studium 0.14.16

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Files changed (883) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/README.md +2987 -0
  3. data/bin/ask_exam_question +7 -0
  4. data/bin/check_description_of_these_lectures +7 -0
  5. data/bin/curriculum_module_displayer +7 -0
  6. data/bin/cycle +7 -0
  7. data/bin/d10 +7 -0
  8. data/bin/d100 +7 -0
  9. data/bin/d15 +7 -0
  10. data/bin/d20 +7 -0
  11. data/bin/d25 +7 -0
  12. data/bin/d3 +7 -0
  13. data/bin/d30 +7 -0
  14. data/bin/d5 +7 -0
  15. data/bin/determine_curricula +7 -0
  16. data/bin/display_lecture_url +7 -0
  17. data/bin/exam_registration_at +7 -0
  18. data/bin/exam_statistics +7 -0
  19. data/bin/exams_per_month +9 -0
  20. data/bin/finished_exams_at_this_university +7 -0
  21. data/bin/flashcards +7 -0
  22. data/bin/from_curriculum_id_to_university +9 -0
  23. data/bin/location_to_this_exam_topic.rb +7 -0
  24. data/bin/mandatory_continuous_assessment +7 -0
  25. data/bin/mandatory_upcoming_courses +10 -0
  26. data/bin/n_ECTS +7 -0
  27. data/bin/n_exam_questions_already_answered +16 -0
  28. data/bin/nquestions +7 -0
  29. data/bin/nsolved +7 -0
  30. data/bin/open_last_exam_question_asked_file +7 -0
  31. data/bin/passed_exams +7 -0
  32. data/bin/passed_pr/303/274fungsimmanente_courses +7 -0
  33. data/bin/pdf_for +7 -0
  34. data/bin/random_exam_topic +7 -0
  35. data/bin/report_solved_topics +7 -0
  36. data/bin/return_n_ects_from_this_file +7 -0
  37. data/bin/search_for_n_ects +7 -0
  38. data/bin/show_lectures_on_the_commandline +7 -0
  39. data/bin/show_themes +7 -0
  40. data/bin/solved +9 -0
  41. data/bin/solved_ects +7 -0
  42. data/bin/studienkennzahl +7 -0
  43. data/bin/studium +7 -0
  44. data/bin/studium_skeleton +7 -0
  45. data/bin/ufind +7 -0
  46. data/bin/upcoming_exams +7 -0
  47. data/bin/week_parser +7 -0
  48. data/doc/ECTS_CONSIDERATIONS.md +82 -0
  49. data/doc/HOW_TO_DETERMINE_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_QUESTION_AND_WHICH_PART_IS_THE_ANSWER.md +44 -0
  50. data/doc/README.gen +2947 -0
  51. data/doc/SQL_database_specification.md +46 -0
  52. data/doc/deprecated_components.md +24 -0
  53. data/doc/documentation_for_the_file_lecture_information.md +311 -0
  54. data/doc/elegant_colours.md +21 -0
  55. data/doc/statistics/yearly_statistics.md +5 -0
  56. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_graphical_parts_of_the_studium_gem_including_www_related_aspects.md +32 -0
  57. data/doc/todo/todo_for_the_studium_gem.md +58 -0
  58. data/img/STUDIES.png +0 -0
  59. data/lib/studium/autoinclude.rb +7 -0
  60. data/lib/studium/base/base.rb +3054 -0
  61. data/lib/studium/base/prototype.rb +592 -0
  62. data/lib/studium/c/README.md +2 -0
  63. data/lib/studium/c/a.out +0 -0
  64. data/lib/studium/c/obtain_random_entry.c +11 -0
  65. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/README.md +15 -0
  66. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_curriculum_for_correct_separation_of_bachelor_and_master.rb +141 -0
  67. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_all_exam_topics_being_registered.rb +118 -0
  68. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_correct_themes_of_each_course.rb +100 -0
  69. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_for_existing_description_of_this_lecture.rb +191 -0
  70. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_important_exams.rb +113 -0
  71. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/check_the_lecture_information_file.rb +163 -0
  72. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/find_duplicate_lectures.rb +124 -0
  73. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/missing_priority_entry.rb +44 -0
  74. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_lecture_information.rb +428 -0
  75. data/lib/studium/check_and_sanitize/sanitize_this_string_containing_the_lva_dates.rb +79 -0
  76. data/lib/studium/colours/colours.rb +572 -0
  77. data/lib/studium/colours/sfancy.rb +46 -0
  78. data/lib/studium/colours/sfile.rb +35 -0
  79. data/lib/studium/colours/simp.rb +40 -0
  80. data/lib/studium/colours/use_colours.rb +39 -0
  81. data/lib/studium/colours/use_this_colour_for_exam_questions_and_exam_answers.rb +80 -0
  82. data/lib/studium/commandline/commandline.rb +932 -0
  83. data/lib/studium/commandline/menu.rb +906 -0
  84. data/lib/studium/constants/colours.rb +14 -0
  85. data/lib/studium/constants/constants.rb +1708 -0
  86. data/lib/studium/constants/image_constants.rb +271 -0
  87. data/lib/studium/constants/regexes.rb +44 -0
  88. data/lib/studium/constants/web_constants.rb +28 -0
  89. data/lib/studium/css/project.css +267 -0
  90. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum.rb +210 -0
  91. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_as_string.rb +280 -0
  92. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/constants.rb +33 -0
  93. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/curriculum_module_displayer.rb +417 -0
  94. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/initialize.rb +25 -0
  95. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/menu.rb +45 -0
  96. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/reset.rb +74 -0
  97. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/run.rb +20 -0
  98. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/set_use_this_curriculum.rb +93 -0
  99. data/lib/studium/curricula/curriculum_module_displayer/show_and_report.rb +190 -0
  100. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/constants.rb +11 -0
  101. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/determine_curricula.rb +36 -0
  102. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/help.rb +39 -0
  103. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/initialize.rb +48 -0
  104. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/menu.rb +151 -0
  105. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/misc.rb +403 -0
  106. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/report.rb +143 -0
  107. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/reset.rb +59 -0
  108. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_curricula/run.rb +19 -0
  109. data/lib/studium/curricula/determine_elective_courses_in_this_curriculum.rb +112 -0
  110. data/lib/studium/curricula/display_bachelor_curricula.rb +90 -0
  111. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/README.md +9 -0
  112. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/handle_curricula.rb +179 -0
  113. data/lib/studium/curricula/handle_curricula/misc.rb +705 -0
  114. data/lib/studium/curricula/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter/mitteilungsbl/303/244tter.rb +323 -0
  115. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/display_on_the_commandline.rb +319 -0
  116. data/lib/studium/curricula/modules/return_n_ects_in_this_module.rb +75 -0
  117. data/lib/studium/curricula/n_percent_solved_in_this_curriculum.rb +75 -0
  118. data/lib/studium/curricula/prepare_individual_curriculum.rb +304 -0
  119. data/lib/studium/curricula/random_curriculum_creator/random_curriculum_creator.rb +163 -0
  120. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum.rb +114 -0
  121. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/constants.rb +11 -0
  122. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/initialize.rb +27 -0
  123. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/menu.rb +35 -0
  124. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/misc.rb +264 -0
  125. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/report.rb +163 -0
  126. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/reset.rb +64 -0
  127. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id/show_lectures_of_this_curriculum_id.rb +38 -0
  128. data/lib/studium/curricula/show_solved_percentage_among_the_registered_curricula.rb +87 -0
  129. data/lib/studium/curricula/sorted_individual_curricula.rb +121 -0
  130. data/lib/studium/ects/boku_ects_splitter.rb +128 -0
  131. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_per_university.rb +179 -0
  132. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_scanner.rb +141 -0
  133. data/lib/studium/ects/ects_to_university_parser.rb +142 -0
  134. data/lib/studium/ects/last_entry_is_curriculum.rb +150 -0
  135. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_in_these_lectures.rb +196 -0
  136. data/lib/studium/ects/n_ects_points_in_mandatory_presence_courses.rb +50 -0
  137. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_file.rb +59 -0
  138. data/lib/studium/ects/return_n_ects_from_this_url.rb +196 -0
  139. data/lib/studium/ects/search_for_n_ects.rb +614 -0
  140. data/lib/studium/ects/show_completed_ects_in_all_curricula.rb +191 -0
  141. data/lib/studium/ects/show_passed_credits_per_curriculum.rb +276 -0
  142. data/lib/studium/ects/simple_total_ects_points.rb +135 -0
  143. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/constants.rb +19 -0
  144. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/reset.rb +51 -0
  145. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects/solved_ects.rb +325 -0
  146. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/reset.rb +25 -0
  147. data/lib/studium/ects/solved_ects_per_university/solved_ects_per_university.rb +106 -0
  148. data/lib/studium/ects/still_missing.rb +129 -0
  149. data/lib/studium/ects/sum_of_ects.rb +144 -0
  150. data/lib/studium/encoding/encoding.rb +108 -0
  151. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/RNAi_siRNA_and_miRNA +100 -0
  152. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/abfall_als_ressource +86 -0
  153. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biochemistry +793 -0
  154. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_biotechnology +225 -0
  155. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_cellbiology +105 -0
  156. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_chemistry +518 -0
  157. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_microbiology +44 -0
  158. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_topics_in_plant_sciences +85 -0
  159. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/advanced_virology +229 -0
  160. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ageing +117 -0
  161. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrar_ecology +63 -0
  162. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarmarkt +74 -0
  163. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/agrarphysik +35 -0
  164. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/alcohols +29 -0
  165. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/algorithms +59 -0
  166. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allergie +76 -0
  167. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_genetik +1006 -0
  168. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/allgemeine_mikrobiologie +977 -0
  169. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/aminoacids +447 -0
  170. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_1 +132 -0
  171. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/analytische_chemie_2 +31 -0
  172. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anatomie +292 -0
  173. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anorganische_chemie +323 -0
  174. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/anthropologie +117 -0
  175. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/antibodies_and_antigens +770 -0
  176. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/apoptosis +35 -0
  177. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/archaea +95 -0
  178. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/architecture +8 -0
  179. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/artificial_intelligence +85 -0
  180. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/atomemissionsspektrometrie +6 -0
  181. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/audio +11 -0
  182. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bacteriophages +243 -0
  183. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biochemistry +1005 -0
  184. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_biotechnology +1004 -0
  185. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_chemistry +1007 -0
  186. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/basic_virology +1010 -0
  187. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bauwesen +6 -0
  188. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebssysteme +126 -0
  189. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/betriebswirtschaftslehre +29 -0
  190. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioanalytik_und_biosensoren +389 -0
  191. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biochips +79 -0
  192. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioelektrochemie +57 -0
  193. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biofilms +24 -0
  194. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioinformatics +507 -0
  195. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biological_therapeutics +155 -0
  196. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biologie +139 -0
  197. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomarkers +135 -0
  198. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomaterials +89 -0
  199. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biomembranes +6 -0
  200. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bionik +65 -0
  201. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biophysik +34 -0
  202. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/biopolymers +10 -0
  203. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioprozesstechnik +149 -0
  204. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bioressourcenmanagement +78 -0
  205. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/birds +3 -0
  206. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenkunde +373 -0
  207. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/bodenmikrobiologie +40 -0
  208. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cancerbiology +454 -0
  209. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cell_cultures +221 -0
  210. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellbiology +1011 -0
  211. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_transport_and_protein_secretion +27 -0
  212. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellular_vesicles +11 -0
  213. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cellulose +6 -0
  214. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_anorganischer_stoffe +209 -0
  215. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemische_technologie_organischer_stoffe +25 -0
  216. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemisches_labor +60 -0
  217. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/chemotaxis_quorum_sensing_and_motility_in_prokaryotes +91 -0
  218. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/citric_acid_cycle +80 -0
  219. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/clinical_microbiology +506 -0
  220. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_science +284 -0
  221. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/computer_vision_and_computer_graphics +12 -0
  222. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/crispr +48 -0
  223. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cyanobacteria +43 -0
  224. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytogenetics_and_chromosome_biology +570 -0
  225. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/cytokines +6 -0
  226. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/databases_and_sql +116 -0
  227. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_mutation_and_dna_repair +69 -0
  228. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/dna_replication +57 -0
  229. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecogenetics +26 -0
  230. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecological_agriculture +12 -0
  231. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ecology +317 -0
  232. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/economy +211 -0
  233. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektronenmikroskopie +356 -0
  234. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrophorese +89 -0
  235. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elektrotechnik_und_elektrizit/303/244t +41 -0
  236. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/elisa +54 -0
  237. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/embryologie_und_entwicklung +603 -0
  238. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/endospores_and_spores +104 -0
  239. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/enzymes_and_cofactors +353 -0
  240. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/epigenetik +184 -0
  241. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/erste_hilfe +158 -0
  242. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/ethik +138 -0
  243. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/evolution_and_evolutionary_genetics +356 -0
  244. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/excel +7 -0
  245. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fish +19 -0
  246. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fluorescence_microscopy +7 -0
  247. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/food_microbiology_and_food_biotechnology +83 -0
  248. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forensik +11 -0
  249. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/forstwirtschaft +53 -0
  250. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_genetik +576 -0
  251. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_gentechnik +217 -0
  252. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fortgeschrittene_physik +6 -0
  253. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/fungi +80 -0
  254. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genetische_krankheiten +187 -0
  255. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genexpression +1008 -0
  256. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/genomics_and_metagenomics +272 -0
  257. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gentechnik_und_praktische_biochemie +928 -0
  258. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geochemistry +67 -0
  259. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geography +8 -0
  260. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geologie_und_mineralogie +626 -0
  261. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geometrie +54 -0
  262. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/geschichte +94 -0
  263. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/gluconeogenesis +64 -0
  264. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycogen +25 -0
  265. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glycolysis +109 -0
  266. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glykomik +101 -0
  267. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/glyoxylatzyklus +31 -0
  268. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/grassland_cultivation +32 -0
  269. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hormone +139 -0
  270. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/html +7 -0
  271. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/human_ecology +8 -0
  272. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/hygiene +224 -0
  273. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/imaging_and_microscopy +265 -0
  274. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunanalytik +94 -0
  275. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/immunologie +998 -0
  276. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/informatik +103 -0
  277. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/innate_immunity +24 -0
  278. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insekten +64 -0
  279. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/insulin_and_diabetes +57 -0
  280. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/java +597 -0
  281. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/javascript +14 -0
  282. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/klima +6 -0
  283. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/kryptographie +9 -0
  284. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/landtechnik +26 -0
  285. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmittel +222 -0
  286. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lebensmitteltechnologie +16 -0
  287. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/linux +5 -0
  288. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/lipids +95 -0
  289. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/macroeconomics +40 -0
  290. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/marketing +7 -0
  291. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/mathematics +280 -0
  292. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizin_und_biomedizinische_technik +251 -0
  293. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/medizinische_chemie_und_pharmazie +416 -0
  294. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/messtechnik_und_regeltechnik +104 -0
  295. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/metabolismus +423 -0
  296. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/meteorologie_und_atmosph/303/244re +91 -0
  297. data/lib/studium/exam_topics/microbial_ecology +35 -0
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@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Biotech2 tag
3
+ #
4
+ # Bec3 tag. btech2 tag. Biotech2 tag. Bech2 tag.
5
+ # Advanced Biotechnology. Auch Biologics tag.
6
+ #
7
+ # Und einige besondere Mikroroganismen, die in der Biotechnologie
8
+ # Verwendungen finden.
9
+ #
10
+ # Auch Prozesse in der Life Science Industry sind dabei.
11
+ # =========================================================================== #
12
+
13
+ - Eine <one>Schüttelkultur</one> in der Biotechnologie bezieht sich meistens auf welche Objekte? Auf <one>Erlenmeyer-Kolben</one>.
14
+ - Mit welchem Test könnten wir herausfinden ob ein Mensch körperlich fit ist? Mit einem <one>Lactat-Biosensor</one>.
15
+ - Name one big advantage of expressing a foregin protein in ransgenic plant, as opposed to using transgenic bacteria. A: Using a transgenic plant is relatively inexpesnive compared to using transgenic bacteria.
16
+ - Das erste Enzym der Lysinbiosynthese ist ... ? Die <one>Aspartat-Kinase</one>.
17
+ - Nenne eine Anwendung von <one>Dioxygenasen</one> in der Technik. A: Die <one>Biosynthese von Indigo</one>.
18
+ - The first animal to be genetically modified for food production in the USA, approved for commercial use in 2015, was ... ? A rapidly growing <one>salmon</one>. It carried a (foreign) growth-hormone gene.
19
+ - The ultimate application of recombinant DNA technology is ... ? <one>gene therapy</one>.
20
+ - What may be <one>the use case for tissue plasminogen activator</one>, in biotechnology? To <one>dissolve blood clots in heart-attack patients</one>.
21
+ - A <one>mutagenesis tool</one> used in biotechnology should ... ? achieve higher production of our desired product, be it a substance or a protein.
22
+ - Historically, how was it possible to isolate better penicillin-producing species? By using X-rays and UV irradiation.
23
+ - Kann <one>Faktor VIII</one> in prokaryoten Expressionssystemen hergestellt werden? Nein; dies ist zu kompliziert. Daher verwendet man tierische Zellkultursysteme.
24
+ - <one>Alpha-Ketoglutarat</one> wird auch Alpha-Ketoglutarsäure genannt, sofern sie nicht als Salz vorliegt. In der Biotechnologie ist diese Substanz wichtig, da sie für die Produktion von Glutamat herangezogen werden kann. Alpha-Ketoglutarsäure hat jedoch auch noch einen anderen Trivialnamen. Welche? 2-Oxoglutarsäure.
25
+ - Nenne einen <one>Nachteil</one> der Elektroporation gegenüber der CaCl-Transformation. A: Die <one>Elektroporation</one> <two>bedingt höhere Kosten</two>.
26
+ - <one>Welches Intermediat</one> des Citratzyklus wird zur Synthese von L-Glutamat verwendet? <one>Alpha-Ketoglutarat</one>.
27
+ - What is <one>Superovulation</one>? <one>Superovulation</one> is the use of drugs to stimulate the ovary to produce up to three eggs within a cycle.
28
+ - Werden bei einer <one>Superovulation</one> Hormone verabreicht? Ja, praktisch immer. Man möchte die Ovulation induzieren.
29
+ - Welche <one>Steroidgruppe</one> mag gegenüber <two>Hautkrankheiten</two> effektiv sein? Die <one>Glucocorticoide</one>.
30
+ - <one>Gene Drive</one> wird in der modernen Biotechnologie verwendet, hat jedoch zumindest einen großen, gravierenden Nachteil. Welcher ist dies? Gene können auf andere, nahe verwandte Spezies übertragen werden.
31
+ - Mit welchem Fachbegriff benennen wir <one>Organtransplantationen zwischen Menschen</one>? <one>Allotransplantation</one>.
32
+ - In der <one>klassischen Stammentwicklung mikrobieller Stämme</one>: <two>wie werden die bakteriellen Stämme verändert</two>? Über <one>UV-Bestrahlung</one>.
33
+ - Gibt es genetisch veränderten Lachs, der für den Verzehr zugelassen ist? Ja, <one>seit zumindest November 2015</one>.
34
+ - The enzyme <one>alpha-amylase</one> in practical used, was isolated from which bacterium whose natural niche is a 90°C hot spring? From Bacillus stearothermophilus.
35
+ - <one>Welches Ziel</one> visiert die <two>Systems Biotechnology</two> an? Organismen in ihrer Gesamtheit verstehen zu wollen. Sie betrachtet Lebensvorgänge als integriertes Bild aller Prozesse, über alle Ebenen, vom Genom bis zum Proteom/Metabolom.
36
+ - <one>Welche Tiere</one> werden häufig zur <two>Gewinnung polyklonaler Antikörper</two> herangezogen? <one>Kaninchen</one>. []
37
+ - Andere Bezeichnung für die <one>Protease</one> <two>Papain</two>? <one>Pflanzliches Pepsin</one>.
38
+ - Die <one>Glutamin-Synthetase</one> liefert <two>wieviele Endprodukte</two>? <one>Acht</one> (<two>8</two>).
39
+ - Nenne drei Beispiele für Steroide, die in der Biotechnologie wichtig sind. A: (1) <one>Vitamin D</one> (2) Entzündungshemmer (3) Diuretika wie Spironolacton
40
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Wege</one>, um <two>die von einem Mikroorganismus erzeugte Menge eines erwünschten Proteins zu erhöhen</two>. A: (1) <one>Erhöhung der Kopienzahl des zu exprimierenden Gens</one> (2) das gewünschte Gen unter Kontrolle eines <one>starken Promoters</one> stellen
41
+ - <one>L-Aspartat</one> wird, bei der Herstellung durch die Industrie, <two>woraus gewonnen</two>? Aus <one>Fumarat</one>.
42
+ - Nenne ein biotechnologisches Anwendungsgebiet für <one>Gene Drive</one>. A: Man kann damit <one>Populationen verringern</one>, wie zum Beispiel Moskitoschwärme reduzieren.
43
+ - The <one>OX513A</one> is an engineered male Aedes aegypti mosquito. Why was it considered to be interesting? Because OX513A is genetically engineered to pass along a lethal gene to wild females that makes the females' offspring die. Thus, it is ultimately a sterile mosquito.
44
+ - Was ist <one>Gene Pharming</one>? Dies ist die Produktion pharmazeutisch relevanter Proteine mit Hilfe von transgenen Tieren (und Pflanzen). <two>Pharming</two> steht für <two>pharmaceutical engineering</two>.
45
+ - Wie ist eine <one>Chimäre</one> definiert? Eine <one>Chimäre</one> ist ein Lebewesen aus zwei verschiedenen Zelllinien.
46
+ - <one>Welche Methode</one> mag hilfreich sein zwecks Therapie mitochondrialer Erkrankungen? Der <one>Kernspindeltransfer</one>.
47
+ - <one>Cybrid</one>, als Abkürzung, steht für ... ? <one>Cytoplasmische Hybriden</one>.
48
+ - <one>gv-Reis</one> wird (oder wurde) nur in welchem einzigen Land angebaut? Im <one>Iran</one>.
49
+ - Warum schätzen wir <one>Clostridien</one> in der Biotechnologie? Da Clostridien relativ anspruchlos sind.
50
+ - <one>Fusarium graminearum</one> erzeugt biotechnologisch welches Produkt? A: <one>Quorn</one>.
51
+ - Als Schutz vor Schäden werden Kryoprotektiva eingesetzt. Nenne zwei Beispiele hierzu, beginnen mit den Buchstaben <one>G</one> sowie <one>D</one>. A: (1) <one>Glyzerin</one> (2) <one>DMSO</one>
52
+ - In der Reproduktions-Biotechnologie gibt es den Begriff <one>Sexing</one>. Was ist damit gemeint? Dies ist einfach <one>Geschlechtsbestimmung</one>.
53
+ - Chemisch gesehen zählen die <one>Polylactide</one> zu ...? Den <one>Polyestern</one>.
54
+ - In technical biotechnology, for bacteria and the production of <one>secondary metabolites</one>: we <two>typically distinguish which two growth phases</two>? (1) <one>Trophophase</one> (2) <one>Idiophase</one>
55
+ - We can <one>overproduce Lysine</one>, by having all Aspartate (D) be converted into Lysine (K). But we may have to <one>knock out a particular enzyme</one> in this bacterium: which enzyme has to be removed? The enzyme <one>homoserine dehydrogenase</one>.
56
+ - In biotechnology: what is meant with the term <one> helioculture</one>? When an organism is <one>running on sunlight alone</one>.
57
+ - Historically the first biofuel was ... ? <one>Wood</one>.
58
+ - In der Biotechnologie werden relativ häufig immobilisierte Enzyme eingesetzt. Diese haben jedoch einen allgemeinen Nachteil: welchen Nachteil genau? Sie <one>können nur lösliche Substrate umsetzen</one>.
59
+ - Als Arzneistoff wurde "Levodopa" unter dem Namen "Madopar" 1973 von welcher Firma auf den Markt gebracht? <one>Hoffmann-La Roche</one>.
60
+ - Industriell-relevante Primärmetabolite in der <one>industriellen Biotechnologie</one> sind vor allem (organische) Säuren. Nenne hierzu ein <one>wichtiges Beispiel</one>. A: Die <one>Zitronensäure</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citronens%C3%A4ure
61
+ - Why is the <one>classification of cytokine receptors</one> important, from the point of view of Biotechnology? Because such a classification provides several unique perspectives for <one>attractive pharmacotherapeutic targets</one>.
62
+ - Give another expression for <one>products from cells</one>. A: <one>Cell Factories</one>.
63
+ - <one>1908</one> wurde in Japan die geschmacksverstärkende Wirkung von "L-Glutaminsäure" entdeckt. In welchem Organismus? In den <one>Konbu-Algen</one>.
64
+ - Nenne <one>drei Organismengruppen</one> die <two>CO₂ fixieren</two> können. A: (1) <one>Pflanzen</one> (2) "Cyanobakterien" (3) <one>Flechten</one>
65
+ - Some bacteria are called <one>ESBLs</one>. They may show which specific trait? ESBL is an abbreviation of <one>extended-spectrum beta-lactamases</one>. These bacteria are resistant to many penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.
66
+ - In der life science industry: wofür steht die Abkürzung <one>IND</one>? <one>Investigational New Drug</one>.
67
+ - Nenne ein Beispiel für einen <one>industriellerelevanten Primärmetabolit</one>. A: <one>Lysin</one>.
68
+ - Nenne einen <one>Mikroorganismus</one>, der (industriell genutzt) <two>Lysin</two> produziert. A: <one>Brevibacterium flavum</one>.
69
+ - Name a <one>sweet-tasting protein</one> often used in biotechnology. A: <one>Monellin</one>.
70
+ - Die <one>Shine-Dalgarno (S/D) Sequenz</one> kann die Translationseffizienz beeinflussen. Wieviele Nukleotide soll sie vor dem AUG-Startcodon liegen? Etwa <one>8 Nukleotide</one>.
71
+ - What is the <one>Pasteur effect</one>? The <one>Pasteur effect</one> is an "inhibiting effect of oxygen on the fermentation process".
72
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> legte den Grundstein zur Disziplin der Proteinreinigung? <one>Otto Warburg</one>.
73
+ - In der Medizin beziehungsweise der pharmazeutischen Biotechnologie werden Aminosäuren auch für <one>Infusionslösungen</one> benötigt. Nenne zwei Gründe hierzu. A: (1) postoperative Phasen, also nach einer OP (2) chronisch-entzündete Darmerkrankungen
74
+ - A. W. für die <one>Okklusionskörper</one> der Baculoviren? <one>Polyeder</one>.
75
+ - Wir können typischerweise <one>drei Phasen</one> unterscheiden bevor ein Arzneiwirkstoff zugelassen wird, aber welche Phase kommt vor diesen 3 Phasen? Die <one>präklinische Phase</one>.
76
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> entdeckte <two>tierisches Somatostatin</two>? <one>Roger Guillemin</one>.
77
+ - Die <one>Sorbose</one> ist ein ... (chemischer Typ)? <one>Ketozucker</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbose
78
+ - <one>Welche Person</one> prägte den Begriff <two>Biotechnik</two>? <one>Karl Ereky</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ereky []
79
+ - When we look at the <one>demand</one> for <two>citric acid</two>, and the production, what can we say about this? The demand is increasing faster than the production rate.
80
+ - Bei der <one>Neubergschen Gärung</one> wird welche Substanz hinzugefügt? <one>Natriumhydrogensulfit</one> NaHSO3 ("Sulfitgärung"). Natriumhydrogensulfit fängt Acetaldehyd ab, welcher normalerweise als Wasserstoffakzeptor dient.
81
+ - A. W. für <one>Beta-Carotin</one>? <one>Provitamin A</one>.
82
+ - Je länger die Seitenketten bei Polyhydroxybutyrat desto ... ? Desto <one>elastischer ist der Aufbau</one>.
83
+ - Österreichs' erste Bioethanolanlage wurde in welchem Ort erstellt? In <one>Pischelsdorf</one>.
84
+ - Das <one>Temperaturoptimum</one> von <two>Corynebacterium glutamicum</two> beträgt, in °C? <one>30°C</one>.
85
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Einsatzgebiete</one> für <two>Riboflavin</two>. A: (1) Vitaminpräparat (2) <one>Lebensmittelfarbstoff</one>
86
+ - Name <one>three different companies</one> that invested money into "Hookipa", up until the year 2018. A: (1) "Boehringer Ingelheim" (2) <one>Takeda</one> (3) <one>Gilead</one>
87
+ - Bei der <one>Neubergschen Gärung</one> wird als Substrat oft <two>Melasse</two> verwendet. Wieso? Es enthält viel Sulfit.
88
+ - <one>Acetobacter suboxidans</one> ist was für ein Organismus? Ein <one>Essigsäurebakterium</one>. URL: https://web.mst.edu/~djwesten/MoW/BIO221_2010/A_suboxydans.html []
89
+ - If we wish to <one>achieve better folding of a protein</one>, in protein engineering, what can we do? We could attach SUMO-1 or a similar small protein to the target protein at hand. This will help with solubility.
90
+ - Nenne einen gravierenden <one>Nachteil der chemischen Aminosäuresynthese</one>. A: Es entstehen <one>Racemate</one> - wobei die <two>D-Aminosäuren</two> für den Menschen unbrauchbar sind.
91
+ - Wie lautet die <one>Gärungsbilanz</one> der <two>2. Neubergschen Gärungsform</two>? <one>Glucose</one> + Sulfit -> Glycerin + Hydroxyethanolsulfonat + CO2
92
+ - <one>Snomax</one> is typically produced by which bacterium? By <one>Pseudomonas syringae</one>. URL: https://www.snomax.com/product/snomax.html
93
+ - <one>Which branch of biotechnology</one> is focusing on the production of <two>bulk chemicals</two>? The <one>white biotechnology</one> branch. []
94
+ - In biotechnology: when we wish to produce proteins, name a reason why it may be better to express these proteins at a comparatively low temperature (but still below a temperature where they may denature). A: Many proteins form insolube aggregates, at a moderately high temperature.
95
+ - In <one>Fermentation</one>: nenne einen Vorteil von <two>Corynebacterium glutamicum</two> gegenüber <two>Escherichia coli</two>. A: <one>Corynebacterium glutamicum</one> ist unempfindlich(er) gegenüber Infektion durch Bakteriophagen.
96
+ - <one>Glykosylieren</one> <two>Pflanzen</two> Proteine? Ja. []
97
+ - Der <one>chemische Sauerstoffbedarf</one> wird über welche Substanz bestimmt? Über <one>Kaliumdichromat</one> (<two>K₂Cr₂O7</two>).
98
+ - Als Einsatzgebiet mikrobieller Biotechnologie können wir auch '<one>Naturprodukte</one>' benennen, wie zum Beispiel ... ? <one>Aromastoffe</one>.
99
+ - In der Biotechnologie: was meinen wir mit <one>Wikingerblut</one>? Dies ist mit <one>Kirschen</one> vergorener oder mit Kirschsaft vermischter <two>Met</two> - also <three>Kirsche + Met</three>.
100
+ - Als <one>Produktionsorganismen für Purinnukleotide</one> werden vor allem <two>welche zwei mikrobielle Gattungen</two> verwendet? (1) <one>Bacillus</one> (2) <one>Corynebacterium</one>
101
+ - Welche <one>3 Aminosäuren</one> werden NICHT mikrobiell hergestellt, zumindest bis zum Jahre 2017? (1) <one>Glycin</one> (2) <one>D,L-Methionin</one> (3) <one>L-Aspartat</one>
102
+ - Name <one>four mammalian genes</one> that can be useful as <two>selection markers</two>. A: (1) The enzyme "thymidine kinase" (TK) (2) The enzyme "dihydrofolate reductase" (DHFR) (3) The enzyme <one>adenosine deaminase</one> (4) The enzyme <one>glutamine synthetase</one>
103
+ - The <one>V-GURT restriction system</one> (<two>US patent 5,723,765</two>) uses <three>three gene constructs</three>. Which ones? (1) a cell toxin that is inactivated by spacer-DNA (2) a recombinase enzyme that can activate the toxin gene (3) a repressor protein that blocks the recombinase gene unless an inducer is applied
104
+ - <one>Welcher Mikroorganismus</one> produziert <two>Vancomycin</two>? <one>Streptomyces orientalis</one>. (Im Jahre 1953 wurde Vancomycin in diesem Organismus entdeckt.) URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amycolatopsis_orientalis
105
+ - Das alte <one>Boerhaave-Verfahren</one> diente der Herstellung von ... ? <one>Essig</one>.
106
+ - Das Lipopeptid <one>Bacitracin</one> besteht aus <two>n Aminosäuren</two>? <one>11</one>.
107
+ - <one>Welches Bakterium</one> wird heutzutage primär in der industriellen Biotechnologie zur Produktion von Aminosäuren eingesetzt? <one>Corynebacterium glutamicum</one>. []
108
+ - <one>Lebewesen aus dem Meer</one> sehen wir in welchem Zweig der Biotechnologie? In der <one>blauen Biotechnologie</one>. []
109
+ - Anderer Begriff für eine <one>unlösliche Ausfällung</one>? <one>Koagulat</one>.
110
+ - Say that we wish to synthesize a recombinant protein in yeast or in another eukaryote, such as a blood clotting factor. <one>Which resistance gene</one> may we use and why? We could use <one>the bleomycin resistance protein</one>, since it binds to a toxin in a stoichiometric manner. That means that, in order to protect the cell, it needs a lot of it has to be synthesized, which may be indicative of a lot of the required genes are active (more genes active means more gene product).
111
+ - Die industrielle Produktion von <one>L-Tryptophan</one> geschieht biosynthetisch in welchem Organismus? Einer Wildtypmutante von <one>Escherichia coli</one>.
112
+ - In der <one>life science industry</one>: wofür steht die Abkürzung <lightseagreen>NDA</lightseagreen>? <one>New Drug Application</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Drug_Application []
113
+ - Die <one>erste Gentechnik-Firma</one> war ... ? Die <one>Cetus Corporation</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetus_Corporation []
114
+ - Was meinen wir mit <one>scp</one> in der Biotechnologie? <one>Single cell protein</one>, zum Beispiel <two>Backhefe</two>. []
115
+ - <one>Die industrielle Produktion von Penicillin</one> wurde ab ~1942 mit welchem Organismus etabliert? Mit <one>Penicillium chrysogenum</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_chrysogenum []
116
+ - Gib ein Beispiel aus der Biotechnologie an, bei der "Cellulasen" eingesetzt werden. A: Bei <one>stone-washed jeans</one>.
117
+ - If we wish to use a lab strain that is useful in <one>protein expression</one>, should we preferrably use the <two>E. coli strain K-12</two> or the <two>E. coli strain B</two>? <one>B</one> - it is the better strain for <two>protein expression</two>. []
118
+ - Was ist eine <one>Tetrose</one>? Ein <one>C4-Zucker</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrosen []
119
+ - Am häufigsten unter den Baculoviren wird <one>MNPV</one> verwendet. Wofür steht <one>MNPV</one>? <one>Multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545777
120
+ - Nenne zwei Massenprodukte aus der mikrobiellen Biotechnologie. A: (1) Ethanol (2) <one>Zitronensäure</one>
121
+ - Nenne eine potentielle Gefahr - oder ein Problem - wenn wir einen pharmazeutisch wichtigen Stoff aus menschlichem Gewebe isolieren möchten. A: Es besteht ein latentes Risiko der <one>Verunreinigung mit Krankheitserregern</one>.
122
+ - <one>50% of the world supply of insulin</one> is produced by <two>which organism</two>? <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one>. []
123
+ - <one>Konsumenten</one> haben mitunter Bedenken wenn es zum Einsatz der Biotechnologie kommt. Welches Problem ist, laut Umfragen, hier am wichtigsten zu nennen? Ein mögliches <one>Gesundheitsrisiko</one>.
124
+ - Kommen <one>stickstoffoxidierende Mikroorganismen</one> beim <two>Haber-Bosch-Verfahren</two> zur Anwendung? Nein. []
125
+ - Wie lange (von-bis) benötigt <one>Picchia pastoris</one> zur <two>Verdoppelung</two> in Vollmedien? <one>2-4 Stunden</one>.
126
+ - <one>Acetoin</one>, welches in vielen fermentativen Bakterien gefunden wird, hat wieviele C-Atome? <one>4</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoin
127
+ - <one>Inactive preproinsulin</one> can become <two>active insulin</two>. Name two changes to facilitate this. A: (1) Proteases remove the leader peptide (L) (2) Proteases remove the internal peptide (the C fragment)
128
+ - Bei <one>ALARP</one> sollte was möglichst gering gehalten werden? Das Risiko sollte möglichst gering gehalten werden, ohne jedoch die Durchführung von Prozessen zu gefährden.
129
+ - <one>Daptomycin</one> is a ... antibiotic. A: <one>Daptomycin</one> is a <two>lipopeptide antibiotic</two>.
130
+ - <one>Pichia pastoris</one> benutzt was als <two>C-Quelle</two>? <one>Methanol</one>. []
131
+ - A protein with a mass of <one>64 kDa</one> has a molecular weight of ...? 64_000 grams per mole.
132
+ - Nenne <one>zwei Vorteile</one> der Elektroporation gegenüber Calciumchlorid-Transformation. A: (1) sie ist schneller (2) Transformation vieler Zellen ist möglich
133
+ - Wie hiess <one>das erste Antisense-Medikament der Geschichte</one>? <one>Vitravene</one>, in 1998 von der FDA zugelassen. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomivirsen
134
+ - <one>Erythritol</one>, a 4-carbon polyalcohol, can be produced by which yeast? By <one>Moniliela species</one>.
135
+ - <one>AEC</one> (L-Aminoethylcystein) hemmt welches Enzaym? Die <one>Aspartatkinase</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Aminoethyl-L-cysteine
136
+ - Are <one>aminoacids</one> <two>secondary metabolites</two>? No, of course not. []
137
+ - Anderer Begriff für <one>Keltern</one>? <one>Pressen</one> (i. e. Pressen von Trauben). URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltern []
138
+ - In biotechnology, when working with cells in general, how can we separate between cellular components? We may use the density as a criterium, after having centrifuged the cell extract. For example, inclusion bodies are denser than most of the other structures of the cell.
139
+ - Nenne ein Produkt aus der Pharmazeutischen Biotechnologie, das fast genauso wertvoll ist wie Gold. A: <one>Humira</one>.
140
+ - <one>Purinnukleotide</one> verstärken den Geschmack von ..? Einigen Aminosäuren.
141
+ - <one>Welches Vitamin</one> auf dem Markt ist <two>am teuersten</two>? <one>Vitamin B12</one> - kostet ~einige Tausend Euro / kg.
142
+ - Wer hat <one>Hookipa</one> gegründet? Der Schweizer Nobelpreisträger <one>Rolf Zinkernagel</one>.
143
+ - Direkter Vorläufer von <one>Oxytetracyclin</one>? <one>Pretetramid</one>. URL: http://img1.guidechem.com/chem/e/dict/47/3707-47-9.jpg
144
+ - Die <one>Antibiotikaforschung</one> begann mit welchen zwei Antibiotika? (1) <one>Penicillin</one> (2) <one>Streptomycin</one>
145
+ - <one>Wann</one> vor allem scheidet <two>C. glutamicum</two> vermehrt "L-Glutamat" aus? Wenn Biotin limitiert vorliegt.
146
+ - Wozu wird <one>rekombinantes, bovines Somatotropin</one> eingesetzt? In der Lebensmittelindustrie zur <one>Steigerung der Milchleistung</one>.
147
+ - Für "glutenfreies Bier" benutzen wir vor allem welche Enzyme? Die <one>Transglutaminasen</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutenfreies_Bier
148
+ - Since when are <one>monoclonal antibodies</one> available? Since as of the year <one>1975</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody#History []
149
+ - Is <one>the promoter for the polyhedrin gene</one> <two>a strong promoter</two> or <two>a weak promoter</two>? It <one>is an exceptionally strong promoter</one>. []
150
+ - <one>Hydrophobine</one> sind kleine Proteine. Sie enthalten sehr viel welcher Aminosäure? <one>Cystein</one>.
151
+ - In der Biotechnologie: wer oder was war <one>Casper</one>? <two>Casper</two> war ein <one>transparenter Zebrafisch</one>. []
152
+ - Why may a doctor/physician need good diagnostics from the field of <one>analytical biotechnology</one>? For example, this may help guide the physician in making decisions for the treatment of patients. The corecct antibiotic could be employed if we are able to quickly identify a microbial culture at hand.
153
+ - What is a <one>DNA adduct</one>? A DNA adduct is <one>a substance that covalently binds to DNA</one>.
154
+ - Das erste zugelassene, gentechnisch hergestellte Medikament war ... ? <one>Humaninsulin</one>.
155
+ - Nenne vier Gründe wieso <one>Organoide</one> wichtig sein mögen. A: (1) als Krankheitsmodell (Grundlagenforschung) (2) für pharmakologische Wirksamkeitstests (personalisierte Medizin) (3) für pharmakologische Sicherheitstests (statt Tierversuche) (4) für Organersatztherapien
156
+ - Was sind <one>Organoide</one>? <one>Organoide</one> sind <two>organähnliche Zellkonglomerate</two>, die <three>in-vitro gezüchtet werden</three>.
157
+ - Die erste industrielle Herstellung von Streptomycin erfolgte bereits in welchem Jahr oder Jahrzehnt? <one>1946</one>.
158
+ - Seit <one>1937</one> war es möglich, Mikroorganismen zur Steroidtransformation einsetzen. Testosteron wurde hier von welchem Mikroorganismus produziert? Von <one>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</one>.
159
+ - Auf molekularer Ebene betrachtet: wie tötet <one>Glyphosat</one>? Die Synthese der essenziellen Aminosäuren F, Y, W wird blockiert; die Pflanze kann somit nicht mehr Proteine synthetisieren, die diese Aminosäuren benötigen.
160
+ - If we compare primary metabolites with secondary metabolites: who of these tend to be simpler, from a chemical point of view? The primary metabolites tend to be simpler than the secondary metabolites. []
161
+ - Warum der Name <one>Lispro</one> beim rekombinationen Insulin? Dies steht für <one>Lys-Pro</one>, welches wiederum eine Umkehr der Sequenz <two>Pro-Lys</two> der B-Kette ist, an Position 28/29.
162
+ - Bei der veralteten Produktion von Essigsäure mit Buchenholzspänen: wie erfolgte <one>die Zufuhr von Sauerstoff</one>? Sie erfolgte <one>im Gegenstromprinzip von unten</one>.
163
+ - Nenne ein Strukturanalogon zu <one>L-Lysin</one>. A: <one>S-Aminoethylcystein</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Aminoethyl-L-cysteine
164
+ - How do we typically call <one>the phase</one> in which secondary metabolites are produced? <one>Idiophase</one>.
165
+ - Wann bezeichnete Neuberg die <one>2. Neubergsche Gärungsform</one>? Im Jahre <one>1918</one>.
166
+ - <one>Penicillin V</one> versus <one>Penicillin G</one>. Which one is more stable these days? <one>Penicillin V</one> (<springgreen>Pen V</springgreen>).
167
+ - In biotechnology, how may we <one>produce modified secondary metabolites</one>? We could <one>make use of precursor molecule-feeding</one>. For example, feeding phenlyacetic acid will produce <one>Pen G</one>.
168
+ - Die <one>Itaconsäure</one> wird auch in der Biotechnologie produziert. Diese Säure ist welch anderer Säure sehr ähnlich? Der <one>Citronensäure</one>.
169
+ - Wieviel % aller heute auf dem Markt befindlichen Wirkstoffen stammen aus Pflanzen? <one>85%</one>.
170
+ - In der Biotechnologie: was meinen wir mit der <one>Innovationslücke</one>? Dies bezeichnet das wir eigentlich dringend neue Wirkstoffe, eben Antibiotika, auf dem Markt benötigen würden; es jedoch seit den 1960er Jahren so ist, das kaum neue Wirkstoffe auf den Markt gelangen.
171
+ - Nenne zwei bakterielle Stämme, die als "Aminosäureproduzenten" wichtig sind. A: (1) <one>Corynebacterium glutamicum</one> (2) Escherichia coli
172
+ - Name one major application of <one>amylase</one>. A: <one>Corn syrup</one>.
173
+ - <one>Hyaluronsäure</one>, welches in der Biotechnologie hergestellt werden kann, besitzt eine hohe Wasserbindungsfähigkeit. Aber wieso ist dies wichtig, als Produkt? Hyaluronsäure findet Anwendung als <one>Applikation für chirurgische Implantate</one>.
174
+ - Was meinen wir allgemein mit <one>Muteinen</one>? Dies sind <one>gezielte Abwandlungen eines Proteins</one> (zum Beispiel über genetic engineering), um ein verbessertes Wirkprofil zu erhalten.
175
+ - Wie hiess <one>Gluconobacter oxydans</one> früher? <one>Acetobacter suboxydans</one>.
176
+ - Welches Bakterium scheidet den Zucker <one>L-Glutaminsäure</one> aus? <one>Corynebacterium glutamicum</one>.
177
+ - Nenne ein Einsatzgebiet für <one>L-Threonin</one>. A: <one>Futtermittelzusatz</one>.
178
+ - Wir können <one>glutenfreies Bier</one> mit Hilfe welcher Enzyme herstellen? Mit Hilfe von <one>Transglutaminasen</one>.
179
+ - The required degree of purity of the <one>final protein product</one> depends on ...? Its <one>end use</one>.
180
+ - Was meinen wir mit der <one>gelben Biotechnologie</one>? Dies ist Biotechnologie die mit <one>Lebensmittelprozessen</one> zu tun hat.
181
+ - Which bacterium yielded a LOT of antibiotics, in total? <one>Streptomyces</one>.
182
+ - Welche Proteine werden häufig rekombinant produziert? Jene die klinische relevant sind - also meistens jene Proteinen, mit denen eine hohe Rendite erzielt werden kann.
183
+ - <one>Translational medicine</one> deals with transfer of technologies from preclinical research into ... ? <one>clinical application</one>.
184
+ - Welche Enzyme könnten wir verwenden, um ein Racemat an Aminosäuren aufzutrennen? Die <one>Aminoacylasen</one>.
185
+ - Welches Enzym produziert <one>Aspartam</one>? Die Zink-Protease <one>Thermolysin</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermolysin
186
+ - In der <one>chemischen Industrie</one> wird vor allem die Aminosäure "L-Alanin" benötigt. Wieso? Zur Synthese von "Pestiziden".
187
+ - Wir wollen ein biotechnologisch erzeugtes <one>Protein</one> in den USA zulassen. Nenne eine Voraussetzung hierfür. A: Eine <one>proteinkristallographsiche Analyse</one>.
188
+ - Catabolite repression during fermentation can lead to <one>reduced production of penicillin</one>. What may we do in this case? We can try to <one>limit glucose</one> during fermentation.
189
+ - Name a <one>natural</one> way how penicillin production is inhibited. A: By glucose, through <one>glucose repression</one>.
190
+ - When penicillins are enzymatically deacylated, what may be the effect of this? This penicillin may no longer be able to inhibit bacteria.
191
+ - Why may "fungal infestations" on crops also be reduced if we use the <one>Bt-corn</one>? Because less insects means less damage to plant cells, which means less risk for fungal infestations.
192
+ - In biotechnology, for fermentation of many filamentous fungi, name a problem that we may see here. A: The filaments change the viscosity; in particular the content will become <one>more viscuous</one>.
193
+ - <one>Penicillin V</one>: why the letter V? V is short for <one>Vertraulich</one>.
194
+ - Name a very early <one>product innovation</one> for penicillin. A: <one>oral penicillin</one>.
195
+ - We can achieve <one>overproduction of lysine</one> in microbial strains, by knocking out the enzyme <one>homoserine dehydrogenase</one>. What problem will this cause for the affected cells, though? These cells now require the addition of threonine, leucine and methionine, as they can no longer synthesize these aminoacids since the homoserine dehydrogenase is lacking. These aminoacids are, naturally, es <one>essential for bacterial growth</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoserine_dehydrogenase
196
+ - Name <palevioletred>two disadvantages</palevioletred> of using mammalian cells, such as <one>CHO</one> for the production of recombinant proteins. A: (1) <one>high cost</one> (2) <one>low yield</one>
197
+ - Insulin A und B Kette - wie merke ich mir wieviele Aminosäuren diese Ketten jeweils haben? <one>21, 30</one>. Also: A-Kette: 21 Aminosäuren, B-Kette: 30 Aminosäuren.
198
+ - Das <one>biotechnologisch bedeutsamste Sekundärstoffwechselprodukt</one> ist ... ? <one>Antibiotika</one>.
199
+ - In biotechnology we may wish to produce citric acid. Why? Because citric acid is used in <one>soft drinks</one>.
200
+ - In biotechnology, for the production of <one>polylactate</one> we make use of ... ? <one>Lactic acid</one>.
201
+ - When we refer to <one>products of cell technology</one>, what do we actually mean with that? This means, primarily, the products created/synthesized via <one>animal cell technology</one>.
202
+ - Production of secondary-metabolites is almost always feed-back inhibited. Give an example for this with penicillin. A: For example, Glucose may <one>inhibit penicillin</one>.
203
+ - Can the addition of precursors increase the production yield? Yes - for example, a stimulatory precursor is Methionine in the production of <one>Cephalosporin C</one>.
204
+ - Precursor-directed biosynthesis is possible with ... what kind of metabolites? <one>Secondary metabolites</one>.
205
+ - If we wish to overproduce aromatic amino acids, what should we block in a given cell? The <one>conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate</one>.
206
+ - <one>Alkohol-Fabriken</one> fand man früher oft in räumlicher Nähe zu ...? <one>Zuckerfabriken</one> - wegen der <royalblue>Melasse</royalblue>.
207
+ - The polymer <one>Gellan</one> is produced by which bacterium? By <one>Pseudomonas</one>.
208
+ - The polymer <one>Gellan</one> is used for ... ? It is used as a thickening agent for foods.
209
+ - From the point of view of biotechnology, what is meant with the term <one>Bioengineering</one>? This is a science field that tries to describe the technological and engineering aspects of <one>applied microbiology</one>.
210
+ - What is the focus of <one>technical microbiology</one>? The focus of technical microbiology is primarily to generate substances of commercial interest - including foods and pharmaceuticals. It focuses primarily on the <violet>upstream aspects of production</violet>.
211
+ - Products of the bioindustry fall into which two general economic categories? (1) products with high value and low volume, such as pharmaceutical proteins, but also products from animal cell technology (2) products with low value and high volume, such as antibiotics and citric acid metabolites
212
+ - Warum der Name <one>Sekundärstoffe</one>? Da diese Produkte keine essenzielle Funktion für die Zelle selbst hat, zumindest nicht unmittelbar. Sie sind zum Beispiel oft Antibiotika, die gegen andere Mikroorganismen wirken aber beim Primärwachstum der Zelle selbst keine unmittelbare Rolle spiele.
213
+ - Nenne ein Produkt das von <one>Streptomyces tendae</one> produziert wird. A: Nikkomycin. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3886837
214
+ - Der "DPT-Impfstoff" schützt wogegen? (1) "Diptherie" (2) "Keuchhusten" (3) "Wundstarrkrampf von Clostridium tetanus"
215
+ - Nenne ein marines Bakterium das Eisen als Elektronenakzeptor verwendet! A: "Desulfurumonas acetoxidans".
216
+ - Welcher Organismus erzeugt "Beta-Carotin"? Blakeslea trispora. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakeslea_trispora
217
+ - Was sind "Bacmide"? Dies ist ein Baculovirus-Genom mit einem zusätzlichen "bakteriellem Replikationsursprung".
218
+ - Wofür steht die Abkürzung "rBST" in der Biotechnologie? Rekombinantes, bovines Somatotropin.
219
+ - Oxygen to a bioreactor must be supplied how? Via "sterile air".
220
+ - Name 3 therapeutic proteins that require glycosylation for activity. A: (1) Antibodies (2) Blood factors (3) some Interferons
221
+ - Why is L-Glutamic acid the most important amino acid, commercially? It is used in "monosodium glutamate".
222
+ - In der Biotechnologie verwenden wir optimierte Shine-Dalgarno-Sequenzen. Was sollte aber vor der S/D Sequenz liegen? Einige Terminations-Signale.
223
+ - A. W. für "Tequila"? Agave-Saft. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave
224
+ - Bei der Citronensäure Fermentation, wieso muss der pH Wert kleiner als 3 sein? Da ansonsten eine Gluconsäurebildung erfolgt.
225
+ - In Biotech, what is "Posilac"? A product by Monsanto, which is "recombinant bovine somatotropin".
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
1
+ # =========================================================================== #
2
+ # === Advanced cell biology
3
+ #
4
+ # Advanced cell biology. Cellbio2 tag.
5
+ #
6
+ # This exam-file will contain questions pertaining to the following
7
+ # subtopics:
8
+ #
9
+ # Elastin, Desmosomes, Telomerase, Cajal bodies.
10
+ #
11
+ # =========================================================================== #
12
+
13
+ - The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells has a diameter of n nm (from-to)? <one>5nm - 10nm</one>.
14
+ - Name a cellular process that may suppress (cellular) overgrowth. A: Cell competition.
15
+ - Name <one>two mechanosensitive pathways</one> able to sense cellular density, in most eukaryotic cells. A: (1) Piezo1 (2) E-cadherin
16
+ - Cells at high cell density stay longer in ... which part of the cell cycle? <one>G2</one>.
17
+ - Is E-Cadherin involved in cell density sensing? Yes.
18
+ - Piezo1 is a ion channel. Which ion does it transport? Calcium.
19
+ - Piezo1 is ...-sensitive. A: Piezo1 is stretch-sensitive.
20
+ - <one>Faggot-Zellen</one> sind <two>Leukämiezellen</two>, die Bündel irregulärer Zellorganellen enthalten. Diese Bündel werden auch ... genannt. A: <one>Auerstäbchen</one>.
21
+ - The <one>lysosome</one> acts as an integrator of ... ? <one>metabolic signaling</one>.
22
+ - <one>Why</one> can it be said that <two>indirect immunocytochemistry</two> <three>is a very sensitive detection method</three>? Because <one>many molecules of the secondary antibody recognize each primary antibody</one>.
23
+ - The <one>Piezo1 channel</one> will open in response to ... ? <one>mechanical stimuli</one>.
24
+ - <one>Where</one> <two>inside of a cell</two> does <three>ribosome assembly</three> occur? In the <one>nucleolus</one>. []
25
+ - Der <one>transepitheliale Glucosetransport im Darmepithel</one> erfolgt über einen ... <two>Antiport</two>, <two>Uniport</two> oder <two>Symport</two>? Über einen <one>Symport</one>. []
26
+ - Each <one>fibronectin</one> polypeptide is <two>constructed</two> from a sequence of approximately <three>n independently folding Fn modules</three>. A: <one>30</one>. []
27
+ - Die <one>cytosolische Einzelschicht einer Plasmamembran</one> trägt an der Innenseite eine Ladung? <one>Ja</one>, und zwar <two>eine negative Ladung</two>.
28
+ - <one>All the activities of a cell depend on ... </one>? <one>its genome</one>. []
29
+ - Dense, crowded epithelial cell monolayers ... cells. A: They <one>eliminate cells</one>.
30
+ - <one>How many nucleosomes</one> <two>can be found in a given human cell</two>? Approximately <one>30 million nucleosomes</one>. []
31
+ - <one>Piezo1 ion channels</one> <two>mediate the conversion of mechanical forces into electrical signals</two>. <three>Why are these needed</three>? These channels help in regards to <one>responsiveness to touch</one> <two>in metazoans</two>.
32
+ - Most <one>proteins destined for mitochondria</one> <two>bind to cytosolic ... </two>? <one>Cytosolic chaperons of the Hsp70 family</one>.
33
+ - Name <one>a mechano-sensor way</one> for cells to proliferate. A: Low cell density, at the least for many epithelial cell types.
34
+ - <one>Termination of ...</one> <two>underlies growth control in many tissues</two>. A: <one>Termination of proliferation</one>. []
35
+ - Maintenance of telomeres involves transcripts named <one>TERRA</one>. <two>What does this abbreviation stand for</two>? <one>Telomeric repeat-containing RNAs</one>.
36
+ - Can <one>epithelial cell layers</one> <two>sense cell numbers</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
37
+ - <one>Which factor</one> <two>can transform fibroblasts to myoblasts</two> (<three>muscle cells</three>)? <one>MyoD130</one>.
38
+ - <one>Cellular cystatins</one> <two>are inhibitors of ... </two>? They are <one>onhibitors of cysteine proteases</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystatin
39
+ - The <one>first SUMO-1 modification</one> <two>was found in ... </two>? <one>RanGAP1</one>.
40
+ - Piezo1, an ion channel, is activated by ... ? <one>Mechanical force</one>, such as pressure.
41
+ - <one>Plasmalogens</one> are <two>enriched in PUFA</two>. What does PUFA stand for? <one>Poly unsaturated fatty acids</one>.
42
+ - Do <one>lamin-like proteins</one> also occur <two>in plants</two>? <one>Yes</one>. URL: https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-019-1694-3 []
43
+ - Die <one>mitochondriale Prozessiersungprotease</one> (<two>MPP</two>) spaltet das Signalpeptid im Zuge der Translokation cytoplasmatischer Proteine in das Mitochondrium ab. <two>Nenne eine Konsequenz die sich hierdurch ergibt</two>. A: Die Überführung ist nun irreversibel, sprich: das Protein kann nicht mehr aus dem Mitochondrium exportiert werden.
44
+ - <one>pH-Wert</one> eines <two>späten Endosomes</two>? Etwa <one>5.5</one>. []
45
+ - There are variant forms of nucleosomes, in particular of which histone? <one>H2A</one>.
46
+ - Name a <one>nucleolar protein</one>. A: <one>Fibrillarin</one>.
47
+ - Aus Sicht der Zelle: <one>was ist das Ziel der Mitose</one>? Die exakte Aufteilung der beiden Schwesterhcromatiden auf die beiden Tochterzellen.
48
+ - The <one>ER membrane</one> <two>in a typical eukaryotic cell</two> synthesizes up to n new proteins per minute? Up to <one>about 13 million new proteins per minute</one>. []
49
+ - <one>Which complex</one> is <two>the main portal for proteins to enter into a mitochondrium</two>? The <one>TOM40 complex</one>. []
50
+ - Does <one>cytochrome c</one> <two>contain an internal signal for import into mitochondria</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
51
+ - Name <one>the four most prominent members</one> of the <two>endomembrane system</two>. A: (1) the <one>endoplasmic reticulum</one> (2) the <one>Golgi apparatus</one> (3) the <one>peroxysomes</one> (4) the <one>lysosomes</one>
52
+ - What is <one>the main function of Desmosomes</one>? To <one>provide mechanical strength</one> to a cell. []
53
+ - <one>Tom40 complexes</one> are <two>similar to porin</two>. Their pores have approximately a diameter of n nm? <one>2 nm</one>. []
54
+ - Why does <one>Elastin</one> have this name? Because <one>Elastin is</one> <two>highly elastic</two>. []
55
+ - <one>Desmosomes</one> are <two>structurally similar to ... </two>? <one>adherens junctions</one>. []
56
+ - Does <one>translocation into mitochondria</one> <two>require protein chaperones</two>? <one>Yes</one>. []
57
+ - Is <one>the intestinal epithelium in humans</one> a single-cell layer? <one>Yes</one>. []
58
+ - <one>Desmosomes</one> <two>are linked to ... </two>? <one>Intermediate filaments</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosome []
59
+ - In <one>adult mammals</one>: <two>which epithelium</two> exhibits the highest turnover rate? The <one>gastrointestinal epithelium</one>. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5545610/
60
+ - The <one>ELN gene</one> in humans can be found on chromosome number 7. <two>How many base pairs code for this gene, in n kb</two>? <one>45kb</one>. []
61
+ - The <one>extracellular matrix</one> has a thin mat called ... ? The <one>basal lamina</one>. []
62
+ - An <one>amoeba</one> (a single-celled protozoan), <two>can have a cell diameter of approximately ... </two>? About <one>0.5 mm</one>. []
63
+ - <one>Elastin</one> is a protein. <two>In humans it is encoded by which gene</two>? By the <one>ELN gene</one>. []
64
+ - A <one>typical animal cell</one> is n (from-to) µm in diameter? <one>10-20 µm</one>. []
65
+ - How is the <one>microscopy variant</one> called where the specimen is lit from the side and only the scattered light will be seen? <one>Dark-field microscopy</one>. []
66
+ - <one>Where</one> inside of a living cell can <two>Cajal bodies</two> be found? Within the nucleus of the cell. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajal_body []
67
+ - <one>Welches Enzym</one> spaltet in den Mitochondrien Signalpeptide von importieren Proteinen ab? <one>MPP</one>: die <two>mitochondriale Prozessierungsprotease</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_processing_peptidase
68
+ - What is <one>Elastosis</one>? <one>Elastosis</one> is <two>the buildup of elastin in tissues</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastin#Elastosis []
69
+ - Does the <one>ELN gene</one> in humans, for elastin, make use of alternative splicing? <one>Yes</one>. At the least eleven different isoforms are known in humans. []
70
+ - The <one>most famous intermediate filaments</one> are ... ? The <one>lamins</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamin []
71
+ - <one>Elastin</one> is <two>approximately n times stretchier than collagen</two>? About <one>1000 times</one>. []
72
+ - Können <one>fertig gefaltene Proteine</one> die <two>mitochondriale Membran</two> <three>passieren</three>? <one>Nein</one>. []
73
+ - What seals <one>gaps</one> between epithelial cells? <one>Tight junctions</one>. []
74
+ - Name a famous disease caused by a defect in elastin. A: The <one>Marfan syndrome</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfan_syndrome []
75
+ - The <one>two major cellular subcomponents in an eukaryotic cell</one> are ... ? (1) <one>cytosol</one> (2) <one>nucleus</one> []
76
+ - Using <one>low-light cameras</one> is especially important ... <two>why</two>, in practical cell biology? Because we may want to <one>view fluorescent molecules</one> in living cells.
77
+ - Proteine die in das Mitochondrium importiert werden, haben eine Signalsequenz, die sich zu einer ... Helix faltet. A: <one>amphiphilen Helix</one>. []
78
+ - <one>Adherens junctions</one> are connected to ... ? <one>Actin filaments</one>. []
79
+ - <one>Which aminoacids</one> can be found in Elastin typically? Elastin is rich in hydrophobic amino acids, such as <one>glycine</one> and <one>proline</one>. []
80
+ - The <one>soluble precusors of Elastin</one> is called ... ? <one>Tropoelastin</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastin#Composition []
81
+ - Name <one>a cellular role of Cajal bodies</one>, based on experimental evidence. A: Experimental evidence indicates that <one>Cajal bodies contribute to the</one> <two>biogenesis of the enzyme telomerase</two>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajal_body#Functions []
82
+ - Is <one>elastin</one> <two>a collagen</two>? No, elastin is not a collagen. []
83
+ - <one>Tight junctions</one> hold the cells closely together <two>near the basal or the apical surficace</two>? Near the <one>apical surface</one>. []
84
+ - Proteine die Bestandteil der äußeren Mitochondrienmembran sind werden vom <one>TOM</one> an den <two>SAM-Komplex</two> übergeben. Nenne ein Beispiel für ein solches Protein. A: <one>Porine</one>. []
85
+ - How long-lived is <one>Elastin</one>? <one>Elastin</one> <two>is a very long-lived protein</two>, with a half-life of over 78 years in humans. []
86
+ - Benötigen <one>cytoplasmatisch vorliegende Chaperone</one> <two>ATP</two> für ihre Arbeit? <one>Ja</one>. []
87
+ - Generell betrachtet: <one>sind Translokationen von Proteinen in das Mitochondrium reversibel</one>? <one>Generell nein</one>, sofern sie eine Signalsequenz besitzen, da diese abgeschnitten wird im Zuge der Translokation. []
88
+ - Was ist das Schicksal des Signalpeptids von Proteinen die in ein Mitochondrium importiert werden? Es wird von einer Protease in der Matrix des Mitochondriums abgespalten.
89
+ - <one>Liver cells</one> may eventually return to the G1 cell cycle, in particular when what may have happened? After <one>organ damage</one> (to the liver, logically). []
90
+ - Give an amusing name for the <one>nucleus</one> of a cell. A: The nucleus can be called as <one>safe</one> of the cell. []
91
+ - Die Länge der Telomere ist <one>ein Indikator für ... </one>? Für die <one>Teilungskapazität einer Zelle</one>. []
92
+ - Nenne eine Substanz oder Substanzgruppe, die rote Blutkörperchen auflösen kann. A: <one>Hämolysine</one>. []
93
+ - What would be a better name than <one>phospholipids</one>? <one>Glycerophospholipids</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerophospholipid []
94
+ - Eine <one>menschliche Eizelle</one> hat einen <two>Durchmesser</two> von <three>n mm</three>? <one>0,15 mm</one>. []
95
+ - Most <one>adhesion proteins</one> fall into ... <two>how many different, large families</two>? <one>Five</one>. []
96
+ - Can <one>facilitated transport</one> <two>move a molecule against its gradient</two>? <one>No</one>. []
97
+ - The biggest organelle in a eukaryotic cell usually is ... ? The <one>nucleus</one>. []
98
+ - <one>Microtubules</one> are organized from ...? From <one>microtubule organizing centers</one>. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule_organizing_center []
99
+ - <one>Wieviele Mitochondrien</one> finden wir in Erythrocyten? Null - also kein Mitochondrium. []
100
+ - Durchmesser der <one>Porine</one>? <one>1 nm</one>. URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porine []
101
+ - <one>Peribiliary dense bodies</one> can be found in ... ? In <one>liver cells</one>.
102
+ - Give another name for <one>lysosomes</one> and <one>fat droplets</one>. A: <one>Organized bodies</one>. []
103
+ - Durchmesser eukaryotischer Zellkerne (von-bis, in Mikrometer)? A: 5-20 Mikrometer. []
104
+ - Ein <one>Erythrocyt</one> besitzt <two>wieviele Moleküle Hämoglobin</two>? <one>300 Millionen</one>. []
105
+ - The biggest organelle of the cell is ... ? The <one>nucleus</one>. []