sm-transcript 0.0.4 → 0.0.6

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  1. data/README.txt +138 -118
  2. data/Rakefile +21 -10
  3. data/bin/sm-transcript +0 -0
  4. data/lib/sm_transcript/metadata.rb +25 -0
  5. data/lib/sm_transcript/options.rb +9 -3
  6. data/lib/sm_transcript/runner.rb +6 -0
  7. data/lib/sm_transcript/seg_reader.rb +1 -1
  8. data/lib/sm_transcript/transcript.rb +86 -39
  9. data/lib/sm_transcript/ttml_reader.rb +116 -0
  10. data/lib/sm_transcript/word.rb +6 -4
  11. data/lib/sm_transcript/wrd_reader.rb +5 -4
  12. data/test/results/18.03-2004-L01.align2.wrd +6441 -0
  13. data/test/results/8.01-1999-L01.wrd +5182 -0
  14. data/test/results/801-1stLecture.ttml.xml +757 -0
  15. data/test/results/801-lect01-4730.xml +757 -0
  16. data/test/results/801-lect02-4731.xml +886 -0
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  18. data/test/results/801-lect04-4733.xml +831 -0
  19. data/test/results/801-lect05-4734.xml +879 -0
  20. data/test/results/801-lect06-4735.xml +822 -0
  21. data/test/results/801-lect07-4736.xml +893 -0
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  24. data/test/results/Audio-Open-The_New_Deal_for_Education.xml +4301 -0
  25. data/test/test_metadatareader.rb +8 -3
  26. data/test/test_options.rb +8 -1
  27. data/test/test_runner.rb +34 -1
  28. data/test/test_transcript.rb +109 -12
  29. data/test/test_ttmlreader.rb +104 -0
  30. data/test/test_wrdreader.rb +24 -9
  31. metadata +47 -148
  32. data/lib/sm_transcript/optparseExample.rb +0 -113
  33. data/lib/sm_transcript/process_csv_files_to_html.rb +0 -58
  34. data/lib/sm_transcript/process_seg_files.rb +0 -21
  35. data/lib/sm_transcript/process_seg_files_to_csv.rb +0 -24
  36. data/lib/sm_transcript/process_seg_files_to_html.rb +0 -31
  37. data/lib/sm_transcript/require_relative.rb +0 -14
  38. data/test/transcripts/GardnerRileyInterview.t1.html +0 -247
  39. data/test/transcripts/IIHS_Diane_Davis_Nov2009-t1.html +0 -148
  40. data/test/transcripts/NERCOMP-SpokenMedia4.t1.html +0 -2178
  41. data/test/transcripts/data.js +0 -24
  42. data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar-1.-t1.html +0 -557
  43. data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar-1.t1.html +0 -558
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  46. data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar.data.js +0 -2
  47. data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar.t1.html +0 -557
  48. data/test/transcripts/wirehair-beetle.data.js +0 -24
data/test/results/801-lect05-4734.xml ADDED
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+ <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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+ <tt xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1" xmlns:tts="http://www.w3.org/2006/04/ttaf1#styling">
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+ <head>
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+ <styling>
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+ <style id="df" tts:textAlign="center" tts:fontFamily="Verdana" tts:fontSize="48" tts:wrapOption="wrap"/>
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+ </styling>
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+ </head>
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+ <body>
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+ <div xml:id="captions">
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+ <p begin="0:00:01.600" dur="0:00:02.433">Today we will discuss</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:04.033" dur="0:00:08.000">what we call<br />"uniform circular motion."</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:14.533" dur="0:00:02.233">What is uniform circular motion?</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:16.766" dur="0:00:08.467">An object goes around<br />in a circle, has radius r</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:25.233" dur="0:00:03.367">and the object is here.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:28.600" dur="0:00:02.266">This is the velocity.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:30.866" dur="0:00:04.000">It's a vector, perpendicular.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:34.866" dur="0:00:05.267">And later in time<br />when the object is here</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:40.133" dur="0:00:05.733">the velocity has changed,<br />but the speed has not changed.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:45.866" dur="0:00:05.067">We introduce T,<br />what we call the period--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:50.933" dur="0:00:02.167">of course it's in seconds--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:53.100" dur="0:00:03.400">which is the time<br />to go around once.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:56.500" dur="0:00:07.133">We introduce the frequency, f,<br />which we call the frequency</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:03.633" dur="0:00:05.000">which is the number<br />of rotations per second.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:08.633" dur="0:00:03.233">And so the units are<br />either seconds minus one</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:11.866" dur="0:00:03.834">or, as most physicists<br />will call it, "hertz"</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:15.700" dur="0:00:06.166">and so frequency is<br />one divided by T.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:21.866" dur="0:00:07.167">We also introduce<br />angular velocity, omega</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:29.033" dur="0:00:05.667">which we call angular velocity.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:34.700" dur="0:00:04.666">Angular velocity means not<br />how many meters per second</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:39.366" dur="0:00:02.834">but how many radians<br />per second.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:42.200" dur="0:00:06.300">So since there are two pi<br />radians in one circumference--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:48.500" dur="0:00:01.800">in one full circle--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:50.300" dur="0:00:04.066">and it takes T seconds<br />to go around once</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:54.366" dur="0:00:01.300">it is immediately obvious</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:55.666" dur="0:00:05.334">that omega equals two pi<br />divided by T.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:01.000" dur="0:00:03.400">This is something that<br />I would like you to remember.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:04.400" dur="0:00:06.566">Omega equals two pi<br />divided by T--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:10.966" dur="0:00:04.367">two pi radians<br />in capital T seconds.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:15.333" dur="0:00:08.233">The speed, v, is, of course,<br />the circumference two pi r</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:23.566" dur="0:00:02.000">divided by the time<br />to go around once</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:25.566" dur="0:00:03.167">but since two pi<br />divided by T is omega</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:28.733" dur="0:00:03.167">you can also write<br />for this "omega r."</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:31.900" dur="0:00:03.300">And this is also something<br />that I want you to remember.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:35.200" dur="0:00:04.633">These two things<br />you really want to remember.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:39.833" dur="0:00:05.333">The speed is not changing, but<br />the velocity vector is changing.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:45.166" dur="0:00:02.734">Therefore there must be<br />an acceleration.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:47.900" dur="0:00:04.000">That is non-negotiable.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:51.900" dur="0:00:02.866">You can derive<br />what that acceleration must be</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:54.766" dur="0:00:02.167">in terms of magnitude<br />and in terms of direction.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:56.933" dur="0:00:02.867">It's about a five,<br />six minutes derivation.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:59.800" dur="0:00:01.266">You'll find it in your book.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:01.066" dur="0:00:02.200">I have decided to give<br />you the results</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:03.266" dur="0:00:01.867">so that you read up on the book</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:05.133" dur="0:00:04.200">so that we can more talk<br />about the physics</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:09.333" dur="0:00:03.100">rather than on the derivation.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:12.433" dur="0:00:01.933">This acceleration<br />that is necessary</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:14.366" dur="0:00:02.434">to make the change<br />in the velocity vector</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:16.800" dur="0:00:04.466">is always pointing towards<br />the center of the circle.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:21.266" dur="0:00:03.900">We call it<br />"centripetal acceleration."</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:28.166" dur="0:00:04.967">Centripetal, pointing<br />towards the center.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:33.133" dur="0:00:03.767">And here, also pointing<br />towards the center.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:36.900" dur="0:00:02.033">It's a vector.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:38.933" dur="0:00:05.400">And the magnitude of<br />the centripetal acceleration</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:44.333" dur="0:00:03.733">equals v squared divided by r,<br />which is this v</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:48.066" dur="0:00:04.367">and therefore it's<br />also omega squared r.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:52.433" dur="0:00:03.667">And so now we have<br />three equations</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:56.100" dur="0:00:06.733">and those are the only three you<br />really would like to remember.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:02.833" dur="0:00:02.800">We can have a simple example.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:05.633" dur="0:00:05.933">Let's have a vacuum cleaner,<br />which has a rotor inside</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:11.566" dur="0:00:03.867">which scoops the air out or in,<br />whichever way you look at it.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:15.433" dur="0:00:01.900">And let's assume<br />that the vacuum cleaner</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:17.333" dur="0:00:04.200">these scoops have a radius r<br />of about ten centimeters</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:21.533" dur="0:00:06.833">and that it goes around 600<br />revolutions per minute, 600 rpm.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:28.366" dur="0:00:06.734">600 rpm would translate<br />into a frequency, f, of 10 Hz</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:35.100" dur="0:00:02.866">so it would translate<br />into a period</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:37.966" dur="0:00:04.867">going around in one-tenth<br />of a second.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:42.833" dur="0:00:07.767">So omega, angular velocity,<br />which is two pi divided by T</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:50.600" dur="0:00:07.466">is then approximately<br />63 radians per second</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:58.066" dur="0:00:04.967">and the speed, v, equals omega r</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:03.033" dur="0:00:06.667">is then roughly 6.3 meters<br />per second.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:09.700" dur="0:00:04.200">The centripetal acceleration--<br />and that's really my goal--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:13.900" dur="0:00:04.700">the centripetal acceleration<br />would be omega squared r</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:18.600" dur="0:00:02.266">or if you prefer,<br />you can take v squared over r.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:20.866" dur="0:00:02.800">You will get the same answer,<br />of course, and you will find</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:23.666" dur="0:00:05.867">that that is about 400 meters<br />per second squared.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:29.533" dur="0:00:01.167">And that is huge.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:30.700" dur="0:00:03.400">That is 40 times<br />the acceleration due to gravity.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:34.100" dur="0:00:05.400">It's a phenomenal acceleration,<br />the simple vacuum cleaner.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:39.500" dur="0:00:03.666">Notice that the acceleration,<br />the centripetal acceleration</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:43.166" dur="0:00:02.334">is linear in r.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:45.500" dur="0:00:02.900">Don't think that it is<br />inversely proportional with r.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:48.400" dur="0:00:04.433">That's a mistake, because v<br />itself is a function of r.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:52.833" dur="0:00:01.333">If you were sitting here</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:54.166" dur="0:00:02.400">then your velocity<br />would be lower.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:56.566" dur="0:00:05.467">Since omega is the same<br />for the entire motion</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:02.033" dur="0:00:01.767">you really have to look<br />at this equation</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:03.800" dur="0:00:02.000">and you see that<br />the centripetal acceleration</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:05.800" dur="0:00:02.166">is proportional with r.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:07.966" dur="0:00:01.500">Therefore, if you were...</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:09.466" dur="0:00:02.200">if this were a disc<br />which was rotating</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:11.666" dur="0:00:02.034">and you were at<br />the center of the disc</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:13.700" dur="0:00:02.866">the centripetal acceleration<br />would be zero.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:16.566" dur="0:00:05.300">And as you were to walk out,<br />further out, it would increase.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:21.866" dur="0:00:03.534">Now, the acceleration<br />must be caused by something.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:25.400" dur="0:00:03.200">There is no such thing<br />as a free lunch.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:28.600" dur="0:00:03.100">There is something<br />that must be responsible</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:31.700" dur="0:00:03.166">for the change in this velocity</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:34.866" dur="0:00:02.934">and that something<br />I will call either a pull</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:37.800" dur="0:00:02.266">or I will call it a push.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:40.066" dur="0:00:03.000">In our next lecture, when<br />we deal with Newton's laws</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:43.066" dur="0:00:02.800">we will introduce<br />the word "force."</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:45.866" dur="0:00:04.667">Today we will only deal with<br />the words "pull" and "push."</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:50.533" dur="0:00:04.600">So there must be a pull<br />or a push.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:55.133" dur="0:00:03.300">Imagine that this is<br />a turntable</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:58.433" dur="0:00:05.600">and you are sitting here<br />on the turntable on a chair.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:04.033" dur="0:00:03.833">It's going around<br />with angular velocity omega</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:07.866" dur="0:00:04.934">and your distance to the center,<br />let's say, is little r.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:12.800" dur="0:00:03.633">You're sitting on this chair<br />and you must experience--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:16.433" dur="0:00:07.667">that is non-negotiable--<br />centripetal acceleration</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:24.100" dur="0:00:04.166">A of c, which is omega squared<br />times r.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:28.266" dur="0:00:01.500">Where do you get it from?</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:29.766" dur="0:00:05.300">Well, if your seat is bolted<br />to the turntable</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:35.066" dur="0:00:03.500">then you will feel a push<br />in your back</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:38.566" dur="0:00:02.434">so you're sitting on this thing,<br />you're going around</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:41.000" dur="0:00:03.866">and you will feel that the seat<br />is pushing you in your back</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:44.866" dur="0:00:05.534">and so you feel a push,<br />and that gives the push out.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:50.400" dur="0:00:02.733">Yeah, I can give this<br />a red color for now.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:53.133" dur="0:00:04.800">So you feel a push in your back.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:57.933" dur="0:00:05.167">That push, apparently, is<br />necessary for the acceleration.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:03.100" dur="0:00:04.533">Alternatively, suppose you had<br />in front of you a stick.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:07.633" dur="0:00:02.067">You're not sitting on a chair.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:09.700" dur="0:00:01.666">You don't get a push<br />from your back.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:11.366" dur="0:00:02.100">But you hold onto the stick</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:13.466" dur="0:00:03.800">and now you can go around<br />by holding onto the stick.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:17.266" dur="0:00:04.167">Now the stick is pulling on you<br />in this same direction.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:21.433" dur="0:00:03.667">So now you would say, aha,<br />someone is pulling on you.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:25.100" dur="0:00:02.700">Whether it is the pull<br />or whether it is the push</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:27.800" dur="0:00:01.833">one of... either one of the two</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:29.633" dur="0:00:05.133">is necessary for you<br />to go around in that circle</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:34.766" dur="0:00:05.034">on that turntable<br />with that constant speed.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:43.533" dur="0:00:03.500">Now, the classic question comes<br />up, which we often ask to people</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:47.033" dur="0:00:02.033">who have<br />no scientific background.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:49.066" dur="0:00:03.200">If you were to go around<br />like this</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:52.266" dur="0:00:01.767">and something is<br />either pushing on you</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:54.033" dur="0:00:02.333">or is pulling on you<br />to make this possible</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:56.366" dur="0:00:03.400">suppose you took that push<br />out, all of a sudden.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:59.766" dur="0:00:01.167">The pull is gone.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:00.933" dur="0:00:01.400">(<i>makes whooshing sound</i>)</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:02.333" dur="0:00:02.433">What is now the motion<br />of the person</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:04.766" dur="0:00:01.834">who is sitting on the turntable?</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:06.600" dur="0:00:04.766">And many non-scientists say,<br />"Well, it will do like this."</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:11.366" dur="0:00:01.800">That's sort of<br />what your intuition says.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:13.166" dur="0:00:02.100">You go around in a circle,<br />and all of a sudden</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:15.266" dur="0:00:01.934">you no longer have<br />the pull or the push</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:17.200" dur="0:00:02.200">and you go around in a spiral</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:19.400" dur="0:00:03.633">and obviously,<br />that is not the case.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:23.033" dur="0:00:04.167">What will happen is, if you<br />have, at this moment in time</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:27.200" dur="0:00:02.233">a velocity in this direction</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:29.433" dur="0:00:02.900">and you take the pull<br />or the push out</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:32.333" dur="0:00:02.600">you will start flying off<br />in that direction</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:34.933" dur="0:00:03.400">and depending upon whether<br />there is gravity or no gravity</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:38.333" dur="0:00:01.233">there may be a change,</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:39.566" dur="0:00:02.434">but if this were...<br />if there were no gravity</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:42.000" dur="0:00:02.500">you would just continue<br />to go along that line</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:44.500" dur="0:00:03.066">and you would not make<br />this crazy spiral motion.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:47.566" dur="0:00:03.734">I have here a disc,<br />which we will rotate</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:51.300" dur="0:00:02.300">and at the end...<br />the edge of the disc here</p>
168
+ <p begin="0:09:53.600" dur="0:00:01.900">we have a little ball.</p>
169
+ <p begin="0:09:55.500" dur="0:00:04.966">And the ball is attached<br />to that disc with string.</p>
170
+ <p begin="0:10:00.466" dur="0:00:03.500">So now this is vertical, and<br />so this is going to go around</p>
171
+ <p begin="0:10:03.966" dur="0:00:02.600">with angular velocity omega.</p>
172
+ <p begin="0:10:06.566" dur="0:00:02.200">And we have a string here</p>
173
+ <p begin="0:10:08.766" dur="0:00:02.767">and the string is attached<br />to this ball</p>
174
+ <p begin="0:10:11.533" dur="0:00:02.667">and the whole thing is<br />going around</p>
175
+ <p begin="0:10:14.200" dur="0:00:05.500">and so at one moment in time<br />this has a velocity, like so.</p>
176
+ <p begin="0:10:19.700" dur="0:00:01.500">And therefore there must be</p>
177
+ <p begin="0:10:21.200" dur="0:00:03.500">non-negotiable<br />centripetal acceleration</p>
178
+ <p begin="0:10:24.700" dur="0:00:03.666">which in magnitude is<br />omega squared r</p>
179
+ <p begin="0:10:28.366" dur="0:00:03.234">or, if you want to,<br />v squared divided by r.</p>
180
+ <p begin="0:10:34.666" dur="0:00:02.767">Now I cut it</p>
181
+ <p begin="0:10:37.433" dur="0:00:02.967">and that's like taking away<br />the push and the pull.</p>
182
+ <p begin="0:10:40.400" dur="0:00:02.266">The string that you have here</p>
183
+ <p begin="0:10:42.666" dur="0:00:02.867">is providing the pull<br />on this ball.</p>
184
+ <p begin="0:10:45.533" dur="0:00:04.000">This ball is feeling a pull<br />from the string</p>
185
+ <p begin="0:10:49.533" dur="0:00:02.900">and that provides it with<br />the centripetal acceleration.</p>
186
+ <p begin="0:10:52.433" dur="0:00:04.733">Cut the string<br />and the pull is gone</p>
187
+ <p begin="0:10:57.166" dur="0:00:03.100">and the object will take off.</p>
188
+ <p begin="0:11:00.266" dur="0:00:03.167">And if there were gravity here,<br />as there is in 26.100</p>
189
+ <p begin="0:11:03.433" dur="0:00:03.300">it would become a parabola<br />and it would end up here.</p>
190
+ <p begin="0:11:06.733" dur="0:00:04.300">If, however, I cut the ball<br />exactly when it is here--</p>
191
+ <p begin="0:11:11.033" dur="0:00:01.867">not the ball,<br />but I cut the string--</p>
192
+ <p begin="0:11:12.900" dur="0:00:03.600">then, of course,<br />it would fly straight up</p>
193
+ <p begin="0:11:16.500" dur="0:00:02.666">gravity would act on it,<br />it would come to a halt</p>
194
+ <p begin="0:11:19.166" dur="0:00:01.267">and it would come back.</p>
195
+ <p begin="0:11:20.433" dur="0:00:02.533">So it really would then go<br />along a straight line.</p>
196
+ <p begin="0:11:22.966" dur="0:00:02.200">But you would clearly see, then</p>
197
+ <p begin="0:11:25.166" dur="0:00:02.500">that it's not going to do<br />what many people think--</p>
198
+ <p begin="0:11:27.666" dur="0:00:01.534">that it would start<br />to swirl around.</p>
199
+ <p begin="0:11:29.200" dur="0:00:02.000">It would just go...<br />(<i>makes whooshing sound</i>)</p>
200
+ <p begin="0:11:31.200" dur="0:00:01.133">and comes back.</p>
201
+ <p begin="0:11:32.333" dur="0:00:01.500">Let's look at that.</p>
202
+ <p begin="0:11:33.833" dur="0:00:01.400">We have that here.</p>
203
+ <p begin="0:11:35.233" dur="0:00:01.267">So here is that ball.</p>
204
+ <p begin="0:11:36.500" dur="0:00:03.166">The string is behind here;you cannot see the string.</p>
205
+ <p begin="0:11:39.666" dur="0:00:06.200">I will rotate it, wait for it<br />to pick up a little speed</p>
206
+ <p begin="0:11:45.866" dur="0:00:03.967">and the knife, that you can't<br />see either, is behind here</p>
207
+ <p begin="0:11:49.833" dur="0:00:04.033">and when I push the knife in,<br />I do it exactly here.</p>
208
+ <p begin="0:11:53.866" dur="0:00:05.300">It cuts the string<br />and it goes up.</p>
209
+ <p begin="0:11:59.166" dur="0:00:02.767">You ready for this?</p>
210
+ <p begin="0:12:01.933" dur="0:00:01.633">You sure you're ready?</p>
211
+ <p begin="0:12:03.566" dur="0:00:03.334">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
212
+ <p begin="0:12:06.900" dur="0:00:01.133">Wow!</p>
213
+ <p begin="0:12:08.033" dur="0:00:01.700">That was very high.</p>
214
+ <p begin="0:12:09.733" dur="0:00:02.033">So you see,<br />it's nothing like this.</p>
215
+ <p begin="0:12:11.766" dur="0:00:03.434">It simply continued on in<br />the direction that it was going.</p>
216
+ <p begin="0:12:15.200" dur="0:00:01.366">It wasn't going into a parabola</p>
217
+ <p begin="0:12:16.566" dur="0:00:02.867">because I was shooting it<br />straight up.</p>
218
+ <p begin="0:12:22.966" dur="0:00:03.267">The string forms the connection</p>
219
+ <p begin="0:12:26.233" dur="0:00:03.200">between the rotating disc<br />and the ball</p>
220
+ <p begin="0:12:29.433" dur="0:00:03.233">and therefore,<br />the pull is responsible</p>
221
+ <p begin="0:12:32.666" dur="0:00:02.867">for the centripetal<br />acceleration.</p>
222
+ <p begin="0:12:35.533" dur="0:00:03.667">Let's now think about planets.</p>
223
+ <p begin="0:12:39.200" dur="0:00:02.700">Planets go around the sun.</p>
224
+ <p begin="0:12:41.900" dur="0:00:07.033">There's no string, so who<br />is pushing? Who is pulling?</p>
225
+ <p begin="0:12:48.933" dur="0:00:03.200">Well, it's clear<br />that it must be gravity.</p>
226
+ <p begin="0:12:52.133" dur="0:00:05.967">It must be the sun that is<br />pulling on the planets.</p>
227
+ <p begin="0:12:58.100" dur="0:00:02.533">Now, I realize that<br />the orbits of planets</p>
228
+ <p begin="0:13:00.633" dur="0:00:01.500">are not nicely circular</p>
229
+ <p begin="0:13:02.133" dur="0:00:02.500">so it's not really<br />a uniform circular motion.</p>
230
+ <p begin="0:13:04.633" dur="0:00:03.533">We will deal with orbits in<br />great detail in a few weeks--</p>
231
+ <p begin="0:13:08.166" dur="0:00:02.634">circular orbits<br />and elliptical orbits.</p>
232
+ <p begin="0:13:10.800" dur="0:00:03.033">Let us just assume<br />for simplicity now</p>
233
+ <p begin="0:13:13.833" dur="0:00:03.633">that the orbits are<br />roughly circular</p>
234
+ <p begin="0:13:17.466" dur="0:00:02.867">just to get a little bit<br />of feeling for it.</p>
235
+ <p begin="0:13:20.333" dur="0:00:02.000">And you can look up<br />now in your book--</p>
236
+ <p begin="0:13:22.333" dur="0:00:02.333">which I did for you--</p>
237
+ <p begin="0:13:24.666" dur="0:00:03.034">even in your preliminary version<br />you can look up</p>
238
+ <p begin="0:13:27.700" dur="0:00:05.566">what the mean distance<br />of the planets is to the sun</p>
239
+ <p begin="0:13:33.266" dur="0:00:02.767">and you can look up<br />what the period is</p>
240
+ <p begin="0:13:36.033" dur="0:00:02.733">the time to go around the sun.</p>
241
+ <p begin="0:13:38.766" dur="0:00:03.867">The time to go around the sun<br />is not the same for all planets.</p>
242
+ <p begin="0:13:42.633" dur="0:00:03.200">The planets are not attached<br />to a turntable.</p>
243
+ <p begin="0:13:45.833" dur="0:00:01.967">Anywhere,<br />any person on a turntable</p>
244
+ <p begin="0:13:47.800" dur="0:00:01.966">would go around<br />in the same amount of time.</p>
245
+ <p begin="0:13:49.766" dur="0:00:01.934">We know that<br />that's not true for planets.</p>
246
+ <p begin="0:13:51.700" dur="0:00:03.666">It takes the Earth a year<br />to go around the sun.</p>
247
+ <p begin="0:13:55.366" dur="0:00:02.200">It takes Jupiter<br />12 years to go around</p>
248
+ <p begin="0:13:57.566" dur="0:00:01.667">so don't make the mistake<br />to think</p>
249
+ <p begin="0:13:59.233" dur="0:00:02.700">that omega is the same<br />for all planets.</p>
250
+ <p begin="0:14:01.933" dur="0:00:02.467">That's not true.</p>
251
+ <p begin="0:14:04.400" dur="0:00:04.000">So I look up the distance--</p>
252
+ <p begin="0:14:08.400" dur="0:00:04.133">the mean distance<br />to these various planets--</p>
253
+ <p begin="0:14:12.533" dur="0:00:04.133">and you see that here<br />in millions of kilometers.</p>
254
+ <p begin="0:14:16.666" dur="0:00:04.700">Notice that Mercury is about<br />100 times closer than Pluto.</p>
255
+ <p begin="0:14:21.366" dur="0:00:02.300">By the way, this is on the Web,<br />so don't copy this.</p>
256
+ <p begin="0:14:23.666" dur="0:00:02.467">You will find this<br />on the 801 home page.</p>
257
+ <p begin="0:14:26.133" dur="0:00:01.267">Then I looked up</p>
258
+ <p begin="0:14:27.400" dur="0:00:02.200">how many years it takes<br />to go around the sun--</p>
259
+ <p begin="0:14:29.600" dur="0:00:02.500">12 years for Jupiter,<br />one year for the Earth--</p>
260
+ <p begin="0:14:32.100" dur="0:00:02.033">and I looked up<br />all the other values.</p>
261
+ <p begin="0:14:34.133" dur="0:00:03.933">Then, since I know the periods,<br />I can calculate omega.</p>
262
+ <p begin="0:14:38.066" dur="0:00:04.334">Omega is two pi divided by T,<br />so I know omega.</p>
263
+ <p begin="0:14:42.400" dur="0:00:02.033">And then I take omega squared</p>
264
+ <p begin="0:14:44.433" dur="0:00:01.967">times the mean distance<br />to the sun</p>
265
+ <p begin="0:14:46.400" dur="0:00:04.500">and this is, of course,<br />the centripetal acceleration.</p>
266
+ <p begin="0:14:50.900" dur="0:00:03.300">So the planets experience<br />this centripetal acceleration</p>
267
+ <p begin="0:14:54.200" dur="0:00:03.366">in some crazy units, but<br />who cares about the units here?</p>
268
+ <p begin="0:14:57.566" dur="0:00:05.067">And notice that Mercury, which<br />is 100 times closer than Pluto</p>
269
+ <p begin="0:15:02.633" dur="0:00:04.167">has a centripetal acceleration</p>
270
+ <p begin="0:15:06.800" dur="0:00:04.600">which is 10,000 times<br />larger than Pluto.</p>
271
+ <p begin="0:15:11.400" dur="0:00:02.400">100 times closer</p>
272
+ <p begin="0:15:13.800" dur="0:00:03.266">has a 10,000 times larger<br />centripetal acceleration.</p>
273
+ <p begin="0:15:17.066" dur="0:00:01.667">So what I did was</p>
274
+ <p begin="0:15:18.733" dur="0:00:03.200">I plotted this data,<br />the centripetal acceleration</p>
275
+ <p begin="0:15:21.933" dur="0:00:02.367">versus the mean distance<br />to the sun</p>
276
+ <p begin="0:15:24.300" dur="0:00:03.733">and I did that on log paper.</p>
277
+ <p begin="0:15:28.033" dur="0:00:06.767">And what immediately strikes...<br />is very striking is</p>
278
+ <p begin="0:15:34.800" dur="0:00:03.766">that all these points-- I've<br />done them for all the planets--</p>
279
+ <p begin="0:15:38.566" dur="0:00:02.467">they fall on a straight line.</p>
280
+ <p begin="0:15:41.033" dur="0:00:03.833">And so what is the slope<br />of that line?</p>
281
+ <p begin="0:15:44.866" dur="0:00:03.000">Well, I tried various slopes</p>
282
+ <p begin="0:15:47.866" dur="0:00:08.000">and I found that the slope is<br />very, very close to minus two.</p>
283
+ <p begin="0:15:55.866" dur="0:00:07.600">Here is the slope of minus two,<br />and I can overlay this</p>
284
+ <p begin="0:16:03.466" dur="0:00:05.800">and notice that the fit is<br />absolutely stunning.</p>
285
+ <p begin="0:16:09.266" dur="0:00:03.800">Therefore, you cannot escape<br />the conclusion</p>
286
+ <p begin="0:16:13.066" dur="0:00:02.867">that the<br />centripetal acceleration</p>
287
+ <p begin="0:16:15.933" dur="0:00:06.767">which is the result of gravity,<br />falls off as one over R squared.</p>
288
+ <p begin="0:16:22.700" dur="0:00:03.000">We refer to this,<br />often, in physics</p>
289
+ <p begin="0:16:25.700" dur="0:00:02.500">as the "one over R square" law.</p>
290
+ <p begin="0:16:28.200" dur="0:00:03.500">And therefore, the effect<br />of gravity itself</p>
291
+ <p begin="0:16:31.700" dur="0:00:04.033">must go down with R squared.</p>
292
+ <p begin="0:16:35.733" dur="0:00:03.733">So if you are<br />100 times further away</p>
293
+ <p begin="0:16:39.466" dur="0:00:03.134">like Pluto compared to Mercury</p>
294
+ <p begin="0:16:42.600" dur="0:00:04.533">then the gravitational...<br />the centripetal acceleration</p>
295
+ <p begin="0:16:47.133" dur="0:00:03.433">which is due to gravity<br />is 10,000 times smaller.</p>
296
+ <p begin="0:16:53.333" dur="0:00:03.200">And we will learn a lot<br />about gravity in the future.</p>
297
+ <p begin="0:16:56.533" dur="0:00:01.500">We will just leave it for now.</p>
298
+ <p begin="0:16:58.033" dur="0:00:02.567">If you took the sun away,<br />it would be</p>
299
+ <p begin="0:17:00.600" dur="0:00:03.666">like cutting the string<br />that provides the pull</p>
300
+ <p begin="0:17:04.266" dur="0:00:03.000">and in that case<br />what you would see</p>
301
+ <p begin="0:17:07.266" dur="0:00:04.700">is that the planets would just<br />take off along a straight line.</p>
302
+ <p begin="0:17:11.966" dur="0:00:02.100">They would continue to go.</p>
303
+ <p begin="0:17:14.066" dur="0:00:04.267">They wouldn't have anything<br />to pull on them anymore.</p>
304
+ <p begin="0:17:18.333" dur="0:00:07.067">Now let's look at an object<br />that we're going to rotate.</p>
305
+ <p begin="0:17:25.400" dur="0:00:03.800">I have a glass tube<br />that I want to rotate</p>
306
+ <p begin="0:17:29.200" dur="0:00:06.133">and in the glass tube,<br />I have a marble.</p>
307
+ <p begin="0:17:35.333" dur="0:00:03.633">The glass tube is very smooth.</p>
308
+ <p begin="0:17:38.966" dur="0:00:03.334">I have here the glass tube.</p>
309
+ <p begin="0:17:42.300" dur="0:00:04.133">Here's a marble.</p>
310
+ <p begin="0:17:46.433" dur="0:00:05.333">I'm going to rotate it<br />in this direction</p>
311
+ <p begin="0:17:51.766" dur="0:00:01.767">say, with some<br />angular velocity omega</p>
312
+ <p begin="0:17:53.533" dur="0:00:02.767">about an axis perpendicular<br />to the blackboard.</p>
313
+ <p begin="0:17:56.300" dur="0:00:06.133">So the marble here has<br />a velocity</p>
314
+ <p begin="0:18:02.433" dur="0:00:02.500">like so, at this moment in time</p>
315
+ <p begin="0:18:04.933" dur="0:00:02.433">but it's a very smooth<br />glass tube</p>
316
+ <p begin="0:18:07.366" dur="0:00:03.234">and the marble is very smooth.</p>
317
+ <p begin="0:18:10.600" dur="0:00:02.566">The glass cannot push<br />on the marble</p>
318
+ <p begin="0:18:13.166" dur="0:00:04.334">nor can the glass pull<br />on the marble.</p>
319
+ <p begin="0:18:17.500" dur="0:00:01.400">Now, the marble gets desperate</p>
320
+ <p begin="0:18:18.900" dur="0:00:04.400">because the marble needs<br />a centripetal acceleration</p>
321
+ <p begin="0:18:23.300" dur="0:00:06.066">in this direction<br />in order to go around like this.</p>
322
+ <p begin="0:18:29.366" dur="0:00:03.800">But there is nothing to provide<br />that centripetal acceleration.</p>
323
+ <p begin="0:18:33.166" dur="0:00:02.200">So the marble is doing<br />exactly the same</p>
324
+ <p begin="0:18:35.366" dur="0:00:03.300">that the planets would do<br />if you take the sun away.</p>
325
+ <p begin="0:18:38.666" dur="0:00:03.634">The marble continues to go in<br />the direction that it was going.</p>
326
+ <p begin="0:18:42.300" dur="0:00:08.000">So by the time that the tube<br />is here, the marble is here</p>
327
+ <p begin="0:18:50.300" dur="0:00:04.233">and by the time<br />that the tube is here</p>
328
+ <p begin="0:18:54.533" dur="0:00:01.567">the marble is there.</p>
329
+ <p begin="0:18:56.100" dur="0:00:04.766">So the marble finds its way to<br />the edge and that's, of course</p>
330
+ <p begin="0:19:00.866" dur="0:00:06.234">the basic idea<br />behind a centrifuge.</p>
331
+ <p begin="0:19:07.100" dur="0:00:02.333">My grandmother had always...</p>
332
+ <p begin="0:19:09.433" dur="0:00:01.267">She was a great lady</p>
333
+ <p begin="0:19:10.700" dur="0:00:02.833">and she had such fantastic<br />ideas, I remember.</p>
334
+ <p begin="0:19:13.533" dur="0:00:03.967">And when she made lettuce</p>
335
+ <p begin="0:19:17.500" dur="0:00:02.733">we had no good way<br />of drying the lettuce</p>
336
+ <p begin="0:19:20.233" dur="0:00:06.033">and I would take the lettuce<br />and go like this... paper towel.</p>
337
+ <p begin="0:19:26.266" dur="0:00:03.334">She had a method of her own.</p>
338
+ <p begin="0:19:29.600" dur="0:00:04.566">She took a colander<br />and, of course, first of all</p>
339
+ <p begin="0:19:34.166" dur="0:00:03.234">we would wash the lettuce,<br />that goes without saying.</p>
340
+ <p begin="0:19:37.400" dur="0:00:01.633">I would wash it once.</p>
341
+ <p begin="0:19:39.033" dur="0:00:02.200">My grandmother would wash it<br />three times</p>
342
+ <p begin="0:19:41.233" dur="0:00:02.633">but that's what you have<br />grandmothers for.</p>
343
+ <p begin="0:19:43.866" dur="0:00:03.334">So there comes the lettuce.</p>
344
+ <p begin="0:19:47.200" dur="0:00:06.000">We were also very fond of<br />spinach, so add some spinach.</p>
345
+ <p begin="0:19:53.200" dur="0:00:05.066">We would wash it...<br />there goes the spinach.</p>
346
+ <p begin="0:19:58.266" dur="0:00:03.700">Then she would take<br />something to cover it up--</p>
347
+ <p begin="0:20:01.966" dur="0:00:04.800">maybe some Saran wrap,<br />or something else--</p>
348
+ <p begin="0:20:06.766" dur="0:00:07.734">put it over it and put a rubber<br />band around it to hold it.</p>
349
+ <p begin="0:20:14.500" dur="0:00:02.733">And now what she's going to do,<br />she's going to swing it around.</p>
350
+ <p begin="0:20:17.233" dur="0:00:04.967">And now the water is<br />like these marbles.</p>
351
+ <p begin="0:20:22.200" dur="0:00:02.933">The water will work its way<br />to the edge</p>
352
+ <p begin="0:20:25.133" dur="0:00:03.500">but there are holes,<br />so the water will come out.</p>
353
+ <p begin="0:20:28.633" dur="0:00:02.167">Isn't she clever?</p>
354
+ <p begin="0:20:30.800" dur="0:00:02.666">Okay, I'll give you<br />a demonstration.</p>
355
+ <p begin="0:20:33.466" dur="0:00:01.500">Be careful</p>
356
+ <p begin="0:20:34.966" dur="0:00:04.567">or you may get some water<br />on your lecture notes.</p>
357
+ <p begin="0:20:39.533" dur="0:00:01.167">But I want to show you</p>
358
+ <p begin="0:20:40.700" dur="0:00:02.433">the basic idea behind it<br />is very interesting.</p>
359
+ <p begin="0:20:43.133" dur="0:00:02.800">She would go out... she would do<br />this outside, by the way.</p>
360
+ <p begin="0:20:45.933" dur="0:00:02.067">But I have no choice,<br />so I will do it here.</p>
361
+ <p begin="0:20:48.000" dur="0:00:02.600">So there we go.</p>
362
+ <p begin="0:20:50.600" dur="0:00:04.033">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
363
+ <p begin="0:20:54.633" dur="0:00:02.933">You see?<br />This is the way you dry...</p>
364
+ <p begin="0:21:01.400" dur="0:00:02.700">Oh, I lost<br />my magnetic strawberry--</p>
365
+ <p begin="0:21:04.100" dur="0:00:01.933">that's a detail in the process.</p>
366
+ <p begin="0:21:06.033" dur="0:00:03.200">So you end up with...</p>
367
+ <p begin="0:21:09.233" dur="0:00:06.967">you end up with dry<br />and clean and nice lettuce.</p>
368
+ <p begin="0:21:16.200" dur="0:00:02.300">This is 801 at work</p>
369
+ <p begin="0:21:18.500" dur="0:00:05.066">and this is clearly an early<br />version of a centrifuge.</p>
370
+ <p begin="0:21:23.566" dur="0:00:03.800">Now, my grandmother's method,<br />very tragically</p>
371
+ <p begin="0:21:27.366" dur="0:00:02.334">has been replaced lately</p>
372
+ <p begin="0:21:29.700" dur="0:00:03.733">with something that you can buy<br />at Crate and Barrel.</p>
373
+ <p begin="0:21:33.433" dur="0:00:02.800">We have it here.</p>
374
+ <p begin="0:21:36.233" dur="0:00:03.200">Um, it is very boring.</p>
375
+ <p begin="0:21:39.433" dur="0:00:01.767">It's very decadent.</p>
376
+ <p begin="0:21:41.200" dur="0:00:01.700">Put the salad in here</p>
377
+ <p begin="0:21:42.900" dur="0:00:04.600">and all you do is<br />you rotate and it dries.</p>
378
+ <p begin="0:21:47.500" dur="0:00:01.400">It's a centrifuge.</p>
379
+ <p begin="0:21:48.900" dur="0:00:02.333">This is actually<br />a high-tech version</p>
380
+ <p begin="0:21:51.233" dur="0:00:04.300">of the much more sophisticated<br />invention of my grandmother.</p>
381
+ <p begin="0:21:55.533" dur="0:00:05.067">And it's nowhere<br />nearly as exciting.</p>
382
+ <p begin="0:22:00.600" dur="0:00:04.000">The days of romance are<br />really over</p>
383
+ <p begin="0:22:04.600" dur="0:00:02.800">but that's the way it goes.</p>
384
+ <p begin="0:22:07.400" dur="0:00:03.833">I'm now going to make<br />a connection</p>
385
+ <p begin="0:22:11.233" dur="0:00:03.133">between rotation on the one hand</p>
386
+ <p begin="0:22:14.366" dur="0:00:04.967">and centripetal acceleration<br />on the other.</p>
387
+ <p begin="0:22:19.333" dur="0:00:03.700">I'm going to make a connection</p>
388
+ <p begin="0:22:23.033" dur="0:00:05.600">between centripetal acceleration<br />and perceived gravity.</p>
389
+ <p begin="0:22:28.633" dur="0:00:04.800">The way that<br />you perceive gravity.</p>
390
+ <p begin="0:22:33.433" dur="0:00:02.533">I'm going to put you<br />in various positions</p>
391
+ <p begin="0:22:35.966" dur="0:00:03.700">and then ask you what is<br />the direction of gravity.</p>
392
+ <p begin="0:22:39.666" dur="0:00:03.500">I'm going to create<br />artificial gravity for you.</p>
393
+ <p begin="0:22:43.166" dur="0:00:02.767">And let's first do it<br />as follows.</p>
394
+ <p begin="0:22:45.933" dur="0:00:03.200">I first hang you on a string.</p>
395
+ <p begin="0:22:51.266" dur="0:00:05.334">There you are, like this.</p>
396
+ <p begin="0:22:56.600" dur="0:00:03.800">And I ask you, do you feel<br />a push or a pull?</p>
397
+ <p begin="0:23:00.400" dur="0:00:04.766">And you say,<br />"Yeah, I feel a pull."</p>
398
+ <p begin="0:23:05.166" dur="0:00:05.067">And you feel a pull<br />in this direction.</p>
399
+ <p begin="0:23:10.233" dur="0:00:01.133">So now I ask you</p>
400
+ <p begin="0:23:11.366" dur="0:00:06.800">"Ah, in what direction<br />do you perceive gravity?"</p>
401
+ <p begin="0:23:18.166" dur="0:00:01.967">and you think I'm crazy.</p>
402
+ <p begin="0:23:20.133" dur="0:00:03.200">You're right in that case,<br />but nevertheless you say</p>
403
+ <p begin="0:23:23.333" dur="0:00:02.967">"Gravity is<br />in this direction."</p>
404
+ <p begin="0:23:26.300" dur="0:00:02.500">The other direction is the pull.</p>
405
+ <p begin="0:23:28.800" dur="0:00:02.500">Okay, so far, so good.</p>
406
+ <p begin="0:23:31.300" dur="0:00:05.333">So now I'm going to put you<br />just standing on the floor</p>
407
+ <p begin="0:23:36.633" dur="0:00:03.733">and I say to you,<br />"Do you feel a push or a pull?"</p>
408
+ <p begin="0:23:40.366" dur="0:00:03.367">And you say,<br />"Yeah, I feel a push.</p>
409
+ <p begin="0:23:43.733" dur="0:00:03.667">I feel a push<br />from the floor up."</p>
410
+ <p begin="0:23:47.400" dur="0:00:04.700">So I say, "In what direction<br />do you perceive gravity?"</p>
411
+ <p begin="0:23:52.100" dur="0:00:02.733">You say, "Well, come on,<br />don't be boring.</p>
412
+ <p begin="0:23:54.833" dur="0:00:03.033">Gravity is in this direction."</p>
413
+ <p begin="0:23:57.866" dur="0:00:03.500">Notice in both cases you tell me</p>
414
+ <p begin="0:24:01.366" dur="0:00:03.367">that gravity is always<br />in the opposite direction</p>
415
+ <p begin="0:24:04.733" dur="0:00:03.667">of either your pull<br />or your push.</p>
416
+ <p begin="0:24:08.400" dur="0:00:06.200">Okay, now I'm going to be<br />a little rough on you.</p>
417
+ <p begin="0:24:14.600" dur="0:00:03.466">Now I'm going to swing you<br />around on a string</p>
418
+ <p begin="0:24:18.066" dur="0:00:02.234">just as if you were an apple</p>
419
+ <p begin="0:24:20.300" dur="0:00:02.566">and I'm going to do this<br />with you.</p>
420
+ <p begin="0:24:22.866" dur="0:00:02.100">And you're at the end<br />of the apple.</p>
421
+ <p begin="0:24:24.966" dur="0:00:01.434">You are the apple,<br />not at the end.</p>
422
+ <p begin="0:24:26.400" dur="0:00:01.466">You're at the end of the string.</p>
423
+ <p begin="0:24:27.866" dur="0:00:02.000">You are the apple.</p>
424
+ <p begin="0:24:29.866" dur="0:00:02.167">So there you are.</p>
425
+ <p begin="0:24:32.033" dur="0:00:03.867">Here... poor you.</p>
426
+ <p begin="0:24:35.900" dur="0:00:04.400">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
427
+ <p begin="0:24:40.300" dur="0:00:03.500">And I say, "Do you feel<br />a push or a pull?"</p>
428
+ <p begin="0:24:43.800" dur="0:00:03.366">And you say, "Yeah, I do,<br />I feel a pull."</p>
429
+ <p begin="0:24:47.166" dur="0:00:01.867">Fine, in what direction?</p>
430
+ <p begin="0:24:49.033" dur="0:00:03.467">"I feel a pull<br />in this direction."</p>
431
+ <p begin="0:24:52.500" dur="0:00:03.833">Okay, so now I say to you</p>
432
+ <p begin="0:24:56.333" dur="0:00:03.033">"In what direction<br />do you perceive gravity?"</p>
433
+ <p begin="0:24:59.366" dur="0:00:03.200">And you say, "Well, in the<br />opposite direction as pull."</p>
434
+ <p begin="0:25:02.566" dur="0:00:05.100">So now you perceive gravity<br />in this direction</p>
435
+ <p begin="0:25:07.666" dur="0:00:03.134">which is very real for you.</p>
436
+ <p begin="0:25:10.800" dur="0:00:02.233">Now, in this particular case</p>
437
+ <p begin="0:25:13.033" dur="0:00:03.300">since the direction changes<br />all the time--</p>
438
+ <p begin="0:25:16.333" dur="0:00:01.667">since I swirl you around--</p>
439
+ <p begin="0:25:18.000" dur="0:00:03.966">you will, of course, get dizzy<br />like hell, but that's a detail.</p>
440
+ <p begin="0:25:21.966" dur="0:00:03.434">You will perceive gravity in<br />this direction when you're here</p>
441
+ <p begin="0:25:25.400" dur="0:00:01.533">and when you're here</p>
442
+ <p begin="0:25:26.933" dur="0:00:03.700">you will perceive gravity<br />in that direction.</p>
443
+ <p begin="0:25:30.633" dur="0:00:02.100">So you perceive gravity</p>
444
+ <p begin="0:25:32.733" dur="0:00:02.933">in the direction<br />which is opposing the pull</p>
445
+ <p begin="0:25:35.666" dur="0:00:04.734">and the faster I rotate you,<br />the stronger will be the pull</p>
446
+ <p begin="0:25:40.400" dur="0:00:06.166">and therefore the stronger<br />will be your perceived gravity.</p>
447
+ <p begin="0:25:46.566" dur="0:00:05.134">A carpenter would use<br />a plumb line</p>
448
+ <p begin="0:25:51.700" dur="0:00:04.066">and the carpenter would just<br />hold the plumb line like this.</p>
449
+ <p begin="0:25:55.766" dur="0:00:03.434">The pull is in this direction<br />and so the carpenter says</p>
450
+ <p begin="0:25:59.200" dur="0:00:02.966">"Okay, perceived gravity is<br />in that direction."</p>
451
+ <p begin="0:26:02.166" dur="0:00:02.234">The carpenter happens to be<br />right in this case.</p>
452
+ <p begin="0:26:04.400" dur="0:00:03.433">Gravity<i>is</i>in this direction,<br />but it's the same idea.</p>
453
+ <p begin="0:26:07.833" dur="0:00:04.267">The plumb line is being used to<br />find the direction of gravity.</p>
454
+ <p begin="0:26:12.100" dur="0:00:04.733">Think of this<br />as being a plumb line to find...</p>
455
+ <p begin="0:26:16.833" dur="0:00:05.933">used to find the direction<br />of gravity.</p>
456
+ <p begin="0:26:22.766" dur="0:00:03.234">Now you're in outer space.</p>
457
+ <p begin="0:26:26.000" dur="0:00:02.766">You're going to play<br />Captain Kirk</p>
458
+ <p begin="0:26:28.766" dur="0:00:05.634">and you're in a space station<br />and there is no gravity.</p>
459
+ <p begin="0:26:34.400" dur="0:00:02.833">So we're going to make<br />some gravity for you.</p>
460
+ <p begin="0:26:37.233" dur="0:00:03.200">We're going to create<br />some artificial gravity.</p>
461
+ <p begin="0:26:40.433" dur="0:00:04.000">So let this be<br />your space station;</p>
462
+ <p begin="0:26:44.433" dur="0:00:07.500">it's a big wheel,<br />a radius of about 100 meters</p>
463
+ <p begin="0:26:51.933" dur="0:00:02.967">and we'll make it<br />very fancy for you.</p>
464
+ <p begin="0:26:54.900" dur="0:00:04.800">We'll make some corridors<br />around, like here.</p>
465
+ <p begin="0:27:03.433" dur="0:00:03.500">We'll make it<br />a very interesting space station</p>
466
+ <p begin="0:27:06.933" dur="0:00:05.700">like so... and like so.</p>
467
+ <p begin="0:27:12.633" dur="0:00:06.700">And this is rotating around<br />with angular velocity omega.</p>
468
+ <p begin="0:27:19.333" dur="0:00:03.333">You're here-- there you are.</p>
469
+ <p begin="0:27:25.400" dur="0:00:01.600">You go around.</p>
470
+ <p begin="0:27:27.000" dur="0:00:03.266">Therefore, non-negotiable</p>
471
+ <p begin="0:27:30.266" dur="0:00:05.400">you're going around<br />with a certain velocity v.</p>
472
+ <p begin="0:27:35.666" dur="0:00:02.000">This v equals omega r</p>
473
+ <p begin="0:27:37.666" dur="0:00:03.667">and therefore, you require<br />centripetal acceleration</p>
474
+ <p begin="0:27:41.333" dur="0:00:03.833">towards the center--<br />that is non-negotiable.</p>
475
+ <p begin="0:27:45.166" dur="0:00:01.667">Where do you get it from?</p>
476
+ <p begin="0:27:46.833" dur="0:00:04.833">Well, the floor-- this is your<br />floor-- is pushing on you.</p>
477
+ <p begin="0:27:51.666" dur="0:00:03.234">Simple as that, just like<br />the floor is pushing on me now.</p>
478
+ <p begin="0:27:54.900" dur="0:00:01.333">This floor is pushing.</p>
479
+ <p begin="0:27:56.233" dur="0:00:03.167">There's nothing wrong with that;I don't fall over.</p>
480
+ <p begin="0:27:59.400" dur="0:00:01.900">And so I say to you,</p>
481
+ <p begin="0:28:01.300" dur="0:00:02.833">"In what direction<br />do you perceive gravity?"</p>
482
+ <p begin="0:28:04.133" dur="0:00:04.500">And you say, "This is<br />the direction of gravity"</p>
483
+ <p begin="0:28:08.633" dur="0:00:03.300">which is as real for you<br />as it can be.</p>
484
+ <p begin="0:28:11.933" dur="0:00:06.167">Someone else is standing here.</p>
485
+ <p begin="0:28:18.100" dur="0:00:03.033">What do you think that person<br />will think if I ask that person</p>
486
+ <p begin="0:28:21.133" dur="0:00:03.500">"What is the direction<br />of gravity?"</p>
487
+ <p begin="0:28:24.633" dur="0:00:02.733">Exactly, radially outwards,</p>
488
+ <p begin="0:28:27.366" dur="0:00:05.467">opposing the push<br />from the floor.</p>
489
+ <p begin="0:28:32.833" dur="0:00:03.033">So we could now calculate</p>
490
+ <p begin="0:28:35.866" dur="0:00:03.567">how fast we have to rotate<br />this space ship</p>
491
+ <p begin="0:28:39.433" dur="0:00:03.600">to mimic the gravitational<br />acceleration on Earth--</p>
492
+ <p begin="0:28:43.033" dur="0:00:02.467">which is 9.8 meters<br />per second squared.</p>
493
+ <p begin="0:28:45.500" dur="0:00:02.833">Let's call that 10,<br />just to round it off a little.</p>
494
+ <p begin="0:28:48.333" dur="0:00:03.600">So we want the people<br />who walk around in this corridor</p>
495
+ <p begin="0:28:51.933" dur="0:00:07.500">to have an acceleration omega<br />squared R which is about 10</p>
496
+ <p begin="0:28:59.433" dur="0:00:03.967">so omega squared is about 0.1</p>
497
+ <p begin="0:29:03.400" dur="0:00:07.766">so omega is<br />about 0.3 radians per second.</p>
498
+ <p begin="0:29:11.166" dur="0:00:08.500">And so the period to go around<br />is about two pi divided by omega</p>
499
+ <p begin="0:29:19.666" dur="0:00:04.100">and that is about 20 seconds.</p>
500
+ <p begin="0:29:23.766" dur="0:00:06.834">And the tangential speed-- that<br />value for v, which is omega R--</p>
501
+ <p begin="0:29:30.600" dur="0:00:02.500">would then be 0.3 times 100</p>
502
+ <p begin="0:29:33.100" dur="0:00:02.966">would be<br />about 30 meters per second</p>
503
+ <p begin="0:29:36.066" dur="0:00:02.167">just to give you an idea<br />for these numbers</p>
504
+ <p begin="0:29:38.233" dur="0:00:04.867">which are by no means<br />so ridiculous.</p>
505
+ <p begin="0:29:43.100" dur="0:00:04.600">What is interesting,<br />that the perceived gravity--</p>
506
+ <p begin="0:29:47.700" dur="0:00:04.166">and therefore<br />the centripetal acceleration--</p>
507
+ <p begin="0:29:51.866" dur="0:00:03.000">is zero here.</p>
508
+ <p begin="0:29:54.866" dur="0:00:02.900">There is nothing; there is no gravity there.</p>
509
+ <p begin="0:29:57.766" dur="0:00:02.400">And so that may be a good place</p>
510
+ <p begin="0:30:00.166" dur="0:00:02.967">for you to have<br />your sleeping quarters.</p>
511
+ <p begin="0:30:03.133" dur="0:00:02.367">Now comes<br />an interesting question.</p>
512
+ <p begin="0:30:05.500" dur="0:00:03.233">You can walk around here<br />without any problem.</p>
513
+ <p begin="0:30:11.533" dur="0:00:02.867">Could you walk<br />into these spokes?</p>
514
+ <p begin="0:30:14.400" dur="0:00:05.366">So when you were here,<br />could you then walk</p>
515
+ <p begin="0:30:19.766" dur="0:00:02.100">towards your sleeping quarters?</p>
516
+ <p begin="0:30:21.866" dur="0:00:02.400">When you were standing here<br />and I first ask you</p>
517
+ <p begin="0:30:24.266" dur="0:00:02.000">"In what direction is gravity?"</p>
518
+ <p begin="0:30:26.266" dur="0:00:03.267">And you will say, "Well,<br />gravity is in this direction."</p>
519
+ <p begin="0:30:29.533" dur="0:00:03.000">Can you now walk<br />to your sleeping quarters?</p>
520
+ <p begin="0:30:32.533" dur="0:00:01.833">And what's the answer?</p>
521
+ <p begin="0:30:34.366" dur="0:00:01.534">You cannot.</p>
522
+ <p begin="0:30:35.900" dur="0:00:02.433">You cannot walk<br />up against gravity.</p>
523
+ <p begin="0:30:38.333" dur="0:00:02.967">It would be like asking you<br />to walk to the ceiling.</p>
524
+ <p begin="0:30:41.300" dur="0:00:01.066">How do you do that?</p>
525
+ <p begin="0:30:42.366" dur="0:00:02.334">An elevator or a staircase,<br />that's fine</p>
526
+ <p begin="0:30:44.700" dur="0:00:02.733">because then you get<br />the push from the stairs</p>
527
+ <p begin="0:30:47.433" dur="0:00:01.433">when you step on the stairs.</p>
528
+ <p begin="0:30:48.866" dur="0:00:01.967">So you could have<br />the staircase here</p>
529
+ <p begin="0:30:50.833" dur="0:00:02.267">and that's the way<br />this person could go here.</p>
530
+ <p begin="0:30:53.100" dur="0:00:02.400">But you cannot simply walk here</p>
531
+ <p begin="0:30:55.500" dur="0:00:03.933">because gravity is always<br />in this direction.</p>
532
+ <p begin="0:30:59.433" dur="0:00:03.433">Now let's suppose you are<br />at your sleeping quarters</p>
533
+ <p begin="0:31:02.866" dur="0:00:03.800">and you wake up in the morning<br />and you decide to go back</p>
534
+ <p begin="0:31:06.666" dur="0:00:01.867">either in this direction<br />or this direction</p>
535
+ <p begin="0:31:08.533" dur="0:00:03.300">or this direction or that<br />direction-- it doesn't matter.</p>
536
+ <p begin="0:31:11.833" dur="0:00:06.467">Could you do that, just by...<br />just going into this corridor</p>
537
+ <p begin="0:31:18.300" dur="0:00:03.133">and slowly, carefully<br />starting moving?</p>
538
+ <p begin="0:31:21.433" dur="0:00:01.467">What would happen?</p>
539
+ <p begin="0:31:22.900" dur="0:00:01.733">Yeah?</p>
540
+ <p begin="0:31:24.633" dur="0:00:01.133">STUDENT:<br />You would fly out.</p>
541
+ <p begin="0:31:25.766" dur="0:00:01.267">LEWIN:<br />You would fly out.</p>
542
+ <p begin="0:31:27.033" dur="0:00:03.867">It would be suicide, because<br />the moment that you are here</p>
543
+ <p begin="0:31:30.900" dur="0:00:01.733">already, you have maybe</p>
544
+ <p begin="0:31:32.633" dur="0:00:04.433">not a very large<br />gravitational experience</p>
545
+ <p begin="0:31:37.066" dur="0:00:02.134">but already it's beginning<br />to grow on you.</p>
546
+ <p begin="0:31:39.200" dur="0:00:03.000">The farther out you are,<br />the stronger it will be.</p>
547
+ <p begin="0:31:42.200" dur="0:00:03.466">By the time you're here, it's<br />10 meters per second squared.</p>
548
+ <p begin="0:31:45.666" dur="0:00:02.367">Remember? We had 10 meters<br />per second squared</p>
549
+ <p begin="0:31:48.033" dur="0:00:03.000">because we wanted<br />to mimic the Earth</p>
550
+ <p begin="0:31:51.033" dur="0:00:01.300">and so you literally crash.</p>
551
+ <p begin="0:31:52.333" dur="0:00:03.833">It's like falling into a shaft,<br />jumping into a shaft.</p>
552
+ <p begin="0:31:56.166" dur="0:00:01.534">It's not quite the same</p>
553
+ <p begin="0:31:57.700" dur="0:00:03.133">because you start off<br />with no pull on you.</p>
554
+ <p begin="0:32:00.833" dur="0:00:01.733">The moment you start going,<br />however</p>
555
+ <p begin="0:32:02.566" dur="0:00:03.967">the situation gets out of hand<br />and indeed you will slam.</p>
556
+ <p begin="0:32:06.533" dur="0:00:01.967">So you can use<br />the same elevator.</p>
557
+ <p begin="0:32:08.500" dur="0:00:01.666">You can use the same staircase.</p>
558
+ <p begin="0:32:10.166" dur="0:00:02.567">There's nothing wrong with that.</p>
559
+ <p begin="0:32:12.733" dur="0:00:02.800">Suppose I have a liquid</p>
560
+ <p begin="0:32:15.533" dur="0:00:05.400">which has very, very fine,<br />small particles in it--</p>
561
+ <p begin="0:32:20.933" dur="0:00:05.867">extremely small,<br />so small and so light</p>
562
+ <p begin="0:32:26.800" dur="0:00:03.533">that they will not sink<br />to the bottom.</p>
563
+ <p begin="0:32:30.333" dur="0:00:07.267">So you will always see<br />some colored milky-type liquid.</p>
564
+ <p begin="0:32:37.600" dur="0:00:07.933">And here is that tube<br />which has these fine particles.</p>
565
+ <p begin="0:32:45.533" dur="0:00:02.267">And the tube is sitting there</p>
566
+ <p begin="0:32:47.800" dur="0:00:03.166">and the line of the liquid<br />is obviously like this.</p>
567
+ <p begin="0:32:50.966" dur="0:00:02.034">Why? Well, that's obvious.</p>
568
+ <p begin="0:32:53.000" dur="0:00:04.500">Because gravity is<br />in this direction.</p>
569
+ <p begin="0:32:57.500" dur="0:00:01.766">And so the surface of the liquid</p>
570
+ <p begin="0:32:59.266" dur="0:00:01.900">is always perpendicular<br />to gravity.</p>
571
+ <p begin="0:33:01.166" dur="0:00:02.867">You see here<br />two glasses with water.</p>
572
+ <p begin="0:33:04.033" dur="0:00:02.867">The surface is<br />perpendicular to gravity.</p>
573
+ <p begin="0:33:06.900" dur="0:00:05.433">Now I'm going to rotate this<br />about this axis--</p>
574
+ <p begin="0:33:12.333" dur="0:00:02.067">it's going around like this--</p>
575
+ <p begin="0:33:14.400" dur="0:00:04.666">and I'm going to rotate it<br />with an angular velocity omega</p>
576
+ <p begin="0:33:19.066" dur="0:00:02.500">and this is at a distance, R.</p>
577
+ <p begin="0:33:21.566" dur="0:00:05.600">Therefore, there is now<br />a centripetal acceleration</p>
578
+ <p begin="0:33:27.166" dur="0:00:04.867">in this direction,<br />and so the particles now say</p>
579
+ <p begin="0:33:32.033" dur="0:00:04.767">"Aha! Gravity is<br />in this direction."</p>
580
+ <p begin="0:33:36.800" dur="0:00:03.833">The side of the glass<br />and the liquid is pushing</p>
581
+ <p begin="0:33:40.633" dur="0:00:03.933">in this direction to provide<br />this centripetal acceleration.</p>
582
+ <p begin="0:33:44.566" dur="0:00:02.167">So if you ask them,<br />"Where is gravity?"</p>
583
+ <p begin="0:33:46.733" dur="0:00:02.167">they will say<br />"Gravity is there."</p>
584
+ <p begin="0:33:48.900" dur="0:00:03.233">And this gravitational effect<br />can be so much stronger</p>
585
+ <p begin="0:33:52.133" dur="0:00:02.500">than this one<br />that you can forget this one--</p>
586
+ <p begin="0:33:54.633" dur="0:00:01.733">you will see that in a minute.</p>
587
+ <p begin="0:33:56.366" dur="0:00:02.000">You can completely forget<br />this one.</p>
588
+ <p begin="0:33:58.366" dur="0:00:02.100">And so the liquid will say</p>
589
+ <p begin="0:34:00.466" dur="0:00:03.467">"I'm going to be<br />perpendicular to gravity."</p>
590
+ <p begin="0:34:03.933" dur="0:00:03.800">And so the liquid will go<br />like this, clunk.</p>
591
+ <p begin="0:34:07.733" dur="0:00:02.367">While it rotates around</p>
592
+ <p begin="0:34:10.100" dur="0:00:03.800">the liquid in this tilted tube<br />will be vertical.</p>
593
+ <p begin="0:34:13.900" dur="0:00:05.666">But not only that,<br />the particles that are here</p>
594
+ <p begin="0:34:19.566" dur="0:00:04.967">experience now way stronger<br />gravity than they did before</p>
595
+ <p begin="0:34:24.533" dur="0:00:01.733">so I have made them heavier.</p>
596
+ <p begin="0:34:26.266" dur="0:00:01.600">They are no longer<br />light particles.</p>
597
+ <p begin="0:34:27.866" dur="0:00:03.334">They are heavy particles,<br />and what do heavy particles do?</p>
598
+ <p begin="0:34:31.200" dur="0:00:03.500">They have no problems<br />in making it to the side.</p>
599
+ <p begin="0:34:34.700" dur="0:00:02.100">The reason<br />why the light particles</p>
600
+ <p begin="0:34:36.800" dur="0:00:03.333">couldn't fall in the first place<br />has to do with the fact</p>
601
+ <p begin="0:34:40.133" dur="0:00:02.333">that the molecules<br />of the liquid</p>
602
+ <p begin="0:34:42.466" dur="0:00:03.567">due to their temperature,<br />have a chaotic motion.</p>
603
+ <p begin="0:34:46.033" dur="0:00:01.933">We call that<br />the "thermal agitation."</p>
604
+ <p begin="0:34:47.966" dur="0:00:01.934">And these molecules<br />would interact</p>
605
+ <p begin="0:34:49.900" dur="0:00:02.333">with these very small<br />and light particles</p>
606
+ <p begin="0:34:52.233" dur="0:00:03.700">and so the light particles would<br />never make it to the bottom.</p>
607
+ <p begin="0:34:55.933" dur="0:00:02.967">The thermal agitation now<br />of the liquid is the same--</p>
608
+ <p begin="0:34:58.900" dur="0:00:01.600">the temperature doesn't change--</p>
609
+ <p begin="0:35:00.500" dur="0:00:03.100">but the particles have become<br />way, way heavier</p>
610
+ <p begin="0:35:03.600" dur="0:00:04.366">and so the particles now go<br />in the direction of gravity</p>
611
+ <p begin="0:35:07.966" dur="0:00:01.667">which is here.</p>
612
+ <p begin="0:35:09.633" dur="0:00:03.300">And what you will see,<br />if these particles are white</p>
613
+ <p begin="0:35:12.933" dur="0:00:02.500">you will see<br />white precipitation there</p>
614
+ <p begin="0:35:15.433" dur="0:00:04.433">and the liquid<br />will become clear.</p>
615
+ <p begin="0:35:19.866" dur="0:00:01.134">And that is something</p>
616
+ <p begin="0:35:21.000" dur="0:00:01.900">that I would like<br />to demonstrate to you.</p>
617
+ <p begin="0:35:22.900" dur="0:00:03.100">But before I do that, I want<br />to give you some numbers.</p>
618
+ <p begin="0:35:26.000" dur="0:00:01.200">Here we have</p>
619
+ <p begin="0:35:27.200" dur="0:00:04.366">a household, simple,<br />nothing-special centrifuge</p>
620
+ <p begin="0:35:31.566" dur="0:00:02.500">that is used in any laboratory.</p>
621
+ <p begin="0:35:34.066" dur="0:00:08.000">The centrifuge that we have<br />has an rpm which is 3600 rpm.</p>
622
+ <p begin="0:35:45.500" dur="0:00:07.000">So 3600 rpm translates<br />into a frequency of 60 Hz.</p>
623
+ <p begin="0:35:52.500" dur="0:00:04.600">So it goes around once<br />in one-sixtieth of a second.</p>
624
+ <p begin="0:35:57.100" dur="0:00:05.166">Omega is two pi times f</p>
625
+ <p begin="0:36:02.266" dur="0:00:05.867">is therefore<br />roughly 360 radians per second.</p>
626
+ <p begin="0:36:08.133" dur="0:00:03.467">360 radians per second.</p>
627
+ <p begin="0:36:13.066" dur="0:00:02.234">If we assume<br />that the radius is...</p>
628
+ <p begin="0:36:15.300" dur="0:00:02.100">maybe it's 10, 15 centimeters.</p>
629
+ <p begin="0:36:17.400" dur="0:00:04.500">Whatever, let's take a radius<br />of 15 centimeters.</p>
630
+ <p begin="0:36:21.900" dur="0:00:02.066">And we can calculate now</p>
631
+ <p begin="0:36:23.966" dur="0:00:02.900">what the centripetal<br />acceleration is.</p>
632
+ <p begin="0:36:26.866" dur="0:00:05.734">And the centripetal acceleration<br />a of c which is omega squared R</p>
633
+ <p begin="0:36:32.600" dur="0:00:06.300">is then roughly about 20,000<br />meters per second squared.</p>
634
+ <p begin="0:36:38.900" dur="0:00:05.966">20,000 meters<br />per second squared.</p>
635
+ <p begin="0:36:44.866" dur="0:00:06.634">And that is 2,000 times<br />the gravitational acceleration.</p>
636
+ <p begin="0:36:51.500" dur="0:00:03.933">It means that these particles<br />experience gravity</p>
637
+ <p begin="0:36:55.433" dur="0:00:06.033">which is 2,000 times stronger<br />than if I don't rotate them.</p>
638
+ <p begin="0:37:01.466" dur="0:00:03.600">And so they will go<br />to the side here.</p>
639
+ <p begin="0:37:05.066" dur="0:00:04.534">But the glass itself is<br />also 2,000 times heavier</p>
640
+ <p begin="0:37:09.600" dur="0:00:02.333">and therefore the glass<br />can easily break</p>
641
+ <p begin="0:37:11.933" dur="0:00:02.267">so when you design<br />a centrifuge like that</p>
642
+ <p begin="0:37:14.200" dur="0:00:03.033">you have to really think<br />that through very carefully--</p>
643
+ <p begin="0:37:17.233" dur="0:00:03.867">that the pieces that are<br />in there don't fly apart.</p>
644
+ <p begin="0:37:24.900" dur="0:00:04.800">I have here water in which I<br />have dissolved some table salt--</p>
645
+ <p begin="0:37:29.700" dur="0:00:02.066">the same table salt<br />that you use in the kitchen</p>
646
+ <p begin="0:37:31.766" dur="0:00:05.900">when you prepare your food,<br />table salt in here.</p>
647
+ <p begin="0:37:37.666" dur="0:00:06.800">Here I have water in which I<br />dissolved some silver nitrate.</p>
648
+ <p begin="0:37:44.466" dur="0:00:04.867">It's nasty stuff, I warn you for<br />it, you have to be very careful</p>
649
+ <p begin="0:37:49.333" dur="0:00:02.967">because if you get<br />the stuff on your hands</p>
650
+ <p begin="0:37:52.300" dur="0:00:02.200">it burns through your hands<br />very quickly</p>
651
+ <p begin="0:37:54.500" dur="0:00:01.333">without your realizing it</p>
652
+ <p begin="0:37:55.833" dur="0:00:02.633">and you end up<br />with a very black spot.</p>
653
+ <p begin="0:37:58.466" dur="0:00:02.600">It really eats away,<br />burns out your skin.</p>
654
+ <p begin="0:38:01.066" dur="0:00:01.134">People put it on warts</p>
655
+ <p begin="0:38:02.200" dur="0:00:02.600">and then the warts,<br />they think, fall off.</p>
656
+ <p begin="0:38:04.800" dur="0:00:01.400">They probably do after a while</p>
657
+ <p begin="0:38:06.200" dur="0:00:02.666">but your finger<br />may also fall off.</p>
658
+ <p begin="0:38:08.866" dur="0:00:01.467">So I have here silver nitrate</p>
659
+ <p begin="0:38:10.333" dur="0:00:010.000">and there I have sodium chloride<br />and I mix the two.</p>
660
+ <p begin="0:38:20.333" dur="0:00:06.400">So I get table salt-- sodium<br />chloride-- plus silver nitrate</p>
661
+ <p begin="0:38:26.733" dur="0:00:07.400">gives sodium nitrate<br />plus silver chloride</p>
662
+ <p begin="0:38:34.133" dur="0:00:05.133">and this, very small white<br />particles, and you will see</p>
663
+ <p begin="0:38:39.266" dur="0:00:03.967">that the liquid turns<br />milky instantaneously.</p>
664
+ <p begin="0:38:43.233" dur="0:00:04.600">It almost becomes like,<br />like yogurt, as you will see.</p>
665
+ <p begin="0:38:47.833" dur="0:00:03.233">And so I want<br />to show that to you.</p>
666
+ <p begin="0:38:51.066" dur="0:00:02.700">I have here these two glasses.</p>
667
+ <p begin="0:38:53.766" dur="0:00:05.067">This is the table salt and<br />this is the silver nitrate.</p>
668
+ <p begin="0:38:58.833" dur="0:00:02.567">I'm going to mix them.</p>
669
+ <p begin="0:39:04.666" dur="0:00:01.967">I hope you can see this.</p>
670
+ <p begin="0:39:06.633" dur="0:00:03.500">Here are the two glasses,<br />and when I mix them...</p>
671
+ <p begin="0:39:10.133" dur="0:00:02.333">(<i>whistles</i>)</p>
672
+ <p begin="0:39:12.466" dur="0:00:03.300">instantaneously you get milk.</p>
673
+ <p begin="0:39:15.766" dur="0:00:03.034">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
674
+ <p begin="0:39:18.800" dur="0:00:01.800">Yeah.</p>
675
+ <p begin="0:39:20.600" dur="0:00:04.400">I'm not asking you to taste it<br />but look at it, right?</p>
676
+ <p begin="0:39:25.000" dur="0:00:01.166">Just milk.</p>
677
+ <p begin="0:39:26.166" dur="0:00:02.867">You can leave this for hours<br />and hours and hours</p>
678
+ <p begin="0:39:29.033" dur="0:00:02.433">and it will just stay like that.</p>
679
+ <p begin="0:39:31.466" dur="0:00:05.034">Very small particles<br />of silver chloride are in here.</p>
680
+ <p begin="0:39:36.500" dur="0:00:05.233">So now we are going to put this<br />in the centrifuge.</p>
681
+ <p begin="0:39:41.733" dur="0:00:04.067">I have to put it<br />in a very small tube.</p>
682
+ <p begin="0:39:45.800" dur="0:00:02.200">I'll show you this small tube.</p>
683
+ <p begin="0:39:48.000" dur="0:00:03.333">There's no way that I can pour<br />that in without making a mess.</p>
684
+ <p begin="0:39:51.333" dur="0:00:01.933">Here's this small tube</p>
685
+ <p begin="0:39:53.266" dur="0:00:06.967">and so what I will do is I will<br />first put it in a small beaker</p>
686
+ <p begin="0:40:00.233" dur="0:00:03.900">and then from this small beaker</p>
687
+ <p begin="0:40:04.133" dur="0:00:04.933">I will transfer it, some of it,<br />to this tube.</p>
688
+ <p begin="0:40:09.066" dur="0:00:01.700">When you put this<br />in a centrifuge</p>
689
+ <p begin="0:40:10.766" dur="0:00:04.234">your force on this glass<br />is so high</p>
690
+ <p begin="0:40:15.000" dur="0:00:01.766">that you must always make sure</p>
691
+ <p begin="0:40:16.766" dur="0:00:01.967">that you balance it<br />with another tube</p>
692
+ <p begin="0:40:18.733" dur="0:00:02.200">that you fill with water<br />on the other side.</p>
693
+ <p begin="0:40:20.933" dur="0:00:02.467">Otherwise the thing begins<br />to shake like crazy.</p>
694
+ <p begin="0:40:23.400" dur="0:00:05.433">It's like your centrifuge<br />when you dry your towels.</p>
695
+ <p begin="0:40:28.833" dur="0:00:02.400">If they are<br />not equally distributed</p>
696
+ <p begin="0:40:31.233" dur="0:00:03.367">it begins to make very obscene<br />sounds and starts to move.</p>
697
+ <p begin="0:40:34.600" dur="0:00:01.500">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
698
+ <p begin="0:40:36.100" dur="0:00:01.700">And the same thing<br />will happen here.</p>
699
+ <p begin="0:40:37.800" dur="0:00:01.866">So you just have<br />to take my word for it</p>
700
+ <p begin="0:40:39.666" dur="0:00:02.067">that we have put<br />on the other side</p>
701
+ <p begin="0:40:41.733" dur="0:00:02.933">just some water<br />to balance it out.</p>
702
+ <p begin="0:40:44.666" dur="0:00:02.600">So here is now the yogurt</p>
703
+ <p begin="0:40:47.266" dur="0:00:02.500">and on the other side<br />is plain water</p>
704
+ <p begin="0:40:49.766" dur="0:00:02.467">and we will just let it sit<br />there for a while</p>
705
+ <p begin="0:40:52.233" dur="0:00:03.100">and we will return<br />to that shortly.</p>
706
+ <p begin="0:40:58.333" dur="0:00:03.267">I mentioned already your<br />centrifuge for your clothes.</p>
707
+ <p begin="0:41:01.600" dur="0:00:02.466">That is the way<br />that you can dry your clothes.</p>
708
+ <p begin="0:41:04.066" dur="0:00:03.600">That is the same way that my<br />grandmother dried the lettuce.</p>
709
+ <p begin="0:41:07.666" dur="0:00:03.567">The water will go<br />to the circumference.</p>
710
+ <p begin="0:41:11.233" dur="0:00:02.767">A household centrifuge<br />for your clothes</p>
711
+ <p begin="0:41:14.000" dur="0:00:04.300">would easily rotate<br />1,200 revolutions per minute</p>
712
+ <p begin="0:41:18.300" dur="0:00:02.633">have a radius<br />maybe of 15 centimeters</p>
713
+ <p begin="0:41:20.933" dur="0:00:02.500">which would give you<br />a centripetal acceleration</p>
714
+ <p begin="0:41:23.433" dur="0:00:05.600">of 200 times g, 200 times<br />the gravitational acceleration.</p>
715
+ <p begin="0:41:29.033" dur="0:00:03.300">So your clothes<br />experience gravity</p>
716
+ <p begin="0:41:32.333" dur="0:00:01.967">which is 200 times stronger</p>
717
+ <p begin="0:41:34.300" dur="0:00:03.466">and therefore your clothes<br />are 200 times heavier</p>
718
+ <p begin="0:41:37.766" dur="0:00:03.167">and therefore your clothes<br />can tear apart</p>
719
+ <p begin="0:41:40.933" dur="0:00:01.333">and we have all seen that.</p>
720
+ <p begin="0:41:42.266" dur="0:00:02.167">We have all put in stuff<br />in a centrifuge</p>
721
+ <p begin="0:41:44.433" dur="0:00:03.533">and when you take it out you're<br />disappointed because it's torn.</p>
722
+ <p begin="0:41:47.966" dur="0:00:02.100">That's because<br />of the tremendous gravity</p>
723
+ <p begin="0:41:50.066" dur="0:00:02.967">that you have exposed them to.</p>
724
+ <p begin="0:41:53.033" dur="0:00:04.367">Many times when I take my shirts<br />out, half my buttons are gone.</p>
725
+ <p begin="0:41:57.400" dur="0:00:03.066">That's because the force--<br />I shouldn't use that word...</p>
726
+ <p begin="0:42:00.466" dur="0:00:04.000">the gravitational effect<br />on the buttons is enormous</p>
727
+ <p begin="0:42:04.466" dur="0:00:03.767">and they just get ripped off.</p>
728
+ <p begin="0:42:08.233" dur="0:00:02.933">Now I want to revisit<br />the situation</p>
729
+ <p begin="0:42:11.166" dur="0:00:04.767">that you are<br />on the end of my string</p>
730
+ <p begin="0:42:15.933" dur="0:00:02.833">and I'm going to swirl<br />you around.</p>
731
+ <p begin="0:42:18.766" dur="0:00:03.300">Earlier, I swirled you<br />around like this</p>
732
+ <p begin="0:42:22.066" dur="0:00:03.934">and you didn't like it</p>
733
+ <p begin="0:42:26.000" dur="0:00:02.800">and I don't blame you<br />because you got dizzy.</p>
734
+ <p begin="0:42:28.800" dur="0:00:02.400">Now I'm going to rotate<br />you like this.</p>
735
+ <p begin="0:42:31.200" dur="0:00:01.666">You may like that better.</p>
736
+ <p begin="0:42:32.866" dur="0:00:01.500">Maybe not.</p>
737
+ <p begin="0:42:34.366" dur="0:00:01.867">(<i>chuckles</i>)</p>
738
+ <p begin="0:42:36.233" dur="0:00:03.700">And so, whether<br />you like it or not</p>
739
+ <p begin="0:42:39.933" dur="0:00:08.333">I'm going to twirl you around<br />and here you are.</p>
740
+ <p begin="0:42:48.266" dur="0:00:02.100">This is the circle.</p>
741
+ <p begin="0:42:50.366" dur="0:00:03.100">There's a string-- you're here.</p>
742
+ <p begin="0:42:53.466" dur="0:00:03.500">Here's the string<br />and there you are.</p>
743
+ <p begin="0:42:56.966" dur="0:00:02.800">You have a certain velocity.</p>
744
+ <p begin="0:42:59.766" dur="0:00:05.234">Your velocity is<br />in this direction</p>
745
+ <p begin="0:43:05.000" dur="0:00:06.066">and there is a certain distance<br />to the center, R.</p>
746
+ <p begin="0:43:11.066" dur="0:00:04.967">And so you need a certain<br />centripetal acceleration</p>
747
+ <p begin="0:43:16.033" dur="0:00:04.167">to go around in that curve.</p>
748
+ <p begin="0:43:20.200" dur="0:00:02.700">So you need<br />a centripetal acceleration</p>
749
+ <p begin="0:43:22.900" dur="0:00:02.800">a of c-- which is...</p>
750
+ <p begin="0:43:25.700" dur="0:00:03.166">you can take the v squared<br />divided by r, if you like that.</p>
751
+ <p begin="0:43:28.866" dur="0:00:02.834">This is the magnitude of that v.</p>
752
+ <p begin="0:43:31.700" dur="0:00:04.633">Now follow me very closely.</p>
753
+ <p begin="0:43:36.333" dur="0:00:08.333">Just imagine that this number<br />happens to be exactly 9.8.</p>
754
+ <p begin="0:43:44.666" dur="0:00:01.900">I can always do that.</p>
755
+ <p begin="0:43:50.233" dur="0:00:06.300">Where is this person going to<br />get the push or the pull from</p>
756
+ <p begin="0:43:56.533" dur="0:00:03.533">for this centripetal<br />acceleration?</p>
757
+ <p begin="0:44:00.066" dur="0:00:02.434">Does the string have<br />to pull on it?</p>
758
+ <p begin="0:44:02.500" dur="0:00:03.466">No, because there's always<br />gravity and gravity gives you</p>
759
+ <p begin="0:44:05.966" dur="0:00:03.534">an acceleration of 9.8 meters<br />per second squared.</p>
760
+ <p begin="0:44:09.500" dur="0:00:06.066">So the string says, "Tough luck,<br />I don't have to do anything.</p>
761
+ <p begin="0:44:15.566" dur="0:00:07.200">"Gravity provides me with the<br />9.8 meters per second squared</p>
762
+ <p begin="0:44:22.766" dur="0:00:02.767">that I required."</p>
763
+ <p begin="0:44:25.533" dur="0:00:06.100">Now I'm going to swing you<br />faster, so the v will go up</p>
764
+ <p begin="0:44:31.633" dur="0:00:03.200">and so the centripetal<br />acceleration will go up.</p>
765
+ <p begin="0:44:34.833" dur="0:00:02.300">The string will say</p>
766
+ <p begin="0:44:37.133" dur="0:00:04.967">"Aha! I'm going to pull<br />now on this person</p>
767
+ <p begin="0:44:42.100" dur="0:00:02.066">"because the gravitational<br />acceleration alone</p>
768
+ <p begin="0:44:44.166" dur="0:00:03.000">is not enough--<br />I need some extra pull."</p>
769
+ <p begin="0:44:47.166" dur="0:00:03.800">So the string is going<br />to tighten and pull on you.</p>
770
+ <p begin="0:44:50.966" dur="0:00:03.600">And I say, "Hello, there,<br />in what direction is gravity?"</p>
771
+ <p begin="0:44:54.566" dur="0:00:04.067">And you say, "Gravity is<br />in this direction."</p>
772
+ <p begin="0:44:58.633" dur="0:00:02.800">Why? Because you feel<br />the string is pulling on you</p>
773
+ <p begin="0:45:01.433" dur="0:00:05.300">in this direction,<br />so you experience gravity there.</p>
774
+ <p begin="0:45:06.733" dur="0:00:04.033">Now comes the question,<br />how real is this?</p>
775
+ <p begin="0:45:10.766" dur="0:00:04.767">This is very, very real.</p>
776
+ <p begin="0:45:15.533" dur="0:00:02.100">It is so real</p>
777
+ <p begin="0:45:17.633" dur="0:00:07.167">that if I took a bucket<br />of water instead of you...</p>
778
+ <p begin="0:45:24.800" dur="0:00:06.200">and here is the bucket of water.</p>
779
+ <p begin="0:45:31.000" dur="0:00:02.600">I attached to the bucket a rope.</p>
780
+ <p begin="0:45:33.600" dur="0:00:04.833">I swing it around,<br />and I swing it around</p>
781
+ <p begin="0:45:38.433" dur="0:00:03.133">such that<br />the centripetal acceleration</p>
782
+ <p begin="0:45:41.566" dur="0:00:03.000">is substantially larger than 9.8</p>
783
+ <p begin="0:45:44.566" dur="0:00:06.700">so the string is definitely<br />going to pull</p>
784
+ <p begin="0:45:51.266" dur="0:00:03.834">so if you were the water, and I<br />asked you, "Where is gravity?"</p>
785
+ <p begin="0:45:55.100" dur="0:00:02.866">you would say the gravitational<br />direction is in this direction</p>
786
+ <p begin="0:45:57.966" dur="0:00:01.467">and so the water will say,</p>
787
+ <p begin="0:45:59.433" dur="0:00:03.033">"Okay, fine,<br />then this will be my surface</p>
788
+ <p begin="0:46:02.466" dur="0:00:02.634">and I want to go<br />in this direction."</p>
789
+ <p begin="0:46:05.100" dur="0:00:01.966">But the water can't go<br />in that direction</p>
790
+ <p begin="0:46:07.066" dur="0:00:02.267">so it will just stay there.</p>
791
+ <p begin="0:46:09.333" dur="0:00:05.000">So I could swing this thing<br />around if I do it fast enough--</p>
792
+ <p begin="0:46:14.333" dur="0:00:04.833">so fast that the acceleration<br />at this point here</p>
793
+ <p begin="0:46:19.166" dur="0:00:02.800">must be larger than 9.8--</p>
794
+ <p begin="0:46:21.966" dur="0:00:05.267">the water will stay up<br />while the bucket is upside down.</p>
795
+ <p begin="0:46:27.233" dur="0:00:03.067">How fast should I rotate it?</p>
796
+ <p begin="0:46:30.300" dur="0:00:02.833">Well, let's put<br />in some simple numbers.</p>
797
+ <p begin="0:46:33.133" dur="0:00:03.500">I have here this bucket</p>
798
+ <p begin="0:46:36.633" dur="0:00:03.167">and let's say that this is<br />about one meter.</p>
799
+ <p begin="0:46:39.800" dur="0:00:02.000">Let's round some numbers off.</p>
800
+ <p begin="0:46:41.800" dur="0:00:04.300">So R is about one meter.</p>
801
+ <p begin="0:46:46.100" dur="0:00:03.633">And I want v squared over R</p>
802
+ <p begin="0:46:49.733" dur="0:00:07.033">I want that to be larger than<br />9.8-- let's just call it 10.</p>
803
+ <p begin="0:46:56.766" dur="0:00:03.134">So that means v<br />has to be larger</p>
804
+ <p begin="0:46:59.900" dur="0:00:03.266">than about 3.2 meters<br />per second.</p>
805
+ <p begin="0:47:03.166" dur="0:00:02.434">The time to go around</p>
806
+ <p begin="0:47:05.600" dur="0:00:05.066">is two pi R divided<br />by this velocity</p>
807
+ <p begin="0:47:10.666" dur="0:00:03.500">so this time to go around, then,<br />has to be six...</p>
808
+ <p begin="0:47:14.166" dur="0:00:03.267">has to be less than two seconds.</p>
809
+ <p begin="0:47:17.433" dur="0:00:02.167">So if I swing this around<br />in less than two seconds</p>
810
+ <p begin="0:47:19.600" dur="0:00:01.233">I will be okay.</p>
811
+ <p begin="0:47:20.833" dur="0:00:05.067">Now, I realize that the speed<br />when I move this thing around</p>
812
+ <p begin="0:47:25.900" dur="0:00:01.566">is not constant everywhere.</p>
813
+ <p begin="0:47:27.466" dur="0:00:02.667">That's very difficult<br />to do that, because of gravity.</p>
814
+ <p begin="0:47:30.133" dur="0:00:02.933">But it's close enough<br />to get an idea.</p>
815
+ <p begin="0:47:33.066" dur="0:00:05.034">So if I rotate this faster<br />than in two seconds</p>
816
+ <p begin="0:47:38.100" dur="0:00:02.633">when the bucket is upside-down</p>
817
+ <p begin="0:47:40.733" dur="0:00:05.700">if physics works, the water<br />should not fall out.</p>
818
+ <p begin="0:47:46.433" dur="0:00:03.167">So let us fill this with water.</p>
819
+ <p begin="0:47:58.066" dur="0:00:01.000">There we go.</p>
820
+ <p begin="0:48:08.100" dur="0:00:02.000">I'm always nervous about this.</p>
821
+ <p begin="0:48:10.100" dur="0:00:02.866">Um, let's first look<br />at the centrifuge.</p>
822
+ <p begin="0:48:12.966" dur="0:00:05.167">We have to see whether<br />the centrifuge has done its job.</p>
823
+ <p begin="0:48:23.133" dur="0:00:03.600">So let's look<br />at what this tube...</p>
824
+ <p begin="0:48:26.733" dur="0:00:02.300">I think it was tube number four.</p>
825
+ <p begin="0:48:29.033" dur="0:00:03.500">Oh, yeah!<br />Very clear is now the liquid</p>
826
+ <p begin="0:48:32.533" dur="0:00:03.067">and you see the white stuff<br />here on the side.</p>
827
+ <p begin="0:48:35.600" dur="0:00:02.500">It's not too easy for you<br />to see, really.</p>
828
+ <p begin="0:48:38.100" dur="0:00:01.633">I put my hand under here.</p>
829
+ <p begin="0:48:39.733" dur="0:00:02.467">Maybe some of you can see<br />some white stuff</p>
830
+ <p begin="0:48:42.200" dur="0:00:04.033">but it's no longer milk--<br />really a clear liquid.</p>
831
+ <p begin="0:48:46.233" dur="0:00:01.800">Here you see<br />some white stuff here</p>
832
+ <p begin="0:48:48.033" dur="0:00:01.800">but it's also on the side.</p>
833
+ <p begin="0:48:49.833" dur="0:00:04.500">You can actually see it here.</p>
834
+ <p begin="0:48:54.333" dur="0:00:02.000">You see the white stuff</p>
835
+ <p begin="0:48:56.333" dur="0:00:01.867">because this was<br />the direction of gravity</p>
836
+ <p begin="0:48:58.200" dur="0:00:02.066">so it ended up here<br />and there's some here.</p>
837
+ <p begin="0:49:00.266" dur="0:00:02.300">It is completely clear.</p>
838
+ <p begin="0:49:02.566" dur="0:00:02.900">You see the white stuff?</p>
839
+ <p begin="0:49:05.466" dur="0:00:08.000">So that's the way that you can<br />separate the silver chloride.</p>
840
+ <p begin="0:49:13.466" dur="0:00:07.267">So now we come to this<br />daredevil, daredevil experiment.</p>
841
+ <p begin="0:49:20.733" dur="0:00:02.333">And we're going to see</p>
842
+ <p begin="0:49:23.066" dur="0:00:04.167">whether we can fool the water<br />and make the water think</p>
843
+ <p begin="0:49:27.233" dur="0:00:03.800">that gravity is not in this<br />direction but in this direction.</p>
844
+ <p begin="0:49:31.033" dur="0:00:01.867">Now, you're doing<br />the right thing, there.</p>
845
+ <p begin="0:49:32.900" dur="0:00:01.266">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
846
+ <p begin="0:49:34.166" dur="0:00:02.400">I don't blame you at all.</p>
847
+ <p begin="0:49:36.566" dur="0:00:01.867">(<i>Lewin chuckling</i>)</p>
848
+ <p begin="0:49:38.433" dur="0:00:03.300">Okay...</p>
849
+ <p begin="0:49:41.733" dur="0:00:02.600">There we go!</p>
850
+ <p begin="0:49:44.333" dur="0:00:02.467">You see the water<br />is completely fooled</p>
851
+ <p begin="0:49:46.800" dur="0:00:01.333">and notice that I go around</p>
852
+ <p begin="0:49:48.133" dur="0:00:03.167">substantially faster<br />than in two seconds.</p>
853
+ <p begin="0:49:51.300" dur="0:00:01.500">And the water,<br />when it's up there</p>
854
+ <p begin="0:49:52.800" dur="0:00:03.466">just thinks that gravity is<br />towards the ceiling.</p>
855
+ <p begin="0:49:56.266" dur="0:00:01.200">Physics works.</p>
856
+ <p begin="0:49:57.466" dur="0:00:02.000">Now, who is going to do<br />this for me, too?</p>
857
+ <p begin="0:49:59.466" dur="0:00:01.267">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
858
+ <p begin="0:50:00.733" dur="0:00:03.000">Please, someone should try this.</p>
859
+ <p begin="0:50:03.733" dur="0:00:02.833">You think you can do it?</p>
860
+ <p begin="0:50:06.566" dur="0:00:02.100">Come on, try it.</p>
861
+ <p begin="0:50:08.666" dur="0:00:02.367">In the worst case,<br />it will be a disaster.</p>
862
+ <p begin="0:50:11.033" dur="0:00:03.333">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
863
+ <p begin="0:50:14.366" dur="0:00:02.067">Okay, get some feel for it,<br />but before you do it</p>
864
+ <p begin="0:50:16.433" dur="0:00:03.367">make sure<br />that I'm out of the way.</p>
865
+ <p begin="0:50:19.800" dur="0:00:03.700">But first swing it a little and<br />don't hold it too close to you</p>
866
+ <p begin="0:50:23.500" dur="0:00:02.366">because I don't want you<br />to get hurt.</p>
867
+ <p begin="0:50:25.866" dur="0:00:02.467">Larger swing, larger, larger.</p>
868
+ <p begin="0:50:28.333" dur="0:00:01.467">Now you get some feel for it.</p>
869
+ <p begin="0:50:29.800" dur="0:00:02.766">Go for it, now!</p>
870
+ <p begin="0:50:32.566" dur="0:00:01.267">Yeah, faster!</p>
871
+ <p begin="0:50:33.833" dur="0:00:03.633">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
872
+ <p begin="0:50:37.466" dur="0:00:01.334">That was very good.</p>
873
+ <p begin="0:50:38.800" dur="0:00:01.300">(<i>class laughs and applauds</i>)</p>
874
+ <p begin="0:50:40.100" dur="0:00:01.133">See you Friday.</p>
875
+ <p begin="0:50:41.233" dur="0:00:01.700">(<i>applause</i>)</p>
876
+
877
+ </div>
878
+ </body>
879
+ </tt>