studium 0.14.16

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Advanced microbiology
+#
+# Schäffer tag. Schäff tag. Sch tag. ADVANCED MICROBIOLOGY tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Wer ist der <one>Lipidcarrier</one> für Peptidoglykanbausteine? <one>Bactoprenol</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenol []
+- Der <one>Kalilauge</one>-Test (<two>3%-ige KOH Lösung</two>) wird zum <three>Nachweis welcher Bakteriengruppe verwendet</three>? <one>Gram-negative Bakterien</one> <two>da diese eine dünne Zellwand besitzen</two>. Der Nachweis erfolgt mittels einer Nadel.
+- Nenne die <one>vier Temperaturklassen in Mikroorganismen</one>. A: (1) <one>psychrophile</one> (2) <one>mesophile</one> (3) <one>thermophile</one> (4) <one>hyperthermophile</one>
+- <one>Wo</one> findet man <two>DAP</two> (<three>Diaminopimelinsäure</three>)? <one>DAP</one> ist ein Baustein der Peptidoglycane.
+- <one>Peptidoglycane</one> bestehen woraus? Aus Strängen glycosidisch miteinander verknüpfter Zuckerderivatmoleküle <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one> und <one>N-Acetylmuraminsäure</one>. []
+- Nenne ein Protein in <one>Sulfolobus</one> das <two>die Integrität der dsDNA</two> erhält. A: Das DNA-Bindungsprotein <one>Sacd7</one>.
+- Nenne <one>drei Methoden in der mikrobiellen Taxonomie</one>, die Verwendung finden. A: (1) <one>Ribotyping</one> (2) <one>Lipidanalyse</one> (3) <one>DNA:DNA Hybridisierung</noe>
+- <one>Lysozym</one> ist <two>gegen welches Peptidoglycan unwirksam</two>? Lysozym ist unwirksam gegenüber <one>Pseudo-Peptidoglycan</one>. []
+- <one>Wo</one> kann <two>Pseudopeptidoglycan</two> gefunden werden? Bei <one>Archaea</one>. []
+- Was bevorzugen <one>Osmophile</one>? <one>Osmophile Mikroorganismen</one> bevorzugen einen <two>hohen Zuckergehalt</two>. []
+- Nenne alle Enzyme, die beim Entfernen des <one>docking strand</one> im Peptidoglycan beteiligt sind. A: Lytische Transglykosylase, sowie Endopeptidasen und <one>Amidasen</one>.
+- <one>Capsules</one> (<two>in bacteria</two>) are formed by the excretion of ... ? <one>Polysaccharides</one>. []
+- <one>Capsules</one> (in bacteria) carry which antigen? The <one>Vi-antigen</one>.
+- In der molekularen Taxonomie kommt <two>FAME</two> zur Anwendung. Wofür steht <one>FAME</one>? <one>Fatty acid methyl ester</one>.
+- <one>Which protein</one> normally keeps <two>sigmafactor Sigma-F</two> inactive, in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>? <one>SpoIIAB</one>, a so-called <two>anti-sigma factor</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC46079/
+- Sind <one>Psychrotolerante</one> <two>hitzelabil</two>? <one>Nein</one>.
+- <one>Wieso</one> verwenden Bakterien <two>Gasvesikel</two>? <one>Gasvesikel</one> dienen dem Auftrieb von im Wasser lebenden Bakterien.
+- Trivialname für <one>Gallionella</one>? <one>Eisenbakterium</one>.
+- Name a <one>key biomarker</one> <two>for Bacteria</two>, but not for Archaea. A: <one>Peptidoglycan</one>. []
+- Name a famous example of a bacterium that is capable of <one>bioluminescence</one>. A: The marine bacterium <one>Vibrio fischeri</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliivibrio_fischeri []
+- Beim <one>Ribotyping</one>: <two>welches molekulare Werkzeug ist hier sehr wichtig</two>? Die <one>PCR</one>. []
+- <one>Which component</one> of the <two>bacterial peptidoglycan</two> is common to both Bacteria and Archaea? <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> may a bacterium <two>require a hydrolase for growth</two>? A conditional mutant lacking certain hydrolases, are no longer able to to incorporate new murein into their cell wall, most likely because the cross-link step is essential for enlargement of the murein sacculus.
+- <one>Welche Struktur</one> hat das Pseudopeptidoglycan der Archaea? N-Acetylglucosamin und N-Acetyltalosaminuronsäure, die Beta-1,3-verknüpft sind.
+- <one>Welche Bakteriengruppe</one> benötigt vor allem <two>Natrium</two>? Jene die im Meer leben, da der Salzgehalt im Meerwasser hoch ist.
+- Name a problem with <one>mixed-culture growth</one>. A: Some strain tend to dominate over others.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für das Enzym <one>Lysozym</one>? <one>Muramidase</one>.
+- In bacteria: the <one>regulation of these bioluminescence genes</one> is <two>often inherently linked with ... </two>? <one>Quorum sensing</one>. []
+- Warum ist das <one>Peptidoglycan</one> so wichtig für ein Bakterium? Es gibt dem Bakterium seine Form und schützt es dergestalt vor <one>osmotischer Lyse</one>.
+- Bei den <one>hyperthermophilen Proteinen</one> der Archaea. Nenne eine Besonderheit. A: Sie haben ein <one>hydrophobes Core</one>; <two>dies verringert die Entfaltungstendenz</two>.
+- Die <one>Teichonsäuren</one> sind typisch für welche Bakteriengruppe? <one>Gram⁺ Bakterien</one>. []
+- What is <one<the lipid carrier used in the Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycan</one>? <one>Bactoprenol</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenol []
+- Nenne <one>eine Bakteriengattung</one>, die den KDPG-Weg für den Glucoseabbau verwendet. A: <one>Pseudomonadas</one>. []
+- <one>Wo</one> werden <two>Autolysine</two> eingesetzt? Bei der <one>Biosynthese von Peptidoglykan</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Cytoplasmamembran</one> der Bakterien? <one>Phospholipiddoppelschicht</one>.
+- <one>Peptidoglycan</one> besteht aus <two>welchen zwei Zuckerderivaten</two>? <one>N-Acetylglucosamin</one> und <one>N-Acetylmuraminsäure</one>. []
+- <one>Bactoprenol</one> besitzt <two>wieviele C-Atome</two>? <one>55</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactoprenol []
+- Name a specific example for a biological entity that would fall under <one>biosafety level 4</one>. A: The <one>Ebola virus</one>. []

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Advanced topics in plant sciences
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Nenne eine Pflanze, die relativ viel Ameisensäure besitzt. A: Die <one>Brennessel</one>.
+- As part of the <one>phloem</one>: why are the <two>sieve tube elements</two> <three>not capable of synthesizing proteins</three>? Because <one>they have lost their nucleus</one>.
+- Say that a fungus attacks a plant. Which gas could be used to decrease the severity of this fungal infection? <one>Ethylene</one>.
+- Welche 'Zelle' dient als Modell zum Verständnis des osmotischen Potentials? Die <one>Pfeffersche Zelle</one>.
+- Das <one>Wasserpotential</one> kann benutzt werden um zu bestimmen wie Wasser fließt. Wie geht dies? Allgemein gilt: Wasser fließt immer von Orten mit höherem zu Orten mit niedrigerem Wasserpotential.
+- Das <one>Wasserpotential</one> ist ein Maß für ... ? Für die <one>Verfügbarkeit von Wasser</one>.
+- Nenne drei verschiedene Gase die in einer Pflanze transportiert werden. A: (1) <one>CO₂</one> (2) <one>O₂</one> (3) <one>H₂O</one>
+- Eine <one>Mykorrhiza</one> ist eine symbiontische Assoziation zwischen Pilzen und ... ? <one>Pflanzenwurzeln</one>. []
+- Bei der grünen Revolution: höhere ... durch Zwergwuchs. A: <one>höhere Kornerträge</one>.
+- Bei der berühmten <one>grünen Revolution</one>: welches Phytohormon war hier besonders wichtig? <one>Gibberellin</one>.
+- Bei der Selektion von Getreide: ist es eher besser wenn die Rachis zerbrechlich ist oder wenn die Rachis starr ist, aus Sicht der Menschen? Es ist, aufgrund der Ernte, eher besser wen die Rachis starr ist.
+- Die <one>Guttationsflüssigkeit</one> ist nicht das gleiche wie <two>Tau</two> - aber was ist <two>Tau</two>? <two>Tau</two> ist <one>kondensierter Wasserdampf aus der Luft</one>.
+- Was ist <one>photoatrop</one>? Dies bedeutet <one>nicht auf Licht reagierend</one>.
+- Thanks to <one>root nodules</one>, plants obtain ... ? <one>Nitrogen</one>. []
+- <two>n% der US Maisproduktion</two> geht in <one>Bioethanol</one>? Etwa <one>40%</one>. []
+- Der <one>Protoplast</one> wird nach außen begrenzt durch ... ? <one>Plasmalemma</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellmembran []
+- Was ist mit dem Begriff <one>hypogäisch</one> gemeint? Dies ist dann der Fall wenn der Same unter der Erde verbleibt.
+- Die <one>Samenverbreitung durch Tiere</one> wird wie genannt? <one>Zoochorie</one>.
+- In a given plant cell: does <one>ice forming</one> outside the cell membrane <two>withdraw water from the protoplast</two>? Yes. []
+- Angenommen eine Pflanze kann sowohl große als auch kleine Samen produzieren. Welchen Vorteil mag sich durch kleine Samen ergeben (abgesehen von der Energie, die investiert muss für deren Produktion)? Kleine Samen sind <one>leicht zu verbreiten</one>.
+- Was ist die <one>Transpiration</one>? Transpiration ist die Abgabe von Wasserdampf aus Blättern und anderen oberirdischen Pflanzenteilen.
+- In Pflanzen: verläuft die <one>Massenströmung</one> schneller als Diffusion? Ja.
+- Nenne den prominentesten Vertreter des <one>C4-Typs</one> bei der Photosynthese. A: Der <one>Mais</one>.
+- <two>Plants</two> use which substance for <one>transpiration</one>? <one>H₂O</one>. []
+- What are <one>helophytes</one>? These are <one>plants</one> that hibernate under water or in water-saturaded sediments. They die during winter.
+- <two>Wieviele sukkulente Blätter</two> finden wir bei den <one>lebenden Steinen</one>? <one>Zwei</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithops []
+- Is <one>cork</one> softer than <two>wood</two>? In general <one>yes</one>. []
+- Das <one>Pilzmyzel</one> rund um Mykorrhiza hat (meistens) welche Farbe? <one>Weiß</one>. []
+- Give an example for <one>plant-animal mutualism</one>. A: <one>Plant-ant mutualism</one>, where the <two>ants protect the plants</two>.
+- Nenne <one>eine photosynthetisch aktive, mehrzellige Alge</one>. A: Der <one>Seetang</one>.
+- Some <one>orchids</one> resemble female ... in shape? <one>Wasps.</one> []
+- Bei den Pflanzen: <one>Sauerstoff</one> 'entsteht' im Zuge der ... ? der <one>Lichtreaktion</one>.
+- <one>Mechanical protection</one> of a plant's epidermis often occurs primarily through ... ? A <one>thick cell wall</one>. []
+- Bei Pflanzen findet sich das <one>Hydrenchym</one> meist unter dem ... ? <one>Assimilationsparenchym</one>.
+- <one>Ug99</one> ist ein virulenter Rostpilz der Weizen befällt. Er stammte aus welchem Land? Aus <one>Uganda</one>. []
+- <one>Guard cells</one> can be found near/at the stomata. Do they contain <two>chloroplasts</two>? No. []
+- Welche Pflanzen vor allem verwenden ein <one>Hydrenchym</one>? Pflanzen die <one>in Trockengebieten</one> beheimatet sind.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für den <one>Milchsaft tropischer Bäume</one>? <one>Latex</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milchsaft []
+- How do we call <one>plant seeds</one> that do not need any help when it comes to seed dispersal? <one>Autochorous seeds</one>.
+- Die <one>Kokosnuss</one> ist keine Nuss sondern ... ? Eine <one>Steinfrucht</one>.
+- Die <one>Stärkespeicherung</one> in Pflanzen erfolgt üblicherweise oberirdisch oder unterirdisch? Eher <one>unterirdisch</one>.
+- Andere Bezeichnung für eine <one>Kulturpflanzensorte</one>? <one>Cultivar</one>.
+- Was wird unter dem Begriff <one>Massenströmung</one> verstanden? Dies bezeichnet <one>die durch Druck angetriebene Bewegung einer Flüssigkeit</one>.
+- Das <one>O₂</one> bei der Photosynthese entsteht aus ... ? <one>H₂O</one>. []
+- <one>Mais</one> hat, in Bezug auf die Ernährung, einen Mangel an ... ? <one>Niacin</one>; sowie den Aminosäuren Tryptophan und Lysin.
+- Nenne zwei Gründe wieso Pflanzen <one>Kalium</one> benötigen. A: (1) für die <one>Regulierung des Wasserhaushalts</one> (2) für den <one>Aufbau von Zellwänden</one>
+- Can the <one>bark</one> of the trees be used to identify said tree? Yes. []
+- <one>Aerenchyma</one> (in plants) are especially important under which condition? When the plant resides under water yet still requires oxygen (O₂) supply.
+- Do <one>shrubs</one> have an <two>advantage</two> over <one>trees</one> in snow? Well, it depends - <one>dwarf shrubs may be covered by snow</one>, which protects them against some of the cold, whereas a young tree seedling faces a challenge here.
+- Nenne eine Pflanze, deren Blätter bis zu 20 Meter lang werden können. A: Die <one>Mehlpalme</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffia_palm
+- Wie können wir den Begriff <one>Transpiration</one> übersetzen? Mit <one>Wasserverlust aus den Blättern</one>.
+- Lebende Steine aus der Gattung <one>Lithops</one> haben Vorteile und Nachteile. Nenne einen interessanten Nachteil. A: Lebende Steine wachsen nur sehr langsam, da sie <one>weitgehend unterirdisch leben</one>.
+- Die Färbung im <one>Chromoplast</one> entsteht durch ... ? <one>Carotinoiden</one>.
+- Was wird mit dem Begriff <one>Protophyten</one> gemeint? Dies bezieht sich auf <one>einzellige Algen und Pilze</one>. 
+- Name a very important difference between cultivated bananas and their wild relatives. A: <one>Cultivated bananas are seedless</one> - which <two>makes them more edible</two>.
+- In plants: give another name for <one>embryonic tissue</one>. A: A <one>meristem</one>.
+- Are <one>tracheids</one> single cells? Yes - <one>elongated single cells</one>.
+- Plants often have <one>trichomes</one>. Name three different types of trichomes here. A: (1) <one>Aerial surface hairs</one> (2) <one>Glandular trichomes</one> (3) <one>Non-glandular trichomes</one>
+- Die <one>Kokosnuss</one> ist ein Same, der zumindest einen Nachteil hat. Welchen? Die Palme kann nur sehr wenige Kokosnüssen produzieren.
+- <one>Begonia</one> produces very small seeds, but plenty of them. This has some disadvantages, but also at the least one large advantage if a plant is to produce very small seeds. Name such an advantage. A: Small seeds are easily dispersed by wind.
+- <one>Seeds of plants</one> contain which two very important components? (1) the <one>embryo</one> (2) <one>storage facilities</one> (such as nutrients)
+- What is <one>anemochory</one>? This is <one>seed dispersal by wind</one>- the hairs on seeds can function as flight hairs. 
+- Give another (english) name for the <one>trichomes</one>. A: <one>Trichomes</one> are also called <two>stinging hairs</two>.
+- <one>cork</one> is water-and gas-tight. It also contains <two>antimicrobial substances</two>, in particular ... ? <one>Tannins</one>.
+- Do the <one>epidermal cells in plants</one> have <two>intercellular space</two>? No - except for the <one>stomata</one>.
+- <one>Cormophytes</one> contain which three elements? (1) <one>shoots</one> (2) <one>roots</one> (3) <one>leaves</one>
+- In the <one>xylem</one> of plants: water is transported by <two>positive pressure</two> or by <two>negative pressure</two>? It is transported by <one>negative pressure</one>, from the <two>water loss by the leaves</two>.
+- Name <one>a plant family</one> that absolutely depends on the presence of a fungus. A: The <one>orchids</one>. They form a tight symbiosis with a certain fungus.
+- The <one>fungal partners</one> in <two>endomycorrhiza</two> are from a small group of fungi called the ... ? <one>Glomeromycota</one>.
+- In plants: <one>Ectomycorrhizae</one> suppress the production of ... ? <one>Root hairs</one>.
+- Give an example for <one>Eusymbiosis</one> in plants. A: <one>Pollination</one>.
+- What could we mean with the term <one>strict pollination</one>? When a specific plant species is pollinated only by one insect species. It is thus highly dependent on that insect species.
+- Have <one>humans</one> entered a <two>symbiosis</two> with <one>plants</one>? Yes - modern human society and cultivated plants could not exist without one another.
+- Give another name for the <one>spermatophytes</one>. A: <one>Seed plants</one>.
+- What is the primary role of <one>apical meristems</one> in plants? Apical meristems serve for <one>growth in length</one>.
+- <one>Isodiametric plant cells</one> have what general shape? They are <one>approximately round</one>.
+- Name a <one>succulent plant</one> that begins with the letter <two>A</two>. A: <one>Aloe</one>.
+- <one>Idioblasts</one> in plants often include ... ? <one>Crystals</one>, such as <two>calcium oxalate</two>.
+- Why may some plants make use of <one>intracellular calcium oxalate</one>? Because this <one>may protect from herbivores</one>; may also damage the kidneys in the long run. (Another lesser reason is that the formation of oxalate crystals relieves the plant of this toxic substance).
+- Give two examples for <one>Thallophytes</one>. A: (1) <one>mosses</one> (2) <one>algae</one>
+- The <one>phloem</one> and the <one>xylem</one> are arranged in vascular ... ? <one>bundles</one>.

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology

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+# =========================================================================== #
+# === Advanced Virology
+#
+# All about advanced virology and also everything about large viruses
+# as well. (Large tag, lar tag)
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- Does the <one>Human papillomavirus</one> integrate into the genome? <one>Yes</one>.
+- Approximately <one>how many HPV</one> (Human Papillomavirus) types are known, in 2023? More than 100 different HPV types are known.
+- <one>PAPOVA-virus</one> has a long history. For instance, rather early on Rigoni-Stern postulated that a sexually transmitted agent might be the cause of cervix carcinoma. In what year did he propose this? Already in <one>1842</one>.
+- How many people died due to HIV/AIDS up to 2020 or so, give or take? About 30 million people have died up until 2020 or so.
+- The primary reservoir of the Rabies virus (RABV) is ... ? The <one>domestic dog</one>.
+- The enzyme <one>reverse transcriptase</one> was first isolated from which virus? <one>Rous sarcoma virus</one> (<two>RSV</two>). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virus 
+- Nenne drei Vertreter der <one>Togaviruses</one>. A: (1) Rubella virus (2) <one>Semliki Forest virus</one> (3) <one>Sindbis Virus</one>
+- The <one>Rabies virus</one> genome typically encodes for n different proteins? <one>Five</one>.
+- The <one>rabies virus</one> belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae. It is a member of which genus? <one>Lyssavirus</one>.
+- A virulent rabies virus strain is often isolated from ... which tissue? <one>Brain tissue</one>.
+- Vor der <one>spanischen Grippe</one> ging die ... Grippe ab 1889 (H3N8) einmal um die Welt. A: Die <one>russische Grippe</one>.
+- Können <one>Hepadnaviren</one> in das Kerngenom integrieren? <one>Nein</one>.
+- Benötigen ss(-)RNA-Viren eine RNA-abhängige RNA-Polymerase? Ja.
+- Gibt es Viren deren dsDNA nicht durchgängig doppelsträngig ist? <one>Ja</one>, wie zum Beispiel das <two>Hepatitis B Virus</two>.
+- Nenne einen Virus mit <one>RNA-abhängiger RNA-Polymerase</one> der mit dem Buchstaben <two>R</two> beginnt. A: Die <one>Reoviren</one>.
+- Benötigen <one>Adenoviren</one> <two>Okazaki-Fragmente</two>? <one>Nein</one>.
+- When a <one>rhinovirus</one> enters an <two>acidic endosome</two>, does it expand or shrink in size? It will expand in size by about <one>4%</one>.
+- In general: which viruses are able to <one>fuse</one> with a target membrane? Only <one>enveloped viruses</one>.
+- Name three different ways of penetration used by human viruses. A: (1) Fusion (2) Caveolin-mediated endocytosisHuman papillomavirus (3) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
+- <one>LAT-positive Herpes simplex viruses</one> have the ability to protect an infected cell from ... ? Apopoptosis - at the least the one mediated by caspase-8.
+- The Herpes simples virus genome has an area called <two>LAT</two>. LAT is short for ... ? <one>Latency-associated transcript</one>.
+- Give an example for a virus that is quite famous for being activated from latecy, in humans. A: The <one>herpes simplex virus</one> (<two>HSV</two>).
+- The <one>SIV virus</one> (simian immunodeficiency virus) contains the <two>nef gene</two>. This gene can downregulate the expression of which surface receptor? The <one>nef gene product</one> can downregulate the expression of MHC class I molecules on the surface of infected CD4 lymphocytes. 
+- Name <one>a protein from the influenza virus</one> that <two>is able to suppress RNAi</two>. A: The <one>NS1 protein</one>.
+- The <one>human brain</one> has a population of indigenous macrophages called ... ? <one>Microglia</one>.
+- The <one>SARS virus</one> binds to the ACE2 receptor. ACE2 stands for ... ? <one>Angiotensis-converting enzyme 2 receptor</one>. 
+- The <one>SARS virus</one> uses which receptor? <one>ACE2 receptor</one> (angiotensis-converting enzyme 2 receptor).
+- The SARS pandemic between 2002 and 2003 had a mortality rate of about ... ? <one>~10%</one>.
+- Nenne drei Möglichkeiten wie ein virales Genom angeordnet sein kann. A: (1) <one>linear</one> (2) <one>zirkulär</one> (3) <one>segmentiert</one>
+- The first virus that was <one>self-assembled in the laboratory</one> was ... ? <one>TMV</one> aka <one>Tabacco mosaic virus</one>. 
+- In viral structurology: we know the <one>Icosahedron</one>, as well as the <two>truncated icosahedron</two> looking like a football, but name another structure that is similar to a viral icosahedron. A: The <one>geodesic dome</one>.
+- When was self-assembly of the tabacco mosaic virus (TMV) shown in a test tube? In <one>1955</one>, by Fraenkel-Conrat and R.C. Williams.
+- <one>Construction by humans</one> may yield new opportunities for natural viral vectors. Give an example for this. A: The flooding of valleys by dams may help mosquitoes into expanding into flooded areas.
+- <one>HIV-1</one>, the <two>reverse transcriptase</two>, makes how many errors? On overage <one>one error per every 10.000 bases synthesized</one> (<one>1:10.000</one>). []
+- A few well-known viruses that infect humans, such as the papillomaviruses that cause warts, make use of <one>caveolae-mediated endocytosis</one>. How can this be experimentally verified? One can <one>use a drug that inhibits the formation of caveolae</one>.
+- The cell receptor that the human <one>poliovirus</one> uses is ... ? <one>CD155</one>. []
+- In virology: does <one>penetration</one> of the virion require energy? Yes. This is <one>contributed by the host cell</one> rather than the virus.
+- In virology: what is meant with the term <one>penetration</one>? <one>Penetration</one> refers to <two>the crossing of the plasma membrane by the virus</two>. This term is typically used for eukaryotic viruses.
+- Name a virus that will attach to <one>heparan sulfate</one>. A: The <one>herpes simplex viruses</one> (<two>HSV</two>).
+- Give a fancy name for a phage, such as the <one>T4 phage</one>. A: A <one>viral syringe</one>.
+- If a virus makes use of <one>leaky scanning</one>, what can be concluded from the mRNA that is used? This mRNA will most likely include a weak Kozak sequence. That way the ribosome may skip the first AUG and begin translation at the next start codon encountered.
+- Name a virus that can inhibit the addition of a poly(A) tail to the host's mRNA transcripts. A: <one>Influenza</one>.
+- <one>Which HIV-1 protein</one> inhibits the splicing of host mRNA? HIV-1 protein <one>Vpr</one>.
+- Does <one>HIV</one> utilize <two>ribosomal frameshifting</two>? Yes.
+- The most famous virus that snatches 5'-caps from the host cell is ... ? <one>Influenza</one>.
+- Does <one>HIV</one> <two>undergo alternative RNA splicing</two>? Yes.
+- <one>SARS</one> was synthesized de-novo (from scratch) in which year? In <one>2008</one>.
+- Does <one>HIV</one> undergo <two>alternative RNA splicing</two>? Yes.
+- Give an example for a virus that reduces the synthesis of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). A: <one>HSV-1</one> (Herpes simplex virus type 1).
+- The <one>first human virus</one> ever isolated was ... ? The <one>yellow fever virus</one>, in the year <two>1902</two>.
+- The <one>Dengue virus</one> is transmitted by ... ? <one>Aedes aegypti</one>, a <two>mosquito</two>.
+- The <one>ICTV</one> has categorized how many different orders of viruses (at the least in 2016)? <one>Seven</one>.
+- <one>Reassortment</one> happens only in viruses that have which characteristic feature? In viruses with <one>a segmented genome</one>.
+- Name a virus that is notorious for being transmitted across the placenta? The <one>rubella virus</one>.
+- Are all <one>helical animal viruses</one> <two>enveloped</two>? Yes. []
+- The <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> is a member of ... which virus family? Of the <one>flavivirus family</one>.
+- Can the <one>Hepatitis C virus</one> be transmitted via sex? Not really, no.
+- The <one>dengue virus</one> is transmitted by ... ? The mosquito <one>Aedes aegypti</one>.
+- The natural host of the Rabies virus in Europe is/are ... ? The <one>foxes</one> - although most transmission of rabies happens by <one>domestic dogs</one> in Europe. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies#Transmission []
+- Do Coronavirus, such as SARS, contain glycoproteins? Yes - the surface glycoprotein. []
+- Name <one>a virus</one> that could be spread through raw milk in the alpine region. A: The <one>TBEV</one>: <two>Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus</two>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866415/ []
+- Are the <one>Latin binomial names</one> used for <two>naming viruses</two>? No. []
+- The <one>measles virus genome</one> contains n open reading frames? <one>6</one>.
+- <one>Paramyxoviridae</one>, but also some other viruses, show the phenomen called <two>transcriptional polarity</two>. What is meant with this term? That the genes which are closest to the 3' end of the genome are transcribed in greater abundance than those genes that can be found to be closer towards the 5' end.
+- The <one>diameter</one> of Paramyxoviridae-virions is typically <two>n nm</two>? About <one>150 nm</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxoviridae#Structure
+- The Ebola virus can cause what in humans? Haemorrhagic fever.
+- In structural virology: the <one>triangulation number</one> refers to ... ? the <one>number of structural units per side</one>.
+- Give another name for a <one>virion</one>. A: <one>Infectious particle</one>.
+- <one>HIV</one> may be treated via <two>reverse transcriptase inhibitors</two>. What is the general idea behind this treatment? This aims to prevent the conversion of genomic RNA into proviral DNA.
+- The <one>Nipah virus</one> was identified in 1998 in <two>Kampung Sungai Nipah</two>, in a village in which country? <one>Malaysia</one>.
+- Name a virus that has a <one>double-icosahedron capsid</one>. A: The <one>Geminiviruses</one>. 
+- Does the type of viral nucleic acid correlate with the structure of the capsid? No it does not.
+- <one>Acyclovir</one> misses ... ? It misses a 3' hydroxy group, which is normally needed for chain extension during DNA replication.
+- <one>Recombination in viruses</one> is not only important for their evolution, but also may have a curious '<two>healing</two>' property. What is meant with this? Viable viruses may be generated from two defective genomes.
+- <one>Feline parvovirus</one> <two>can cause which disease in cats</two>? <one>Panleukopenia</one>.
+- Name a virus that makes use of the proteoglycan <one>Heparan Sulphate</one> for its attachment. A: The <one>herpes simple virus type 1</one>.
+- A <one>hepatitis B virus patient</one> produces n virus particles per day? About <one>10¹¹</one>.
+- Does the <one>Usutu virus</one> cause disease in humans? No it does not.
+- Das <one>Zika-Virus</one> gehört zu welcher Familie? <one>Flaviviridae</one> - ist also ein <two>Flavivirus</two>. 
+- Viruses can form very large icosahedral capsids by ... (one word)? <one>repetition</one>.
+- <one>Rabies</one> is a Latin word for ... ? <one>Madness</one>. []
+- For viruses the following statement is true: <one>small genomes</one> make ... ? <one>small particles</one>. []
+- Can the <one>particles</one> of the tobacco mosaic virus be dissociated into their protein and RNA components? <one>Yes</one> - this was already known before 1957.
+- A <one>pseudoknot</one> is formed <two>when</two> exactly? When a sequence in a RNA-loop pairs with a complementary sequence outside the loop.
+- The <one>starting point</one> for any programme to generate a recombinant virus is to ... ? To <one>clone its genome</one>.
+- <one>Which virus</one> may lead to patients that show a <two>decrease in their level of consciousness</two>? The <one>herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)</one>.
+- Viren mögen für <one>miRNAs</one> kodieren. Insbesondere welche Virusgruppe ist bekannt hierfür? Die <one>Herpesvirusfamilie</one>. []
+- The enzyme <one>neuraminidase</one>, found in the Influenza genome, was originally called ... ? <one>RDE</one>: <two>Receptor-Destroying Enzyme</two>. []
+- Give an example for <one>an ancient symbiotic virus</one>. A: The <one>Bracovirus</one>, in the family Polydnaviridae. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracovirus
+- <one>Endogenous retroviral genomes</one> decay by ... ? <one>mutation</one>.
+- The first virus was purified in <one>1933</one> by Schlessinger using ... ? <one>differential centrifugation</one>.
+- Name a virus that has a viral protein VPg linked. A: The <one>picornavirus</one>.
+- Das <one>Hepatitis-C-Virus</one> benötigt eine leberspezifische miR (miRNA) für die eigene Replikation. Welche? <one>miR-122</one>.
+- If we see a LTR that originated from an <one>endogenous retrovirus</one>, what may we often assume to be valid for this LTR, aside from it potentially containing mutations? That these LTRs originally contained active promoter or enhancer sequences, at one point in time.
+- Viral particles encoded by <one>endogenous retroviral genomes</one>, such as HERV-K in the human genome, may sometimes be expressed in a human cell. Name in particular one cell type that may show this phenomenon. A: These viral particles may be expressed in <one>teratocarcinoma cells</one>.
+- <one>Rabies</one> causes about <two>n worldwide deaths per year</two>? <one>56_000 deaths per year</one>.
+- <one>Why</one> should a virologist be a good cell biologist as well? Because viral particles and subviral particles depend on the cytoskeleton to move within an infected cell.
+- Viruses such as <one>HIV-1</one> show <two>a high error rate</two> yet are still viable. Why is that the case? Simply because <one>they produce large numbers of progeny</one>. []
+- Wird das <one>Masern-Virus</one> <two>über den Harn übertragen</two>? Nein. Das Masern-Virus wird <one>respiratorisch</one> übertragen. Das Masern-Virus im Harn kann eventuell für die <two>Diagnose</two> verwendet werden; es gibt jedoch keinen Beleg dafür das es über den Harn übertragen wird. []
+- Specifically <one>why</one> are <two>virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerases</two> <three>more likely to make errors</three>? They lack a <one>proofreading</one> capability. []
+- <one>PicoRNA-Viren</one> verwenden eine viral kodierte Protease, die welchen eukaryoten Initiationsfaktor spalten? Faktor <one>eIF-4G</one>. []
+- Given <one>viral DNA</one> and <one>cellular DNA</one>. <two>Who of these two shows a higher mutation rate in general</two>? <one>Viral DNA</one> displays a higher mutation rate. []
+- The <one>togaviruses</one> have how many ORFs? <one>Two</one>. []
+- The <one>tick-borne encephalitis virus</one> belongs to which virus family ... ? <one>Flavivirus</one>.
+- Why do the <one>picornaviruses</one> need viral proteases? They produce only one single polyprotein, so a viral protease is needed to generate the mature proteins.
+- What is the <one>hallmark</one> of (+) ssRNA viruses with a DNA intermediate? Their (+) strand is converted into dsDNA, by a reverse transcriptase.
+- <one>Welche Personengruppe</one> ist in den Industrieländern durch den <two>Hepatitis-B-Virus</two> stark gefährdet? Personal, das mit <one>virushaltigem Blut</one> beziehungsweise Patienten in Kontakt gerät.
+- Some viruses are rather famous for <one>creating occlusion bodies</one>. Aside from the baculoviruses that are well known for creating occlusion bodies, name another virus family that is characterized for yielding occlusion bodies, beginning with the letter '<two>c</two>'. A: The <one>cypoviruses</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypovirus []
+- Nenne eine <one>Virusgruppe</one> die kleine Ribozyme besitzt. A: Die <one>Satellitenviren</one>. []
+- Name <two>a protein</two> of the <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> that contributes to the development of <three>hepatocellular carcinoma</three>. A: <one>HBx</one>, the <two>hepatitis Bx</two> antigen. []
+- <one>Flavivirus</one> carry a <two>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</two> which has a <three>methyltransferase domain</three>. This domain will catalyze the methylation of ... ? <one>5'-RNA cap</one>.
+- Ultimately if a virus is <one>to survive</one>, it has to find ... ? New hosts it can infect. []
+- A <one>Baculovirus polyhedron</one> consists of ... ? <one>Clusters of nucleocapsids</one> embedded <two>in a polyhedrin matrix</two>. []
+- <one>Mimivirus</one> infects <two>which amoeba</two>? <one>Acanthamoeba polyphaga</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoeba []
+- Nenne <one>drei verschiedene Gründe</one> wieso Viren ideale Objekte zum Studium von Evolutionsprozessen sind. A: (1) <one>kurze Generationszeit</one> (2) <one>große Zahl von Nachkommen</one> (3) <one>einfache Struktur</one>
+- In der medizinischen Virologie, bei den <one>Influenza-A Viren</one>: wieso sind die <two>Schweine</two> so wichtig? Da den Schweinen hier eine besondere zoonotische Bedeutung zukommt. Im Schwein können <one>neue Virusvarianten entstehen</one>, die dann auf den Menschen übertragen werden können.
+- The <one>Hepatitis B virus</one> may lead to which cancer? <one>Hepatocellular carcinoma</one>. []
+- <one>Which species</one> does <two>Mimivirus</two> typically infect? <one>Acanthamoeba polyphaga</one>. URL: https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Acanthamoeba_polyphaga []
+- What is a <one>pithos</one>? A <two>pithos</two> is a <one>large storage container</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithos []
+- <one>Influenza</one> has at the least two M-proteins, called M1 and M2. Name these two proteins via proper english names. A: (1) <two>M1</two>: <one>Matrix protein</one> (2) <two>M2</two>: <one>Ion channel</one> []
+- Sensing of viral RNA by DAI leads to ... ? The activation of inflammatory, also called <two>Necroptosis</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necroptosis []
+- <one>Long neuronal networks</one> are ... ... for viruses. A: <one>Train tracks</one>. []
+- Das <one>Mimi-Virus</one> hat etwa wie viele Gene? <one>900</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimivirus []
+- The <one>mimivirus genome</one> does <two>code for n transfer RNAs</two>? <one>6</one>. []
+- <one>Poliovirus</one> can inhibit transcription. Name one protein that is relevant here. A: The <one>3C</one> protein. []
+- <one>Viroporins</one> can form pores in a membrane. Give a specific example for a <one>viroporin</one> in the Influenza virus. A: The <one>M2 protein</one>. []
+- <one>SIRV2</one> is a virus that can attach Archaea. What does this abbreviation stand for? <one>Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2</one>. []
+- <one>The smallest virus</one> is the <two>tobacco necrosis satellite virus</two>, with a ssRNA genome of ... how many bases? <one>1239 bases</one>. []
+- A virus may typically pass through a <one>Chamberland filter</one>, but which other, old filter may not allow their passage? The <one>Kitasato filter</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D []
+- What does <one>PP2A</one> stand for? <one>Protein phosphatase 2A</one>. []
+- The <one>T antigens of e. g. SV40</one> function as ... for multiprotein complexes. A: <one>molecular chaperones</one>.
+- Der <one>Mimivirus</one> hat eine <two>star-shaped structure</two>. Welchem Zweck dient diese Struktur? Diese <one>star-shaped structure</one> dient dem <two>attachment</two>. []
+- <one>How many genes</one> can we find in the Mimivirus genome? <one>911 genes</one> (easy to remember!). []
+- Das drittgrösste bekannte Virus, das <one>Mimivirus</one>, besitzt wieviele Basenpaare in seinem Genom? <one>1.181.404</one>. []
+- Are the <one>Filoviridae</one> <two>positive-sense RNA</two> or <two>negative-sense RNA</two>? <two>Filoviridae</two> are <one>negative-sense RNA</one>. []
+- Können wir <one>Viren</one> als <two>Pyrogen</two> bezeichnen? Ja - <two>gereinigte Influenzaviren</two> können als <one>exogene Pyrogene</one> bezeichnet werden. []
+- The <one>Adeno-associated virus 2</one> is a ... ? <one>Parvovirus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvoviridae []
+- The genus <one>Furovirus</one> - the name <one>Furovirus</one> comes from ... ? <one>Fungus-transmitted rod-shaped</one> <two>virus</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furovirus []
+- Which form of the <one>Baculovirus</one> is infectious? The <one>budding form</one>. []
+- <one>Which virus</one> is <two>famous for producing occlusion bodies</two>? Most <one>baculoviruses</one>; they produce these bodies in insects. []
+- Give another, fancier name for the term <one>virion</one>. A: <one>Infectious virus particle</one>. []
+- In regards to the <one>Merkel cell polyomavirus</one>, which persons are at a higher risk for the cancer caused by this virus? Persons with immunosuppression such as AIDS patients or transplant patients.
+- The approximate genome size of the <two>Mimivirus</two> is <one>n kbp DNA</one>? <one>1200 kbp DNA</one>. []
+- Besitzt die <one>HIV-Protease</one> ein Cystein? Nein. []
+- <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> has at the least two proteases: the <two>3CL-protease</two>, as well as a protease that is similar to ... ? <one>Papain</one> - thus it is a Papain-like protease. []
+- The first to have shown that <one>capsid proteins of viruses exhibit self-assembly</one> were H. Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams in the year ... ? <one>1955</one>. []
+- <one>HIV-1</one> may <two>incorporate cellular proteins</two> into its virion. Name one such cellular protein that could be incorporated into its virion. A: <one>Cyclophilin A</one>. []
+- Why do some larger DNA viruses make use of <one>Virokines</one>? Because <two>virokines</two> help them <one>evade the host's immune system</one>. []
+- In general: <one>which animal viruses</one> are always enveloped? <two>Animal viruses</two> with <one>helical symmetry</one>. []
+- Die <one>reverse Transkription</one> von Lentiviren findet, zellulär betrachtet, wo statt? Im <one>Cytoplasma</one>. []
+- Warum benötigen manche Viren eine <one>IRES</one>? Die IRES wird benötigt um die Translation viraler Proteine zu ermöglichen, sobald die reguläre Translation in der Wirtszelle inhibiert ist.
+- The <one>Marburg virus</one> has originally been isolated from ... ? From <one>cave-dwelling fruit bats</one>. []
+- The <one>cell surface molecules</one> used by viruses as receptors are typically of what type? They are <one>glycoproteins</one>. []
+- Nenne ein <one>virales Ribozym</one> aus der Tierwelt, wo dieses gefunden werden kann. A: <one>HDV</one>: das <two>Hepatitis-Delta Virus</two>. []
+- Many <one>invertebrates</one> may act as <two>virus vectors</two>, in regards to plants. Name two such representatives that are common, starting with the letter <three>a</three> and <three>n</three>, respectively. A: (1) <one>aphids</one> (2) <one>nematodes</one> []
+- <two>Wie hoch</two> ist die <one>Mutationsrate beim Hepatitis-B-Virus</one>? <one>Hoch</one>; ähnlich wie bei den Retroviren.
+- How is the <one>hypothesis</one> called that the cell nucleus of eukaryotes has evolved from a large DNA virus (as a form of endosymbiosis)? <one>Viral eukaryogenesis</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_eukaryogenesis []
+- Die <two>Inkubationszeit</two> bei <one>ASFV</one> beträgt n Tage? Etwa <one>4-5 Tage</one>. []
+- <one>VP35</one> of the <two>Ebolavirus</two> may interact with ...... by RIGi. A: <one>RNA sensing</one>. []
+- Nenne <one>eine Krankheit</one>, die durch das <two>Epstein-Barr Virus</two> ausgelöst werden kann. A: <one>Mononucleosis</one>. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-mono.html []
+- Name a virus that may be released from lesions on the lips. A: The <one>herpes simplex virus</one>. []
+- The <one>Ebolavirus protein VP40</one> blocks which signaling? The <one>Jak-Stat signaling</one>. []
+- The primary determinant of capsid size is ... ? <one>The number of subunits</one>. []
+- After infecting a cell, many <one>large complex DNA viruses</one> set up so-called ..., where the replication and assembly of virions takes place. A: <one>Virus factories</one>. []
+- The <one>Ebola VP40</one> protein has <two>which immune antagonistic function</two>? <two>VP40</two> <one>can block the Jak-Stat signaling</one>. []
+- Name three <one>public health methods</one> for infection prevention. A: (1) <one>Vaccination</one> (2) <one>Safer injection practice</one> (3) <one>Antimicrobial treatments</one>
+- How could we experimentally determine the main receptor used by a particular virus? We could make use of <one>monoclonal antibodies</one>. If one of these antibodies blocks virus binding and subsequently infectivity, then this is a strong evidence that the corresponding antigen may be the main receptor. []
+- <one>Enveloped virions</one> typically carry <two>which protein underneath their envelope</two> in general? A <one>matrix-protein</one>. []
+- Why may a virus ever want to be close to <one>mitochondria</one>? Because mitochondria could <one>supply energy for the assembly of a virion</one>, in the form of ATP. []
+- The <one>arbovirus</one> name comes from ... ? <one>Arthropod-borne virus</one>. []
+- Are <one>helical animal viruses</one> enveloped? Yes, always. []
+- <one>Giant viruses</one> should be grouped into which order? <one>Megavirales</one>. URL: https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Megavirales []
+- When can <one>retroviruses</one> access the cell nucleus? Only after the nuclear enevlope has broken down - which happens in the <two>M phase</two>. []
+- The <one>mimivirus</one> is a true giant virus. In what year was it actually discovered? In <one>1992</one>. []
+- Name the three major forms of <one>viral capsid stuctures</one>. A: (1) <one>Helical</one> (2) <one>Icosahedral</one> (3) <one>Complex</one> []
+- <one>Egon Schiele</one> died to ... ? The <one>Spanish flu pandemic</one> of <two>1918</two>. []
+- The <one>Precellular Hypothesis</one> on the origin of viruses is also known as ... ? The <one>virus-first hypothesis</one>. []
+- Give an example for a virus that enters the human body in a 'localized' manner. A: The <one>papillomavirus</one>. []
+- Nenne zwei Viren die ein Leberkarzinom verursachen können. A: (1) <one>Hepatitis-B-Viren</one> (2) <one>Hepatitis-C-Viren</one> []
+- The mean incubation time for <one>SARS-CoV-2</one> is n days? About <one>4-5 days</one>. []
+- The <one>presence of virus in the urine</one> is also called ... ? <one>Viruria</one>. URL: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/viruria []
+- How long may <one>ticks</one> be infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus? Even <one>lifelong</one>! []
+- Nenne einen Vorteil für die Virologie, die durch eine Multiplex-PCR erreicht wird. A: Wir könnten <one>mehrere Viren zugleich nachweisen beziehungsweise detektieren</one>. []
+- The <one>Ebolavirus-genome</one> contains n genes? <one>Seven genes</one>. []
+- What is meant with the term <one>abortive infection</one>? This is the case when a virus enters the cell, but it can not create progeny.
+- What happens if the <one>Sputnik-Virophage</one> meets a <two>Mimivirus</two>? The Sputnik-Virophage will cripple the replication of mimivirus. []
+- The <one>measles virus</one> makes use of which cell receptor? <one>CD150</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAMF1 []
+- The <one>Baltimore scheme for viruses</one> has three classes assigned to <two>RNA Viruses</two>. Which ones are these? (1) <one>III</one> (2) <one>IV</one> (3) <one>V</one> []
+- The <one>Ebolavirus</one> may make use of <two>immune antagonism</two>, in particular via its Gp-protein and the soluble sGP-protein variant. Why may the latter be assumed to work against the immune system? Because the soluble sGP variant <one>may act as a decoy for neutralizing antibodies</one>. []
+- How is <one>RNA</one> called that contains both +RNA and -RNA? <one>Ambisense RNA</one>. []
+- The <one>Mimivirus</one> belongs to the <two>NCLDV group</two>. What does this mean? <one>Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus group</one>.
+- In virology: name two different techniques with which <one>protein-protein interactions</one> may be studied. A: (1) <one>yeast two-hybrid system</one> (for a transcription factor activating a reporter gene) (2) <one>pull-down assays</one> []
+- Name two ways how viruses can <one>increase tumor growth</one>, directly or indirectly. A: (1) <one>increased proliferation rate of cells</one> (SV40 LT, HPVE7) (2) "decreased death rate of cells"     (SV40LT, HPVE6)
+- Curiously enough, the <one>Mimivirus</one> has fibers extending out from its capsid. <two>How long are these fibers</two>? Approximately <one>750 nm</one> (Xiao et al. 2005). []
+- <one>Cypovirus</one> is an abbreviation for ... ? <one>Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus</one>.
+- Can we find <one>viroids</one> in eukaryotes? <one>No</one>; <two>only in plants</two>. []
+- Which virus makes mammals quite aggressive? Rabies. []
+- The most common vectors of plant viruses are ... ? <one>Aphids</one>. []
+- Nenne zwei Folgeerkrankungen einer chronischen Hepatitis-B-Infektion. A: (1) <one>Leberzirrhose</one> (2) <one>Lerbezellkarzinom</one> []
+- RNA-based viruses have this problem that the eukaryotic host cells do not code for their own RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases. Name two strategies how such viruses may overcome this problem. A: (1) the virus may encode for their own RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (2) reverse transcription to dsDNA may occur []
+- Name a virus that can be transported from the mother to the fetus via the <one>placenta</one>. A: The <one>rubella virus</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella_virus []
+- The <one>Mimivirus</one> was discovered when? In the year <one>1992</one>. []
+- <one>Baculoviruses</one> can create a matrix, consisting of ... which protein? <one>Polyhedrin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedrin []
+- If we include the protein filaments that project from the surface of a mimivirus, what is <one>the diameter</one> of such a mimivirus? <one>750 nm</one>. []
+- Give an example for <one>a virus that can replicate in two different species</one>. A: The a<one>lphavirus</one>. They can replicate in both <two>mammalian cells</two> and in <two>insect cells</two>. []
+- Compared to the genome size of E. coli: the Mimivirus genome is how long? The <two>Mimivirus genome</two> is about <one>a fourth of the genome size of E. coli</one>. []
+- Name a virus that is known to be shed via <one>skin lesions</one>. A: The <one>Varicella-zoster virus</one>. []
+- What does <one>Mimivirus</one> stand for? <one>Mimicking microbe</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimivirus []
+- Können <one>Schwangere</one> den <two>Hepatitis-B-Virus</two> an den Säugling weitergeben? <one>Ja</one>. []
+- What is a <one>pantropic virus</one>? This is a virus that does not show any special affinity for a particular tissue; thus, such a virus can affect different tissues in the host.
+- Name <one>two vaccines</one> against <two>HPV</two>. A: (1) <one>Gardasil</one> (2) <one>Cervarix</one> []
+- Wird der <one>Hepatitis-B Virus</one> über Blut übertragen? Ja. []
+- Nenne ein Symptom einer "Hepatitis-B-Infektion". A: Eine <one>Leberentzündung</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B []
+- Most viruses that <one>infect fungi</one> have what genome type? <one>dsRNA</one>. []
+- <one>Transposable elements</one> in any given genome, are typically <two>most similar to which virus group</two>? The <one>retroviruses</one>. []
+- The first Virology textbook, written by <one>Thomas M. Rivers</one>, was publlished in which year? <one>1928</one>. []
+- <one>Polyamines</one> may be incorporated into virions. Give one example for a polyamine that may be incorporated like that. A: <one>Spermidine</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermidine []
+- In virology, the <one>Escape Hypothesis</one> is one hypothesis attempting to explain how viruses arose. This hypothesis is heavily based on the discovery of ... ? <one>Transposable elements</one>.
+- From virology: <one>'Unlike love, ... is forever.'</one>. A: <one>Herpes</one>. []
+- Are there <one>viruses with more than 1000 genes</one>? Yes; for example the <one>Mimivirus</one>. []
+- What is projected from the <one>mimivirus</one>? <one>Protein filaments</one>. []
+- Name a virus that has an internal lipid membrane within its virion. A: The <one>iridovirus</one>. []

data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === AGING
+#
+# Aging tag. Age tag.
+# =========================================================================== #
+
+- <one>Rapamycin</one> mag das Leben von Säugetieren verlängern; hat jedoch welchen Nachteil? Rapamycin hemmt das Immunsystem. Man könnte dann leichter an einer Infektion sterben.
+- Nenne eine Substanz, die das Leben von Säugetieren verlängern mag - zumindest im Prinzip. A: <one>Rapamycin</one>.
+- <one>Welcher Zucker</one> mag hilfreich sein wenn Zellen eingefroren werden sollen? <one>Trehalose</one>. Dieser Zucker kann DNA mit einer schützenden Hülle umgeben.
+- Say that someone claims that <one>vitamin supplements</one> are useful in reaching old age. What could be used as a counter-argument to that claim? Throughout history people have managed to survive to very old ages without taking vitamin supplements.
+- Give a trivial example where humans conduct the equivalent of longevity experiments. A: <one>Zoo keepers</one>, when they protect their animals from infectious diseases and environmental extremes.
+- The annual meeting of the Soceity of Anti-Aging Medicine, where many advocates of extreme prolongevity gather, takes place in ... ? In <one>the gambling capital of the world</one>: <two>Las Vegas</two>.
+- The <one>Law of Mortality</one> was declared by Benjamin Gompertz in 1825. His primary interest here was ... ? To know the age at which people are likely to die.
+- When was the enzyme <one>Telomerase</one> actually discovered? In the year 1984, by Carol W. Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn, in the ciliate Tetrahymena. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase#History
+- Das (klassische) <one>Alterungspigment</one> ist ... ? <one>Lipofuscin</one>.
+- The only mammal known to outlive human beings - and thus quite possibly the longest-lived mammal on planet earth - is ... ? The <one>bowhead whale</one>.
+- <one>Which rodent</one> lives the longest? The <one>naked mole rat</one>. It can live for more than twenty-five years. The current record is <two>28.3 years</two>.
+- Aggregates in the skin of old people may contain ... ? <one>Lipofuscin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofuscin []
+- How does <one>autophagy</one> change with increasing age (if it changes at all)? Autophagy declines with age. []
+- The <one>Gompertz law</one> states that the death rate in humans doubles every 8 years. In <two>dogs</two> it doubles every ... ? Every <one>3 years</one>.
+- Die Fliegenmutante <one>INDY</one>: INDY steht für ... ? <one>I'm Not Dead Yet</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_(gene) []
+- The ribosomal NSUN-1 modulates healthspan and oogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. What kind of protein is NSUN-1? It is a <one>RNA m5C methyltransferase</one>. URL: https://elifesciences.org/articles/56205
+- In aging we can measure <one>MOC</one> in rats. <one>MOC</one> stands for ... ? <one>Minimal Oxygen Consumption</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2488303/ []
+- Name <one>an animal</one> in which we <two>can not observe deterioration</two>. A: In <one>hydra</one>. []
+- In aging research we often <one>measure the health span curve via a diagram</one>. What is on the x-axis? The <orange>time</orange> (aka days or years).
+- <one>Caloric restriction</one> can extend the life span in many species by some percentage. Give a curious explanation as to why this might be. A: In general, organisms may favour reproduction over survival when survival is not threatened. This also includes factors such as the environment, weather etc...
+- The <one>endocrine theory</one> claims that we have a clock where exactly? In the <one>brain</one>. []
+- The <one>rate of living theory</one>, proposed by Pearle (1928) claimed that we would use up ... what exactly, as aging progresses? <one>Vitality</one>. []
+- How is <one>maximum lifespan</one> defined? This is <one>the age reached by the longest-lived member of a species</one>.
+- Anderes, englisches Wort für <one>Tod</one>? A: <one>Shutting down</one>.
+- Defects in early life, such as <violet>deleterious modifications</violet>, can proliferate by mechanism of ... (two words)? <one>Clonal expansion</one>.
+- Name a fairly simple way how we can identify <one>novel longevity determinants</one> in <two>Drosophila melanogaster</two>. A: We could use <one>random mutagenesis screens</one>.
+- <one>Geriatrics</one> deals with ... ? <one>Medical care and treatment of the elderly</one>.
+- Why is <one>injection of telomerase</one> not necessarily a great idea? Because <one>this may also contribute to the formation of cancer</one>.
+- In general: how does the <one>replicative potential</one> change with age? The replicative potential will <one>decline with age</one>.
+- Wie lange kann eine <one>Fruchtfliege</one> leben, maximal? <one>40 Tage</one>. []
+- In aging, we know about the <one>metabolic rate theory</one>. Give an example as to why this theory is very questionable. A: Rat and bat have similar metabolic rates - yet a bat lives around 5x longer than does a rat.
+- In aging: <one>what does</one>, in general, <two>increase</two> ...? The <one>probability of dying</one>. []
+- Leben <one>polygyne Ameisenarten</one> länger als <two>monogyne Ameisenarten</two>? Nein; sie leben kürzer. []
+- When the <one>pacific salmon</one> goes to perform his first and only spawning season, the level of which hormone is increased massively? <one>Cortisol</one>. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708753/ []
+- The <one>Baltimore Longitudinal Study</one> was important for research in aging. In which year did it happen? In <one>1958</one>. []
+- Name a very important difference between <one>senescence</one> and <one>quiescence</one>. A: <one>Senescence</one> is a permanent state whereas <two>Quiescence</two> is reversible.
+- Give one useful definition for <one>aging</one>. A: <one>Aging</one> is <two>an increased risk of dying as time goes by</two>, often accompanied by some sort of physical deterioration.
+- Define the term <one>normal aging</one>. A: <one>Aging in the absence of disease</one>. []
+- Die meisten Probleme in der Gentherapie gehen worauf zurück? Auf den viralen Vektor.
+- Any therapy that aims to <one>increase lifespan</one> of people should also aim to improve ... ? It should also <one>aim to improve the healthspan of people</one>.
+- In regards to aging: what do we mean with the "zoo-effect"? That animals in a zoo tend to have <one>an increased life expectancy</one>.
+- What is a potential issue when we use <one>telomerase</one> to <two>'reverse'</two> ageing? Increased telomerase expression can also <one>induce tumor growth</one>.
+- The typical <one>maximum lifespan</one> of an <two>amazonian parrot</two> is at about ... ? <one>80 years</one>. []
+- Does <one>Bilirubin</one> act as an antioxidant? Yes - as a <one>secondary antioxidant</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin
+- Name two different <one>aging theories</one>. A: (1) "wear-and-tear theory" (2) <one>Programmed aging theory<one>
+- Are there <one>biomarkers of aging</one>? Not really - none of them act as a true measure of the underlying aging process.
+- Why may <one>cellular senescence</one> be a good thing? <one>Senescence</one> may <two>prevent early life cancers</two>, by irreversibly arresting growth of potential cancer cells.
+- Name two different <one>cellular aging models</one>. A: (1) "chronological aging" (2) <one>replicative   aging</one>
+- Name a slogan for <one>successful aging</one> from the point of view of society. A: <one>More life into the years</one>.
+- Name two <one>physical changes</one> that we may often <two>associate with aging in human beings</two>. A: (1) <one>wrinkles</one> (2) <one>gray hair</one> []
+- Does <one>stress resistance</one> correlate with longevity? Yes. []
+- What is a <one>supercentenarian</one>? This is anyone who has reached at the least the 110th birthday - so, in other words, these are people who are (or were) at the least 110 years old. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercentenarian []
+- <one>C. elegans</one> lives how long, on average? <one>20 days</one>. []
+- In aging - give another term for <one>>stochastic</one>. A: <one>Random</one>. []
+- <one>TBARS</one> can be used to detect <two>lipid peroxidation</two>, as it is formed as a byproduct. This may be useful in aging. What does the abbreviation TBARS stand for? <one>Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances</one>.
+- Was sind die von Hayflick postulierten <one>Replikometer</one>? Die <one>Telomere</one>.
+- Name a way how we could stain telomeres. A: We could use <one>Telo-FISH</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108899/ []
+- Give an example for a <one>survival curve</one>. A: The <one>Kaplan-Meier survival curve</one>.
+- A <one>telomerase deficient mouse</one> exhibits what symptoms? Symptoms of <one>premature aging</one>.
+- Name a scientific discipline that often attempts to determine <one>chronological aging</one>. A: <one>Forensics</one>, such as CSI.
+- The <one>Calorie reduction</one> theory by McKay, proposed in 1935, suggests that the maximum life span can be increased if we reduce calories, by how much? The life span will typically be increased for <one>one third</one>.
+- The <one>Bloom syndrome</one> is characterized by ... (two words)? Genomic instability.
+- Elephants have how many copies of the p53-gene? 20. URL: https://www.nature.com/news/how-elephants-avoid-cancer-1.18534 []
+- How might the term <one>aging</one> be defined from the point of view of <two>reliability theory</two>? <one>Aging</one> is when the risk of failure of the various components increases.
+- The <one>free radical theory of aging</one> states that organisms age because ... ? Because <one>cells accumulate free radical damage over time</one>.
+- Wie nennen wir Substanzen, die gegen Radikale wirken? Die sogenannten <one>Antioxidantien</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidans []
+- What is meant with the term <one>Social Aging</one>? This refers to age-related changes in the (social) interactions people have with one another.
+- <one>Thomas Kirkwood</one> first proposed <two>the disposable soma theory of aging</two> in a Nature review article, in which year? In <one>1977</one>.
+- Nenne <one>zwei Gewebe</one> die sich nicht teilen aber eine <one>aktive Telomerase</one> besitzen. A: <one>Hirnzellen</one> und <one>Muskelzellen</one>.
+- Why do <one>Telomeres</one> shorten with age in somatic cells? Because these cells do not make telomerase.
+- Was besagt das <one>Gompertz law</one>? Die <one>Mortalitätsrate</one> (von Menschen) verdoppelt sich alle 8 Jahre.
+- Fachbegriff für die <one>Altersforschung</one>? <one>Biogerontologie</one>.
+- The disposable soma theory of aging acts on the premise that there is a tradeoff in ... between <one>somatic maintenance</one> and <one>reproductive investment</one>. A: <one>resource allocation</one>.
+- Within a regular human cell, what may be <one>the most important natural anti-oxidant</one>? <one>Glutathione</one>. []
+- Somewhat related to aging: <one>what happens if telomeres get progressively shorter</one>? <onne>Chromosomes may fuse</one> (aka <two>fusion events</two> may happen). []
+- Name <one>a cellular mechanism</one> that may act as a general <one>tumor suppressor mechanism</one>. A: <one>Replicative senescence</one>.
+- Define the word <one>natural death</one>. A: <one>Death in the absence of disease</one>.
+- Which molecular <one>clock</one> is the best marker for chronological age? The <one>Horvard aging clock</one>.
+- Name an <one>aging effect</one> of yeast cells. A: <one>Bud scars</one>.
+- Give another name for <one>failure Rate</one> in aging. A: <one>Instantaneous risk of failure</one>.
+- Name <one>a sirtuin activator</one> that may be useful when it comes to treating some age-specific effects. A: <one>Resveratrol</one>.
+- <one>RCM1</one> is said to be able to extend the life-span. What kind of protein is the functional product of the RCM1 gene? It is a <one>methyltransferase</one>. URL: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P53972
+- <one>mTERT-knockout mice</one> show ... ? No telomerase activity. Also, they will become sterile after 6 generations. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3133422/
+- <one>Life expectancy</one> in the 20th century has increased steadily by <two>n years per decade</two>? By <one>two years per decade</one>. []
+- Can we state that <one>aging is a carcinogen</one>? Yes. The higher the age, the more cancer we may see. []
+- Why may it not be sufficient to merely increase the lifespan of a human being? Because nobody wants to be old AND fragile, so we also have to <one>improve the healthspan</one>.
+- Define the term <one>replicative cell senescense</one>. A: Cells which stop dividing after a finite number of cell divisions in culture.
+- Does <one>Tetrahymena</one> have <two>active telomerase</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472759 []
+- What is the oddest thing about human reproduction? The <one>Menopause</one>. []
+- Will flies, such as <lightgreen>Drosophila</lightgreen>, live longer due to <one>antioxidants</one>? Yes. []
+- Was heisst <one>Indy</one>? <one>I am not dead yet</one>. []
+- The life expectancy of humans with <one>Xeroderma pigmentosum</one> is lower than that of normal people, at about n years lower? About <one>30 years less than normal</one>.
+- What do we mean with the term <one>probability of death</one>? This is <one>the chance of dying in any given year</one>.
+- In aging: give another expression for <one>aging of the telomeres</one>. A: <one>Telomere attrition</one>.
+- Research claims that <one>spermidine</one> activates autophagy via <one>epigenetic pathways</one>. What is meant with an epigenetic pathway in this context normally? This refers to <one>histone acetylation</one>.
+- Der <one>Jungbrunnen</one> wurde im Jahre <two>1546</two> von ... gezeichnet. A: <one>Lucas Cranach</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fountain_of_Youth_%28Cranach%29
+- Allgemein: wie mag sich Kollagen im Alter verändern? Die <one>Quervernetzung von Kollagen</one> nimmt zu, mit dem Effekt das die Fibrillen spröder und weniger elastisch werden.
+- Who or what is/was Clotho and why may this be relevant to aging? Clotho is a mythological (greek) figure. She is the one of the Three Fates who spin the thread of Life - thus, Clotho controlled the length of human life.
+- Enhanced activity of p53 affects the aging process how? It <one>accelerates the aging process</one>.
+- The <one>Werner syndrome</one> is implicated in aging. Name a yeast analogue of the main gene. A: <one>Sgs1</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1207633/
+- Give another term for <one>senescent cells</tomat>. A: Old/older cells.
+- Is <one>calorie restriction</one> (CR) the same as <one>dietary restriction</one> (DR)? No - but both terms are not very clearly defined.
+- Name a <one>universal marker of postmitotic cell aging</one>. A: <violet>Lipofuscin</violet>.
+- What will be the effect of <one>overexpression of chaperones</one> in worms, in regards to their lifespan? This will in general extend the lifespan of a worm.
+- Overexpression of dPrp19 has what effect on Drosophila? This is a DNA repair factor and an overexpression will lead to longer lived female Drosophila, but not longer lived male ones. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-017-0005-z
+- What do we mean with the term "psychological aging"? This refers to all age-related changes that affect how elderly think and behave.
+- Wie definiert "reliability theory" aging? Described as a phenomen of "increasing risk of failure with the passage of time".
+- What is ignorant aging? We dont care about the reasons of aging, we just want to reverse or stop the functional decline associated with it.
+- Was sind die Altersflecken des Menschen? Zucker und Eiweiße die kaum abgebaut werden.
+- Wie kann man failures einteilen? Degradation failures und fatal failures.
+- Stem cells can be divided into which two basic types? (1) embryonic (2) adult