studium 0.14.16

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Cellbiology Tag
+#
+# Cellbio tag. Cell Tag. Cel tag. Zell Tag. Celltag. Zellbiologie tag.
+# Zellbio tag. Akt tag. Aktuell tag.
+# Cell2 tag (wird eventuell später geändert).
+# Zellbiologie tierischer Zellen.
+#
+# Alles über den Zellzyklus wird in einer separaten Datei gesammelt.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- <one>How</one> can we <two>visualize</two> <one>lipid rafts</one> in membranes? Via the <one>AFM</one> (<two>atomic force microscope</two>).
+- Was ist <one>das gemeinsame Merkmal aller G-Proteine</one>? Eine <one>hoch konservierte G-Domäne</one>.
+- Das <one>KDEL Signal</one> lässt sich <two>wo finden</two>? Am <one>C-terminalen Ende</one> <two>einer Polypeptidkette</two>.
+- What is <one>the most important group of enzymes in the lysosome</one>? The <one>hydrolases</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>vier Motorproteinklassen</one> in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. A: (<one>D</one>, <one>K</one>, <one>M</one>, <one>P</one>) (1) <two>Dynein</two> (2) <two>Kinesin</two> (3) <two>Myosin</two> (4) <two>Prestin</two>
+- <one>Ribosomes</one> are one of the most abundant macromolecules in the cell. Compare the amount of ribosomes <two>per yeast cell</two> and <two>per HeLa cell</two>, in numbers. A: (1) <one>yeast cell</one>: about   <two>200.000 ribosomes</two> (2) <one>HeLa cell</one>:  about <two>3.000.000 ribosomes</two> [Warner, 1999]
+- <one>Humans</one> <two>have n actin genes in their genome</two>? <one>6</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heißt <one>ESCRT</one>? The <one>endosomal sorting complex required for Transport</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESCRT
+- <one>Welche Gene</one> <two>verzögern den Zellzyklus</two>? <one>Tumorsuppressor-Gene</one>.
+- <one>Acetyl-Coenyzm A</one> <two>besteht aus</two>? <one>Pyruvat</one> und Coenzym A.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>lösen</one>, in bezug auf die Zellbiologie? <one>Solubilisieren</one>.
+- <one>Welche Mikrotubuli</one> reichen von Zellpol zu Zellpol? Die <one>Polar-Mikrotubuli</one>.
+- In general: <one>which two types of cilia exist</one>? (1) <one>motile cilia</one> (2) <one>nonmotile cilia</one>, also called <two>primary cilia</two> []
+- Name <one>three skeletal proteins</one>, starting with the letters A,V,F. A: (1) Actin (2) Vinculin (3) <one>Fibronectin</one>
+- Name <one>a bacterial homolog of actin</one>. A: <one>MreB</one>.
+- Der <one>Zellzyklus</one> umfasst <two>7 prominente Punkte</two> (die <i>checkpoints</i> ausgenommen). <three>Welche sind dies</three>? A: <one>(G0)G1,R,S,G2,M,Cytokinese</one>.
+- Nenne eine <one>Pumpe</one> in den Membranen der Lysosomen. A: <one>H⁺ ATPase</one>.
+- Nenne <one>die drei Domänen</one> des <two>Glykophorin</two>. A: (1) <one>extrazelluläre Domäne</one> (2) <one>Transmembrandomäne</one> (3) <one>cytoplasmatische Domäne</one>
+- What is the <one>D</one> and <one>T</one> form of actin filaments? (1) D form ... bound ADP. (2) <one>T form</one> ... <two>bound ATP</two>.
+- Der <one>MPF</one> (<one>Mitosis-promoting factor</one>) <two>wird wann und wie aktiviert</two>? <one>MPF</one> wird am Ende der G2-Phase durch eine Phosphatase aktiviert, die eine hemmende (inhibitory) Phosphat-Gruppe entfernt.
+- <one>Phagosomes</one> have diameters that are determined by what exactly? The <one>diameters</one> <two>are determined</two> by the <three>size of the ingested particle</three>. In fact, <four>a phagosome can be almost as large as the phagocytic cell itself</four>!
+- <one>Chaperones</one> not only help during protein folding, but <two>may also reduce which unwanted side effect</two>? <one>Aggregation</one>, that is, the <two>accumulation of unfolded proteins</two>.
+- <one>Who</one> proposed the structure for the <two>nucleosome</two>? <one>Roger Kornberg</one>.
+- In cellbiology: what is a <one>CKI</one>? This is a <one>cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor</one>.
+- What does the enzyme <one>guanylate cyclase</one> produce? <one>cGMP</one>, which is <two>cyclic GMP</two>, synthesized from GTP. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclisches_Guanosinmonophosphat
+- What is meant with the term <one>translational frameshifting</one>? When the cell ignores a stop codon.
+- The <one>interaction of light with an object</one> changes the phase relationships of the light waves in a way that produces complex ... effects. A: <one>Complex interference effects</one>.
+- Nenne drei Vertreter des <one>Endomembransystems</one>. A: (1) Golgi (2) <one>Endoplasmatisches Retikulum</one> (3) <one>Lysosom</one>
+- Within a cell: <one>what happens</one> if a protein loses its KDEL Sequence? This protein can no longer be retained within the ER.
+- Define the term <one>heterotrophy</one>. A: At least two genetically different types of mitochondria (or other organelles) are present in the same cell.
+- <one>Why</one> is <two>Cholesterol</two> preferentially localized to the upper region of the lipid monolayer? Because <one>its hydroxyl-group prefers an aqueous environment</one>.
+- Why is the <one>26S-proteasome</one> important for a cell? (1) The <one>26S-proteasome</one> can <two>eliminate defective proteins</two>. (2) The <one>26S-proteasome</one> can <two>regulate cellular processes</two>.
+- Was heisst <one>mTOR</one> in der Zellbiologie? <one>Mammalian target of rapamycin</one> - beziehungsweise heutzutage <two>mechanistic target of rapamycin</two>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTOR []
+- What are <one>early endosomes</one>? Bubbles that exist directly after being pinched off. They are mildly acidic, so not much degradation has yet taken place. As the early endosome migrates deeper into the cell, it becomes more and more acidic and evolves into a late endosome.
+- Has <one>autophagy</one> <two>an important additional role aside from organelle turnover</two>? <one>Yes</one> - <two>autophagy</two> <one>is also an immune mechanism</one>. It plays a role in the destruction of <two>intracellular pathogens</two>.
+- The <one>smooth endoplasmic reticulum</one> is called <two>smooth</two> because ... ? Because it <one>lacks ribosomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum#Smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum []
+- Der <one>cis-golgi</one> ist <two>wem</two> zugewandt? Dem <one>ER</one>.
+- Name <one>an ER-resident protein</one> start with the letter "P". A: Protein disulfide isomerase (<two>PPI</two>).
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat die <two>Alpha-Subunit</two> bei G-Proteinen? Diese Untereinheit ist eine <one>GTPase</one>. Sie hydrolysiert GTP zu GDP; dies inaktiviert das G-Protein.
+- Which <one>energy form</one> does the cell use for actin and tubulin subunits? (1) <one>Actin</one>:   <two>ATP</two> (2) <one>Tubulin</one>: <two>GTP</two>
+- <one>ARF-GAP1</one> ist was für ein Proteintyp? Ein <one>GAP</one>: <two>GTPase-activating protein</two>.
+- Nenne <one>eine Substanz, die Mikrotubuli stabilisieren kann</one>. A: <one>Taxol</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclitaxel []
+- There is <one>a hormone</one> which <two>transforms</two> a tadpole into a frog. <three>Which hormone is that</three>? <one>Thyroid hormone</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormones []
+- What happens when the balance between cell proliferation and elimination goes awry? Cancer may form, aka be initiated.
+- Sind <one>Centrioles</one> wichtig? <one>Ja</one> - Centrioles organisieren die <two>mitotic spindle</two>.
+- Where can <one>Plasmalogens</one> commonly found? They can be found in cell membranes in the nervous systems.
+- In <one>Live Imaging</one> there is a <two>triangle of frustration</two>. What are the three major points? (1) <one>sensitivity</one>  aka <two>see something</two> (2) <one>speed</one>     aka <two>temporal resolution</two> (3) <one>nice picture</one> aka <two>spatial resolution</two>
+- <one>Which three general functions</one> may a <two>P body</two> have? (1) "storeage" (2) <one>repression</one> (3) <one>degradation</one>
+- In cell biology, we know the <one>ARP complex</one>. <two>What other name is given to this complex</two>? The Arp 2/3 complex.
+- Name <one>two</one> <two>degradation organelles</two>. A: (1) the <one>26S-Proteasome</one> (2) the <one>lysosomes</one> []
+- What means <one>cellular respiration</one>? This is how cells consume O₂ and produce CO₂.
+- <one>Wo</one> kann das Protein <two>Spectrin</two> gefunden werden? <one>Spectrin</one> ist ein <two>Cytoskelett-Protein</two>, das wir <three>in Erythrozyten</three> finden können. Es bildet unterhalb der Erythrozytenmembran ein Proteinnetzwerk.
+- In cellbiology: <one>what is the primary role of SNARE proteins</one>? <one>SNARE proteins</one> <two>mediate vesicle fusion</two>, that is, the exocytosis of cellular transport vesicles with the cell membrane at the porosome or with a target compartment, such as a lysosome.
+- <one>Which cell type</one> <two>expresses P-selectin constitutively</two>? The <one>endothelial cells</one>.
+- <one>How</one> does a <two>mRNA</two> with premature stop codons arise in humans, most likely? Due to <one>improper splicing</one>.
+- <one>Warum</one> führt die Zelle <two>Farnesylierungen</two> durch? Um Proteine fest mit der Membran zu assoziieren.
+- In nm: what is the <one>diameter</one> of a typical <two>Nuclear Pore Complex</two>? <one>125 nm diameter</one>.
+- What is the <one>cis-Golgi</one>? The cis-Golgi is the Golgi stack <one>closest to the ER</one>. []
+- An die <one>Kernmembran</one> schließt ... ? Das <one>Endoplasmatische Retikulum</one> (<two>ER</two>).
+- The <one>SRP</one> (<two>signal recognition particle</two>) can bind to ...? (1) The <one>ribosome</one> (2) the <one>signal sequence</one>
+- Give <one>three examples</one> for <two>G-protein-coupled receptors</two>. A: (1) muscarinic receptor (2) adrenergic receptor (3) <one>opioid receptor</one>
+- We can convert <one>heme</one> into which <two>photoreceptor pigment</two>? Into <one>phycocyanobilin</one>.
+- The <one>lysosomal membrane</one> has a single or double phospholipid bilayer? The <one>lysosomal membrane</one> has <two>a single phospholipid layer</two>. []
+- The <one>limiting separation</one> at which two objects appear distinct is called <two>the limit of resolution</two>. It depends, primarily, on which two features? (1) the <one>wavelength of the light</one> (2) the <one>numerical aperture of the lens system used</one>
+- In <one>cell biology</one>: what does the term <two>transfection</two> mean? The process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es eine Technik namens <one>FRAP</one>. <two>Wofür steht diese Abkürzung</two>? <one>Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_recovery_after_photobleaching []
+- Nenne <one>zwei Aufgaben der Peroxisomen</one>. A: (1) Oxidativer Abbau von Fettsäuren (2) Entgiftung von toxischen Substanzen
+- Was fungiert als <one>allgemeine, zelluläre Zeitschaltuhr</one> in einer Zelle? Die <one>G-Alpha Untereinheit mit gebundenem GTP</one>, in den trimeren G-Proteinen.
+- <one>Nucleoporins</one> contain in particular which two-aminoacid repeats? <one>FG</one>, aka <two>Phe</two>/<two>Gly repeats</two>. []
+- <one>Periphere Mikrotubuli</one> in den Geisseln sind miteinander wie verbunden? Durch das Motorprotein <one>Dynein</one>.
+- <one>Chromatin</one> besteht grob formuliert, in Prozent, aus? <one>45% Protein</one>, <two>55% DNA</two>. []
+- <one>Cells</one> can degrade proteins without lysosomes - give a proof for this statement. A: <one>Reticulocytes</one> lack lysosomes but can still selectively degrade abnormal proteins.
+- <one>Wann</one> setzt die Zelle das Enzym <two>Glutamine Synthetase</two> ein? Wenn die NH₃-Konzentration niedrig ist.
+- Nenne <one>vier Phospholipide</one>, die in einer Membran vorgefunden werden können. A: (1) Phosphatidylcholin (PC) (2) Phosphatidylserin (PS) (3) Phosphatidylinositol (PI) (4) Phosphatidylethanolamin (PE)
+- Wir können zwischen <one>primären Lysosomen</one> und <one>sekundären Lysosomen</one> unterscheiden. <two>Was ist das wichtigste Unterscheidungskriterium hierzu</two>? Die primären Lysosomen werden vom Golgi Apparat abgeschnürt. Sie enthalten neu gebildete, noch nicht aktive lysosomale Enzyme. Nimmt so ein Lysosom dann neues Material auf, das verdaut werden soll, so nennt man diese dann sekundäre Lysosomen.
+- Sind <one>Membranen einer Zelle</one> <two>Polymere</two>? <one>Nein</one> - Membranen sind <two>Aggregate</two>.
+- How do we call <one>the vesicles</one> derived from the <three>ER</three>? <one>Microsomes</one>. []
+- Nenne das wichtigste <one>monomere G-Protein</one>. A: Das <one>Ras-Protein</one>.
+- <one>What</one> does the cyclosome/anaphase promoting complex degrade? It degrades the <one>anaphase inhibitor</one>, via the <two>ubiquitin-degradation pathway</two>.
+- <one>Which protein</one> <two>separates</two> Ran-GTP from importin? The <one>RanBP</one> (<two>Ran Binding Protein</two>).
+- In cell biology: what happens if a late endosome combines with a lysosome? An <one>autolysosome</one> is created.
+- Nenne ein Protein, das an das <one>ER-Retentionssequenz</one> <two>KDEL</two> bindet. A: <one>BiP</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28769758
+- An <one>amoeba</one> (a single-celled protozoan) can have <two>a cell diameter of approximately ... </two>? <one>0.5 mm</one>. []
+- <one>Where</one> do we find the <two>SRP-Receptor</two>? In the <one>ER membrane</one>.
+- In general: <one>most cell lines used in cell culture technology were derived from</one>? From <one>tumors</one>. []
+- <one>How</one> was the function of the <two>SRP</two> (Signal recognition particle) discovered? By the study of processed and unprocessed immunoglobulin light chains.
+- <one>Eine bakterielle Zelle</one> <two>besitzt wieviele Moleküle ATP</two>? <one>1 Million</one>. []
+- Some <one>adhesive interactions</one> are adhesive, but why is this valid for the tendons? Because the connective tissue of tendons must transmit force to the skeleton.
+- Give <one>two examples</one> for materials cells like to adhere to. A: (1) <one>polylysine</one> (2) <one>extracellular matrix components</one>
+- The <one>MPF</one> (<two>maturation promoting factor</two>) consists of how many subunits? <one>2</one>. []
+- Zusätzlich zu den <one>Motorproteinen</one> stellen <two>zytoplasmatische Verbindungsproteine</two> eine Verbindung her, zwischen Mikrotubuli und anderen Zellorganellen. <three>Wie werden diese Proteine genannt</three>? <one>CLIPS</one> (<two>cytoplasmic linker proteins</two>).
+- In cell biology: <one>where</one> may one be able to find a <two>lagging head</two>? Within the cell, in <one>kinesin</one>.
+- Eine <one>typische Eukaryotenzelle</one> hat wieviele Proteasome pro Zelle? <one>30.000</one>.
+- The fibrillar extension of <one>NPC proteins</one> (<two>nucleoporins</two>) contain many repeats of <three>which two amino acids</three>? <one>FG-repeats</one> (<two>Phenylalanine</two> and <two>Glycine</two>). []
+- <one>Intermediärfilamente</one> können mit anderen Intermediärfilamenten eine Interaktion eingehen. <two>Wie geschieht dies</two>? Über <one>Heptad-Repeats</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit <one>zellulärer Proteinsortierung</one>? Wenn die Zelle <one>unterscheidet</one> wohin ein Protein geschickt werden soll.
+- Wozu braucht die Zelle <one>Mikrotubuli</one>? <one>Mikrotubuli</one> funktionieren wie <two>Schienen</two>, entlang derer Mitochondrien, Chloroplasten, Vesikel, Proteine und mRNA transportiert werden kann.
+- Name <one>three general roles</one> of <two>actin filaments</two>. A: (1) cellular contraction (2) <one>cellular migration</one> (3) <one>signalling</one>
+- Allgemein: <one>welche vier chemische Gruppen-Reste</one> können Aminosäuren haben? (1) sauer (2) basisch (3) <one>polar</one> (4) <one>unpolar</one>
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> <two>spaltet Vesikel in einer Zelle ab</two>? <one>Dynamin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin []
+- <one>The process</one> by which an aged organelle is degraded in a lysosome is called ... ? <one>Autophagy</one>. []
+- Is <one>membrane synthesis</one>, for a given cell, <two>templated by a parental structure</two>? <one>Yes</one>, always.
+- Die <one>Rab Proteinfamilie</one> haben allgemein <two>wieviele Untereinheiten</two>? <one>Eine</one>.
+- <one>Welches Enzym</one> erzeugt <two>dTMP</two>? <one>Thymidylate Synthetase</one> (ausgehend von dUMP).
+- Is <one>robustness</one> <two>in biological systems</two> always a good thing? <one>No</one>. <two>A robust cancer cell is NOT a good thing for the patient!</two> []
+- What are <one>cathepsins</one> and <two>where are they activated</two>? <one>Cathepsins</one> are <two>proteases</two> which become activated at the low pH found in Lysosomes.
+- The <one>clathrin triskelion</one> is specifically made up of ... ? <one>3 light chains</one> - and <one>3 heavy chains</one>. []
+- <one>Schleiden</one> and <one>Schwann</one> proposed the <two>cell doctrine</two> in which year? In the year <one>1838</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Genprodukte</one> die für die Bildung des Autophagosoms wichtig sind. A: (1) Atg1 Kinase Komplex (2) <one>PI3K</one>
+- Nenne einen Prozess, mit dem man <one>RNA-Aptamere herstellen kann</one>. A: <one>SELEX</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_evolution_of_ligands_by_exponential_enrichment []
+- <one>Plant RNA editing</one> <two>modifies what to what</two>? Plant RNA editing modifies <one>cytidines</one> (C) to <one>uridines</one> (<two>U</two>), at specific sites in the transcripts. []
+- <one>Welche zwei Proteine</one> sind für die <two>Stabilität des Zellkerns</two> einer eukaryoten Zelle extrem wichtig? (1) <one>Typ-A-Lamin</one> (2) <one>Typ-B-Lamin</one>
+- In der molekularen Zellbiologie: was ist <one>Wee1</one>? <one>Wee1</one> ist eine <two>nuclear kinase</two> (ist also im Zellkern vorzufinden), die zur Ser/Thr Familie der Proteinkinasen gehört, in der fission yeast "Schizosaccharomyces pombe". Die molekulare Masse ist 96 kDa. Ihre Aufgabe ist es den Verlauf des Zellzyklus zu regulieren. Zudem kann es die Zellgrösse beeinflussen, indem sie den Eintritt in die Mitose verzögert, durch hemmende Interaktion mit Cdk1- daher der Name "Wee".
+- Nenne eine Grenze der Lichtmikroskopie. A: Die <one>Abbe-Grenze</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufl%C3%B6sung_(Mikroskopie)#Abbe-Limit
+- Nenne <one>die drei Typen von Membranrezeptoren</one>. A: (1) G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (2) Rezeptortyrosinkinasen (3) Liganden-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle
+- Der Mensch hat wieviele Zellen? <one>10¹⁴</one>.
+- Name the <one>two classes</one> of <two>microtubule-based motors</two>. A: (1) <one>Dynein</one> (2) <one>Kinesin</one> []
+- In der Zellbiologie: welche Rolle spielen <one>multivesicular bodies</one>? Sie spielen eine Rolle beim Transport von ubiquitinierten Proteinen und Rezeptoren in ein Lysososome.
+- Warum der Name <one>F-Aktin</one> und <one>G-Aktin</one>? (1) <one>F-Aktin</one>: <two>filamentöses Aktin</two> (2) <one>G-Aktin</one>:  <two>globuläres   Aktin</two>
+- How are the cells - in general - be called that secrete their own signals into the bloodstream? <one>Endocrine cells</one>. These cells will <two>secrete hormones</two>. []
+- What is the <one>primary function</one> for <two>intermediate filaments</two> for a cell? To <one>provide mechanical strength</one>. []
+- <one>Welche Cytoskelett-Elemente</one> sind <two>apolar</two>? Nur die <one>Intermediärfiamente</one>.
+- <one>Centrioles</one> are essential for development of ... ? <two>cilia</two> and <two>flagella</two>.
+- Nenne ein <one>Kompartiment</one>, das man nur in (manchen) Eukarya findet - ausgenommen <two>Chloroplasten</two>, <two>Nucleus</two> und <two>Mitochondrien</two>. A: Die <one>pulsierende Vakuole</one>.
+- The main phospholipids in most animal cell membranes are ...? The <one>phosphoglycerides</one>, also called <two>glycerophospholipids</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerophospholipid []
+- <one>Ferroptosis</one> is <two>a type of programmed cell death</two>. In this type, we can see the accumulation of ... ? <one>lipid peroxides</one>. TODO: ADD MISSING URL HERE.
+- <one>Ras proteins in the cytoplasm</one> tend to have what at their carboxy termini? <one>Lipid groups</one>.
+- <one>Where inside of a cell</one> can we find the <two>Cajal bodies</two>? In the <one>nucleus</one>.
+- The <one>Integral of viable cells</one> (IVC) is required for determination of <two>cell-specific rates</two>. It is calculated from ... ? The <one>growth curve</one>.
+- <one>Which class of enzymes</one> trigger the events in the cell cycle? <one>Kinases</one>. []
+- In cell biology, in the <one>chaperone-mediated variant of autophagy pathway</one>: <two>which complex</two> is the most important one? The <one>hsc70-containing complex</one>.
+- Die gängige Bezeichnung für <one>Mitochondrien</one> ist ... ? <one>Kraftwerke der Zelle</one>. []
+- Inside cilia there is a <one>microtubule-based cytoskeleton</one>. <two>What is its name</two>? The <one>axoneme</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axoneme
+- What do the <one>MPRs</one> (<two>Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptors</two>) bind? <one>MPRs</one> bind to newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and deliver them to pre-lysosomal compartments.
+- <one>Autophagy</one> is induced <two>upon nutrient depletion</two> - or alternatively, <three>treatment with which particular drug</three>? With <one>Rapamycin</one>. []
+- Give another term for the <one>Protein kinase A</one>. A: <one>cAMP-dependent protein kinase</one>.
+- Name <one>an enzyme</one> that helps in <two>protein folding</two>. A: The <one>protein disulfide isomerase</one>.
+- <one>G-Proteine</one> besitzen <two>drei Untereinheiten</two>. Wie können wir experimentell die Alpha-Untereinheit dauerhaft binden und somit einen Effektor blockieren oder dauerhaft aktivieren? Durch Gabe von <one>schwefelsubstituiertem GTP</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei Typen</one> an <two>Membranproteinen</two>. A: (1) <one>peripher</one> (2) <one>integral</one> (3) <one>glykolipid-verankert</one>
+- What does <one>phagocytosis</one> literally mean? <one>Cellular eating</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis []
+- What is the purpose of the <one>caveolae</one> within a given cell? They <one>can protect a cell from stretching</one>. (<two>Caveola mechanosensing</two>) []
+- <one>NSF</one> is an <two>ATPase</two>, involved in membrane fusion. How many subunits does it have? <one>NSF</one> is <two>homohexameric</two>, so it has <three>six subunits</three>.
+- Name <one>two</one> <two>ER-resident chaperones</two>. A: (1) <one>Calnexin</one> (2) <one>Calreticulin</one>
+- Does <one>FRAP</one> (<two>fluorescence recovery after photobleaching</two>) <three>make use of GFP proteins</three>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- What is <one>Transdifferentiation</one>? <one>Transdifferentiation</one> is <two>the conversion of a differentiated cell type into another differentiated cell type</two>.
+- Was heißt <one>die Zellmembran ist asymmetrisch</one> ganz konkret, mit Beispiel? Nehmen wir das Mitochondrium heran - Cytochrom c der Atmungskette ist aussen, ATP-Synthase ist innen.
+- In der Zelle führt die <one>TPST</one> (<one>tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase</one>) im Golgi Apparat <two>Sulfonierungen</two> (Sulfation) durch. <three>Woher stammt aber der Schwefel</three>? Der Schwefel stammt von <one>PAPS</one> (<one>3'-Phosphoadenosine-5-Strich-Phosphosulfate</one>).
+- Give another name for the <one>centrosome</one>. A: <one>MTOC</one>: <two>Microtubule organizing center</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center
+- What is the main task of <one>SNARE proteins</one>? <one>SNARE proteins</one> mediate <two>fusion of lipid bilayers</two>.
+- <one>Wo</one> genau spalten die <two>Caspasen</two>? Spezifisch <one>hinter</one> <two>Aspartatresten</two>. []
+- <one>Cargo</one> within the cell can be <two>sent via vesicles</two>, which must be cleave off during the <three>scission</three> step. Which enzymes catalyze this reaction usually? <one>GTPases</one>, such as <two>dynamin</two>.
+- <one>Telomere fusion</one> may, in general, lead to ... ? <one>Chromosomal instability</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1993879/ []
+- <one>Cytokines</one> can convey to the cells signals to induce ... which four different cell-specific phenomena, all starting with the word "cell")? (1) <one>cell proliferation</one> (2) <one>cell specialization</one> (3) <one>cell interaction</one> (4) <one>cell movement</one>
+- <one>Wieviele Ribosomen</one> könnte man in eine <two>Mycoplasma-Zelle</two> (im Durchmesser) packen? <one>10</one>.
+- A typical animal cell is <one>n µm in diameter</one>. A: <one>10-20 µm in diameter</one>.
+- Name <one>a domain</one> in an <two>initiator procaspase</two>. A: <one>CARD</one> - the <two>Caspase recruitment domain</two>.
+- Aus welchen <one>vier Untereinheiten</one> besteht <two>Cohesin</two>? (1) <one>SMC1</one> (2) <one>SMC3</one> (3) <one>Scc1</one> (4) <one>Scc3</one> []
+- <one>Wo</one> kann das Protein <two>RanGAP1</two> gefunden werden? Auf der <one>Außenseite des Zellkern</one>. []
+- What is <one>the most typical trigger of autophagy</one>? <one>Nutrient starvation</one>. <two>Lack of any type of essential nutrient can induce autophagy</two>. In yeast, nitrogen starvation is the most potent stimulus. []
+- Nenne ein (physiologisches) Kriterium, mit dem wir zwischen <one>Nekrose</one> und <one>Apoptosis</one> relativ einfach unterscheiden können. A: Die <one>Nekrose</one> geht mit einer <two>Entzündungsreaktion</two> einher. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekrose []
+- <one>Proteine</one> können an den Golgi-Komplex gelangen und von dort, über Vesikel, in welche 3 Zielareale gelangen? (1) in <one>Lysosomen</one> (2) an die <two>Plasmamembran</two> (3) "ausserhalb der Zelle"
+- <one>Which three components</one> do we require for <two>a human artificial chromosome</two>? (1) <one>centromere</one> (2) <one>telomeres</one> (3) <one>origin of replication</one> []
+- Das <one>clathrin triskelion</one> besteht aus ... ? Es ist ein <one>Hexamer</one>, bestehend aus <two>3x schweren Ketten</two> und <two>3x leichten Ketten</two>. []
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat das Protein <two>Ran</two>? <one>Ran</one> setzt das Importprotein im Zellkern frei, wenn es in seiner aktiven Form vorliegt (also als Ran/GTP).
+- Es gibt nicht nur <one>GFP</one> sondern auch <two>CFP</two> sowie <two>YFP</two>. Was heisst das? (1) <one>CFP</one> ist <two>cyan fluorescent protein</two>. (2) <one>YFP</one> ist <two>yellow fluorescent protein</two>.
+- What is <one>the difference</one> between <two>budding</two> and binary fission? Both are forms of asexual reproduction. Binary Fission is the splitting of the cell with mitosis followed by cytokinesis. Budding is the outgrowth of a new cell from the surface of an old one.
+- Wie nennen wir den <one>G1-Kontrollpunkt</one> in Säugetierzellen? <one>Restriktionspunkt</one> (<two>R-Punkt</two>). []
+- <one>Wo genau</one> kann <two>Sphingomyelin</two> gefunden werden? In der <one>Myelinscheidenmembran der neuronalen Axone</one>.
+- <one>Tubulin subunits</one> (Alpha and Beta) <two>can bind what exactly</two>? <one>GDP</one> or <one>GTP</one>. []
+- How can a <one>lysosome</one> <two>maintain its acidic pH</two>? It contains a H⁺ pump in its membrane, which uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump more H⁺ into the lysosome.
+- <one>What activity</one> does <two>Dynamin</two> have? <one>Dynamin</one> has <two>a GTPase activity</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin
+- <one>With which technique</one> could we <two>prove that signal sequences in proteins are important</two>? With a <one>transfection experiment</one>.
+- Can <one>a cell</one> regulate the export and import of shuttling proteins? <one>Yes</one>, via phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of residues adjacent to NLS or NES signals, resulting in blockade/exposure of signals.
+- Name one big <one>difference</one> between the lumen of a <two>lysosome</two> and the <two>cytoplasm</two>. A: The lumen of a lysosome is <one>more acidic</one> than the cytoplasm. []
+- Nenne <one>ein kleines G-Protein</one> das mit dem Buchstaben <two>A</two> beginnt. A: <one>Arf</one> (<two>ADP ribosylation factors</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor []
+- In cell biology: what does the abbreviation <one>Nups</one> stand for? <one>Nucleoporins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin
+- Nenne die <one>drei Komponenten</one> beim Aufbau eines Lipidmoleküls. A: (1) <one>Cholin</one> (2) Phosphat (3) <one>Glycerin</one>
+- <one>Welche zwei Enzyme</one> konvertieren <two>dUTP</two> zu <three>dTTP</three>? (1) <one>Phosphatase</one> (2) <one>Kinase</one>
+- Welche <one>zwei verschiedene Arten</one> von <two>Membrantransport</two> gibt es? (1) Transport durch die Membran hindurch (2) Transport innerhalb der Membran selbst (zum Beispiel Elektronentransport)
+- <one>In welche Richtung</one> wandern jeweils COP I und COP II Vesikel? COP I wandert von trans-Golgi zu cis-Golgi, COP II wandert in die gegengesetzte Richtung also vom rauhen ER hin zum Golgi Apparatus.
+- <one>Proteins can move from one intracellular compartment to another</one>, <two>by which three mechanisms</two>? (1) <one>gated transport</one> (2) <one>protein translocation</one> (3) <one>vesicular transport</one>
+- Eine typische <one>Eukaryotenzelle</one> hat etwa n Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPC), von-bis? Etwa <one>3000-5000 dieser NPCs</one>.
+- Name a way how to experimentally measure DNA replication. A: Make use of <one>[3H] thymidine</one>.
+- Was macht das <one>Tus Protein</one>? Das Tus Protein blockiert die <one>DnaB-Helikase</one> und bringt damit die Wanderung der Replikationsgabel zum Stillstand.
+- For any given eukaryotic cell: <one>when</one> is <two>supercoiling</two> extremely important? When it comes to the <one>replication of DNA</one>. []
+- How comes a cell manages to counteract <one>incorrect stop codons</one>? This is achieved by a process called <one>NMD</one> (<two>nonsense mediated decay</two>). []
+- Name <one>three detergents</one> used in cellbiology. A: (1) <one>SDS</one> (2) <one>Triton X-100</one> (3) Beta-octylglucoside
+- <one>What happens</one> when we increase the concentration of detergents above the CMC? Some of the <one>detergent molecules</one> will form <two>micelles</two>. []
+- The Adaptor protein <one>Epsin</one> in a cell helps which other molecule? <one>Clathrin</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> has a <two>DEAD box motif</two>? <one>RNA Helicases</one>.
+- A single <one>gap junction channel</one> is <two>composed of two ... </two>? <one>Connexons</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexon []
+- Nenne einen Hemmer von <one>MDM2</one>. A: Das <one>Arf-Gen Produkt</one>.
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> haben die <two>Cajal-Körper</two>? Sie synthetisieren kleine Kern-RNAs (<one>small nuclear RNAs</one>).
+- <one>Wie</one> entsteht ein <two>Autolysosom</two>? Durch <one>Fusion</one> eines <two>Lysosom</two> mit einem <two>Autophagosom</two>.
+- Name <one>two</one> <two>microtubule organizing centers</two>. A: (1) <one>centrosome</one> (2) <one>centrioles</one>
+- <one>Clathrin</one> besteht aus? 3 leichten und 3 schweren Ketten. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin []
+- Name something in a cell that is <one>bipolar</one>. A: The <one>mitotic spindle</one>, also called <two>the spindle apparatus</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_apparatus []
+- Name <one>a trivial difference</one> between a <two>late endosome</two> and an <two>early endosome</two>. A: A <one>late endosome</one> <two>is larger than</two> the <three>early endosome</three> - thus, <four>size is a key difference here</four>.
+- Was passiert bei Zugabe von ATP zu <one>Actinmonomeren</one>? Es erfolgt eine <one>Konformationsänderung in Actin</one>; dieses assoziiert mit 2 anderen Actin-Monomeren. Dies kann der <two>Beginn für die Entstehung eines Actin-Filaments</two> sein.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde das <two>Fluid-Mosaic-Modell</two> vorgeschlagen? <one>1972</one>.
+- <one>Pro Sekunde</one> produziert ein erwachsener Mensch wieviele Erythrocyten? About <one>2.000.000</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei viel verwendete Detergenzien</one> für beziehungsweise gegen eine <two>biologische Membran</two>. A: (1) <one>Triton X-1000</one> (2) <one>Natriumdodecylsulfat</one>
+- <one>Chaperone-mediated autophagy</one> (CMA) involves the recognition by ... which complex? The <one>hsc70-containing complex</one>.
+- For its synthesis, <one>Cyclin D</one> <two>requires which specific transcription factor</two>? <one>E2F</one>. []
+- Do <one>plant cells</one> <two>make use of the KDEL sequence</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Welches <one>radioaktive Isotop</one> kann genutzt werden, um die Teilungsaktivität von proliferierenden Zellen zu beobachten? <one>P³²</one>.
+- Angenommen wir sehen <one>zwei Zellen</one> - eine kleinere Zelle und eine größere Zelle. Wir wissen das eine davon eine Stammzelle sein muss. Welche würden wir dann annehmen wäre die Stammzelle? Die größere der beiden Zellen.
+- Was sind <one>speckles</one>? <one>Protein-Aggregate</one> <two>im Zellkern</two>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/locations/SL-0186 []
+- <one>Nebulin</one> is an actin-binding protein. It is a very large protein. <two>Up to how many actin monomers can Nebulin bind</two>? It can bind bind up to as many as <one>200 actin monomers</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie ist eine <one>Darmepithelzelle</one> ein Beispiel für eine <two>polarisierte Zelle</two>. Welche drei Seiten können wir hier unterscheiden? (1) <one>Apikal</one> (2) <one>Lateral</one> (3) <one>Basal</one>
+- <one>Rab Proteins</one> are anchored on two cysteins in their C-terminus through which group? Through <one>prenyl groups</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> vor allem könnte ich das Protein <two>Dynein</two> finden? In <one>Flagellen</one> oder <one>Spermatozoa</one>.
+- Can <one>Integrins</one> bind to <two>fibronectin</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Give an example for <one>gated transport</one> in cell biology. A: The transfer of material through <one>nuclear pore complexes</one>.
+- Are <one>phospholipid membranes</one> permeable to water? <one>No</one>, they are <two>impermeable to water</two>. []
+- What is <one>the RNA component of SRP</one>? The <one>7SL-RNA</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle_RNA
+- What is meant with the expression <one>non-bilayer lipids</one>? These are lipids that can not build a bilayer of lipids.
+- Give another (<i>fancier</i>) term for <one>phagocytosis</one>. A: <one>Cellular cannibalism</one>. []
+- <one>cdc42</one> <two>belongs to which family</two>? The <one>Rho family</one>.
+- Do <one>chloroplast</one> <two>contain ribosomes</two>? <one>Yes</one>. They are smaller than the regular ribosomes though. []
+- Name <one>a big advantage</one> that <two>multicellularity</two> brought. A: Bigger organisms are able to access more nutrients than do unicellular organisms.
+- Nenne <one>drei Beispiele</one> für <two>Nucleoside</two>. A: (1) Cytidin (2) Uridin (3) <one>Guanosin</one>
+- Warum heissen <one>G-Proteine</one> so (das <one>G</one> in ihrem Namen)? Weil sie <one>Guanin-Nukleotide</one> binden. []
+- <one>Phospholipid molecules</one> also include <two>choline</two>. Is choline hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Choline is fairly <one>hydropholic</one>; it is part of the hydrophilic head group of phospholipids as well.
+- <one>Incoming transport vesicles</one> move to the Golgi apparatus. Where to first? Towards the <one>cis-face</one> of the Golgi apparatus.
+- Wieso kann <one>Chlorophyll</one> mit Lipiden assoziieren? Weil es eine <one>Alkoholseitenkette</one> besitzt.
+- In <one>LDL endocytosis</one>: what does <one>LDL</one> stand for? <one>Low Density Lipoprotein</one>. []
+- <one>How many nucleosomes</one> does <two>a single, diploid human cell have</two>? It should have about <one>30 million nucleosomes</one>. []
+- <one>What cellular effect</one> may be caused by a <two>phenobarbital-treatment</two>? This will <one>stimulate liver cell division</one> - and thereby <two>liver enlargement</two>.
+- An <one>animal cell</one> <two>contains about n protein molecules</two>? 10¹⁰ protein molecules.
+- <one>Cadherins</one> are linked to the <two>actin cytoskeleton</two> by ...? <one>Catenins</one>.
+- In <one>prokaryotic cells</one> (such as <i>E. coli</i>), what is the most abundant membrane Phospholipid? <one>Phosphatidylethanolamine</one>.
+- The Glucose-Transporter (<one>GLUT</one>) is an example for what kind of transporter? <one>GLUT</one> is a <two>uniporter transporter protein</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_transporter
+- In cellbiology: what is <one>Dynamin</one>? <one>Dynamin</one> is <two>a large GTPase</two>, involved in the scission of nascent vesicles from parent membranes.
+- <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte das Phänomen <two>splicing</two>? <one>Joan Steitz</one>. URL: https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/steitz/ []
+- <one>The longest cells</one> are typically ... ? <one>Nerve cells</one>, aka <two>neurons</two>. <three>Some of these neurons stretch from spine to toe</three>. []
+- <one>How many different cell types</one> can we find in the human body? <one>210</one>. []
+- In humans: <one>Phospholipase C</one> <two>activates which cellular enzyme</two>? <one>Proteinkinase C</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase_C#Biological_function
+- <one>How</one> are  the proteins that make up the <two>nuclear pore complex</two> called? The <one>nucleoporins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin []
+- Was findet am <one>glatten ER</one> statt? Dies ist allgemein <one>der Ort der Lipidsynthese</one>. []
+- <one>How</one> was <two>autophagy</two> initially called? <one>Autolysis</one>.
+- <one>Taxol</one> <two>bindet an welche Tubulin-Form</two>? <one>Taxol</one> bindet an <two>Beta-Tubulin</two>, anstelle von GTP. []
+- What are <one>Neocentromeres</one> and <two>how do they originate</two>? <one>Neocentromeres</one> are ectopic centromeres that originate occasionally from noncentromeric regions of chromosomes.
+- <one>Wann</one> gibt <one>Aequorin</one> <three>Licht ab</three>? Bei Zugabe von (geringen Mengen) <one>Ca²+</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>ERES</one> in der Zellbiologie? <one>ER export sites</one>. TODO: ADD MISSING URL HERE.
+- In cell biology: what does the term <one>photobleaching</one> mean? Photobleaching is the photochemical destruction of a fluorophore.
+- Most <one>laminopathies</one> (== <two>diseases of the lamina</two>) are associated with ..., in a cellular context? A mutant version of lamin A.
+- <one>Inositol phospholipids</one> can be <two>phosphorylated at how many positions</two>? <one>3</one> - at <two>3'</two>, <two>4</two>' and <two>5</two>'. []
+- <one>Superresolution microscopy</one> <two>may resolve the wavelength range from n nm to n nm</two>? From about <one>40nm</one> to <one>120nm</one>, give or take.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde der <two>Golgi-Apparat</two> entdeckt? <one>1898</one>.
+- Do <one>microfilaments</one> have a plus and minus end? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Durch <one>Anreicherung nicht abbaufähiger Materialien in der Zelle</one> entstehen ...? <one>Residualkörper</one>. []
+- Was ist ein <one>Tendinozyt</one>? Ein <one>Tendinozyt</one> ist eine Fibroblastenart, die im straffen kollagenen parallelfaserigen Bindegewebe von Sehnen vorkommt.
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> besitzen viel an <two>Albumin-mRNA</two>? <one>Hepatocyten</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte []
+- The <one>Ras protein</one> has a slow intrinsic ... activiy. A: It has a slow intrinsic <one>phosphatase-activity</one>, converting GTP -> GDP.
+- Nenne <one>ein Protein das den Zellzyklus blockieren kann</one>. A: <one>p21</one>. []
+- For the <one>retention of a protein in the lumen of the ER</one>, <two>which three aminoacids are important</two>, linked together? <one>K-D-Q</one>.
+- Nenne die <one>vier Bewegungsmöglichkeiten von Phospholipiden</one>. A: (1) "flexion" (2) "rotation" (3) "laterale Diffusion" (4) <one>transversale Diffusion</o
+- <one>Which organelle</one> <two>produces Lysosomes</two>? The <one>Golgi Apparatus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus []
+- Wie wird die Hülle einer Muskelfaser genannt? <one>Sarkolemma</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskulatur []
+- <one>Mikrotubuli</one> besitzen eine polare Struktur. Welchen funktioniellen Unterschied gibt es zwischen dem +-Ende und dem -Ende? Das plus-Ende hat eine höhere Geschwindigkeit für Ein- und Abbau von Untereinheiten. Am minus-Ende erfolgt der bevorzugte Abbau.
+- Hohe Apertur, niedrige Auflösung? Nein! Gute Auflösung. []
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat das <two>Tat protein export system</two> und was heisst <three>tat</three> überhaupt? <one>tat</one> heißt <two>twin arginine translocase</two>. Es transportiert gefaltete Proteine aus dem Cytoplasma hinaus.
+- What is the <one>coatomer</one> in cell biology? The <one>coatomer</one> is <two>a protein complex that coats membrane-bound transport vesicles</two>.
+- The <one>KDEL sequence</one> <two>in peptides</two> is located on the N-terminus or the C-terminus? It is located on the <one>C-Terminus</one> of an amino acid sequence of a protein. []
+- Most <one>animal cells</one> have a <two>covering</two> over the plasma membrane. <three>How is this covering called</three>? <one>Glycocalyx</one>.
+- Wenn wir <one>Nocodazol</one> zu Zellen geben, <two>was passiert dann</two>? <one>Arrest in der Mitose</one>.
+- <one>Welche Reaktion</one> führt die <two>Luciferase</two> genau durch? Nenne Input und Output. A: <one>Luciferin</one> + ATP + O2 -> "Oxyluciferin" + AMP + CO2.
+- Das <one>Porin</one>-Protein <two>in Mitochondrien</two> erlaubt einen Durchtritt von Molekülen bis zu n Dalton durch? <one>600 Dalton</one>.
+- Give an example for a <one>quaternary RNA Structure</one>. A: The <one>ribosome</one>. []
+- In a <one>hepatocyte</one>, name <two>the two major constituents</two> belonging to an intracellular compartment, in regards to the <three>total cell volume</three>. A: (1) <one>Cytosol</one>     (<two>54%</two>) (2) <one>Mitochondria</one> (<two>22%</two>)
+- For <one>clathrin-coated buds</one>, which protein assembles at the neck of the bud? <one>Dynamin</one>.
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> ist <two>Bestandteil der Centrosomen</two>? <one>Gamma-Tubulin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuline#.CE.B3-Tubulin
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> haben die <two>RAB-Proteine</two> in der Zelle? Sie überprüfen die Spezifität des Andockens eines Vesikels an die Zielorganelle.
+- Give another word for a normally shaped <one>red blood cell</one>. A: A <one>discocyte</one>.
+- Welche <one>zwei wichtige Aufgaben</one> hat <two>Ran</two>/<two>GTP</two>? <one>RanGTP</one> hilft beim Import und Export von Proteinen in und aus dem Nukleus.
+- <one>Welche drei Kräfte</one> dominieren bei der <two>Ligandenbindung</two>? (1) <one>ionische Wechselwirkungen</one> (2) <one>van-der-Waals-Kräfte</one> (3) <one>Wasserstoffbrücken</one>
+- What is a <one>clonogenic assay</one>? A <one>clonogenic assay</one> is <two>a cell biology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the survival and proliferation of cells</two>.
+- Wie kann man die <one>Mitose</one> <two>genetisch ausschalten</two>? Durch <one>Deletion des Centromers</one>. []
+- Name <one>a protein</one> that can <two>severe actin filaments</two>. A: <one>Gelsolin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsolin
+- Was heisst <one>ERAD</one> in der Zellbiologie? <one>ER-associated degradation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated_protein_degradation []
+- <one>Human CDKs</one> contain <two>a modified ATP-binding site</two> that can be regulated by ... ? It can be regulated by <one>cyclin binding</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>bidirektionalen Rezeptor</one> der Zelle. A: <one>Integrine</one>. []
+- The signal sequence of a protein is related to folding in what way? It may <one>interfere</one> with the folding process.
+- In der Zelle: <one>wie</one> wird <two>dGTP</two> hergestellt? Ausgehend aus der GDP-Ribose, über die Ribonucleotide Reduktase, hin zu dGDP, danach fügt eine Kinase ein P hinzu und es entsteht dGTP.
+- Allgemein formuliert: <one>welche Zellen sind vor allem in der G0 Phase</one>? <one>Ausdifferenzierte Zellen</one>.
+- Is <one>lampbrush DNA</one> <two>special</two>? <one>Yes</one>. The DNA in these lampbrush loops appears to be <one>transcriptionally active</one>, while the majority of DNA in axis is inactive.
+- <one>A human cell</one> has <two>a typical diameter of n micrometres</two>? <one>20 micrometres</one>.
+- In cell biology: what is meant with the abbreviation <one>INM</one>? <one>Inner nuclear membrane</one>.
+- Bei der <one>Renaturierung von DNA</one> benötigen wir <two>warum</two> eine <three>hohe Salzkonzentration</three>? Um die negativen Ladungen der Phosphatgruppen der DNA zu neutralisieren.
+- What is the purpose of a <one>caveole</one>? A <one>caveole</one> protects a cell from stretching.
+- Wie kann <one>Autophagie</one> (ein <two>degradation process</two>) induziert werden? Durch <one>Hungern</one> (<one>starvation</one>).
+- <one>Paired strands of RNA</one> are arranged how ...? <one>Antiparallel</one>.
+- Why the name <one>cadherin</one>? <one>Cadherin</one> depend on Ca²⁺ ions - removing Ca²⁺ from the extracellular medium causes adhesion mediated by cadherin to come apart.
+- What is the <one>most abundant disaccharide</one> in Biology? <one>Sucrose</one> (this is actually <two>Saccharose</two>, but we prefer the term Sucrose in the english language). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose []
+- For <one>animal cell culturing</one>, the substrate concentration of aminoacids is often very important, in particular <two>glutamin</two>. Why glutamin? Because <one>glutamine</one> <two>functions as an energy substrate</two>.
+- <one>Cells</one> contain <two>extensive sets of intracellular membranes</two>. <three>Together these are called the ... </three>? The <one>endomembrane system</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_system []
+- Es gibt sogenannte <one>I-cell diseases</one>, <two>Inclusion-cell</two> diseases. Die sind Teil von "lysosomal storage disease families". Welches Enzym ist hier defekt? Die <one>Phosphotransferase</one>, ein Enzym des Golgi-Apparatus.
+- What does a <one>secretory protein</one> truly hate? The <one>cell membrane</one>.
+- <one>How</one> can a cell make sense of many different (external) signals? It can respond to these signals selectively by <one>selectively expressing appropriate receptors</one>.
+- <one>FtsZ</one> ähnelt in Eukarya was? <one>Tubulin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellteilungsprotein_FtsZ []
+- Name <one>an advantage of optical microscopy</one>, in regards to visualizing biological systems. A: <one>Light</one> is relatively <two>nondestructive</two>.
+- Name an <one>enzyme</one> that plays <two>an important role in cellular energy homeostasis</two>. A: <one>AMPK</one> URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase
+- Was passiert mit <one>Glykoproteinen</one> die <two>phosphorylierte Mannosereste</two> aufweisen? Sie <one>werden in die Lysosomen transportiert</one>.
+- <one>What type of light</one> <two>is used in microbiology</two>? <one>Visible light</one> + <one>UV light</one>. []
+- The <one>focal adhesion kinase</one> (FAK) is <two>constitutively associated with</two> ... which subunit of integrins? With the <one>β-integrin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTK2#Regulation []
+- What is the <one>common feature</one> <two>among Golgi</two>? They are adjacent to <one>endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites</one>.
+- Are <one>tetraspanins</one> <two>glycosylated</two>? Some are, at the <one>N-terminus</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei zentrale, sekundäre Botenstoffe</one>. A: (1) <one>cAMP</one> (2) <one>cGMP</one>
+- Name <one>a binding protein for beta 1 integrin</one>. A: <one>Talin</one>.
+- Name three <one>biogenesis strategies</one> for making a new organelle (duplication). A: (1) de novo nucleation growth (2) templated assembly/growth (3) growth/fission
+- In seiner chemischen Struktur ähnelt <one>Phycocyanin</one> wem? Einem <one>unfolded chlorophyll molecule</one>.
+- Precursor of a <one>lysosome</one>? The <one>late endosome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosome#Late_endosomes_to_lysosomes []
+- What are <one>professional phagocytes</one>? (1) <one>macrophages</one> (2) <one>neutrophils</one>
+- Die <one>M-Phase</one> im Zellzyklus <two>wird unterteilt in welche Phasen</two>? (1) <one>Karyokinese</one> (2) <one>Zytokinese</one>
+- <one>Wie</one> gelangt <two>Pyruvat</two> in das Mitochondrium? Über einen <one>H⁺</one>-Symporter.
+- <one>Wer</one> etablierte das <two>Flüssig-Mosaik-Modell</two> im Jahre 1972? <one>Singer</one> und <one>Nicolson</one>.
+- <one>COPII-coated vesicles</one> <two>go from→to</two>? From <one>ER→Golgi</one>.
+- Es gibt <one>SUN</one> und <one>KASH</one> Proteine. <two>Wo können diese gefunden werden</two>? KASH-Proteine sind dem Cytosol zugewandt, SUN Proteine dem Nucleus (Merkhilfe: Eine sun sieht dem Nucleus von der Form her ähnlich).
+- Ein Botenmolekül <one>will</one> eine Zelle beeinflussen. <two>Was braucht die Zelle hierfür unbedingt</two>? Einen <one>Rezeptor</one>. []
+- The famous protein <one>p53</one> actually does not have a mass of 53 kDa but only 43.7 kDa. Why is that the case? <one>p53</one> has a high number of <two>proline</two> residues, which <three>slow its migration on SDS-PAGE</three>, thus making it <four>appear heavier</four> than it actually is.
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> reparieren Skelettmuskelfasern? <one>Satellitenzellen</one>.
+- Within the cell, the <one>centromeres</one> play a critical and very important role where exactly? In the <one>segregation of chromosomes</one>.
+- <one>Cells produce</one> which <two>three types of large macromolecules</two>? (1) <one>polysaccharides</one> (2) <one>proteins</one> (3) <one>nucleic acids</one>
+- <one>Integral membrane proteins</one> can be categorized as <two>type I</two> and type II. What is the difference there? (1) <one>Type I</one>:  these have their C-terminus towards the cytoplasm. (2) <one>Type II</one>: these have their N-terminus towards the cytosol.
+- <one>Who</one> <two>can reverse ubiquitination events</two>? The <one>Deubiquitinases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deubiquitinating_enzyme []
+- <one>How</one> can we detect <one>apoptotic cells</one>? Via <one>TUNEL Labeling</one>.
+- Der <one>SRPT</one> wirkt auch als ...? <one>GEF</one> - Guanin nucleotide exchange factor.
+- Consider an <one>integrin</one> that is in an <two>active state</two>. <three>What do we know, then</three>? That this integrin will <one>readily form attachments</one>.
+- <one>How</one> can we <two>visualize lateral diffusion of membrane proteins</two>? Via <one>FRAP</one>: <two>Fluorescent Recovery after Photobleaching</two>.
+- Name <one>three photoproteins</one>. A: (1) <one>Aequorin</one> (2) <one>Obelin</one> (3) <one>Phialidin</one>
+- <one>Why</one> may it be an advantage for eukaryotic cells if they can store secretory proteins in membrane compartments? Because this allows them to release these proteins from the cell surface in response to internal or external signals.
+- <one>Wo</one> befinden sich <two>tSNARE Proteine</two> allgemein? <one>tSNARE Proteine</one> befinden sich in der <two>Membran der Zielorganelle</two>.
+- Give another name for <one>histone writers</one>. A: <one>Histone modifying enzymes</one>.
+- Do <one>lipids</one> <two>flip-flop</two>? <one>No</one>.
+- <one>Which Cdc</one> <two>activates the APC</two>/<two>C complex</two>? <one>Cdc20</one>.
+- The <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one> is especially important in the synthesis of ... ? <one>lipids</one>. []
+- In cellbiology we make use of the CD system, that is the <one>clusters of differentiation</one> - but <two>how is that CD nomenclature factually established and determined</two>? We need to <one>use monoclonal antibodies</one> here. These can selectively bind to these surface clusters. []
+- <one>Membrane bending</one> by ... domains? <one>BAR domains</one>. They can induce different curvatues.
+- <one>Actin</one> macht <two>n% der Proteinmasse in einer eukaryoten Zelle aus</two>? <one>Bis zu 20%</one> der Proteinmasse.
+- Name three <one>functional classification</one> of <two>cell junctions</two>. A: (1) Occluding junctions (2) <one>Anchoring junctions</one> (3) <one>Communicating junctions</one>
+- Anderes Wort für <one>VCCD</one> (<two>Viable Cumulative Cell Days</two>)? <one>Viability Index</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> invented the wheel? Actually <one>prokaryotes</one>, via their <two>ATPase</two>.
+- The <one>nucleoporins</one> in a cell often contain different types of ... <two>which two amino acids that are repeated</two>? (1) <one>F</one>: <two>Phenylalanine</two> (2) <one>G</one>: <two>Glycine</two>
+- <one>Ionenkanäle</one> <two>können kontrolliert werden</two>. Nenne hierzu drei Möglichkeiten. A: (1) <one>spannungskontrolliert</one> (2) ligandenkontrolliert (Transmitter, Ionen, Nukleotide) (3) <one>mechanisch kontrolliert</one>
+- Was geschieht beim <one>Spindel-Checkpoint</one>? Die Zelle <one>überprüft ob alle Chromosomen an Spindeln angehängt sind</one>.
+- Der <one>ABC-Transporter</one> ist membrangebunden und <two>kann ATP binden</two>. Auf welcher Seite der Zellmembran bindet dieser Transporter ATP? Auf der <one>cytosolischen Seite</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> produces <two>lysosomes</two>? The <one>Golgi complex</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus
+- Wie schützt die Zelle die <one>Plus-Enden von Mikrotubuli</one> vor Depolymerisation? Durch Verankerung in einem <one>capping Protein</one>. Dies verleiht den Plus-Enden einen Schutz.
+- <one>Which cells</one> produce <two>E-selectin</two>? <one>Endothelial cells</one> will produce <two>E-selectin</two> - but only when stimulated by inflammatory hormones or by endoxotins. []
+- Give a shorter word for <one>cytoskeletal linker proteins</one>. A: <one>Cytolinkers</one>. []
+- <one>Desmin</one> is a protein, a type III intermediate filament. It can also be found in humans. In which type of cells may we find it? <one>Desmin</one> can be found in <two>muscle cells</two>.
+- Give another term for <one>chaperones</one>. A: <one>Folding proteins</one>.
+- Name a factor that may counteract <one>VEGF</one> (<two>vascular endothelial growth factor</two>). A: <one>Endostatin</one>.
+- Was ist eine <one>isokonte Begeißelung</one>? Wenn eine Zelle <one>mehrere Geißeln</one> trägt.
+- <one>Welche zwei Formen</one> des <two>Co-Transport</two> gibt es für eine Zelle? (1) <one>Symport</one> (2) <one>Antiport</one>
+- <one>Microglia</one> are <two>scavenger cells</two>. <three>What is meant with that term</three>? <one>Scavenger cells</one> are cells that engulf and digests debris, as well as invading microorganisms.
+- The <one>Golgi cisternae stack</one> has which 4 functional regions? (1) the cis-Golgi network (CGN) (2) the medial-Golgi (3) the <two>endo-Golgi</two> (4) the <one>trans-Golgi network</one> (<two>TGN</two>)
+- The <one>SV40 T-Antigen</one> can be imported into the nucleus by <two>importins</two>, thanks to the <one>PPKKKRKV signal sequence</one>. <three>How amenable is said sequence to change</three>? <one>Not very amenable at all</one>. If one lysine is replaced by a threonine, no import will happen at all.
+- The <one>ER lumen</one> can store what? It can store <one>calcium</one> (<two>Ca²⁺</two>). []
+- <one>Which cells</one> may, in general, <two>be more likely to require autocrine signaling</two>? <one>Cancer cells</one>. They often produce extracellular signals that then simulate their own survival and proliferation.
+- <one>Vinculin</one> kann welch anderes Protein binden? <one>Actin</one>.
+- Diameter of the <one>megakaryocytes</one>? Up to <one>60 micrometer</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei verschiedene Plastid-Typen</one> in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. A: (1) Chloroplasten (2) <one>Chromoplasten</one> (3) <one>Leukoplasten</one>
+- What is the function of the <one>ECM</one> (<one>extracellular matrix</one>)? The ECM <one>ties cells together</one>, enabling them to <two>form complex tissues</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix
+- <one>Folded proteins</one> inside of a cell leave the ER where? At <one>ER exit sites</one>. []
+- In an electron microscope: name <one>two major differences</one> between "lysosomes" and "peroxisomes". A: (1) lysosomes are smaller (2) Lysosomes appear "darker", hence they are more "electron rich", thus, denser.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Oberfläche einer Zelle</one>? <one>Cytoplasmamembran</one>.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für <one>einen Regulator der ras-Aktivität</one>. A: <one>NF1</one>.
+- Name a <one>lipid-soluble second messenger</one>. A: <one>Diacylglycerol</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceride []
+- What is the <one>most fundamental task</one> for a cell? The passing on of its genetic information to the next generation of cells.
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> sind <two>gegenüber den Effekten einer ionisierenden Strahlen allgemein sehr empfindlich</two>? Zellen die sehr Mitose-aktiv sind.
+- Die <one>Motordomäne von Myrosin</one> <two>kann</two> <three>welche zwei Substanzen binden</three>? (1) <one>ATP</one> (2) <one>Actin</one> []
+- A cell becomes committed by a process called ... ? <one>Determination</one>.
+- In cell biology: how do we call the methodological step necessary for releasing organelles? <one>Homogenization step</one>.
+- A single <one>NPC</one> <two>can transport n macromolecules per second</two>? <one>1000</one>. []
+- <one>Rab-Proteins</one> are <two>what type of proteins</two> exactly? Rab-Proteins are <one>monomeric GTPases</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> finden wir eine <two>glykosidische Bindung</two> in einem Nukleotid? Zwischen der <one>Base</one> und dem <one>Zucker</one>.
+- Zellulär betrachtet, was heisst <one>Atg8</one> und warum ist <one>Atg8</one> wichtig? <one>Atg8</one> heißt <two>Autophagy-related protein 8</two>. Es ist ein ubiquitin-like Protein, das für die Bildung von autophagosomalen Membranen wichtig ist. Die Konjugation von Atg8 an die autophagosomale Membran ist für die Autophagie in Eukaryoten essenziell.
+- Was meinen wir in der Zellbiologie mit dem <one>retrograden Transport</one>? Dies bezeichnet den Transport von der Zellmembran hin zum Zellkern.
+- In microscopy: what are <one>chromophore groups</one>? Groups with conjugated double bonds that give the dye its color.
+- Name <one>two components</one> of the <two>ER lumen</two>. A: (1) ER tubules (2) <one>ER sheets</one>
+- Name <one>two general advantages</one> associated with <two>subcellular components</two>. A: (1) <one>concentrate metabolic intermediates</one> (2) <one>sequester toxic compounds</one>
+- Besitzen <one>Pilze</one> <two>Centriolen</two>? <one>Nein</one>.
+- In cellbiology we can see the <one>CVT pathway</one>. <two>This abbreviation stands for ... </two>? <one>Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway</one>. []
+- The <one>Gamma-Tubulin Ring complex</one> is built where exactly? At the <one>minus end of Microtubules</one>.
+- Haben Zellen normalerweise <one>mehr GTP</one> oder <one>mehr GDP</one>? <one>Mehr GTP</one>. []
+- <one>Wie groß</one> (<two>in nm</two>; von-bis) sind die <three>caveolae</three>? <one>50-100 nm</one>.
+- What exactly is a <one>neoplasm</one>? A <one>neoplasm</one> is an accumulation of <two>abnormally dividing cells</two>.
+- <one>What functions</one> do the <two>Synaptotagmins</two> have? They function as calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion.
+- What is the best source for microtubules? <one>Brains</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>Cvt-Pathway</one>? <one>Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting []
+- Can proteins contain <one>multiple nuclear localization signal</one> (<two>NLS</two>) sequences? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- In der Zellbiologie: was sind <one>reticulons</one>? <one>Reticulons</one> sind <two>membranständige Proteine, die das tubuläre endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilden</two>.
+- <one>In einer eukaryoten Zelle</one>: ist eher das ER näher am Zellkern oder der Golgi Komplex? Das ER ist deutlich näher am Zellkern vorzufinden als der Golgi Komplex. []
+- Zellulär betrachtet: wo kann das Protein <one>Cathepsin D</one> gefunden werden? In <one>Lysosomen</one>. []
+- Anderer Name für <one>importin-beta-like protein</one>? Karyopherin-Beta-family.
+- Give another name for <one>how cells move</one>. A: <one>Cell motility</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration []
+- The <one>Sec23 gene</one> is part of a protein complex in a cell. Where can it be found inside of a cell? In the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>.
+- <one>Glucose transport</one> in a cell is connected to which gradient? <one>Na⁺ Gradient</one>.
+- Name a component of the <one>signal recognition particle (SRP)</one> complex. A: The "signal recognition particle RNA", which is also known as 7SL RNA.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Innendruck des Cytoplasmas</one>? <one>Turgor</one>. []
+- <one>Fibroblasts</one> secrete what? <one>Collagen</one>. []
+- Innerhalb der Zelle: <one>wo</one> spielen <two>Actinfilamente</two> eine Rolle? Sie bilden dynamische Netze unterhalb der Zellmembran.
+- <one>Wo</one> innerhalb der Zelle findet man die <two>zelluläre Phosphotransferase</two>? Dies ist <one>ein Enzym des Golgi apparatus</one>.
+- The protein <one>Dysferlin</one> is linked to which cellular function ...? To <one>skeletal muscle repair</one>.
+- How do we call <one>the disc-like compartments of the Golgi apparatus</one>? <one>Golgi cisternae</one>.
+- <one>Karyopherins</one> are, or can be broadly grouped into, ...? (1) <one>importins</one> (2) <one>exportins</one>
+- Name <one>a protein</one> that <two>can dissociate SNARE pairs</two>. A: <one>NSF</one>.
+- Im Zellkern: nenne ein Protein, das an <one>Importin</one> bindet. A: Das monomere G-Protein <one>Ran</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_%28gene%29
+- Was enthält das <one>Peroxisom</one>? Enzyme, die <one>H₂O₂</one> bilden und abbauen kann.
+- Give another name for <one>DNA-protein intermediary</one>. A: <one>RNA</one>. []
+- Ist <one>Myoglobin</one> <two>an intrazellulären Prozessen beteiligt</two>? <one>Ja</one> - und zwar am <two>intrazellulären O₂-Transport</two>.
+- <one>Welche Aufgaben</one> hat <two>das raue ER</two>, <one>welche Aufgaben</one> hat <two>das glatte ER</two>? (1) Aufgaben des rauen ER:   Synthese von Membran-, Export- und Lysosomenproteinen (2) Aufgaben des glatten ER: <one>Lipidsynthese</one>
+- Name <one>an organism</one> <two>in which cilia assemble in the cytoplasm</two>. A: <one>Plasmodium falciparum</one>.
+- If we wish to add a <one>fluorescent dye</one> <two>to Tubulin</two>, which one should we use? <one>Rhodamine</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Unterschied</one> zwischen Mitosis und Meiosis. A: Die Produkte der Meiosis sind haploid.
+- When <one>lipids</one> go below the paracrystalline temperature, what do they <two>lose</two>? The ability to <one>rotate</one>.
+- Name one famous <one>cellular Cdk inhibitor</one>. A: <one>p21</one>.
+- What effect may <one>TGF-Beta</one> have on cells? <one>TGF-Beta</one> may <two>force a halt to proliferation</two>.
+- Nenne <one>drei Wachstumsfaktoren</one> inklusive ihres vollen Namens. A: (1) PDGF: Plateled Derived Growth Factor (2) VEGF: Vascular Endothelian Growth Factor (3) <one>EGF</one>:  <two>Epidermal Growth Factor</two>
+- Im Jahre <one>2015</one> waren etwa <two>wieviele</two> <three>kleine G-Proteine</three> bekannt? Etwa <one>100</one>.
+- <one>Nitric oxide</one> (NO) has an impact on which part of the Mitochondria? On <one>complex IV</one>, which is <two>cytochrome c oxidase</two>.
+- Was meinen wir in der angewandten Zellbiologie mit <one>"quantum dots"</one> eigentlich? Hier sind primär <one>fluoreszierende Nanopartikel</one> gemeint.
+- When a protein does not have a <one>sorting signal</one>, what will be the result? Such a protein will <one>permanently reside in the cytosol</one>.
+- <one>Where</one> can <two>RanGAP</two> and <two>RanGEF</two> be found, respectively? (1) <one>RanGAP</one>: only in the <two>cytoplasm</two> (2) <one>RanGEF</one>: only in the <two>nucleus</two>
+- Die Synthese <one>cytoplasmatisher Proteine</one> erfolgt ...? An <one>nichtmembran-assoziierten Ribosomen</one>.
+- Was machen <one>GTPasen</one>? <one>GTPasen</one> <two>binden GTP</two> und hydrolysieren dieses dann zu GDP.
+- What happens when <one>lipids</one> go beyond a certain temperature? Also name a consequence of this. A: They turn into a "paracristalline form" - hence, <one>they can no longer rotate freely</one>.
+- <one>Coated pits</one> <two>give rise to which structure</two>? <one>Coated vesicles</one>. []
+- The human body contains about n cells? <one>10¹⁴ cells</one>.
+- In the cell: <one>tethering proteins of the membrane</one> do <two>recognize which proteins</two>? They recognize <one>Rab proteins</one>.
+- How are <one>lysosomal hydrolases</one> <two>tagged</two> in the Golgi apparatus? Via <one>mannose-6-phosphate</one> groups.
+- The <one>LDL-LDLR endocytosis pathway</one> begins with sequestering the LDL-LDLR complex on the cell surface into ... ? <one>clathrin-coated pits</one>.
+- Was ist <one>Transmission</one> in der Mikroskopie? Transmission bezeichnet <one>das Durchdringen eines Objektes mit Licht</one>.
+- Wie können wir die <one>Phosphodiesterase</one> hemmen? Durch <one>Koffein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffein#Wirkungsmechanismus []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Glykoprotein der Zelloberfläche</one>? <one>Aggregationsfaktoren</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> are the most complex <two>glycolipids</two>? The <one>gangliosides</one>.
+- Name <one>a small molecule inhibitor of Dynamin</one> that also begins with the letter <two>D</two>. A: <one>Dynasore</one>.
+- <one>Wie</one> bezeichnen wir die Diffusion durch eine Membran? <one>Passiver Transport</one>.
+- What is a <one>Heteroplasmon</one>? This is an eukaryotic cell in which both wild-type and mutant organelle DNA coexist. Sometimes also called a cytohet. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet
+- Eine <one>aktive Muskelzelle</one> <two>regeneriert pro Sekunde wieviel ATP Moleküle</two>? <one>10 Millionen</one>.
+- What is the <one>end stage</one> of an <two>autolysosome</two>? A <one>residual body</one>.
+- <one>Eps15</one> in der Zelle ist ein <two>multifunctional adaptor protein</two>. Welche Aufgabe hat dies? Reguliert <one>intracellular trafficking</one>.
+- <one>Actin Filamente</one> haben einen <two>nucleation point</two>, der von einem Komplex ausgeht, welcher wiederum 7 Proteine hat. Wie heisst dieser Komplex, und wofür steht die Abkürzung? <one>Arp2</one>/<one>3 complex</one>. Arp steht für "Actin-Related Protein" - ARP ähnelt Aktin strukturell.
+- What is the <one>glycosome</one>? The <one>glycosome</one> is a membrane-enclosed organelle that <two>contains glycolytic enzymes</two>.
+- Die Funktion der Energiespeicherung in einer eukaryoten Zelle übernimmt ... ? <one>ATP</one>. []
+- <one>Adrenalin</one> bindet an eine Leberzelle. Effekt innerhalb dieser Zelle? Die <one>Glykogenphosphorylase wird aktiviert</one>.
+- What happens if we treat a <one>rat</one> with the drug <two>phenobarbitol</two>? <one>This drug stimulates liver cell division</one>, thereby <two>causing</two> <three>liver enlargement</three>.
+- <one>Wo</one> kann <two>Rab-GTP</two> gefunden werden? An einem <one>Vesikel</one>.
+- <one>Which genes</one> are required for the <two>autophagic pathway</two>? <one>Atg-genes</one>.
+- Der Begriff <one>Autophagy</one> in der Cellbiologie wurde von <two>Christian de Duve</two> geprägt. <three>In welchem Jahr</three>? <one>1963</one>.
+- What is the <one>time hormone</one>? <one>Melatonin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin
+- <one>Wo</one> innerhalb einer Zelle kann <two>Phosphoanhydride</two> gefunden werden? In <one>ATP-Molekülen</one>.
+- Das <one>KDEL Sequenz</one> am C-Terminus von Proteinen spielt eine wichtige Rolle beim Transport in den ER hinein. <two>Gibt es einen KDEL Rezeptor</two>? <one>Ja</one>, das <two>salvage compartment</two>, als Teil der ER Membran.
+- <one>Rab6 proteins</one> fulfil which cellular role? They direct a vesicle to specific spots on the correct target membrane.
+- <one>Menschliche Zellen</one> haben typischerweise einen <two>Zellkern</two>, ausgenommen ... ? Ausgenommen der <one>roten Blutkörperchen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrozyt []
+- How do <one>wee-mutants</one> look in general? Wee-mutants are <one>very small</one>. []
+- Anteil von <one>Calmodulin</one> <two>in %</two> an der Proteinmasse in einer typischen eukaryoten Zelle? <one>1%</one>. []
+- <one>Wo</one> finden wir den <two>Intermembranraum</two> eines Mitochondriums? Zwischen der äusseren und der inneren Membran.
+- In der Zellbiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>SNARE</one>? <one>SNAP-(Soluble NSF Attachment Protein)-REceptor</one>. Wenn man das NSF auch noch ausschreibt so kommt man auf "Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment Receptor".
+- <one>Detergents</one> <two>are soluble in which specific medium</two>? In <one>water</one>.
+- Name the <one>3 Ras Proteins in Humans</one>. A: (1) <one>H</one>-Ras (2) <one>K</one>-Ras (3) <one>N</one>-Ras []
+- The <one>conserved building blocks of all cellular membranes are ... </one>? The <one>phospholipids</one>. []
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es die <one>Microbodies</one>. <two>Was wird damit bezeichnet</two>? (1) <one>Peroxisomen</one> (2) <one>Glyoxisomen</one> (3) <one>Glykosomen</one>
+- The Protein <one>synaptotagmin</one> binds what? <one>Calcium</one>, und zwar die <two>C2-Domäne</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptotagmin
+- What is <one>negative staining</one>? The background but not the cell is stained. Unstained cells appear as bright objects against a dark background.
+- <one>Which protein</one> <two>assembles new nucleosomes</two>? <one>CAF-1</one> - the <two>chromatin assembly factor</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF-1 []
+- Wie wirkt das Gift <one>Phalloidin</one>? <one>Phalloidin</one> stabilisiert Aktinfilamente, die dadurch ihre Dynamik verlieren.
+- <one>Who</one> and <two>when</two> published the molecular structure of the first nucleotide? <one>Furbery</one>, <two>1951</two>.
+- What does the name <one>Ras</one> - an abbreviation - stand for? <one>Ras</one> is an abbreviation of <two>Rat sarcoma</two>. []
+- In cellbiology: <one>Shibire</one> is a <two>temperature sensitive phenotype</two> in Drosophila. What happens at high temperature, and why? The flies become paralysed at high temperature. The phenotype is the result of the inability of endocytic vesicles to be separated from the parent membranes and thus there is a depletion of vesicles especially in synaptic terminals.
+- Inside of a given cell, <one>where</one> may the protein <two>Profilin</two> be found? It can be found <one>bound to an actin monomer</one>.
+- Which <one>tubulin-subunits</one> are known? (1) <one>Alpha-Tubulin</one> (2) <one>Beta-Tubulins</one> (3) <one>Gamma-Tubulins</one> []
+- In der Zellbiologie: was ist <one>3D5</one>? Eine <one>tetracycline inducible transfectant cell line</one>.
+- Name the <one>two main classes of membrane proteins</one> that <two>mediate transmembrane traffic</two>. A: (1) <one>transporters</one> (2) <one>channels</one>
+- Name a way how <one>lipid rafts</one> can be observed. A: Via <one>AFM</one> (<two>Atomic Force Microscopy</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy []
+- <one>Export</one> and <one>import receptors</one> are structurally related. <two>They belong to which family</two>? To the family of <one>karyopherins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyopherin []
+- Name <one>two ways</one> how proteins to be exported can be identified by the cell. A: (1) SecA protein (2) signal recognition particles (SRP)
+- Give another name for a <one>nucleotid</one>. A: <one>Nucleoside-5'-Phosphate</one>.
+- Another term for <one>the translocon</one>? <one>Protein-conducting channel</one>.
+- <one>KDEL</one> ist ein intrazelluläres <two>retention signal</two> für das ER. <three>Aber wie hat man dies nachweisen können, experimentell</three>? Durch <one>in-vitro Mutagenese</one>.
+- Give another name for the <one>Tay-sachs disease</one>? <one>GM2 gangliosidosis</one>.
+- <one>Welchen Durchmesser</one> haben <two>Ribosomen</two> (von-bis)? Etwa <one>20nm - 25nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom#Aufbau_und_Arten []
+- <one>Clathrin</one> is <two>a coating protein</two>. It is associated with proteins, which connect clathrin to vesicle membrane. <three>How are these latter proteins called</three>? <one>Adaptins</one>.
+- <one>Was</one> kann man mit <two>Inhibitors</two> und <two>Uncouplers</two> demonstrieren? Den <one>Elektronenfluss</one> durch Zellkomplexe wie ATPase.
+- <one>Wo</one> befindet sich der <two>Golgi-Apparat</two> und welche Aufgabe hat er? Der <one>Golgi-Apparat</one> befindet sich in der Nähe des ER. Er ist für die Modifizierung und Sortierung von Proteinen verantwortlich.
+- <one>Wer</one> stellte die <two>Zelltheorie</two> auf? <one>Matthias Schleiden</one> und <one>Theodor Schwann</one>.
+- Was wird im <one>smooth endoplasmic reticulum</one> gebildet? <one>Lipide</one> werden hier gebildet. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum#Smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum []
+- <one>In welche Kategorie</one> fallen <two>I-Cell diseases</two>? <one>Lysosomal storage diseases</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> genau bildet sich der synaptonemale Komplex? Im <one>Zygotän</one>.
+- In cellbiology: what is <one>Shibire</one>? This is a <one>temperature sensitive phenotype</one> <two>in Drosophila</two>.
+- Who or what can produce <one>transit amplifying cells</one>? <one>Stem cells</one> can.
+- Nenne ein Enzym, das beim lysosomalen Proteinabbau Verwendung findet. A: <one>Cathepsin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsine []
+- <one>Cell membranes</one> prevent passage of which type of molecules, aside from the size of that molecule? <one>Polar molecules</one>.
+- <one>Ran-GTP</one> can bind to ... ? <one>Importin</one>.
+- What defines the <one>character of a cellular compartment</one>? The <one>composition of the enclosing membrane</one>.
+- How do we call the three <one>MAP-Kinases</one> in mammalian cells? (1) <one>Raf</one> (2) <one>Mek</one> (3) <one>Erk</one>
+- Why do we make use of the <one>Yeast-one-hybrid system</one>? To study <one>protein-DNA interactions</one>.
+- Was ist das <one>major cargo protein</one> im zellulären <two>Cvt Pathway</two>? <one>Aminopeptidase I</one> (Ape1).
+- Betreffend die <one>stoffliche Zusammensetzung einer Säugetierzelle</one> - <two>wieviel % Wasseranteil</two> hat eine solche Zelle in etwa? <one>70%</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>zwei verschiedene Hemmstoffe</one> der <two>cAMP-Phosphodiesterase</two>. A: (1) <one>Coffein</one> (2) <one>Theophyllin</one> []
+- <one>The basis for asexual reproduction</one> <two>is given by ... </two>? <one>Mitosis</one>.
+- Can <one>Integrins</one> bind to a variety of different ligands? Yes.
+- How can we observe <one>lipid rafts</one> in a cell membrane? We can use the <one>AFM</one> (atomic force microscope).
+- Name one important but unusual environmental cue for a cell in a multicellular organism. A: <one>Signals</one> <two>from the other cells</two>.
+- In cell biology: what does <one>Nups</one> stand for? <one>Nucleoporins</one>.
+- <one>Wo</one> in der Zelle finden <two>N-Glykosylierung</two> und <two>O-Glykosylierung</two> statt? (1) Die <one>O-Glykosylierung</one> findet <two>nur im Golgikomplex</two> statt. (2) Die <one>N-Glykosylierung</one> <two>beginnt im ER und wird im Golgi-Komplex fortgeführt</two>.
+- Why was the name <one>Rab</one> chosen for the <two>Rab proteins</two>? <one>Rab</one>: <two>Rat sarcoma-related in brain</two> proteins.
+- Name four different family of cellular adhesion proteins. A: (1) Ig-CAMs (2) cadherins (3) integrins (4) selectins
+- <one>Zellmembranen</one> wirken als ...? <one>Osmotische Schranken</one>.
+- <one>Who</one> initiates the <two>metaphase-to-anaphase</two> transition? The <one>APC</one>/<one>C complex</one>.
+- Welche <one>drei Aussagen</one> trifft <two>die erweiterte Cell Theory</two> von Robert Hooke? (1) All organisms are composed of cells. (2) Cells are the smallest living things. (3) Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
+- <one>Welche Funktion</one> haben Intermediärfilamente? Nenne Beispiele für Intermediärfilamente. A: <one>Intermediärfilamente</one> dienen der <two>Erhöhung der mechanischen Stabilität der Zelle</two>. Sie haben einen Durchmesser von 10 nm und liegen somit zwischen Aktinfilamenten (7 nm) und Mikrotubuli (25 nm). Intermediärfilamente bilden mit Mikrotubuli und Aktinfilamenten das Cytoskelett der Zelle. "Desmine" und "Lamine" sind Beispiele für Intermediärfilamente.
+- Give an example for a <one>single-pass transmembrane protein</one>. A: The <one>LDL-Receptor</one>.
+- The alkaloid <one>colchicine</one> was <two>first described as a mitotic poison in what year</two>? In the year <one>1934</one>.
+- Im rauhen <one>cytoplasmatischen Retikulum</one>: <two>wo findet man die Ribosomen</two>? Auf der <one>Cytosol-Seite</one>.
+- Was ist <one>spectral tuning</one>? <one>Spectral tuning</one> bedeutet, das verschiedene Pigment-Spektren, sowie andere Faktoren, die diese beeinflussen, durch den Organismus, der diese produziert, adaptiert werden. Also quasi eine "Anpassung an Licht verschiedener Wellenlänge".
+- <one>Phospholipide</one> können in der Membran bewegt werden. Nenne die 4 grundlegenden <two>Bewegungsarten</two>. A: (1) laterale diffusion (2) Flexion (3) <one>Rotation</one> (4) <one>transversale Diffusion</one>
+- Give an example from cellbiology where transient interactions with the ECM is important. A: At sites of inflammation, leukocytes bind transiently to endothelial cells lining small blood vessels, before then using transient interactions with the ECM to migrate through connective tissue.
+- <one>Which two classes</one> of <two>apoptotic caspases</two> exist? (1) initiator caspases (2) <one>executioner caspases</one>
+- Name a <one>protein</one> that has a <two>pleckstrin homology domain</two>. A: <one>Dynamin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin#Structure
+- What is the main signal for protein delivery into lysosomes via endosomes? The <one>Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor (MPR)</one>.
+- Which <one>cellular phenomenon</one> was first discovered in <two>C. elegans</two>? <one>Apoptosis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis []
+- Give <one>two hormone-examples</one> for vesicular proteins. A: (1) insulin (2) erythropoietin (EPO)
+- Name <one>two different forms</one> of <two>cell senescence</two>. A: (1) <one>replicative senescence</one> (2) <one>induced     senescence</one>
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> <two>dissoziiert vSNARE</two>/<two>tSNARE Komplex</two>? <one>NSF</one> (unter ATP Verbrauch).
+- We may wish to <one>determine the concentration of dead cells</one>. <two>How to do so, experimentally</two>? We stain via <one>trypanblue</one>, which is a <two>dye exclusion methods</two>.
+- Name <one>three functions of autophagy</one>. A: (1) starvation (recycling of nutrients) (2) protein aggregation (neurodegenerative importance) (3) damaged organelles
+- The <one>RING finger domain</one> is typically involved in ... ? <one>Ubiquitination</one>. 
+- Was ist <one>Endocytose</one>? Die Aufnahme von Flüssigkeit sowie großen und kleineren Molekülen in eine eukaryotische Zelle (nicht bei Prokaryoten)
+- In general: <one>activation of p53</one> has which two different possible <two>cellular outcomes</two>? (1) <one>cell-cycle arrest</one> (2) <one>apoptosis</one>
+- The <one>plasma membrane</one> <two>contains how many layers of phospholipids</two>? <one>Two</one>. []
+- Warum ist <one>Rapamycin</one> (<two>RAPA</two>) in der Zellbiologie wichtig? Weil Rapamycin als <two>Immunosuppressivum</two> wirken kann, und auch die Entwicklung von Krebs behindert.
+- <one>Wie</one> sind die Mikrotubuli in einer nicht-polarisierten Zelle verteilt? Die Plus-Enden befinden sich nahe an der Zellmembran, die Minus-Enden eher in der Mitte der Zelle.
+- <one>Cell surfaces</one> in general tend to be <two>rather positively</two> or <two>rather negatively</two> charged? <one>Cell surfaces</one> tend to be <two>negatively charged</two>. []
+- Die <one>t-SNARES</one>: kann man sich das merken, was die auf zellulärer Ebene machen? Ja, über das <one>t ... tethering factor</one> mnemonic.
+- Welche <one>drei Autophagen-Mechanismen</one> existieren? (1) <one>crinophagy</one> (2) <one>macroautophagy</one> (3) <one>microautophagy</one>
+- Ein <one>schnelles</one> Protein benötigt für die Durchquerung des Zellkerns wie lange? <one>Wenige Minuten</one>. []
+- <one>Cell division</one> creates ... ? <one>New cells</one>. []
+- What is <one>the most important parameter</one> <two>in animal cell culture</two>? The <one>concentration of cells</one>.
+- The <one>human mtDNA</one> codes for <two>n transfer RNAs</two>? <one>22</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15983868/ []
+- <one>Which stain</one> was originally used to identify the Golgi-apparatus? A <one>silver stain</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi%27s_method []
+- Name the <one>two proteins</one> that control the transition from G2 to M-phase. A: (1) <one>cdk1</one> (2) <one>cyclin B</one>
+- An <one>autophagic vesicle</one> can fuse with ...? A <one>lysosome</one>. []
+- In der <one>Autophagie</one> bei der Zellbiologie: was heisst <two>PAS</two>? <two>Phagosome assembly site</two>.
+- <one>FSH</one> in humans means what? <one>Follicle-stimulating hormones</one>.
+- Is <one>Autophagy</one> useful only for <two>organelle turnover</two>? No - <one>it can also help protect an organism against intracellular threats</one>, such as <two>invading bacteria</two>.
+- <one>Where</one> are <two>cell membranes</two> synthesized? Membranes and their constituent proteins are assembled <one>in the ER</one>. []
+- Why do <one>caspases</one> not instantly kill a cell? Because <one>caspases</one> are synthesized as <two>inactive precursors</two>. []
+- Within a cell, <one>ArfGAP1</one> contains motifs which specifically bind to ...? <one>Small liposomes</one>.
+- Warum sieht das <one>rauhe Endoplasmatische Reticulum</one> so aus wie es aussieht? Da <one>mehrere Ribosomen</one> dort zu sehen sind. []
+- In cellbiology: name a classic model of <one>motor functions</one>. A: <one>Skin pigmentation in fish</one>.
+- <one>Average lifetime for a mitochondrium</one> in a liver cell? About <one>10 days</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>transversale Bewegung</one> eines Proteins in einer Zellmembran? <one>Flip-flop</one>. []
+- Name two <one>microtubule motors</one>. A: (1) <one>Kinesin</one> (2) <one>Dynein</one> []
+- <one>How</one> does a cell cope with a <two>residual body</two>? (1) it can release the content of residual body by exocytosis (2) it can be retained within the cytoplasm, and become a "lipofuscin granule".
+- In der Zellbiologie: was ist <one>Vimentin</one>? <one>Vimentin</one> ist ein Typ 3 Intermediärfilament das eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verankerung von Organellen im Cytosol spielt.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>first human neocentromere</two> discovered? In the year <one>1993</one>.
+- What does it tell us if a protein has the designation <one>p38</one> or <one>p53</one> or <one>p88</one>? This refers to the relative molecule mass of 38K or 53K or 88K. []
+- <one>Where in a cell</one> can the <two>Ras protein</two> be found? <one>Ras</one> is usually attached to the cell membrane owing to its <two>prenylation</two> and <two>palmitoylation modification</two>.
+- Bei den <one>pH Werten in biologischen Systemen</one>: <two>wie liegt die phosphoryl head group in Membranen vor</two>? <one>Negativ geladen</one>, als <two>Phosphatidate</two>.
+- <one>Plectin</one> is a <two>cytoskeletal linker protein</two>. <three>What size does it have</three>? Plectin is very large, with a size of over <one>500 kDa</one>.
+- What is the <one>Interphase</one>? All but Mitosis; so we have G1, S and G2.
+- What is <one>Hemifusion</one> in cell biology? During membrane fusion, the outer leaflets of the two membranes merge first, whereas the distal membrane leaflets remain separate until the opening of a fusion pore. This intermediate stage is called a hemifusion.
+- The <one>Shibire mutation</one> <two>in Drosophila</two> led to <three>the discovery of which cellular protein</three>? <one>Dynamin</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1674590/ []
+- In der Zelle: <one>welche Aufgabe</one> hat <two>Stathmin</two>? Stathmin reguliert <one>microtubule dynamics</one>.
+- Wofür steht die Abkürzung bei der <one>MAP Kinase</one>? <one>Mitogen-activated protein kinase</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP-Kinase-Weg []
+- What is <one>crinophagy</one>? The direct fusion of lysosomes with secretory vesicles.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>three-layered</one>? <one>Trilaminar</one>. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trilaminar []
+- Das <one>Zellweger-Syndrom</one> beruht auf ...? Mutationen in den Genen, die für die Entstehung von Peroxisomen erforderlich sind.
+- Bei den Eukarya: wie wirkt <one>cAMP</one>? Indirekt, über die <one>Proteinkinase A</one>.
+- <one>With which assay</one> can we determine if a nuclear protein shuttles in or out of the nucleus? With help from a <one>Heterokaryon assay</one>.
+- Anteil, in Prozent, von <one>Actin</one> an den Gesamtproteinen in einer eukaryotischen Zelle (<two>von-bis</two>)? Etwa <one>10-20%</one>.
+- Name <one>a drug</one> that can be used to <two>inhibit the function of lysosomes</two>. A: <one>Chloroquin</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Aktin</one>? <one>Mikrofilamente</one>. Sie haben ja nur einen Durchmesser von etwa 6nm.
+- What does the abbreviation <one>Gamma-TuRC</one> stand for? <one>Gamma-tubulin ring complex</one>.
+- Aus Sicht der Zellbiologie: was passiert wenn das Gen <one>N-Acetylglucosamin-Phosphotransferase</one> ausfällt? Essenzielle Enzyme, wie zum Beispiel Hydrolasen, können nicht mehr ins Lysosom gelangen.
+- Do <one>phospholipids</one> <two>spontaneously form bilayers</two>? Yes, under the appropriate conditions they will. []
+- Nenne etwas bemerkenswertes bei <one>Mikrotubuli</one> und Genexpression? Mikrotubuli bestehen aus zwei Untereinheiten. Diese Untereinheiten werden gekoppelt exprimiert.
+- Give another name for the <one>cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1</one>. A: <one>p21</one>.
+- Nenne zwei (allgemeine) Bedingungen die eine Zelle erfüllen muss um in die Mitose eintreten zu können. A: (1) es dürfen <one>keine DNA-Schäden</one> vorhanden sein (2) die Zellen müssen eine "ausreichende Größe" erreicht haben
+- What is a <one>Rab cascade</one> in cell biology? This is the ordered recruitment of sequentially active Rab proteins.
+- What exactly is the backbone in <one>phosphoglycerides</one>? The 3-carbon <one>glycerol</one> is the backbone.
+- Das <one>wichtigste transmembranale Protein in Mitochondrien</one> ist ... ? <one>Porin</one>. []
+- <one>DnaA-Protein</one> can be <two>activated by which molecule</two>? <one>ATP</one>. []
+- The <one>cytosylic pH</one> is at ...? At about a value of <one>7.2</one>. []
+- <one>Which chaperone</one> is important for <two>posttranslation translocation</two>? <one>BiP</one>.
+- <one>Water molecules</one> passage into a cell via ... ? This can occur via <one>aquaporines</one>. []
+- How do we call <one>the interior of the nucleus</one>, for the most part? <one>Nucleoplasm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoplasm
+- Was bedeutet <one>Eutelie</one>? <one>Zellkonstanz</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>sechs Organellen</one>. A: (1) <one>Zellkern</one> (2) Mitochondrien (3) Chloroplast (4) Lysosom (5) Peroxisom (6) endoplasmatische Retikulum (7) Golgi-Apparat (bei manchen Definitionen)
+- What is <one>exocytosis</one>? <one>Exocytosis</one> is an energy-using process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles into its extracellular space.
+- Wie können wir den Zerfall der Mikrotubuli bewirken? Durch Einsatz von <one>Colchicin</one>. []
+- Give another name for the <one>cyclins</one>. A: <one>Cdk regulators</one>.
+- Nenne <one>eine Tiergruppe</one> die <two>keine Intermediärfilamente</two> aufweist. A: <one>Arthropoden</one> haben keine Intermediärfilamente; Pflanzen übrigens auch nicht. URL: http://www.bionity.com/de/lexikon/Intermedi%C3%A4rfilamente.html
+- What are <one>Biologics</one>? Genetically engineered proteins derived from human genes, designed to inhibit specific components of the immune system, especially those that play a role in inflammation.
+- Wie gross kann eine <one>aerobe Zelle</one> werden? So gross das sie gerade noch Sauerstoff aufnehmen und verteilen kann.
+- In cell biology: what is meant with the expression <one>intrinsic fluorescence</one>? When some proteins or small molecules, in a given cell, are <one>naturally fluorescent</one>.
+- What is the protein <one>SOS</one> (<two>son of sevenless</two>) doing? It <one>exchanges GDP → GTP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Sevenless
+- On the outside, the <one>nuclear pore complex</one> contains <two>cytoplasmic filaments</two>. Name two cellular functions that these filaments participate in. A: (1) protein transport (2) <one>mRNA export</one>
+- Wie nennt man <one>die Verschmelzung verschiedenartiger Genome in einer Zelle</one>? <one>Intertaxonische Kombination</one>. (Solche Organismen sind aus genetischer Sicht Chimären).
+- Was heisst <one>GPI-anchor</one>? <one>Glycophosphatidylinositol anchor</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
+- What is <one>autophagy</one>? Degradation of intracellular substrates.
+- What is the <one>brain</one> of the cell? The <one>nucleus</one>. []
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> kann <two>die cytosolische Menge an cytochrom c</two> <three>messen</three>? <one>Apaf-1</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Beispiele</one> für <two>amphiphile Moleküle</two>. A: (1) <one>Phospholipide</one> (2) <one>Lecithine</one>
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Mikrofilamente</one>? <one>Actinfilamente</one>.
+- Für den <one>Zellkern-Export bestimmte Proteine</one> haben oft was? <one>Leucin-reiche Sequenzen</one>. []
+- <one>Proteins</one> have different half-lives. What determines the half-life of a protein? The <one>amino acids present at the N-terminus</one>. []
+- Can <one>Integrins</one> bind <two>laminins</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- <one>Why</one> do we use a <two>Langmuir-Blodgett trough</two> in a laboratory? We can use it to compress monolayers of molecules on the surface of a given subphase, and then measures surface phenomena due to this compression.
+- <one>Zellen</one> besitzen <two>welche drei Typen</two> von Zell-Zell Verbindungen? (1) tight junctions (2) adhering junctions (3) gap junctions (Merkslogan: T,A,G junctions)
+- In cell biology: what is the main statement central to the <one>cisternal maturation hypothesis</one>? <one>Endoplasmic reticulum ER-derived membranes</one> nucleate new Golgi cisternae.
+- Name <one>two categories</one> of <two>endocytosis</two>. A: (1) bulk-phase endocytosis (2) receptor-mediated endocytosis
+- <one>Theodor Engelmann</one> <two>used which organism</two> in his photosynthesis experiment? <one>Cladophora engelmann</one>.
+- <one>When</one> exactly is the <two>sister-chromatid cohesin</two> destroyed? At the start of the <one>Anaphase</one>.
+- Wie <one>nennen</one> wir die charakteristische <two>innere</two> Anordnung der Geißeln der Eukaryoten? <one>9x2+2</one>.
+- What is a <one>chromocyte</one>? Any cell that contains a pigment. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromocyte
+- Durch <one>Kernporen</one> können <two>kleinere Proteine bis zu einer Grösse von n kDa</two> passiv eindringen? Bis zu <one>60 kDa</one>.
+- The activity of the <one>protein kinase A</one> depends on ... ? The <one>cellular levels of cyclic AMP</one> (<two>cAMP</two>).
+- <one>Wie</one> wird der Export eines Proteins aus dem Nucleus gesteuert? Über <one>NES</one>: <two>Nuclear Export Signal</two>.
+- What is <one>the job</one> of the <two>lipoprotein particles</two>? Carry lipids via the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
+- Name an <one>actin motor</one>. A: <one>Myosin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin []
+- Name the <one>three major coat proteins</one> in a cell. A: (1) clathrin-coated (2) COPI-coated (3) <one>COPII-coated</one>
+- <one>Desmosomes</one> are <two>anchorage sites</two> for ...? <one>Intermediate filaments</one>.
+- In the cell cycle: what means <one>MUGs</one>? <one>Mitosis</one> with <two>unreplicated genomes</two>.
+- Name <one>an adaptor protein</one> for <two>Ras-Proteins</two>. A: <one>Grb2</one>.
+- Wenn ein Aktinfilament <one>gecapped</one> wird, was bedeutet das für das Wachstum? Das Wachstum dieses Aktinfilaments kommt zum Erliegen.
+- Name <one>four structural components</one> of a mitochondrium. A: (1) Outer Membrane (2) <one>Matrix</one> (3) Inner Membrane (4) Intermembrane space
+- Was kann das Protein <one>BAX</one> bewirken? Die <one>Apoptose einer Zelle</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bax_(Protein) []
+- In cell biology: <one>ARF-GAP1</one> senses what? <one>Membrane curvature</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARFGAP1 []
+- <one>Andere Bezeichnung</one> für <two>anaphase-promoting complex</two>? The <one>cyclosome</one> (Merkhilfe: APC/C heisst der Komplex eigentlich, das 2. C steht eben für <two>Cyclosome</two>).
+- Warum der Name <one>P-Selectine</one>? <one>Platelets</one> (<two>Plättchen</two>).
+- In <one>Tunel Labeling</one>: <two>which antibodies are used</two>? <one>Br(d)U specific antibodies</one>.
+- <one>Where exactly</one> do we find the <two>SECIS element</two>? The <one>SECIS element</one> can be found in the <two>3' UTR</two>. []
+- Die <one>Bax-Proteine</one> werden durch welches Protein freigesetzt? <one>p53</one>.
+- <one>Muskelfasern</one> zeigen im Elektronenmikroskop eine <two>charakteristische Querstreifung</two>, die wodurch verursacht wird? Diese Querstreifung wird durch die <one>Sarkomere</one> verursacht.
+- <one>cGMP</one> <two>can bind to which protein kinase</two>? To the <one>protein kinase G</one>.
+- <one>Wieviel % der Proteine</one> einer <two>Leberzelle</two> werden <three>pro Stunde über Autophagy degradiert</three>? <one>1%</one>. []
+- <one>Menschliche Zellkerne</one> besitzen im Durchschnitt <two>n Kernporen</two> / Zellkern? <one>3000</one>. []
+- Do <one>plants</one> use <two>cAMP for signalling</two>? <one>No</one>. []
+- Which <one>categories of SNAREs</one> exist? (1) <one>vesicle</one> or <one>v-SNAREs</one>: these are incorporated into the membranes of transport vesicles during budding (2) <one>target</one> or <one>t-SNAREs</one>:  these are located in the membranes of target compartments
+- <one>Wie lange</one> dauert die S-Phase in einer Säugetierzelle (von-bis)? <one>10-12 Stunden</one>.
+- <one>Importins</one> <two>belong to which family</two>? <one>Karyopherins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyopherin []
+- In <one>induction of autophagy</one>: <two>who normally inhibits Atg1</two>? The <one>TOR kinase</one>.
+- Give another expression for the phenomenon of two, or more, organelles coming into close apposition. A: <one>Inter-organellar membrane contacts</one>.
+- Nenne ein Zellorganell das <one>Cardiolipin</one> enthält. A: Das Mitochondrium und zwar die innere Membran des Mitochondriums.
+- Finden wir <one>in Skelettmuskelzellen</one> <two>mehr ATP</two> oder <two>mehr Kreatinphosphat</two>? Mehr <one>Kreatinphosphat</one>. []
+- Give another name for <one>intracellular containers</one>? <one>Transport vesicles</one>.
+- Can the <one>nuclear lamins</one> be <two>phosphorylated</two>? Most likely, because they can definitely be <one>dephosphorylated</one>.
+- Wie schnell sind <one>G-Proteine</one>, allgemein? Etwa 3 Umwandlungen / <one>Minute</one>.
+- <one>Woran</one> binden die <two>Rab-Domänen</two> der Rab-Proteine? Sie binden an Tethering-Faktoren. Rab-Proteine befinden sich während und nach der Fusion in einem inaktiven, zytosolischen Zustand und stehen so für neue Tethering-Ereignisse zur Verfügung. Der Tethering-Faktor ist auf der Zielmembran.
+- The <one>Triskelion</one> is <two>made up of which subunits called ... </two>? <one>Clathrin</one>.
+- Nenne die <one>drei Hauptgruppen von Membranlipiden</one>. A: (1) Glykolipide (2) Phospholipide (3) <one>Cholesterin</one>
+- Wie können wir <one>beweisen</one> das sich Membranproteine lateral in der Membran bewegen können? Indem wir humane und Maus-Zellen fusionieren. Es kommt dadurch zum Durchmischen artspezifischer Proteine.
+- Why is the <one>histone fold</one> so important? So that the <one>histone octamer</one> can form.
+- Vorläufer der <one>Ceramide</one>? <one>Sphingosine</one>.
+- <one>G-Proteine</one> besitzen was für eine Aktivität? Eine <one>GTPase Aktivität</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Proteine []
+- What does the <one>signal hypothesis</one> state? The site of synthesis of a protein was determined by the sequence of amino acids in the N-terminal portaion of the polypeptide.
+- Wieso benötigt eine Zelle <one>Ribose-5-phosphat</one>? Zur <one>Synthese</one> von <two>RNA</two> und <two>DNA</two>.
+- Wie heißt das <one>endoplasmatische Retikulum</one> auf Englisch? <one>Endoplasmic reticulum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum []
+- Give another, more interesting expression for the <one>addition of a ubiquitin tail</one>. A: The <one>kiss-of-death</one>. []
+- How is the inner part of a <one>plasmodesma</one> called? <one>Desmotubule</one>.
+- In cellbiology, related to G proteins: what are the <one>RGS</one>? <one>RGS</one> are <two>Regulators of G protein signaling</two>. They can activate GTPases for heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunits.
+- Nenne <one>eine sterolähnliche Verbindung in der Zellmembran</one> von <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i>. A: <one>Hopanoide</one>.
+- Die <one>ATPase</one> besitzt einen <two>F0 Teil</two> und einen <two>F1 Teil</two>. <three>Welcher dieser beiden Teile ist der katalytisch wirkende Teil</three>? <one>F1</one>. []
+- The <one>lipid molecules in a cell membrane's continuous double layer</one> are <two>about n nm thick</two>? About <one>5 nm thick</one>. []
+- In der Zellbiologie: was kann Dank <one>GFP-tagging</one> zellulär erreicht werden? Wir können so zum Beispiel die Kompartimentierung von Proteinen in der Zelle untersuchen.
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde die <two>RNA-World Hypothesis</two> vorgestellt? Im Jahre <one>1986</one>.
+- Name <one>the three principal organelles</one> of the <two>secretory pathway</two>. A: (1) The <one>ER</one> (2) The <one>Golgi apparatus</one> (3) The <one>plasma membrane</one>
+- Der <one>retrograde transport</one> bei <two>COP I</two> verläuft von ... zu ...?  Von Golgi, zum ER. []
+- Nenne <one>drei allgemeine Funktionen der Mikrotubuli</one>. A: (1) Formerhalt der Zelle (2) Geißeln (3) Bewegung der Chromosomen bei der Mitose
+- What is <one>the total mass</one> of the <two>ATP synthase</two>, <three>in Daltons</three>? <one>600.000 Daltons</one>.
+- Can <one>gap junctions</one> be found in <three>erythrocytes</three>? No. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction []
+- What happens if the <one>NLS</one> <two>is mutated</two>? This will lead to <one>cytosolic localization of the given package</one>.
+- Name <one>the three principal organelles of the secretory pathway</one>. A: (1) the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one> (2) the <one>Golgi apparatus</one> (3) the <one>plasma membrane</one>
+- Aus welchen <one>Domänen</one> besteht ein <two>Motorprotein</two>? Aus einer <one>Kopfdomäne</one> sowie einer <one>Schwanzdomäne</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Typen membranständiger Multiproteinkomplexe</one>, die am <two>Transport mitochondrialer Proteine</two> beteiligt sind. A: (1) <one>TIM</one> (2) <one>TOM</one>
+- <one>When</one> is a <two>Rab Protein</two> active? When it has bound <one>GTP</one>. []
+- <one>Wo</one> spalten <two>Caspasen</two>? <one>Hinter</one> einem <two>Aspartat</two>.
+- <one>Microtubules</one> are nucleated at which end? Their <one>minus (-) end</one>.
+- The <one>cell's library</one> is ... ? <one>DNA</one>. []
+- What are <one>sad cells</one>? <one>Cells in culture that die after some weeks</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was ist eine <one>Signalsequenz</one>? Eine <one>Signalsequenz</one> ist eine Peptidsequenz mit der Information wie und wohin ein Protein innerhalb einer Zelle transportiert werden soll.
+- The <one>outer nuclear membrane</one> is continuous with ... ? the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>.
+- Define the term <one>cytosol</one>. A: The <one>cytosol</one> is the organelle-free part of the cytoplasm.
+- Proteine die ins <one>Peroxisom</one> transportiert werden, tragen die Signalsequenz am N-Terminus oder am C-Terminus? Am <one>C-Terminus</one>.
+- Was heisst <one>Tom complex</one>? <one>Translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane</one>.
+- Was ist die Rolle des <one>Pyruvat Dehydrogenase Complex</one> (<one>PDC</one>) in der Zelle? Dieser mitochondriale Porenkomplex <one>importiert Acetyl-CoA</one>.
+- From the point of view of cellbiology: how can the DNA in a cell be called, in regards to the cell as the focus of the question? DNA is the <b>genomic repository of a cell</b>.
+- In the cytoplasm, hydrolysis of ... to ... causes <one>dissociation of the export complex</one>. A: "Ran-GTP" -> <one>Ran-GDP</one>.
+- In der Biologie, wo finden wir <one>rafts</one>? In der <one>Membran</one> (es sind <two>Membranproteine</two>).
+- Was sind die <one>Elektronenüberträger</one> innerhalb der Zelle? NAD/H + NADP/H.
+- Does <one>organelle DNA</one> replicate even in <two>cells that do not divide</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>zwischen den Zellen</one>? <one>Interstitiell</one>. URL: https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Interstiti []
+- Ein <one>Lariat</one> hat was für eine Struktur genau? Zirkuläre RNA mit <one>3' OH-Gruppe-</one>.
+- <one>Activated Raf</one> ultimately activates ... ? <one>MAP Kinase</one>.
+- Unterschied zwischen den <one>saturated fatty acids</one> und <one>unsaturated fatty acids</one>? Die saturated fatty acids haben C-C Bindungen die nur Einzelbindungen sind. Die unsaturated fatty acids hingegen haben C=C Bindungen, also Doppelbindungen.
+- <one>Phospholipase C</one> <two>can activate which pathway</two>? The <one>inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate pathway</one>.
+- The interiors of cellular compartments communicate with one another via ... ? Via <one>transport vesicles</one>. []
+- <one>Sphingosine</one> plays a role in cell membranes. It is a is a long acyl chain with ... and two hydroxyl groups (OH) at one end. What is the other part? An <one>amino group</one> (<one>NH₂</one>).
+- The <one>main phospholipids</one> in most animal cell membranes are ... ? The <one>phosphoglycerides</one>.
+- Can cells pick up other cells through <one>endocytosis</one>? Yes. []
+- <one>Microfilaments</one> in a cell derive from which <three>protein</three>? From <one>actin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilament []
+- Was wird durch <one>Pinocytose</one> aufgenommen? <one>Flüssigkeiten</one>. []
+- In cell biology: what is a <one>retromer</one>? A complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network.
+- Nenne <one>drei konkrete Funktionen des glatten ERs</one>. A: (1) Synthese von Lipiden (2) Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel (3) Detoxifizierung von Giften
+- <one>When</one> was the structure of the <two>nucleosome core particle</two> solved? In the year <one>1997</one>.
+- <one>Which hormone</one> causes <two>apoptotic loss of the tail in frogs</two>? The <one>thyroid hormone</one>. []
+- The <one>Coatomer</one> consists of <two>how many different coat ("COP")-proteins</two>? <one>7</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatomer []
+- <one>Inter-organellar connections</one> depend on ... which act as tethers to bridge the respective organelle membranes. A: interacting proteins.
+- Der Farbstoff <one>Hämatoxylin</one> färbt was genau innerhalb einer Zelle an? Den <one>Zellkern</one>.
+- Wie messen wir die <one>Funktion eines Ionenkanals</one>? Mit Hilfe der <one>patch clamp</one> Technik. []
+- A <one>transport vesicles</one> in general carries ... ? <one>Cargo</one>. []
+- What means <one>dynamic instability</one> in <two>microtubules</two>? That microtubules undergo phases of growth and shrinkage.
+- Microscopy is very important in cell biology. We can see the <one>refractive index</one> here. If we see a value such as 1.33, which is indicative of water, what does this mean? That <one>light travels 1.33 times slower in water than it does in a vacuum</one>.
+- There is the <one>Ras superfamily</one>. What does <two>Rab</two> stand for? <one>Ras-like in Brain</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_(G-protein) []
+- Nenne einen sehr wichtigen <one>cell survival factor</one>. A: Der <one>Transkriptionsfaktor NF-Kappa Beta</one>. Er aktiviert Gene die für <two>cell-survival Proteine</two> kodieren.
+- Give an example for <one>a monomeric GTPase</one>. A: The <one>Ras-proteins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_GTPase []
+- Give another name for the <one>G0-phase</one>. A: <one>Resting state</one>.
+- What is <one>Transcytosis</one>? Transcytosis is the process by which various macromolecules are transported across / through the interior of a cell.
+- What does it mean when we say that <one>the subunits of actin filaments are asymmetrical</one>? These subunits bind to one another head-to-tail, so that they all point in one direction.
+- <one>Durchmesser einer Kernpore</one>, <two>in nm</two>? Etwa <one>120 nm</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>photoreceptors</one>. A: <one>Molecular light switches</one>.
+- Was bedeutet der Name bei der <one>I-cell disease</one>? <one>Inclusion-cell disease</one>.
+- <one>Kompartimente</one> erfordern ...? Proteinsortierung.
+- What is <one>ferroptosis</one>? <one>Ferroptosis</one> is <two>a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron</two>.
+- What is the <one>transitional ER</one>? These are areas of smooth ER that bud off for transport to the Golgi apparatus.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>Golgi-Komplex</one>. A: <one>Sortierungszentrum</one>.
+- How do we call the vesicles derived from the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>? <one>Microsomes</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsome []
+- Name <one>an important, extracellular matrix protein</one>. A: <one>Fibronectin</one>.
+- Warum sind <one>vesicles</one> für die Zelle so wichtig? Weil sie damit Moleküle zwischen Organellen und dem Aussenmilieu verschicken kann.
+- Which <one>three components</one> can we find in the ABC transport system? (1) substrate-binding protein (2) membrance-integrated transporter (3) ATP-hydrolyzing protein
+- Name one <one>microtubule severing protein</one>. A: <one>Katanin</one>. It is named after the japanese sword katana. URL: URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanin []
+- <one>Welche Hypothese</one> konnte durch <two>Louis Pasteur</two> widerlegt werden? Die <one>Spontanzeugungshypothese</one>.
+- <one>Welche Aufgabe</one> hat die <one>kontraktile Vakuole</one>? Überschüssiges Wasser wird über die kontraktile Vakuole aus der Zelle gepumpt. []
+- Name a common (functional) feature of <one>karyopherins</one>. A: <one>Karyopherins</one> interact with <two>Ran proteins</two>.
+- In cell biology: the <one>ARF-GAP1</one> can do what? ARF-GAP1 <one>can sense membrane curvature</one>. []
+- Was sind <one>MDCK Zellen</one>? <one>Madin-Darby canine kidney cells</one>.
+- Give another word/term for the <one>centrosome</one>. A: <one>Microtubule organizing center</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center []
+- Was ist ein <one>RNA-Thermosensor</one>? Dies bezeichnet eine RNA, die mittels Veränderung ihrer Sekundärstruktur Temperatur "messen" kann.
+- <one>Dynamin</one> uses which energy source? <one>GTP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin []
+- In which stage of the cell cycle can we readily mark a cell with <one>radioactive thymidine</one>? In the <one>S phase</one>. []
+- <one>Caspases</one> cleave the target proteins at? At a specific <one>aspartic acid</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase []
+- Wie werden die <one>drei Stapel</one> im Golgi-Apparat genannt? (1) <one>cis</one> (2) <one>medial</one> (3) <one>trans</one>
+- What is the <one>intracellular signal</one> that triggers macroautophagy? The intracellular levels of particular amino acids.
+- Das Medikament <one>Eribulin</one> bindet woran? An das <one>+Ende wachsender Mikrotubuli</one>.
+- Why is <one>PAS</one> (<two>pre-autophagosomal structure</two>) so important? Most proteins involved in autophagosom formation localize to the PAS at some stage.
+- <one>Diacylglycerol</one> wird als Ausgangssubstanz für welches Phospholipid benötigt? <one>Phosphatidylcholin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithine []
+- When an <one>early endosome</one> becomes a <two>late endosome</two>, aside from morphology, what else may change that is rather important? It will become <one>increasingly acidic</one>.
+- <one>Receptor-mediated endocytosis</one> is initiated how? When a specific ligand binds to receptors that are present on the cell surface.
+- Do <one>growth factors</one> also belong to the group of <two>cytokines</two>? Yes. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor []
+- Um auf ein <one>Hormon</one> reagieren zu können, brauchen die Zellen ... ? einen <one>Rezeptor</one>. []
+- Name the 3 Ras Proteins in humans. A: (1) H-Ras (2) K-Ras (3) N-Ras []
+- Lysosomaler Enzym-Schutz? Zum einen pH-Optimum von 5-6; zum anderen ein <one>Oligosaccharidpanzer</one>, also <two>hochglykosyliert</two> als Schutz vor Autolyse durch lysosomale Proteasen.
+- In der Zellbiologie: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>NA Wert</one>? <one>Numerical Aperture</one>.
+- Die <one>Phospholipid-Synthese</one> erfolgt wo in der Zelle? An <one>der cytosolischen Seite der glatten ER-Membran</one>.
+- How do we call the <one>heterotrimeric G-protein of Rhodopsin</one>? <one>Transducin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducin
+- Was heisst <one>Tor-Kinase</one>? <one>Target of Rapamycin</one>. []
+- <one>pH Wert</one> in einem <two>Lysosome</two>? <one>5</one>. []
+- The <one>fluid mosaic model</one> includes, obviously, the word <two>mosaic</two>. What should this word indicate? That this model refers to the presence of proteins suspended in the membrane bilayer.
+- Nenne einen Marker in <one>smooth muscle cells</one>. A: <one>Calponin</one>.
+- Wenn <one>eine Zellmembran nur bestimmte Ionen durchlässt</one>, <two>wie nennen wir dieses Phänomen</two>? <one>Selektive Permeabilität</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>ERGIC</one>? <one>ER-Golgi intermediate compartment</one>.
+- <one>5-Methylcytosin</one> ist methyliert, und kann über eine Oxidation in welche 3 anderen Nukleotide konvertiert werden? (1) 5-Hydroxymethylcytosin (hmC) (2) <one>5'-Formylcytosin</one> (<two>fC</two>) (3) <one>5'-Carboxycytosin</one> (<two>caC</two>)
+- What is the major task of the <one>cis-Golgi network</one>? The cis-Golgi network receives the biosynthetic output from the ER.
+- <one>How</one> is the pH of Lysosomes maintained? By the <one>vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase proton pump</one>.
+- How many <one>NPCs</one> does <two>a typical mammalian cell</two> have (from-to)? <one>3000-4000 NPCs</one>. []
+- <one>Welches Signalpeptid</one> wird nicht abgespalten? Das <one>Kernlokalisationssignal</one>.
+- Welches <one>Phospholipid</one> trägt eine negative Ladung nach aussen hin? <one>Phosphatidylserin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserin []
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>primäre Endocytobiose</one> gemeint? Das Aufnehmen eines Prokaryoten und dessen Reduktion auf die Stufe eines Organells im Laufe der Evolution. Wichtig bei der Mitochondrien und Chloroplasten-"Entstehung".
+- <one>Calmodulin</one> besitzt <two>n Ca²⁺ binding sites</two>? <one>4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin []
+- What is <one>Pyknosis</one>? This is <one>the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis</one>.
+- Name <one>one important receptor</one> that is degraded within lysosomes. A: <one>EGFR Receptor</one> (this is a safety mechanism).
+- In cell biology: what is the <one>kiss of death</one>? <one>The addition of Ubuiqitin to proteins</one>. This addition often commits the labelled protein to degradation in the 26-S proteasome. []
+- In cellbiology, we have an abbreviation called <one>Cvt</one>. Why this weird name? <one>Cvt</one> means <two>Cytoplasm vacuole targeting</two>. It is sometimes called <three>Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting</three>, which may be confusing. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm-to-vacuole_targeting []
+- <one>Welches Protein</one> erreicht eine <two>Abschnürung von Vesikeln</two>? <one>Dynamin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamine []
+- <one>Wann</one> wurde <two>NLS</two> entdeckt und wo findet man sie? <one>1982 entdeckt</one>; am C-Terminus befindlich. Sie kann jedoch auch an anderer Stelle der Peptidkette auftauchen.
+- <one>Neu synthetisierte Proteine</one> müssen <two>korrekt gefaltet werden</two>. Die dazu <three>notwendigen Hilfsproteine</three> heißen ... ? <one>Chaperone</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone []
+- Name something in cell biology that has a <one>triskelion structure</one>. A: <one>Clathrin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin []
+- Welche Aufgabe hat der <one>ComEC Complex</one>? Der ComEC Komplex macht einen Channel (wichtig für die Kompetenz).
+- Das <one>raue endoplasmatische Reticulum</one> verdankt seine Bezeichnung ... ? Den vielen <one>Ribosomen</one>. []
+- Andere Bezeichnung für <one>Zellkörper</one>? <one>Perikaryon</one>.
+- <one>Fibrinogen</one> kann vor allem an die Rezeptoren welcher Zellen binden? An die <one>Thrombozyten</one>.
+- Zellbiologisch heraus betrachtet: wieso hat <one>Koffein</one> eine <two>stimulierende Wirkung</two>? Es <one>hemmt die Phosphodiesterase</one>, und bedingt dadurch einen langsameren Abbau von cAMP.
+- What do we mean with <one>Tyr-P</one>? This is <one>a phosphorylated tyrosine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine []
+- Was produziert die <one>Phosphodiesterase</one>? <one>AMP</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was genau heisst <one>Caspase</one>? <one>Cysteinyl-aspartat-spezifische Proteinase</one>.
+- What is a <one>chromocyte</one>? A chromocyte is any cell that contains a pigment, especially red blood cells. URL: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromocyte
+- In cell biology: what does <one>FAOS</one> stand for? <one>Fluorescence-assisted organelle sorting</one>.
+- Nenne die fünf Phasen der <one>Meiose I</one> in korrekter Reihenfolge. A: (1) <one>Leptotän</one> (2) <one>Zygotän</one> (3) <one>Pachytän</one> (4) <one>Diplotän</one> (5) <one>Diakinese</one> []
+- In cellbiology: what is an <one>organotypic culture</one>? This is the case when we grow cells in a "three-dimensional (3-D) environment".
+- Bis etwa 1970 wurde in der Cytologie das <one>Feulgen reagent</one> verwendet. Welche Farbe hat dies? Ein <crimson>dunkles rot</crimson>. []
+- Gehören die <one>Lysosomen</one> zum <two>Endomembransystem</two>? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- <one>Microfilaments</one> are formed by ... ? <one>Actin</one>.
+- <one>When</one> was the <two>nucleosome</two> discovered? In the year <one>1974</one>.
+- Nenne eine besondere Domäne am <one>EGF-Rezeptor</one>. A: Die <one>Dimerisierungsdomäne</one>.
+- Die <one>Fluidität der Plasmamembran</one> ist geringer als die in der intrazellulären Membran auf Grund des hohen Gehalts an ... ? <one>Cholesterin</one>. []
+- Was heisst <one>iPS</one>? <one>Induzierte, pluripotente Stammzellen</one>. []
+- Name a complex similar to the <one>Gamma-TuRC complex</one>. A: The <one>ARP complex</one>.
+- Give another name for the term <one>autophagy</one>. A: <one>Organelle turnover</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle []
+- Within a <one>monolayer</one>, <two>where</two> can we find Cholesterol? <one>Cholesterol</one> is preferentially localized to the upper region of the monolayer because the hydroxyl-group prefers an aqueous environment.
+- Was ist ein <one>Gewebe</one>? Dies ist <one>ein Verbund von Zellen mit gemeinsamer Funktion</one>.
+- Nenne ein zelluläres Ereignis, das durch <one>exogene Noxen</one> ausgelöst werden kann. A: Die <one>Nekrose</one>.
+- What is the job of the <one>satellite muscle cells</one>? They repair injured muscle cells. Satellite cells can self-renew and proliferate, thus providing new myogenic cells.
+- Was genau ist die <one>Matrix</one> der Mitochondrien? Das ist genau <one>der innerste Teil der Mitochondrien</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>ICAM</one>? <one>Intercellular adhesion molecule</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercellular_adhesion_molecule
+- Was heisst <one>EDTA</one> und wozu setzt man es in der Zellbiologie ein? <one>EDTA</one> heisst <two>Ethylendiamintetraacetid acid</two>. Es bindet Ca2+ Ionen, die wiederum für Zell-Zell Adhesionskontakte wichtig sind. Das Zell-Gewebe kann daraufhin leichter getrennt werden.
+- <one>How much</one> of the ER comprise of <two>newly-synthesized proteins</two>? Only about <one>1%</one>.
+- What is the job of the <one>PIN Proteins</one> in plants? They serve as secondary active transporters in the cell membrane, regulating the influx and efflux of auxins.
+- <one>Below a certain temperature</one>, lipids are in ... which form? They tend to be in a <one>paracrystalline</one> form. []
+- Name one general way to inhibit translation. A: <one>Make use of a microRNA</one>.
+- <one>Inositol</one> besitzt <two>n OH-Gruppen</two>? <one>6</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol []
+- <one>Wo</one> findet man die <two>tSNAREs</two>? Auf der <one>Zielorganelle</one>. []
+- <one>G-Proteine</one> bestehen aus drei Untereinheiten. Welche davon bindet GTP? Die <one>alpha-Untereinheit</one> bindet (und hydrolysiert) GTP. []
+- Aufgabe der <one>Calpaine</one>? <one>Calpaine</one> <two>bauen Muskeleiweiß ab</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain
+- The ability of <one>importins</one> and <one>exportins</one> to transport their cargo is regulated by ...? <one>Ran</one>, a small Ras-related GTPase.
+- What is <one>the central component of the translocon</one>? The <one>Sec61 complex</one>.
+- Wie erfolgt <one>der Import von NLS-haltigen Proteinen</one>? Durch <one>Importin Alpha</one> und <one>Importin Beta</one>.
+- Are <one>Endosomes</one> organelles? Yes. []
+- <one>How</one> is the <two>Ras signal-transduction pathway</two> activated? When e. g. EGF binds to a receptor.
+- To which family do the "death receptors" belong to? <one>TNF receptor family</one>.
+- Name <one>a potent inhibitor of autophagy</one>. A: <one>Amino Acids</one>.
+- Give another, prettier name for <one>pigments</one>. A: <one>Rainbow catchers</one>.
+- Woraus besteht <one>ein einzelnes Tubulin-Molekül</one>? Es handelt sich hierbei um ein <one>Heterodimer</one>, bestehend aus <two>Alpha</two> und <two>Beta-Tubulin</two>. []
+- <one>Where</one> does the <two>signal peptidase</two> reside? In the <one>ER membrane</one>.
+- What is a <one>Ionophore</one>? This is a lipid-soluble molecule usually synthesized by microorganisms, able to transport ions across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
+- Name one <one>lysosomal storage disease</one>. A: The <one>Tay Sachs disease</one>. []
+- Is it easy <one>to stretch a membrane</one>? No. []
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es ein sehr wichtiges, dimeres (genauer: heterodimeres) Protein namens <one>MPF</one>. Was heisst <one>MPF</one>? Maturation-promoting factor. Manchmal wird es aber auch <one>mitosis-promoting factor</one> bezeichnet.
+- <one>Griseofulvin</one> wirkt wie? Griseofulvin hemmt den Spindelapparat der Zelle, indem es an Tubulin bindet.
+- <one>Welche Zellen</one> bilden die <two>Myelinschicht</two>? Die <one>Gliazellen</one>. []
+- Wie werden die <one>Intermediärfilamente in Nervenzellen</one> genannt? <one>Neurofilamente</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediärfilamente#Typen
+- The <one>Nuclear pore complexes</one> consist of about <two>n different proteins</two>? About <one>30</one>.
+- Wie werden die <one>Intermediärfilamente im Zellkern</one> genannt? <one>Lamina</one>. []
+- Nenne die zwei <one>Ionenkanaltypen</one>. A: (1) <one>spannungs-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle</one> (2) <one>liganden-gesteuerte Ionenkanäle</one>
+- Give one example for <one>actin based motor proteins</one>. A: <one>Myosins</one>. []
+- What does a <one>mast cell</one> secrete? <one>Histamine</one>. []
+- Can <one>p53</one> be both <two>acetylated</two> AND <two>phosphorylated</two>, in principle? Yes. []
+- Define <one>transmembrane proteins</one>. A: These are proteins that span the lipid bilayer.
+- <one>COP-Proteine</one> in Vesikeln dienen dem Transport zwischen ...? <one>ER</one> und <one>Golgi</one>.
+- The <one>SCF complex</one> promotes ...? <one>Degradation of CKIs</one>.
+- <one>Integrins</one> have how many <two>switchable conformations</two>? <one>2</one> (active/inactive conformation). []
+- Warum haben <one>Integrine</one> ihren Namen? Sie haben die Fähigkeit, extrinsische Signale in Veränderungen des Cytoskeletts der betreffenden Zelle zu "integrieren".
+- What are <one>ameloblasts</one>? These are cells that are important for tooth development. They <one>deposit tooth enamel</one>.
+- How is the <one>interior of the ER</one> called? <one>lumen</one>.
+- Durchmesser eines <one>clathrin triskelion polyhedral lattice</one>? <one>80nm</one>. []
+- Wo befinden sich <one>vSNARE Proteine</one>? Sie befinden sich <one>in der Vesikelmembran</one>.
+- Is <one>a human egg</one> or <one>a human red blood cell</one> larger? A <one>human egg is larger</one> than a red blood cell. []
+- <one>Diffusion</one> erfolgt nach <two>welchem Gesetz</two>? Nach dem <one>Fickschen Diffusionsgesetz</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion#Erstes_Ficksches_Gesetz []
+- Wo speichert eine Zelle <one>Ca2⁺</one>? Im <one>Lumen des endoplasmatischen Reticulums</one>. []
+- The <one>ER</one> cycles between ...? The <one>ER membrane</one> and the <one>cytosol</one>.
+- What is the job of <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one>? This protein functions as <one>a light-activated H+ pump</one> that transfers H+ out of the archaeal cell.
+- Name <one>two things</one> that <two>mature mammalian red blood cells</two> lack. A: (1) <one>nucleus</one> (2) <one>cytoplasmic organelles</one>
+- In cell biology: what does "autophagy" ensure or a given normal cell? <one>Autophagy</one> ensures the synthesis, degradation and recycling of cellular components.
+- Warum besitzen <one>Archaea</one> <two>Etherbindungen</two>? Da <one>Esterbindungen</one>, wie in Bacteria und Eukaryoten, unter extremen Bedingungen rasch hydrolysieren würden.
+- The main reaction types of <one>cell synthesis</one> are ... ? <one>Polymerization Reactions</one>.
+- In cellbiology: we may see something called <one>Endo H</one>. What is this? This is the enzyme <one>Endoglycosidase H</one>.
+- Wieso werden <one>Sterole</one> in die Zellmembran eingebettet und welches Dilemma haben manche Prokaryoten hier? Um sie zu verstärken. Manche Prokaryoten können diese Sterole nicht selbst synthetisieren und nehmen sie aus der Umgebung auf.
+- <one>Cyclin-dependent kinases</one> are a subclass of ... which family? They belong to the <one>serine</one>/<one>threonine protein kinases</one>.
+- Why is <one>CO₂</one> used for Live Imaging? Because this will yield a buffer (CO2/HCO3-).
+- What is <one>Allotransplantation</one>? When the donor organ comes from a <one>closely related species</one>.
+- Kann das <one>26S-Proteasom</one> im Zellkern gefunden werden? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- Was ist die sogenannte <one>korpuskuläre Absorption</one>? (1) Phagocytose (2) Pinocytose (3) <one>Endocytose</one>
+- Wie wird die <one>PKA</one> (<one>Proteinkinase A</one>) aktiviert? Über <one>cAMP</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A []
+- What are <one>spheroid cells</one>? This is <one>a 3D cell culture method</one> where a small aggregate of cells grows free of foreign materials.
+- Aufgabe der <one>SUN</one> und <one>KASH</one> Proteine? Sie verbinden den Nucleus und das Cytoplasma durch die Zellkern-Membran.
+- What are <one>primary cultures</one>? These are <one>cultures prepared directly from the tissues of an organism</one>.
+- <one>Vorgänger</one> eines Lysosoms? Ein <one>late endosome</one>.
+- Wie wird <one>die Länge der Aktinfilamente</one> <two>reguliert</two>? Mit Hilfe der <one>Motorproteine</one>. Diese bewegen sich entlang der Filamente und kürzen sie, wenn sie zu lang werden.
+- Nenne ein Beispiel für ein kleines Signalmolekül, das eine zelluläre Rolle spielt. A: <one>NO</one> (<two>Stickstoffmonoxid</two>).
+- <one>Microtubules</one> are made of which protein? <one>Tubulin</one>. []
+- Was sind <one>Kinozilien</one>? Das sind <one>Wimpern</one> beim, zum Beispiel, Wimpertierchen.
+- Der <one>Proteingehalt einer bakteriellen Zelle</one> beträgt etwa n Prozent der Trockenmasse (es reicht ein Wert, der innerhalb des Intervalls liegt)? Etwa <one>50-60% der Trockenmasse</one>.
+- <one>Wann</one> sind Chromosomen <two>unsichtbar</two>? In der <one>Interphase</one>. []
+- <one>Portaler Transport</one> innerhalb der Zelle ... ? Durch die <one>Kernporen des Zellkerns</one>.
+- What is meant with the term <one>Autophagy</one>? <one>Autophagy</one> is a cellular, catabolic mechanism that involves cell degradation of unnecessary cellular components through the actions of lysosomes.
+- In der Zellbiologie steht die Abkürzung <one>CDK</one> für ... ? <one>Cyclin dependent kinase</one>. []
+- What kind of information can we gain by <one>Endo H Cleavage</one>? Endoglycosidase H can cleave certain oligosaccharide structures. Later oligosaccharide structures are resistant to Endo H  cleavage, so the enzyme can be widely used to report the extent of oligosaccharide processing a protein of interest has undergone.
+- <one>Which enzyme</one> catalyzes the synthesis of cGMP? <one>Guanylate cyclase</one>.
+- Wofür steht der Name <one>P-bodies</one> in der Zellbiologie? <one>Processing bodies</one>. []
+- <one>Cell lines</one> are <two>usually derived from</two> ... ? <one>Tumors</one>. []
+- Das <one>Glykoproteinhormon EPO</one> hat n AA? <one>165</one>.
+- <one>Integrine</one> bestehen aus wievielen Untereinheiten? <one>2</one>; Integrine sind <two>Heterodimere</two>. []
+- How do we call <one>the tethering proteins of the Golgi complex</one>? <one>Golgins</one>.
+- Lassen <one>tight junctions</one> Nährstoffe durch? <one>Nein</one>. []
+- Erlauben <one>Transfersequenzen</one> den gerichteten (= Polarität) Einbau von Proteinen in Membranen? Ja. []
+- <one>Nanodiscs</one> are surrounded by ...? A belt of proteins.
+- <one>Durchmesser eines Nucleosoms</one>? <one>11 nm</one>.
+- <one>Karyopherins</one> are <two>nuclear transport receptors</two> that bind to ... ? <one>Nups</one>.
+- What is the <one>rate-limiting step</one> in the <two>formation of actin filaments</two>? <one>Nucleation</one>. []
+- <one>Nitric oxide</one> can activate what inside of a cell? The <one>Guanylyl cyclase</one>.
+- Chemischer Name für <one>Caffeine</one>? <one>1,3,7-trimethylxanthine</one>.
+- <one>Welcher Wachstumsfaktor</one> spielt bei <two>Blutgerinnung</two> und <two>Wundheilung</two> eine Rolle? <one>PDGF</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor
+- <one>Microtubules</one> are organized from ...? <one>Centrosomes</one>.
+- A <one>32 base pair deletion</one> can confer <two>HIV resistance</two>. In which human Gene? <one>CCR5</one>. []
+- What is <one>the main signal</one> for protein delivery into lysosomes? <one>M6P</one> (<two>Mannose 6-phosphate</two>).
+- <one>Mice without p53</one> show what phenomen, in general? They are <one>susceptible to early tumours</one>.
+- In cell biology: what do we mean with the term <one>free ribosome</one>? Ribosomes that are not attached to the RER.
+- Name <one>two ways</one> how a cell culture can become immortalized. A: (1) spontaneously (2) by oncogenes
+- In cellbiology: what are the <one>CAKs</one>? <one>Cdk-activating kinases</one>.
+- How many <one>different types of autophagy</one> can we distinguish? <one>Three</one>. []
+- Das Enzym <one>Thymidylate Synthetase</one> benötigt eine Methyl-Gruppe. Woher stammt diese? Von <one>Tetrahydrofolate</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>cytokinesis</one>. A: <one>Cytoplasmic division</one>.
+- Die Form von Mitochondrien ist unter anderem wovon abhängig? Vom <one>metabolischen Zustand</one>.
+- <one>Dystrophin</one> bindet ... an die Zellmembran von Muskelzellen. A: <one>Actinfilamente</one>.
+- Bei <one>G-Proteinen</one>: ist der Komplex aus GDP + G(alpha,beta,gamma) aktiv? Nein, er ist <one>inaktiv</one>. []
+- What happens to <one>p53</one> upon activation? It will be <one>translocated into the nucleus</one>.
+- What does <one>pinocytosis</one> literally mean? <one>Cellular drinking</one>.
+- Was für ein Typ sind <one>RAB-Proteine</one>? <one>Kleine GTPasen</one>.
+- Wo finden wir <one>Kupffer cells</one>? In der <one>Leber</one>. []
+- <one>Dendritische Zellen</one> - was heisst <two>dendritus</two>? <one>Verzweigt</one>.
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie man den Zeitpunkt der <one>S-Phase</one> experimentell bestimmen kann. A: Durch Verwendung von <one>Bromodeoxyuridin</one>.
+- <one>Which COP protein</one>, COP I or COP II, functions in <two>intra-Golgi trafficking</two>? <one>COP I</one>.
+- <one>Plectin</one> can bind to ... ? <one>Desmin</one>.
+- <one>Macroautophagy</one> creates what? An <one>autophagic vacuole</one>.
+- Is <one>cell fusion</one> important in <two>practical cellbiology</two>? Give an example. A: Yes, it can be <one>used to produce monoclonal antibodies</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Vakuolenmembran</one>? <one>Tonoplast</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonoplast []
+- <one>When</one> are compartments said to be <two>topologically equivalent</two>? If they can communicate with one another in the sense that molecules can get from one to the other without having to cross a membrane.
+- <one>Formine</one> können die <two>Polymerisation von</two> ... induzieren. A: <one>Aktin</one>.
+- How do we call the clear gel that is part of <one>the matrix surrounding animal cells</one> in a tissue? The <one>extracellular fluid</one> (<one>ECF</one>).
+- Why is it important that the <one>ER</one> (<one>endoplasmic reticulum</one>) has a large surface area? This helps in <one>biochemical synthesis</one>.
+- What is the <one>opposite</one> of the secretory pathway? The <one>endocytic pathway</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>Ubiquitin E1</one>. A: <one>Ubiquitin-activating enzyme</one>.
+- Wie weit sind <one>die Membranen des Zellkerns</one> voneinander entfernt (von, bis)? <one>10-50 nm</one>.
+- In cellbiology: what is a <one>Shmoo</one>? A shmoo is a budding yeast responding to a pheromone from the opposite mating type (either a or alpha) - Yeast-Cells that undergo mating present this particular structure, and look like such a "shmoo"- thus, the whole process is known as "shmooing".
+- The only <one>direct intercellular junctions</one> that exist in plants are ... ? <one>Plasmodesmata</one>. []
+- In cellbiology: what means the word <one>ERES</one>? <one>ER export site</one>. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/8568278_fig3_Figure-3-Biogenesis-of-Golgi-and-the-ER-export-site-A-Cells-stably-expressing-the
+- For <three>autophagy</three> to properly function, which <one>organelle</one> is the most important? The <one>lysosome</one>. []
+- <one>Integrins</one> can, on the outside of a cell, bind to ... ? <one>Fibronectin</one>.
+- Was meinen wir mit einer <one>asymmetrischen Zellteilung</one>? Dies ist schlicht eine Zellteilung, bei der die beiden Tochterzellen unterschiedlich groß sind.
+- Was ist die Grundlage eines <one>Riboswitch</one>? Wirkt wie ein <one>Schalter</one> - einmal kann er abgelesen werden, ein anderes mal nicht.
+- Why do the <one>osteoclasts</one> need <three>acid</three>? In order to <one>dissolve the bone minerals</one>. []
+- In der Zellbiologie: was meinen wir mit dem Begriff <one>Heterophagie</one>? Dies ist <one>das Verdauen zellfremder Substanzen</one>.
+- What was the first <one>membrane transport protein</one> whose structure was determined? <one>Bacteriorhodopsin</one>.
+- In der Zellbiologie gibt es <one>COPII</one>. Dieses Protein ist wichtig beim Protein-Transport von RER zum Golgi Apparatus. Wofür steht das Wort COPII? <one>Coat Protein Complex II</one>.
+- Der <one>Austausch von Ionen im ladungsneutralen Gegenstrom</one> heißt ... ? <one>Antiport</one>. []
+- Wo finden wir die <one>Cathepsine</one>? Im <one>Lysosom</one>. []
+- Warum das <three>g</three> in <one>G1-Phase</one>? <one>g</one> steht hier für <one>gap</one>. []
+- In cell biology: whats means <one>dynamic instability</one>? This refers to the coexistence of assembly and disassembly at the + end of a microtubule.
+- Der Durchmesser eines <one>Histon-Oktamers</one> beträgt ... ? <one>11 nm</one>. []
+- Name <one>a protein that requires a large vesicle for its transport</one>. A: <one>Collagen</one>.
+- Nenne einen <one>Inhibitor der Phosphodiesterase</one>. A: <one>Koffein</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffein []
+- Nenne eine Möglichkeit wie die Zelle die <one>GTP-Hydrolyse</one> von GPCRs beschleunigen kann. A: Sie kann <one>GAPs</one> (<two>GTPase-aktivierende-Proteine</two>) verwenden.
+- In der Zellbiologie: was heisst <one>ERAD</one>? <one>ER-associated degradation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated_protein_degradation
+- How do we call an <one>inactive caspase</one>? <one>Procaspase</one>. []
+- In der Zellbiologie, gib ein anderes Wort an für das <one>KDEL Signal</one>, auf Englisch. A: <one>ER retention sequence</one>. []
+- In <one>cell biology</one>: give another expression for <two>reversable cell cycle arrest</two>. A: <one>Quiescence</one>.
+- <one>Multicellularity</one> is in general a successful strategy, but there is at the least one major drawback when compared to unicellularity. Which one is that? It takes longer before <one>reproduction</one> can occur.
+- <one>Collagen fibrils</one> are ropes with tunable ... ? <one>Stiffness</one>.
+- Warum benötigt eine Zelle die <one>Intermediärfilamente</one>? Diese sind die stabilsten Bestandteile des Zytoskeletts. Bei ihnen steht die <one>Stützfunktion</one> im Vordergrund.
+- Is it possible to detect a small object below the resolution limit, in light microscopy? Yes, if said object itself emits light.
+- Das <one>ced-4 Genprodukt</one> aktiviert welches andere Protein? Die <one>ced-3 Caspase</one>.
+- In multicellular, eukaryotic cells, what is the most prominent cell cycle stage, e. .g the one that is used most often by eukaryotic cells? The <one>G0-phase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G0_phase
+- <one>Prenylation</one> is what? The linkage of C15/C20 units to <one>cysteine side chains</one>.
+- <one>Mikrotubuli</one> sind am Centrosom + oder -? <one>-</one>
+- Auf Ebene der Zelle: was bewirkt eine aktivierte <one>Protein-Kinase A</one>? A: Dieses Enzym katalysiert die Phosphorylierung anderer Proteine, was zu einer zellulären Antwort führt (i. e. bei einer vorhergegangengen Aktivierung über einen G-Protein gekoppelten Rezeptor).
+- Name a dangerous but very effective way to stop all cell division. A: <one>High exposure to x-rays</one>.
+- Ist <one>Importin Alpha</one> oder <one>Importin Beta</one> wichtiger? <one>Importin Alpha</one>, denn es bindet an das für den Zellkern bestimmte Protein.
+- Angenommen wir möchten das glatte ER in der Zelle massiv proliferieren lassen. Was könnten wir tun? Wir könnten <one>Barbiturate</one> verwenden.
+- Die <one>RNA Helicasen</one> können im zellulären Kontext was machen? Sie können "RNA binding proteins" von der RNA lösen.
+- Within the cell, the so-called FG repeats are associated with ... ? <one>Karyopherins</one>.
+- Do <one>gap junctions</one> allow passage? Yes; of <one>small water-soluble molecules</one>.
+- How do we call the "specialized domain" in cell membranes? <one>Lipid rafts</one>.
+- Why the Z in <one>FtsZ</one>? Because it will build the Z ring at the site where the septum forms.
+- Das <one>BiP Protein</one> ähnelt welch anderem Protein? <one>Hsp70</one>.
+- Innerhalb einer Zelle schaffen Membranen ...? <one>Abgegrenzte Reaktionsräume</one>.
+- Wieso schaffen es <one>Lysosomen</one> einen niedrigeren pH-Wert als ihre Umgebung zu halten? Sie besitzen eine <one>Protonenpumpe der Klasse V</one>, die unter ATP-Verbrauch Protonen in den Lysosomen anreichert.
+- What is the net effect of "mitosis without cytokinesis"? <one>Cells with multiple nuclei</one> will be the result.
+- What is <one>the most remarkable ER specialization</one>? The <one>rough ER</one>.
+- <one>Selenocystein</one> ist was genau? Ein <one>Cystein</one>, bei dem die Schwefelgruppe durch ein reaktiveres Selenium-Atom ausgetauscht wurde.
+- Name a way how to detect cells in the S-phase. A: For instance, via <one>BrdU Incorporation</one>.
+- Was ist zum <one>Zellkern von Osteoklasten</one> zu sagen? Diese Zellen sind <one>mehrkernig</one>.
+- Why is <one>Cholesterol</one> preferentially localized to the upper region of a monolayer? Because the hydroxyl-group prefers an aqueous environment.
+- Proteins that permanently reside in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) seem to be distinguished from newly synthesized secretory proteins by the presence of the C-terminal sequence ... ? <one>KDEL</one>: Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu.
+- How do we call a fused t-SNARE and v-SNARE? <one>trans-SNARE complex</one>.
+- The <one>Rab GTPase</one> is important for ... ? <one>Organelle identity</one>.
+- What is the main minus-end directed <one>motor-protein</one> on microtubules? <one>Dynein</one>.
+- Name an "ER stress reaction". A: The "unfolded protein response", <one>UPR</one>.
+- What is the <one>I-cell disease</one>? Material accumulates in the lysosomes because of the absence of hydrolytic enzymes due to the enzyme phosphotransferase unable to add phosphate groups to mannose in the Golgi complex.
+- How do we call the two layers of the phospholipid-bilayer? <one>Leaflets</one>. URL: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Lipid_Bilayer
+- Wieviele Billionen Zellen hat ein adulter Mensch in etwa? <one>37.2 Billionen Zellen</one>.
+- Name the two major roles that <one>autophagy</one> has. A: (1) to remove damaged organelles and macromolecules (2) to recycle amino acids during periods of starvation
+- Bei der "Dynamik von Mikrotubuli/Tubulin" in der Zelle hat "Alpha-Tubulin" eigentlich immer "GTP" gebunden. Lediglich Beta-Tubulin unterscheidet sich in seinem Verhalten, je nachdem ob es GTP oder GDP gebunden hat. Wie unterscheidet sich Beta-Tubulin bei "GDP" und "GTP" dahingehend jeweils? (1) Beta-Tubulin mit "GDP": "Zerfall der Mikrotubuli" (2) Beta-Tubulin mit "GTP": "Polymerisierung der Mikrotubuli"
+- In der Zellbiologie binden die MAPs ("Microtubule-associated protein") an Tubulin Subunits. Welche Funktion erfüllt dies? Sie "regulieren damit deren Stabilität" - machen sie also stabiler oder instabiler.
+- Name the four main families of motor proteins in human cells. A: (1) Integrins (2) Immunoglobulins (3) Cadherins (4) Selectins
+- What would happen if we would knock out "lysosomal hydrolases"? Undigested molecules would accumulate in lysososomes, causing the cell to swell and ultimately die.
+- Name the three most commonly used scaffolds for 3D cultures. A: (1) Agarose (2) Collagen (3) Fibronectin
+- What is the general role of Gamma-Tubulin? This protein is involved in the nucleation of microtubule growth.
+- Name 3 important jobs for the ER (Endoplasmatic Reticulum). A: (1) lipid-biosynthesis (2) protein biosynthesis (3) intracellular Ca 2+ store
+- Proteine die in die Mitochondrien importiert werden sollen, haben was für eine leader sequence? Am N-Terminus 20 oder mehr Aminosäuren.
+- Was ist die "Glykokalyx"? Die Gesamtheit der Zuckerketten an der extrazellulären Zelloberfläche.
+- Eine menschliche Pankreaszelle hat wieviele Ribosomen? Einige Millionen.
+- In der Zellbiologie, was ist das "Retromer"? Das Retromer ist ein Komplex an Proteinen die wichtig sind für die Wiederverwendung von "transmembrane receptors", von Endosomen hin zum trans-Golgi network (TGN).
+- The GTP bound to Beta-tubulin may be hydrolyzed to GDP shortly after assembly. What is the effect of this? New dimers are added to the Tubulin-Structure.
+- Which three main pathways are involved in autophagy? (1) Macroautophagy (2) Microautophagy (3) Chaperone-mediate autophagy (CMA)
+- Wie funktioniert der Import von Proteinen in das Mitochondrium? Mitochondrien haben Rezeptoren, die bestimmte Signalsequenzen binden können.
+- Gib ein Beispiel für eine Serin/Threoninkinase. A: Proteinkinase A.
+- Was ist die "H & E Färbung"? Hämatolysin + Eosin.