living environment: geographical factors; migration studies
+- The <one>large T</one> from the <two>SV40 virus</two> can inactivate which cellular protein? <one>pRb</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein
+- <one>How many cell divisions</one> occur in a human lifetime? <one>10 ** 16</one>.
+- What are <one>driver mutations</one>? These are mutations that give a growth advantage to a tumor cell.
+- In <one>east asia</one>, <two>hepatocellular carcinoma</two> are often associated with which virus? With <one>chronic hepatitis B virus</one>.
+- Finden wir <one>Apoptose</one> <two>bei Pflanzen</two>? Ja, in der <one>hypersensitives response</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitive_response []
+- Was ist die <one>Krebsprävalenz</one>? Dies ist die Anzahl an Personen, die an Krebs erkrankt und zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt noch am Leben sind.
+- Does <one>loss of the enzyme</one> <two>Dicer</two> <three>lead to more cancer</three>? <one>Yes</one>, it can - <two>Dicer</two> is associated with <three>cancer progression</three>. []
+- Why may even one mutant allele of p53 act as a dominant spoiler? <one>p53</one> exists <two>in the nucleus</two> as a <three>homotetramer</three>. Thus, one mutant can interfere with polypeptides created from the normal wild-type allele.
+- Name <one>three domains</one> that are part of p53. A: (1) transcription-activation domain (2) DNA-binding domain (3) <one>oligomerization domain</one>
+- What do we mean with the term <one>Warburg effect</one>? This term describes the observation that cancer cells exhibit glucose fermentation even when enough oxygen is present. In other words, "cancer cells ferment".
+- <one>Conventional Chemotherapy</one> exploits ...? It exploits the <one>mitotic catastrophe</one>.
+- <one>Benz[a]pyrene</one> besitzt wieviele Ringe? <one>5</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene
+- In cancer biology, in the human body: what do we mean when we mention the abbreviation <one>TAMs</one>? <one>Tumor-associated macrophages</one>.
+- Melanoma, Melanoma, Melanoma ... aber was heißt <one>melas</one>? <one>Schwarz</one> (black). []
+- Do <one>cancer cells</one> become progressively genetically more diverse? Yes.
+- What is the job of the <one>Cdc20</one>? Cdc20 is an activator of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C).
+- <one>Cancer cells</one> may have which primary <two>motivation</two>? Making more copies of themselves.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>checkpoint-theory</two> established? In <one>1988</one>. []
+- Name <one>a drug</one> that can bind the <two>Bcr-Abl Fusionprotein</two>. A: <one>Gleevec</one> (<two>Imatinib Mesylate</two>). TODO: ADD URL HERE
+- Name <one>two domains</one> that we can find in the BRCA1 gene. A: (1) Ring domain (2) <one>BRCT domain</one>
+- The <one>pRB</one> (<two>retinoblastom protein</two>) <three>controls which checkpoint</three>? The <one>G1</one>/<one>S cell cycle checkpoint</one>. []
+- Name <one>a protein that can inactivate Mdm2</one>. A: <one>ARF</one>.
+- What is the best studied cancer for <one>Multi-Step Tumorigenesis</one>? <one>Colon Cancer</one>.
+- Die <one>Aufrechterhaltung der Gewebshomöostase</one> beruht auf welchen 3 grundlegenden Vorgängen? (1) Zellproliferation (2) Zelldifferenzierung (3) Apoptose
+- Is it possible to <one>sequence a tumor's complete sequence</one>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Give one example for an <one>endogenous chemical agent</one> that might cause cancer. A: <one>Oxygen radicals</one>.
+- In cancer biology: name another word for <one>Angiogenesis</one>. A: Changing of the micro-environment.
+- In cancer biology we can <one>induce Apoptosis</one>. <two>Name two basic strategies therein</two>. A: (1) Use of small molecular weight compounds (2) Monoclonal antibodies
+- Name <one>the three most common cancer</one> in men and women each. A: (1) <one>men</one>:   <two>prostate</two>, colon, lung cancer (2) <one>women</one>: breast, colon, lung cancer
+- Which protein is <one>the normal antagonist of p53</one>? <one>Mdm2</one>.
+- During <one>tumor initiation</one>, the DNA of the cell may be mutated by chemical or physical carcinogens. This can lead to the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes. Give one very common example of both such genes. A: (1) "Oncogene": K-ras. (2) <one>Tumor-suppressor gene</one>: <two>p53</two>.
+- Give another name for a <one>shrinking tumor</one>. A: <one>Tumor regression</one>.
+- <one>Fibrom</one> ist eigentlich eine Abkürzung für ... ? <one>Fibrosarkom</one>. []
+- In the <one>seed and soil</one> hypothesis: what do we mean with the "soil" exactly? The <one>specific organ microenvironment</one>.
+- <one>When</one> did <two>Alfred Knudson</two> propose his <three>multistep model of cancer</three>? In the year <one>1971</one>.
+- <one>p53</one> is phosphorylated by ... ? <one>ATM-ATR</one>.
+- What means <one>cell transformation</one>? Conversion of a "normal cell" into a <two>tumor cell</two>.
+- <one>Welche Cycline</one> dominieren in G1-S-G2-M jeweils? <one>D-E-A-B</one>.
+- <one>Camptothecin</one> <two>can work against cancer cells</two>. How does it work? It interferes with topoisomerase I. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptothecin
+- Die <one>Chinolonreduktase</one> kann <two>anti-kanzerös wirken</two>, jedoch nur wann? Nur wenn es durch Glucosinolat aktiviert wird.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>monoclonality of tumor cell populations</two> first demonstrated? In <one>1965</one>.
+- It is said that the enzyme <one>COX2</one> <two>promotes tumor formation</two>. How? It <one>produces prostaglandins</one>, which in turn stimulate vessel formation.
+- Ein <one>Gliom</one> hat seinen Ursprung wo? Ein <one>Gliom</one> stammt aus dem <one>zentralen Nervensystem</one>.
+- Wer oder was ist das wichtigste <one>caretaker protein</one> in einer Zelle? <one>p53</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53 []
+- <one>COX-2</one> <two>may play a role in tumor formation</two>. Name a fairly simple way how to inhibit it. A: <one>Aspirin</one> <two>can inhibit COX-2</two>.
+- How is the Ras-protein normally activated? It is activated by <one>phosphorylation of its GDP</one>.
+- The <violet>HNSC cancer</violet>: <one>HNSC</one> <two>is an abbreviation for ... </two>? <one>Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma</one>.
+- In cancer therapy, we can disrupt ATP levels (in order to preferentially kill cancer cells) by using what substance? <one>3 bromo biruvate</one>.
+- Nenne <one>ein Beispiel</one> für einen <two>polyzyklischen, aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoff</two>. A: <one>Benzo(a)pyren</one>, in <one>Tabakrauch</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo%28a%29pyrene
+- <one>How many people die per week of cancer</one> <two>in the USA</two>? More than <one>10.000</one>.
+- How is <one>the process</one> called that ensures that normal cells in a cell culture only give rise to monolayers? <one>Contact inhibition</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_inhibition []
+- <one>Adenom</one> ist eigentlich eine Abkürzung für ... ? <one>Adenokarzinom</one>. TODO: ADD URL HERE.
+- <one>p53</one> is <two>a dominant negative mutation</two>. <three>What does this mean</three>? This means that the mutant protein can inactivate the normal protein.
+- When were <one>The Hallmarks of Cancer</one> first published? In the year <one>2000</one>.
+- Name <one>three types</one> of "chromosome rearrangements" associated with cancer. A: (1) deletions (2) inversions (3) <one>translocations</one>
+- What is a <one>leukemia</one>? A <one>cancer of white blood cells</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia []
+- What is meant with the term <one>cancer-critical genes</one>? These are all genes whose alteration contributes to the causation or evolution of cancer by driving tumorigenesis.
+- <one>Neurofibromin</one> is a <two>tumor suppressor protein</two> that is a negative regulator of ...? Of the <one>Ras kinase pathway</one>.
+- <one>Irinotecan</one> wird bei der Behandlung welcher Krebsart eingesetzt? <one>Irinotecan</one> findet Verwendung bei der Behandlung von <two>colon carcinoma</two>.
+- Is <one>Gardasil</one> or <two>Cervarix</two> better? <one>Gardasil</one> is better, as it is <two>quadrivalent</two> and protects against HPV 6/11/16/18; <three>Cervarix</three> protects only against HPV 16/18 which <four>Gardasil</four> already does as well. []
+- The most common cancers in humans, at about 80%, are the ... ? <one>Carcinomas</one>.
+- <one>Wie lange</one> dauert die <two>M-Phase</two> in Säugetieren? Etwa <one>eine Stunde</one>. []
+- What does <one>Rb</one> prevent? It <one>prevents entry into the S-Phase</one> - and thus works as a <two>tumor suppressor</two>.
+- What exactly is a <one>hepatoma</one>? A <one>liver carcinoma</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma
+- There was <one>the Hanahan-Weinberg model of carcinogenesis</one>, first published in 2000 and then updated in 2011. It has 9 elements. Name them. A: (1) self-sufficiency in growth signals (2) insensitivity to antigrowth signals (3) evasion of programmed death i.e. evasion of apoptosis (4) endless replication potential (5) tissue invasion and metastasis (6) sustained angiogenesis (7) inflammatory microenvironment (8) genetic instability (9) altered metabolism
+- A <one>melanoma</one> arises from ... ? <one>Pigment producing cells</one> - aka a pigment cell in the skin.
+- <one>Cancer cells</one> are defined by which two heritable properties? (1) they reproduce in defiance of the normal restraints on cell growth and division (2) they invade and colonize territories normally reserved for other cells
+- What is the main consequence of the <one>Warburg effect</one>? That <one>a cancer cell must import large amounts of Glucose</one>.
+- What means <one>anchorage independence</one> and why is this important in cancerbiology? <one>Anchorage independence</one> is the ability to proliferate in semi-solid medium. This is a good predictor of the ability of these cells to form tumors in-vivo.
+- <one>How many women</one> die per year due to <two>breast cancer</two>, in Europe? About <one>130.000</one>.
+- Nenne eine andere Bezeichnung für die <one>personalisierte Onkologie</one>. A: Die <one>Individualisierung von Krebstherapien</one>. 
+- The <one>Human herpesvirus B</one> <two>can cause which cancer</two>? <one>Kaposi's sarcoma</one>.
+- Name <one>two cellular proteins</one> to which the SV40 large T antigen can bind to. A: (1) <one>p53</one> (2) <one>pRB</one>
+- Was ist ein <one>Insulinom</one>? Dies ist ein Tumor der Beta-Zellen des Pankreas. Es kommt zu einer unkontrollierten Produktion und AUsschüttung von Insulin, mit dem Effekt das eine pathologische Hypoglykämie entsteht.
+- How do we call <one>the cellular homologues of viral oncogenes</one>? <one>Proto-oncogenes</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichung für den englischen Begriff <one>caretaker</one>? <one>Wächter des Genoms</one>.
+- Wann steigt die Konzentration an p53 an? Wenn ein DNA-Schaden auftritt. []
+- Name two eukaryotic DNA-replication initiation factors. A: (1) <one>Orc1</one> (2) <one>Cdc6</one>
+- Are <one>benign tumors</one> harmless? Not always: they could still <one>release high levels of hormones</one>, such as with "thyroid adenomas", leading to <two>hyperthyroidism</two>.
+- <one>ras</one> wird durch welches Molekül reguliert? <one>GDP</one>/<one>GTP</one>.
+- In an update published in 2011 to "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation", Weinberg and Hanahan proposed which two new hallmarks? (1) abnormal metabolic pathways (2) <one>evading the immune system</one>
+- Name the <one>four emerging Hallmarks</one> of cancer that were published in 2011. A: (1) Deregulating cellular energetics (2) Genome instability and mutation (3) Avoiding immune destruction (4) Tumor-promoting inflammation
+- Can <one>eIF4E</one> be considered to be <three>an oncogene</three>? Yes - but it is <one>a fairly weak one</one>.
+- In cancer biology: what do we mean when we use the word <one>immunoevasion</one>? Tumor cells develop mechanisms to escape attacks from the immune system.
+- What is <one>the second most common cancer in women worldwide</one>? The <one>cervical cancer</one>.
+- In 50% der Tumore sind Mutationen des p53-Gens betroffen. Wo genau liegen die meisten Mutationen hierbei innerhalb des p53-Gens? <one>95% liegen in der DNA-Bindungs-Domäne</one>, und sind vor allem <two>Punkt-Mutationen</two>.
+- Was sind <one>Kokanzerogene</one>? <one>Kokanzerogene</one> können die krebserzeugende Wirkung anderer Substanzen verstärken, sie sind aber nicht selbst in der Lage, Mutationen am Erbgut hervorzurufen.
+- A. W. für <one>Boder-Sedgwick syndrome</one>? <one>Ataxia telangiectasia</one>.
+- Why the name <one>LGR5</one>? <one>Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5</one>.
+- What is <one>Immunoediting</one>? This is a process by which a person is protected from cancer growth and the development of tumour immunogenicity by their immune system.
+- <one>Transforming growth factor beta</one> belongs to which family? To the <one>cytokines</one>.
+- Warum sind <one>Mikrotumore</one> eher klein? Weil Zellen oft keine Möglichkeit haben, Nährstoffe zu erlangen.
+- Name a famous cellular anti-apoptotic factor other than p53. A: <one>Bcl 2</one>.
+- Was für ein Typ ist das <one>retinoblastoma protein</one> (pRB)? pRB ist <one>ein Tumor-Suppressorgen</one>. []
+- <one>Breast cancer</one> often metastasiszes to ... which area in the body? The <one>brain</one>.
+- How many people will <one>suffer from cancer in their lifetime</one>? <one>1 in 3</one>. []
+- <one>Malign tumors</one> gain an additional characteristic compared to benign tumors. Which one is it? They can invade into <one>adjacent tissues</one>.
+- What is <one>the most common cancer type</one> in men, in <three>Austria</three>? <one>Prostate cancer</one>. []
+- What is the <one>overriding concern</one> for any company developing an <two>antiviral drug</two>? <mediumpurple>Safety</mediumpurple>. []
+- 3 Ras-Gentypen im Menschen? Mnemonic: <one>HaKuNa</one> (1) H-Ras (2) K-ras (3) <two>N-ras</two>
+- What exactly are <one>oncogenes</one>? These are <one>cancer-causing genes</one>.
+- List 3 evidences for <one>Multi-Step Tumorigenesis</one>. A: (1) Cancer is a disease of age (2) All Action-Reaction relationship can take a considerable amount of time (3) Tumor progression can be separated into distinct steps
+- Name the four Hallmarks of Cancer that were listed as <one>The Next Generation</one>, by using just one word each. A: (1) cloaking (2) burning (3) mutating (4) <one>chaos</one>
+- In Cancer Biology: what means <one>GWAS</one>? <one>Genome-wide association study</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study []
+- <cadetblue>LGR5</cadetblue> belongs to <one>which signaling pathway</one>? It belongs to the <one>Wnt signaling pathway</one>.
+- Why may <one>cellular motility</one> be important in cancer biology? This <one>allows cancer cells to spread</one> through tissues and migrate to distant organs.
+- Give another term for: "high level of genomic instability in cancer cells"? <one>Mutator phenotype</one>.
+- Who established the "seed and soil" Hypothesis? The surgeon <one>Stephen Paget</one>, in 1889.
+- What makes a malignant tumor "evil"? Its ability to <one>metastasize</one> (the spreading and migration).
+- What can happen if we methylate a promoter? This <one>can block the binding of transcription factors</one>.
+- Name two vaccines used in "HPV vaccination". A: (1) <one>Gardasil</one> (2) <one>Cervarix</one>
+- <one>SIRT6</one> ist was für ein Enzymtyp? SIRT6 ist eine <one>Histone deacetylase</one>. URL: http://www.jbc.org/content/288/43/31357
+- What are "passenger mutations"? These are mutations that are "carried along for the ride".
+- Which virus is associated with the "Kaposi sarkoma"? <one>Herpesvirus</one>.
+- What is more carcinogenic: <one>Benzidin</one> or <one>Aflatoxin</one>? <one>Aflatoxin</one>.
+- Das BCR-Abl Fusionsprotein können wir allgemein mit Hilfe welcher Substanzen behandeln? Mittels "Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren" (<one>TKI</one>).
+- For detecting cancer, tracing glucose in glycolysis is often a somewhat useful indicator. Name a substance that can be used to trace glucose here. A: FDN (<one>fludeoxyglucose</one>).
+- What is a "retinoblastom"? A (rare) <one>childhood cancer of the retina</one>.
+- Compare oncogene to tumor suppressor genes in regards to the distribution of missense mutation and truncating mutations. A: In an oncogene, missense mutations dominate. In a tumor suppressor gene, truncating mutations predominate.
+- Give a specific example for an "inherited cancer syndrome", affected by <cadetblue>p53</cadetblue>. A: The <one>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</one>.
+- Who or what causes "chicken sarcoma"? The <one>Rous sarcoma virus</one> (<gold>RSV</gold>).
+- Wieviel % der Krebserkrankungen haben eine erbliche Komponente? <one>2%</one>.
+- Tumors may constitute from different cells. In such a tumor we may find "CAF cells". What does CAF mean? <one>Cancer-associated fibroblast</one>.
+- Nenne eine <cadetblue>CML-Therapie</cadetblue> (das Medikament hierzu). A: <one>Gleevec</one>.
+- "Matrix metalloproteinases" (MMPs) consist of a multigene family of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling endopeptidases. They depend on what atom? <cadetblue>Zinc</cadetblue>.
+- Aside from the HeLa cell lines, name a cell line that is extensively used in "cancer biology", starting with the letter <one>N</one>. A: The <one>NIH 3T3 cell line</one>.
+- Can "transcription factors" cause a <one>demethylation of CpG-islands</one>? Yes.
+- Which "amino acid" is crippled in its biosynthesis in the bacterium used for the <violet>Ames test</violet>? The histidine operone.
+- How can we quickly identify "melanome metastases", to some degree of certainty, in mice? These carcinomas have a very <darkblue>distinctive, dark pigmentation</darkblue>.
+- Was heisst <violet>G1</violet>? <one>First gap</one>.
+- In what general population may we find an "increased risk of cancer"? In <one>immunocompromised patients</one>.
+- Wo (systemisch betrachtet) in einem CML-Patienten finden wir das BCR-ABL Fusionsprotein? In den <one>weißen Blutzellen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukozyt
+- Wieviele <violet>E2F Proteine</violet> gibt es in Säugetieren? <one>8</one>.
+- Welche Zellen mögen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Krebsentstehung besitzen? <one>Mesenchymale Zellen</one>.
+- The <cadetblue>p53 Protein</cadetblue> is normally bound to which other protein? p53 is normally bound to <one>MDM2</one>.
+- Angiogenesis prevents which two problems for a cancer cell? (1) <one>Hypoxia</one> (2) <one>Necrosis</one>
+- How do we call "accidental somatic mutations" in cancerous cells? <one>Passengers</one> or <one>passenger mutations</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_evolution_in_cancer
+- Nenne ein Hemmprotein von p53. A: <one>MDM2</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdm2
+- In which tumor(s) does <one>a translocation event</one> bring the Myc gene under the control of sequences that normally drive the expression of antibody genes in B lymphocytes? In <one>Burkitt's lymphoma</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkitt's_lymphoma
+- When was the "Knudson hypothesis" established? In the year <one>1971</one>.
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>Dysplasie</one> gemeint? Dies bezeichnet <one>sich abnormal teilende Zellen</one>.
+- In the human body, what does the <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> cause? It induces the killing of hepatocytes.
+- Which dangerous cells have <one>no GO phase</one>? <one>Cancer cells</one>.
+- In Cancer-biology, what means "HNPCC"? <one>Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer</one>.
+- In Cancer Biology, is it easier to inhibit or is it easier to activate? Usually it is <one>easier to inhibit</one>.
+- In Cancer Biology, give a specific example for a <violet>landscaper molecule</violet>. A: The PTEN "phosphatase and tensin homolog". Caretakes influence the surrounding of a cell by regulating the secretion of growth factors.
+- Metastatic tumors often secrete ... ? <one>Proteases</one>, which can degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix.
+- Was ist der Hauptunterschied zwischen "Metaplasie" und "Anaplasie"? (1) Metaplasie ist eine <one>reversible Zellumwandlung</one>. (2) Anaplasie ist eine <one>irreversible Zellumwandlung</one>.
+- During "tumor promotion", which general natural reaction contributes to it significantly? <crimson>Inflammation</crimson>. Several cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), can "promote the growth of a tumour".
+- Breast cancer can be caused by mutations in "BRCA1" and "BRCA2", but what is their normal role? They function in <one>DNA repair</one>.
+- What happens if we knock out both RB genes in a mouse? They <one>die during embryonic development</one>.
+- <one>Imatinib</one> wirkt gegen welche Krebsform? Gegen die <violet>Chronisch Myeloische Leukämie</violet> (CML).
+- Name a liquor that can decrease the risk of liver cancer. A: <one>Coffee</one>.
+- Give the most decisive evidence for the monoclonal origin of cancers. A: The <one>pattern of X chromosome inactivation</one>.
+- A. W. für "multiple-hit hypothesis"? <one>Knudson hypothesis</one>.
+- A. W. für "Gene, die einen Schutzwall gegen die Krebsentstehung" darstellen? <one>Gatekeeper</one>, auch <one>Tumor-Suppressorgene</one> genannt.
+- Was meinen wir mit "bystander effect" in der Tumorbiologie? Das auch benachbarte Zellen betroffen sind, z. Bsp. bei einer Ganciclovir-Therapie, und sterben können. Der Grund war das über die gap junctions auch Nachbarzellen gestorben sind. (Nicht replizierende Zellen waren jedoch nicht betroffen).
+- Mit welchen Verfahren lassen sich eine Amplifikation eines Gens oder eine vermehrte Expression eines Genprodukts an histologischen Schnitten nachweisen? Mit Hilfe von <one>FISH</one>.
+- Name the two major characteristics of malignant tumors. A: (1) <one>invasiveness</one> (2) <one>spread</one>
+- Wieviele Menschen (Stand: 2014) erkranken in Österreich jährlich an Krebs? Etwa <one>38.000</one>. URL: http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/gesundheit/krebserkrankungen/
+- Bei Krebserkrankungen, welches Gen ist häufig mutiert? Das <one>p53</one> Gen.
+- The "chronic myelogenous leukemia" (<cadetblue>CML</cadetblue>) is associated with which chromosome? <one>Chromosome 22</one>.
+- Name an oncogene carried by the <cadetblue>Rous sarcoma virus</cadetblue>. A: <one>v-Src</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Src
+- A. W. für "benign tumor"? <one>Adenom</one>.
+- Nenne ein Problem das betroffene Personen beim <one>multiplen Myelom</one> zeigen mögen. A: Knochenabbau, und dadurch bedingt, <cadetblue>Knochenbrüche</cadetblue>.
+- Why may low level of miRNAs be associated with cancer? <one>miRNAs may control oncogenes</one>; if less miRNAs are made then these oncogenes may become active.
+- "Human papillomavirus" are associated with which skin cancer? <one>Epidermodysplasia verruciformis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermodysplasia_verruciformis
+- Wieviel Prozent der Tumore haben exogene Ursachen? Etwa <one>75%</one>, angeführt durch <cadetblue>Tabakkonsum</cadetblue> (30%).
+- What is the immediate, visible result of apoptose? <one>Apoptotic, spherical bodies</one>.
+- Welche "Dignität" haben Krebszellen? (1) <one>benign</one> (2) <one>malign</one>
+- The majority of human tumors arises from ... ? <one>Epithelial tissues</one>.
+- The "Retinoblastom-Gene" is found on which chromosome? <one>13</one>.
+- The Retinoblastoma exists in which two forms? (1) <one>Familial</one> (2) <one>Sporadic</one>
+- Wie können wir <one>COX-2</one> inhibieren? Mittels <one>Aspirin</one>.
+- Wieviele "Bronchialkarzinom-Todesfälle" gibt es pro Jahr in Österreich? <one>3000</one>.
+- Name a human cancer that is caused by a polyomavirus. A: The <one>Merkel cell carcinoma</one>.
+- Die <cadetblue>Bcl-2 Familie</cadetblue> im Menschen macht normalerweise was? Bcl-2 inhibiert Apoptose.
+- What was the first "Tumor-Suppressorgen" discovered? This was the "Retinoblastoma gene" (<one>Rb gene</one>).
+- Who can degrade p53? <one>MDM2</one>.
+- The incidence of cancer is a function of ...? <one>Age</one>.
+- How can <violet>p53</violet> be protected from destruction by Mdm2? p53 can be phosphorylated.
+- Ist <violet>p53</violet> ein essenzielles Gen? Nein - Mäuse ohne p53 können leben, etwa 200 Tage lange.
+- Name one theory associated with "oncogene addiction". A: <one>Oncogenic Shock Theory</one>. It says that in normal cells, there are pro-growth signals and pro-apoptotic signals. Upon activation of an oncogene, all the other pathways are marginalized or not used anymore. The reason is that when many mutations occur, several other pathways become dysfunctional due to mutations accrued in their genes.
+- What is the "prototype for the multi-hit model of cancer induction"? The progression of the <one>colon cancer</one>.
+- How do we call the protein products of "tumor suppressor genes"? <one>Gatekeepers</one>.
+- Die <one>breast cancer mouse</one> wurde wann von Harvard patentiert? <one>1989</one>.
+- Compare the cellular architecture of a normal cell and a cancer cell. A: Tumor cells are usually <one>less organized</one> compared to the architecture seen in normal cells.
+- Rapamycin binds to which protein in a cell? <cadetblue>FKBP12</cadetblue>.
+- Name a bacterium that can increase the risk of some types of cancer. A: <one>Helicobacter pylori</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori
+- What is the most frequently mutated gene in human tumors? The <one>p53 gene</one>.
+- Was bedeutet die Abkürzung <violet>v-onc</violet>? Ein Onkogen das von einem Retrovirus getragen wird.
+- Wann können gutartige Tumore problematisch/lebensbedrohend sein? Durch ihre Lage im Gewebe, Größe, sowie eventuelle Hormonproduktion (Riesenwuchs).
+- What are "Reed-Sternberg cells"? These are large connective tissue cells found in lymphatic tissue indicative of <one>Hodgkins disease</one>.
+- Wie bekämpft das Immunsystem <one>Krebszellen</one>? Mittels <one>TNF-Produktion</one> - je größer der Tumor umso mehr TNF.
+- Both Bcl2 and BAX influence Apoptosis as Homodimers. How exactly? (1) BAX homodimer: <one>promotes apoptosis</one> (2) Bcl2 homodimer: <one>blocks apoptosis</one>
+- Was meinen wir mit dem <one>Warburg-Effekt</one>? Dies ist die bei vielen Krebszellen beobachtete Veränderung des Glukose-Stoffwechsels, durch den die Zellen ihre Energie hauptsächlich durch die Glykolyse mit anschließender Ausscheidung von Laktat gewinnen.
+- Some tumor cells may be able to take over MHC I-receptors from ... ? <orange>Platelets</orange>.
+- Bei etwa 50% der Melanom-Patienten (mit malignem Melanom) sind Mutationen im welchen Onkogen nachweisbar? Im <one>BRAF Onkogen</one>.
+- The oncogene v-ErbB is related to the EGC receptor, except that it has a deletion ... where? In its "N-Terminal domain".
+- Welchen unmittelbaren Effekt hat der Ausfall des Proteins pRB? Eine "unregulierte Zellproliferation" ist die Folge.
+- Give another term, in cancer biology, for "highly abnormal". A: "Dysplasis / Dysplasia". URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia
+- Metastases in the liver often arise in patients with ... what type of cancer? In patients with "colon carcinoma".
+- What role in cancer may the "palladin gene" have? When it is mutated, it contributes to the "spread of pancreatic cancer".
+- When was the "Warburg effect" discovered? In the year "1924".
+- Nenne einen einfachen Beweis, das Krebszellen klonaler Natur sind? Das "Muster der X-Chromosomeninaktivierung".
+- The "Hallmark of Cancer" was critisized in 2010, in Nature Reviews Cancer, as benign tumours also showed five of the hallmarks. Which hallmark was exempt from this? The "ability to invade and metastasize".
+- Besitzt das menschliche Genom "akute, transformierende Retroviren"? Nein.
+- Pharmafirmen mögen Retroviren auch ... nennen? "Onkoviren".
+- Name the four biggest risk factors for prostate cancer. A: (1) age (2) race / ethnicity (3) geographical location (4) family history
+- The "clonal diversification" that can be seen in cancer cells is due to ...? "High mutation rates".
+- Die Proliferationskapazität von Zellen ist stark wovon abhängig? Vom "Differenzierungsgrad dieser Zellen".
+- Was ist "Chromothripsis"? Eine Art "Chaos auf zellulärer Ebene". Abschnitte einzelner Chromosomen sind an unzähligen Stellen zerbrochen und werden quasi willkürlich wieder zusammengebaut. Manche Gene fehlen dadurch, andere sind vervielfältigt oder in falscher Orientierung eingebaut. Etwa 2% der Tumore weist dieses Muster auf.
+- Was ist die entscheidende Aberration aller Krebszellen? Der "Verlust über die Kontrolle des Zellwachstum".
+- Name four characteristic features of cancer cells. A: (1) loss of "contact inhibition" (2) may "evade apoptosis" (3) may have an "altered energy metabolism" (4) they may "remain undifferentiated"
+- Which two forms of the Retinoblastoma can we distinguish? (1) "Familial" (2) "Sporadic"
+- Was heisst "sarkos"? "Fleisch".
+- Sind Zellen in der "G0-Phase" metabolisch aktiv? Ja.
+- The majority of human tumors arises from ...? "Epithelial tissue".
+- Mutations in the EGF-Receptor are important in which human cancer? In the "glioblastoma" (human brain tumor)
+- In cancerbiology, what do we mean when we state "oncogene addiction"? Cancer cells are quite complex, but can often be "impaired by inactivation of a single oncogene". This provides a rationale for "molecular targeted therapy" and we may wish to find such a weakness in a cancer, the "Achilles heel".
+- Die meisten Krebsformen haben ihren Ursprung in ... ? "Stammzellen".
+- Name 5 viruses that can cause (or at least majorly contribute) to "human cancers". A: (1) Epstein-Barr virus (2) hepatitis B virus (3) hepatitis C virus (4) human papillomaviruses (5) human T-cell leukemia virus type I
+- Cigarette smoke is rich in a variety of mutagenic carcinogens, including 3-MC. What does 3-MC mean? "3-Methylcholanthrene".
+- Was heisst der Wortstamm "-om"? "Geschwulst".
+- Worldwide, at the least in the year 2015, what was the most common cause of cancer deaths? "Lung cancer", with about 1.6 million deaths.
+- Es gibt in einer Zelle "Phosphothreonine", "Phosphoserine" und "Phosphotyrosine". In welchem Prozentsatz? Mnemonic: S,T,Y (1) Phosphoserine:    "90%" (2) Phosphothreonine: "10%" (3) Phosphotyrosine: "0.05%" (jedoch erhöht sich dies auf 1-3% während einer Transformation durch onkogene Viren.
+- Give another term for the word "oncovirus". A: A "tumor virus".
+- Why the name "poly-oma"? It can induce the development of "many type of tumors" (the polyomavirus).
+- Colorectal cancer patients often have which additional cancer or cancer-related symptom? "Liver metastasis".
+- Warum können wir in Zusammenhang mit Krebs von einem "mutator phenotype" sprechen? Normale Zellen haben sehr selten Mutationen - Krebszellen haben hingegen sehr häufig Mutationen.
+- Ist die Bezeichnung "onko-gen" oder "proto-onko-gen" besser? Proto-Onkogen. Sie wirken "proliferationsfördernd" sobald sie zum Onkogen werden.
+- If we compare benign to malign tumors, what is the most characteristic, additional attribute of a "malign tumor"? Its ability to metastasize, that is, to "invade into adjacent tissues".
+- Why is pancreatic cancer so lethal? It has a propensity to "spread rapidly to the lymph nodes".
+- What does the "Knudson hypothesis" postulate? That cancer is the "result of accumulated mutations to a cell's DNA".
+- A. W. für "stratified" (englisch)? multilayered.
+- Gegen HPV, ist Gardasil oder Cervarix besser? Gardasil, da es "quadrivalent" wirkt, gegen HPV 6/11/16/18, wohingegen Cervarix nur bivalent ist, und gegen HPV 16/18 wirkt.
+- Give one specific example in how a "mutagenic component of food" can increase the risk of cancer. A: All "heterocyclic aromatic amines". They are created when proteins are cooked, and thus act as "food mutagens".
+- Wo wurden Onkogene entdeckt? In Viren.
+- Was passiert genetisch betrachtet wenn "caretaker-Gene" inaktiviert werden? Das respektive Genom wird instabil.
+- How many percent of all human tumors worldwide are caused by viruses? 15%.
+- Nenne 2 Varianten von ras. A: (1) K-ras Onkogen (2) N-ras Onkogen
+- From a chromosomal biology point of view, what may be dangerous for a person's proto-oncogenes? "Gene amplification", leading to additional copies of a proto-oncogene.
+- Say that you see some cells that do happen to have a mutated k-ras. What may be the implication clinically for such an affected individual? This individual may be more likely to have "colorectal cancer". 
+- k-ras is usually tethered to the cell membrane. How can this be possible though? Because k-ras has an "isoprene group" on its C-terminus.
+- k-ras is dangerous when it is mutated. Normally, what exactly is k-ras though? It is a GTPase, encoded by the "KRAS gene".
+- Nenne 6 verschiedene Ursachen für Krebs. A: (1) Viral (2) Bakteriell (3) Physikalisch wie UV-Strahlung (4) Chemisch (5) Mykotoxine (6) Hormone
+- A. W. für "Gehirntumor"? Glioblastom.
+- Why should we be sceptical for "cancer diets"? There is not sufficient evidence to state that they can cure cancer, which means that it can become harmful if people assume that it may help them.
+- Why is a mutant Ras protein a problem? Because it transmit signals into the nucleus constantly, leading to "uncontrolled cell division" - the hallmark of cancer.
+- Was ist die biologische Grundlage der hyperthermischen Behandlung von Tumoren? Temperaturen über 42.5°C sind cytotoxisch für die Tumorzellen.
+- What do we mean with the term "tumor progression"? This is when an initial mild disorder evolves into cancer.
+- Most common human cancer? Basal cell carcinoma of the skin.
+- The "Li-Fraumeni syndrome" increases susceptibility to cancer. Which gene is mutated? The TP53 tumor suppressor gene.
+- "Azathioprin" wird in der Krebstherapie eingesetzt. Wieso? Es stört die DNA-Synthese.
+- Name two major starting points for "Molecular Tumor Therapy". A: (1) Induction of apoptosis (2) Induction of differentiation
+- Name a "multi-kinase inhibitor". A: sorafenib
+- Which vaccine was the first vaccine that has been established to prevent cancer? The hepatitis B vaccine. 
+- What is "c-abl"? This is a "tyrosine kinase", involved in many signaling pathways, and tighly regulated.
+- Was bezeichnen wir mit "Grading" bei einem Tumor? Den Differenzierungsgrad des Krebsgewebes. 
+- Bei immunsupprimierten Transplantat-Patienten gibt es welches Problem? Ein deutlich gehäuftes Auftreten von Hauttumoren.
+- What do we mean with the term LOH ("loss of heterozygosity")? This is a gross chromosomal event that results in loss of the entire gene and the surrounding chromosomal region.
+- Wieso kann es zum "bystander Effekt", also den Tod von anderen Zellen, im Zuge einer Therapie kommen? Die toxischen Moleküle können über die "gap junctions" verbreitet werden.
+- What are the "caretaker genes"? Proteins responsible for maintaining the cellular genome.
+- The rate of "clonal evolution" depends on ...? The frequency with which new mutations arise.
+- Name the two main models of tumor growth. A: (1) The stochastic model (2) The cancer stem cell model
+- pRB can stall the cell cycle in the G1-phase. How? Through its negative interaction with E2F transcription factor.
+- Warum ist es für einen Patienten schlecht wenn ein Melanom dick wird? Da es so auch resistenter gegenüber "radiotherapy" und "chemotherapy" wird.
+- Which Ras Proteins exist in the human genome? Four of them. two K-ras, N-ras and H-ras.
+- Cellular Test Systems have what major drawback? They do not represent human tumors.
+- Rituximab can be used for the treatment of which cancer? B Cell Leukemias.
+- What are "Pericytes"? These are supportive cells that attach to vessel walls and prevent vessel collapse (PDGF-dependent).  
+- What is the role of the extracellular matrix? It holds cells together and maintains the three-dimensional structure of the body.
+- What are "proto-oncogenes"? These are genes that, when activated, promote cancer initiation and progression (= oncogenes).
+- If we inhibit COX-2 in "mammary carcinomas", what happens? Apoptosis is the outcome.
+- COX 2 is one target of NF-Kappa Beta. What effect does this have in a human body? It leads to Prostaglandin and NO Production.
+- Name one specific way how tumors establish "vasculature" (=Blutgefässe). A: Myofibroblasts release VEGF.
+- In Cancer Biology, what means "heterotypic signaling"? This type of communication occurs between dissimilar cell types. It is used to encourage proliferation.
+- Name a common, instrinsic factor that acts as a tumor promoter. A: Inflammation.
+- What means "de-differentiation"? Give an example of a cancer where we may find that. A: This means that a functional cell loses its functional role partially. Prostate cancer is an example for that.
+- How is a "cellular checkpoint" defined? This is a mechanism that halts progression through the cell cycle until a critical process such as DNA synthesis is completed.
+- The Retinoblastoma loss of heterozygosity can be detected by what technique? By RFLP Analysis.
+- In Cancer Biology, what is the "CGH-Technique"? This is "Comparative Genomic Hybridization".
+- Warum ist es für einen Tumor so wichtig p53 zu mutieren? Da diese Mutation eine Defizienz in der Fähigkeit zur DNA-Reparatur bedeutet. Dies erhöht das Risiko für weitere Mutationen und beschleunigt damit die Progression zur Malignität.
+- Was heisst "Bioaktivierung"? Substanzen die erst in der Zelle toxisch werden.
+- Mice without Rag2 genes show what? They can not create lymphocytes that trigger auto-immune diseases.
+- In Cancerbiology, what means "targeted therapy"? The target correlates with a specific therapeutic effect.
+- Name a big difference between v-src and c-src in chicken cells. A: The v-src contain introns.
+- Why is the START point so important in cancer biology? START controls entry into S phase. If it is dysfunctional, a cell may always re-enter the S-phase.
+- What happens if poly-ubiquitin is added to p53? It is degraded.
+- Chk1 or Chk2 can inactivate Cdc25. What happens as a result? The cells are arrested in the G2 phase.
+- CHK1 activation is somehow associated with DNA repair. It depends on ATR and on ATM. But what is the role of CHK1 in the S-phase and the G2-M checkpoint? It phosphorylates CDC25A and CDC25C.
+- Give one popular explanation of why cancer can be seen as a disease of old age. A: A lot of time is usually required for (several) mutations to occur.
+- In DNA-Repair, at double strand breaks, MRE11 and RAD50 bind to these sites. RAD50 acts as Dimer, then comes MRE11 in between, and one more molecule. What is its name? NBS1.
+- Unterscheide "carcinomas" und "sarcomas". A: Carcinomas when derived from endoderm or ectoderm, Sarcomas when derived from mesoderm.
+- Der Virus MLC (Moloney-Maus-Leukämie) erzeugt wann nach Infektion die ersten Tumore? 4-6 Monate nach der Infektion.
+- What is the biggest difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? Benign tumors do not metastasize.
+- Wie tragen allgemein HIF-1 und HIF2-2Alpha zum Überleben von Tumorzellen bei? Beide sind Transkriptionsfaktoren, die bei Sauerstoffmangel induziert werden.
+- Give 4 (broad) examples of carcinogens. A: (1) chemicals (2) radiation (3) viruses (4) chronic infections
+- In Cancer Therapy, what is the so called "Antitumor suicide gene therapy"? It is a strategy against cancer and consists of the introduction into cancer cells of a gene capable of converting a nontoxic prodrug into a cytotoxic drug.
+- In oncology, what is the "Warburg effect"? This is the observation that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol.
+- Which Cyclin drives the cell into the S-phase? The E-Cdk2 complex.
+- Was ist der "Warburg-Effekt" bzw. die "Warburg-Hypothese"? Dies ist eine von Otto Warburg entwickelte Hypothese zur Krebsentstehung. Bei seinen Beobachtungen an Krebszellen stellte er ungewöhnlich hohe Laktatwerte in Krebszellen fest - Milchsäure ist jedoch ein typisches Gärungsprodukt. Er folgerte daher, das Krebszellen bevorzugt ihre notwendige Energie aus der anaeroben Vergärung (Milchsäuregärung) von Traubenzucker gewinnen und daher Sauerstoff nicht unbedingt für das Krebswachstum notwendig sei.
+- What are <one>the three categories of tumorsuppressors</one>? (1) caretaker (2) gatekeeper (3) landscaper