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sm-transcript 0.0.4 → 0.0.6

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data/README.txt +138 -118
data/Rakefile +21 -10
data/bin/sm-transcript +0 -0
data/lib/sm_transcript/metadata.rb +25 -0
data/lib/sm_transcript/options.rb +9 -3
data/lib/sm_transcript/runner.rb +6 -0
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data/lib/sm_transcript/ttml_reader.rb +116 -0
data/lib/sm_transcript/word.rb +6 -4
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data/test/results/18.03-2004-L01.align2.wrd +6441 -0
data/test/results/8.01-1999-L01.wrd +5182 -0
data/test/results/801-1stLecture.ttml.xml +757 -0
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data/test/results/Audio-Open-The_New_Deal_for_Education.xml +4301 -0
data/test/test_metadatareader.rb +8 -3
data/test/test_options.rb +8 -1
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data/test/test_transcript.rb +109 -12
data/test/test_ttmlreader.rb +104 -0
data/test/test_wrdreader.rb +24 -9
metadata +47 -148
data/lib/sm_transcript/optparseExample.rb +0 -113
data/lib/sm_transcript/process_csv_files_to_html.rb +0 -58
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+<div xml:id="captions">
+<p begin="0:00:03.833" dur="0:00:03.700">Today, we're going<br />to take it quite easy.</p>
+<p begin="0:00:07.533" dur="0:00:03.233">I also have to take it<br />a little easy</p>
+<p begin="0:00:10.766" dur="0:00:05.200">because my voice may be petering<br />out, if I'm not careful.</p>
+<p begin="0:00:15.966" dur="0:00:03.700">We're going to apply today<br />what we have learned,</p>
+<p begin="0:00:19.666" dur="0:00:03.600">so there is nothing new<br />but its applications.</p>
+<p begin="0:00:23.266" dur="0:00:05.967">And that's important-- things<br />that... you can let it sink in.</p>
+<p begin="0:00:29.233" dur="0:00:02.167">We have here a trajectory</p>
+<p begin="0:00:31.400" dur="0:00:03.533">of a golf ball<br />or a tennis ball in 26.100.</p>
+<p begin="0:00:34.933" dur="0:00:02.800">We shoot it up<br />at an angle alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:00:37.733" dur="0:00:03.267">The horizontal component<br />in the x direction</p>
+<p begin="0:00:41.000" dur="0:00:01.733">is v zero cosine alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:00:42.733" dur="0:00:03.700">and the vertical component<br />is v zero sine alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:00:46.433" dur="0:00:02.967">It reaches<br />the highest point at P</p>
+<p begin="0:00:49.400" dur="0:00:03.666">and it returns to the ground<br />at point S.</p>
+<p begin="0:00:53.066" dur="0:00:03.000">This is<br />the increasing y direction</p>
+<p begin="0:00:56.066" dur="0:00:03.467">and this is<br />the increasing x direction.</p>
+<p begin="0:00:59.533" dur="0:00:03.000">We're going to use,<br />very heavily,</p>
+<p begin="0:01:02.533" dur="0:00:05.533">the equations that you see here<br />that are so familiar with us.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:08.066" dur="0:00:03.167">These are the one-dimensional<br />equations in x direction</p>
+<p begin="0:01:11.233" dur="0:00:01.800">where there is no acceleration</p>
+<p begin="0:01:13.033" dur="0:00:03.033">and the one-dimensional<br />equations in the y direction</p>
+<p begin="0:01:16.066" dur="0:00:01.700">where there is acceleration.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:17.766" dur="0:00:02.800">In order to use these equations</p>
+<p begin="0:01:20.566" dur="0:00:02.600">we need all these constants--</p>
+<p begin="0:01:23.166" dur="0:00:02.734">x zero, v zero x and v zero y.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:25.900" dur="0:00:02.166">We have seen those last time.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:28.066" dur="0:00:03.600">I choose for x zero...<br />I choose zero arbitrarily.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:31.666" dur="0:00:01.234">Also for y zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:32.900" dur="0:00:03.333">The velocity in the x direction<br />will never change.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:36.233" dur="0:00:03.567">This v zero x will always remain<br />v zero cosine alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:39.800" dur="0:00:03.933">The velocity in the y direction,<br />however, in the beginning</p>
+<p begin="0:01:43.733" dur="0:00:02.567">at t equals zero<br />is v zero sine alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:46.300" dur="0:00:03.700">And that one will change,<br />because there is here this t</p>
+<p begin="0:01:50.000" dur="0:00:03.200">and that's why the velocity<br />is going to change.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:53.200" dur="0:00:01.200">This t will do it.</p>
+<p begin="0:01:54.400" dur="0:00:03.066">And the acceleration<br />in the y direction--</p>
+<p begin="0:01:57.466" dur="0:00:03.534">since this is<br />increasing value of y--</p>
+<p begin="0:02:01.000" dur="0:00:02.733">is going to be negative 9.8.</p>
+<p begin="0:02:03.733" dur="0:00:03.000">Since I call always 9.8 plus...</p>
+<p begin="0:02:06.733" dur="0:00:04.767">since I always call g<br />"plus 9.8," this is minus g.</p>
+<p begin="0:02:13.333" dur="0:00:01.733">I now want to ask first</p>
+<p begin="0:02:15.066" dur="0:00:03.867">the question that you may<br />never have seen answered:</p>
+<p begin="0:02:18.933" dur="0:00:02.000">what is the shape of this?</p>
+<p begin="0:02:20.933" dur="0:00:03.933">Well, we can go to<br />equation number three there</p>
+<p begin="0:02:24.866" dur="0:00:04.200">and we can write down<br />this equation number three:</p>
+<p begin="0:02:29.066" dur="0:00:07.800">That y, as a function of time,<br />equals v zero yt</p>
+<p begin="0:02:36.866" dur="0:00:05.600">so it is v zero sine alpha<br />times t</p>
+<p begin="0:02:42.466" dur="0:00:04.434">minus one-half gt squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:02:46.900" dur="0:00:02.133">That's the equation in y.</p>
+<p begin="0:02:49.033" dur="0:00:02.367">I go to equation number one</p>
+<p begin="0:02:51.400" dur="0:00:05.000">and I write down x--<br />at any moment in time--</p>
+<p begin="0:02:56.400" dur="0:00:02.700">equals v zero z times t</p>
+<p begin="0:02:59.100" dur="0:00:04.966">so that is<br />v zero cosine alpha times t.</p>
+<p begin="0:03:04.066" dur="0:00:02.334">Now I eliminate t,</p>
+<p begin="0:03:06.400" dur="0:00:05.800">and the best way to do that<br />is to do it here--</p>
+<p begin="0:03:12.200" dur="0:00:06.233">to write for t, x divided<br />by v zero cosine alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:03:18.433" dur="0:00:02.900">Now I can drop<br />all subindexes t</p>
+<p begin="0:03:21.333" dur="0:00:03.833">because we're now going<br />to see x versus y.</p>
+<p begin="0:03:25.166" dur="0:00:02.567">We're going to eliminate t.</p>
+<p begin="0:03:27.733" dur="0:00:06.667">So this time here, I'm going to<br />substitute in here and in there</p>
+<p begin="0:03:34.400" dur="0:00:03.666">and so I'm going<br />to get y equals...</p>
+<p begin="0:03:38.066" dur="0:00:01.600">There's a v zero here</p>
+<p begin="0:03:39.666" dur="0:00:02.967">and there's a v zero there<br />that cancels.</p>
+<p begin="0:03:42.633" dur="0:00:03.733">There's a sine alpha here<br />and a cosine alpha there</p>
+<p begin="0:03:46.366" dur="0:00:02.467">that makes it a tangent<br />of alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:03:48.833" dur="0:00:04.033">And then I have here the x</p>
+<p begin="0:03:52.866" dur="0:00:07.200">and I get minus one-half g<br />times this squared--</p>
+<p begin="0:04:00.066" dur="0:00:07.467">x squared divided by v zero<br />cosine alpha squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:07.533" dur="0:00:04.533">And now look very carefully.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:12.066" dur="0:00:03.734">Y is a constant times x</p>
+<p begin="0:04:15.800" dur="0:00:06.166">minus another constant<br />times x squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:21.966" dur="0:00:01.900">That is a parabola.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:23.866" dur="0:00:05.100">It's a second-order equation<br />in x, and is a parabola</p>
+<p begin="0:04:28.966" dur="0:00:03.000">and a parabola has this shape.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:31.966" dur="0:00:04.100">So you so see now,<br />by eliminating the time</p>
+<p begin="0:04:36.066" dur="0:00:02.900">that we have here a parabola.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:38.966" dur="0:00:04.400">Now I want to massage<br />this quite a bit further today.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:43.366" dur="0:00:01.700">I would like to know</p>
+<p begin="0:04:45.066" dur="0:00:03.534">at what time the object here</p>
+<p begin="0:04:48.600" dur="0:00:04.566">comes to a halt<br />to its highest point.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:53.166" dur="0:00:02.267">It comes to a halt<br />in the y direction.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:55.433" dur="0:00:01.667">It comes to a highest point</p>
+<p begin="0:04:57.100" dur="0:00:02.200">and I want to know<br />how high that is.</p>
+<p begin="0:04:59.300" dur="0:00:04.900">Well, the best way to do<br />is to go to equation four</p>
+<p begin="0:05:04.200" dur="0:00:02.966">and you say, to equation four,</p>
+<p begin="0:05:07.166" dur="0:00:02.000">"When are you zero?"</p>
+<p begin="0:05:09.166" dur="0:00:01.534">Because that is the moment</p>
+<p begin="0:05:10.700" dur="0:00:01.033">that the velocity</p>
+<p begin="0:05:11.733" dur="0:00:01.933">in the y direction becomes zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:05:13.666" dur="0:00:03.434">It must be<br />at its highest point, then.</p>
+<p begin="0:05:17.100" dur="0:00:02.600">So in order to find, for us,</p>
+<p begin="0:05:19.700" dur="0:00:03.200">the position<br />of the highest point P</p>
+<p begin="0:05:22.900" dur="0:00:03.233">we first ask ourselves</p>
+<p begin="0:05:26.133" dur="0:00:06.833">the question<br />from equation number four:</p>
+<p begin="0:05:32.966" dur="0:00:04.267">when is the velocity<br />in the y direction zero?</p>
+<p begin="0:05:37.233" dur="0:00:04.500">And that then becomes<br />v zero y</p>
+<p begin="0:05:41.733" dur="0:00:05.333">which is v zero sine alpha<br />minus gt</p>
+<p begin="0:05:47.066" dur="0:00:04.700">and out pops that t at point P</p>
+<p begin="0:05:51.766" dur="0:00:04.367">is going to be v zero sine alpha<br />divided by g.</p>
+<p begin="0:05:56.133" dur="0:00:02.833">That's the time that it takes</p>
+<p begin="0:05:58.966" dur="0:00:04.067">for the object<br />to reach the highest point.</p>
+<p begin="0:06:03.033" dur="0:00:01.800">Where is it, then?</p>
+<p begin="0:06:04.833" dur="0:00:02.867">What is the highest point<br />above the ground?</p>
+<p begin="0:06:07.700" dur="0:00:03.233">Well, now we have to go<br />to equation number three</p>
+<p begin="0:06:10.933" dur="0:00:05.967">and you have to substitute<br />this time in there</p>
+<p begin="0:06:16.900" dur="0:00:03.233">so that highest point h,</p>
+<p begin="0:06:20.133" dur="0:00:06.400">which is y at the time t of P<br />equals v zero yt--</p>
+<p begin="0:06:26.533" dur="0:00:03.700">that is v zero<br />times the sine of alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:06:30.233" dur="0:00:03.800">But you have to multiply<br />it by this time</p>
+<p begin="0:06:34.033" dur="0:00:03.633">and so I get<br />another v zero sine alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:06:37.666" dur="0:00:08.067">and I get a g here<br />minus gt mi...</p>
+<p begin="0:06:45.733" dur="0:00:03.333">oh, no, no, this equa...<br />minus half dt squared</p>
+<p begin="0:06:49.066" dur="0:00:05.734">minus one-half g<br />times this one squared</p>
+<p begin="0:06:54.800" dur="0:00:05.133">which is v zero<br />sine alpha squared,</p>
+<p begin="0:06:59.933" dur="0:00:05.533">divided by g...<br />divided by g squared</p>
+<p begin="0:07:05.466" dur="0:00:02.000">because there is a g here,<br />you see?</p>
+<p begin="0:07:07.466" dur="0:00:02.767">So you square the whole thing<br />if it's t squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:07:10.233" dur="0:00:01.133">You lose one g</p>
+<p begin="0:07:11.366" dur="0:00:03.934">and you will find, then,<br />that the highest point--</p>
+<p begin="0:07:15.300" dur="0:00:05.266">let's write it down here so that<br />we don't block that blackboard--</p>
+<p begin="0:07:20.566" dur="0:00:04.867">the highest point in the sky</p>
+<p begin="0:07:25.433" dur="0:00:08.067">equals v zero sine alpha squared<br />divided by 2g.</p>
+<p begin="0:07:37.600" dur="0:00:02.333">That is the highest point.</p>
+<p begin="0:07:39.933" dur="0:00:02.367">Let's give that some color</p>
+<p begin="0:07:42.300" dur="0:00:02.933">because we may want<br />to keep that.</p>
+<p begin="0:07:47.466" dur="0:00:04.267">Is it reasonable that the point,<br />the highest point in the sky</p>
+<p begin="0:07:51.733" dur="0:00:02.367">gets higher when v zero<br />is higher?</p>
+<p begin="0:07:54.100" dur="0:00:01.100">Of course.</p>
+<p begin="0:07:55.200" dur="0:00:02.400">If I shoot it up<br />at a higher speed</p>
+<p begin="0:07:57.600" dur="0:00:02.233">of course it will get higher.</p>
+<p begin="0:07:59.833" dur="0:00:04.667">So that's completely intuitive<br />that v zero is upstairs.</p>
+<p begin="0:08:04.500" dur="0:00:03.500">If I increase the angle<br />from a small angle</p>
+<p begin="0:08:08.000" dur="0:00:02.666">to larger and larger and larger</p>
+<p begin="0:08:10.666" dur="0:00:02.600">is it reasonable<br />that it will get higher?</p>
+<p begin="0:08:13.266" dur="0:00:01.167">Of course.</p>
+<p begin="0:08:14.433" dur="0:00:01.767">You all feel in your stomach</p>
+<p begin="0:08:16.200" dur="0:00:03.000">that the highest possible value<br />you can get</p>
+<p begin="0:08:19.200" dur="0:00:03.533">is when you make alpha<br />90 degrees for a given velocity.</p>
+<p begin="0:08:22.733" dur="0:00:02.633">That's the highest it will go<br />in the sky.</p>
+<p begin="0:08:25.366" dur="0:00:02.700">So clearly, this is<br />also very pleasing.</p>
+<p begin="0:08:28.066" dur="0:00:02.567">If you did the experiment<br />on the moon</p>
+<p begin="0:08:30.633" dur="0:00:03.567">with the same initial speed,<br />it will go much higher</p>
+<p begin="0:08:34.200" dur="0:00:04.233">so you are also happy to see<br />that this g here is downstairs.</p>
+<p begin="0:08:38.433" dur="0:00:04.167">So that makes sense.</p>
+<p begin="0:08:42.600" dur="0:00:06.733">At what time will the object<br />be at point S?</p>
+<p begin="0:08:49.333" dur="0:00:02.900">Now, there are two ways<br />that you can do that.</p>
+<p begin="0:08:52.233" dur="0:00:02.867">You either go to this equation,<br />number three</p>
+<p begin="0:08:55.100" dur="0:00:03.600">and you ask equation number<br />three, "When are you zero?"</p>
+<p begin="0:08:58.700" dur="0:00:02.133">It will give you two answers.</p>
+<p begin="0:09:00.833" dur="0:00:02.900">It will say, "I am zero here<br />at this time"</p>
+<p begin="0:09:03.733" dur="0:00:02.100">and "I am zero at that time."</p>
+<p begin="0:09:05.833" dur="0:00:02.233">And those are the two times<br />that you want</p>
+<p begin="0:09:08.066" dur="0:00:01.634">and this is the one you pick.</p>
+<p begin="0:09:09.700" dur="0:00:01.233">That's perfectly fine.</p>
+<p begin="0:09:10.933" dur="0:00:03.533">I think there's a faster way to<br />do it, and that's the following.</p>
+<p begin="0:09:14.466" dur="0:00:01.267">This is a parabola,</p>
+<p begin="0:09:15.733" dur="0:00:03.767">so it's completely symmetric<br />about the vertical, about P.</p>
+<p begin="0:09:19.500" dur="0:00:03.966">So to climb up from O to P must<br />take the same amount of time</p>
+<p begin="0:09:23.466" dur="0:00:01.700">as to go down from P to S</p>
+<p begin="0:09:25.166" dur="0:00:04.067">and so I claim<br />that the time to reach point S</p>
+<p begin="0:09:29.233" dur="0:00:03.567">must be twice the time<br />to reach point P</p>
+<p begin="0:09:32.800" dur="0:00:04.566">and therefore it's going to be</p>
+<p begin="0:09:37.366" dur="0:00:06.667">two v zero sine alpha<br />divided by g.</p>
+<p begin="0:09:44.033" dur="0:00:02.500">But now we want to look again</p>
+<p begin="0:09:46.533" dur="0:00:05.200">whether the v zeros and the sine<br />alphas have the right place.</p>
+<p begin="0:09:51.733" dur="0:00:03.133">Indeed, if I increase the speed,</p>
+<p begin="0:09:54.866" dur="0:00:05.167">I would expect it to take longer<br />before it reaches S.</p>
+<p begin="0:10:00.033" dur="0:00:04.167">If I give it a larger speed,<br />it will come out farther</p>
+<p begin="0:10:04.200" dur="0:00:03.200">and obviously,<br />the time will take longer.</p>
+<p begin="0:10:07.400" dur="0:00:04.233">If I do it at a higher angle,<br />it will also take longer</p>
+<p begin="0:10:11.633" dur="0:00:04.200">and if I do it on the moon,<br />it will also take longer.</p>
+<p begin="0:10:15.833" dur="0:00:01.933">So this makes sense--</p>
+<p begin="0:10:17.766" dur="0:00:04.434">these equations are pleasing<br />in terms of the rate</p>
+<p begin="0:10:22.200" dur="0:00:04.633">that v zero and sine alpha<br />appear in the equations.</p>
+<p begin="0:10:26.833" dur="0:00:02.267">But now comes<br />an important point</p>
+<p begin="0:10:29.100" dur="0:00:03.466">which I am going to use<br />throughout this lecture.</p>
+<p begin="0:10:32.566" dur="0:00:01.934">I want to know what OS is.</p>
+<p begin="0:10:34.500" dur="0:00:04.766">The distance OS... I shoot it up<br />and it hits the floor again</p>
+<p begin="0:10:39.266" dur="0:00:03.000">What is that distance<br />that it travels?</p>
+<p begin="0:10:42.266" dur="0:00:05.767">Well, for that,<br />I need equation number one.</p>
+<p begin="0:10:48.033" dur="0:00:04.000">It is v zero x times the time</p>
+<p begin="0:10:52.033" dur="0:00:04.833">and v zero x<br />is v zero cosine alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:10:56.866" dur="0:00:05.900">We got v zero cosine alpha<br />times the time to hit it--</p>
+<p begin="0:11:02.766" dur="0:00:03.400">that is two v zero sine alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:11:06.166" dur="0:00:06.534">So I get a two here, I get a<br />sine alpha, and I get a g here</p>
+<p begin="0:11:12.700" dur="0:00:07.766">and I have another v zero there,<br />and so the answer is</p>
+<p begin="0:11:20.466" dur="0:00:04.934">a v zero squared times<br />the sine of the double angle--</p>
+<p begin="0:11:25.400" dur="0:00:03.433">remember, two cosine<br />alpha sine alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:11:28.833" dur="0:00:03.733">is the sine of two alpha--<br />divided by g.</p>
+<p begin="0:11:32.566" dur="0:00:05.700">And this is OS, and I'm going<br />to need this a lot.</p>
+<p begin="0:11:38.266" dur="0:00:05.534">This reminds me<br />not to remove it.</p>
+<p begin="0:11:43.800" dur="0:00:04.333">Now, I sort of wonder,<br />and you should too</p>
+<p begin="0:11:48.133" dur="0:00:06.700">why is it that the highest point<br />in the sky has a v zero squared</p>
+<p begin="0:11:54.833" dur="0:00:02.267">and why is<br />the farthest point also...</p>
+<p begin="0:11:57.100" dur="0:00:02.400">why does it also have<br />a v zero squared?</p>
+<p begin="0:11:59.500" dur="0:00:03.433">There must be a way<br />that you can reason that.</p>
+<p begin="0:12:02.933" dur="0:00:02.033">Why is it not just v zero?</p>
+<p begin="0:12:04.966" dur="0:00:01.867">Why is it v zero squared?</p>
+<p begin="0:12:06.833" dur="0:00:03.733">Well, I'll let you argue<br />about the highest points,</p>
+<p begin="0:12:10.566" dur="0:00:03.934">and I'll give you a good reason<br />for the distance, OS.</p>
+<p begin="0:12:14.500" dur="0:00:02.133">Don't look at the equations.</p>
+<p begin="0:12:16.633" dur="0:00:04.333">You simply...</p>
+<p begin="0:12:20.966" dur="0:00:02.034">Think for a change.</p>
+<p begin="0:12:23.000" dur="0:00:03.033">Don't look at the equations.</p>
+<p begin="0:12:26.033" dur="0:00:02.067">I double the speed.</p>
+<p begin="0:12:28.100" dur="0:00:05.300">If I double the speed,<br />then it's quite reasonable</p>
+<p begin="0:12:33.400" dur="0:00:02.966">that the time that it takes</p>
+<p begin="0:12:36.366" dur="0:00:05.100">for the object to reach<br />the ground will double,</p>
+<p begin="0:12:41.466" dur="0:00:06.767">but while the time<br />that it flies has doubled</p>
+<p begin="0:12:48.233" dur="0:00:03.000">the horizontal velocity<br />has also doubled.</p>
+<p begin="0:12:51.233" dur="0:00:04.800">And so the distance that it will<br />travel in horizontal direction</p>
+<p begin="0:12:56.033" dur="0:00:04.167">is four times that-- twice<br />because the time has doubled</p>
+<p begin="0:13:00.200" dur="0:00:01.800">and another factor of two</p>
+<p begin="0:13:02.000" dur="0:00:03.600">because the horizontal component<br />has also doubled.</p>
+<p begin="0:13:05.600" dur="0:00:03.933">So that's why you see<br />v zero squared there--</p>
+<p begin="0:13:09.533" dur="0:00:01.867">completely pleasing.</p>
+<p begin="0:13:11.400" dur="0:00:02.733">This tells you immediately<br />that the...</p>
+<p begin="0:13:14.133" dur="0:00:03.500">if you want to throw a ball<br />as far as possible--</p>
+<p begin="0:13:17.633" dur="0:00:02.600">people who play baseball<br />know that--</p>
+<p begin="0:13:20.233" dur="0:00:02.333">you should do it at 45 degrees.</p>
+<p begin="0:13:22.566" dur="0:00:02.967">Because if you throw it<br />at 45 degrees</p>
+<p begin="0:13:25.533" dur="0:00:03.667">then this angle, 90 degrees,<br />and that is one.</p>
+<p begin="0:13:29.200" dur="0:00:01.833">Of course, in reality,</p>
+<p begin="0:13:31.033" dur="0:00:02.633">the baseball player<br />knows better.</p>
+<p begin="0:13:33.666" dur="0:00:04.334">They give effect to the ball,<br />they deal with air drag</p>
+<p begin="0:13:38.000" dur="0:00:04.833">they spin the ball, and then<br />these equations are not valid.</p>
+<p begin="0:13:42.833" dur="0:00:03.533">This is only in case we deal<br />with... with vacuum.</p>
+<p begin="0:13:49.033" dur="0:00:02.000">I now would like to test</p>
+<p begin="0:13:51.033" dur="0:00:03.233">some of the results<br />that we have here...</p>
+<p begin="0:13:54.266" dur="0:00:02.034">we have worked out here.</p>
+<p begin="0:13:56.300" dur="0:00:07.000">I am going to shoot a pellet...<br />a metal ball.</p>
+<p begin="0:14:03.300" dur="0:00:02.566">I'm going to shoot it<br />at various angles:</p>
+<p begin="0:14:05.866" dur="0:00:02.167">30 degrees, 60 degrees,<br />45 degrees</p>
+<p begin="0:14:08.033" dur="0:00:02.200">and I'm going to make<br />a prediction</p>
+<p begin="0:14:10.233" dur="0:00:03.700">if I shoot it up from there,<br />where it will hit the table.</p>
+<p begin="0:14:13.933" dur="0:00:05.800">A measurement is meaningless</p>
+<p begin="0:14:19.733" dur="0:00:03.233">without knowing<br />the uncertainties.</p>
+<p begin="0:14:22.966" dur="0:00:04.534">So that's the first thing<br />we have to deal with.</p>
+<p begin="0:14:27.500" dur="0:00:02.066">The first thing I want to know</p>
+<p begin="0:14:29.566" dur="0:00:02.567">is what is the velocity<br />of this bullet</p>
+<p begin="0:14:32.133" dur="0:00:02.133">when it comes out of the spring</p>
+<p begin="0:14:34.266" dur="0:00:04.100">and does it vary if I do it<br />three, five, six times in a row?</p>
+<p begin="0:14:38.366" dur="0:00:05.267">It's not a $20,000 spring gun,<br />so it is likely to vary.</p>
+<p begin="0:14:43.633" dur="0:00:04.633">And the way I am going to do<br />that is as follows.</p>
+<p begin="0:14:50.166" dur="0:00:03.500">If I shoot an object<br />vertically up--</p>
+<p begin="0:14:53.666" dur="0:00:04.267">that is, the maximum value<br />that it can go--</p>
+<p begin="0:14:57.933" dur="0:00:03.467">and with an alpha<br />equals 90 degrees</p>
+<p begin="0:15:01.400" dur="0:00:02.933">then the sine of alpha is one</p>
+<p begin="0:15:04.333" dur="0:00:04.967">and the height is v zero squared<br />divided by two g.</p>
+<p begin="0:15:11.566" dur="0:00:03.500">In other words,<br />if I measure the height</p>
+<p begin="0:15:15.066" dur="0:00:02.534">if I shoot it up vertically</p>
+<p begin="0:15:17.600" dur="0:00:01.766">and you can measure<br />that for me--</p>
+<p begin="0:15:19.366" dur="0:00:02.467">you will see how I am asking<br />you to do that--</p>
+<p begin="0:15:21.833" dur="0:00:02.033">then we can calculate<br />v zero squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:15:23.866" dur="0:00:06.534">So the first thing I want to do<br />is to shoot it up vertically</p>
+<p begin="0:15:30.400" dur="0:00:03.400">and how are you going<br />to help me to calculate...</p>
+<p begin="0:15:33.800" dur="0:00:01.900">to tell me how high it is?</p>
+<p begin="0:15:35.700" dur="0:00:04.066">That comes easier<br />than you think.</p>
+<p begin="0:15:39.766" dur="0:00:04.767">The top part...<br />oh, we'll remove this.</p>
+<p begin="0:15:44.533" dur="0:00:09.400">The top part of this stick<br />is three meters, the top mark.</p>
+<p begin="0:15:53.933" dur="0:00:02.233">That very top mark<br />is three meters</p>
+<p begin="0:15:56.166" dur="0:00:02.000">and all I want you to tell me</p>
+<p begin="0:15:58.166" dur="0:00:03.167">whether it is yay much above<br />or yay much below</p>
+<p begin="0:16:01.333" dur="0:00:02.467">and then we'll estimate<br />that yay much</p>
+<p begin="0:16:03.800" dur="0:00:01.900">and then we'll make a guess.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:05.700" dur="0:00:01.466">And I'll do it twice.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:08.700" dur="0:00:01.266">So if you are ready?</p>
+<p begin="0:16:09.966" dur="0:00:02.134">Make sure that you<br />can distinguish</p>
+<p begin="0:16:12.100" dur="0:00:03.666">between above and below--<br />it makes a big difference, yeah?</p>
+<p begin="0:16:18.633" dur="0:00:01.033">Okay?</p>
+<p begin="0:16:19.666" dur="0:00:02.500">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:22.166" dur="0:00:01.600">(<i>ball whooshes</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:16:23.766" dur="0:00:01.634">Okay, was it higher or lower?</p>
+<p begin="0:16:25.400" dur="0:00:01.000">CLASS:<br />Higher.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:26.400" dur="0:00:01.100">LEWIN:<br />How much?</p>
+<p begin="0:16:27.500" dur="0:00:01.000">This much?</p>
+<p begin="0:16:28.500" dur="0:00:01.066">Do we agree?</p>
+<p begin="0:16:29.566" dur="0:00:02.234">Let's say<br />five centimeters, right?</p>
+<p begin="0:16:31.800" dur="0:00:02.666">We're going to allow<br />for an uncertainty.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:34.466" dur="0:00:02.200">I'll do it again.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:36.666" dur="0:00:01.867">I want to see<br />how well it reproduces.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:39.866" dur="0:00:02.234">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:42.100" dur="0:00:02.866">(<i>ball whooshes</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:16:44.966" dur="0:00:01.434">(<i>students shout out answers</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:16:46.400" dur="0:00:01.000">Lower?</p>
+<p begin="0:16:47.400" dur="0:00:01.100">STUDENT:<br />Higher.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:48.500" dur="0:00:01.200">LEWIN:<br /><i>Higher!</i></p>
+<p begin="0:16:49.700" dur="0:00:04.100">So it was 10 centimeters,<br />five centimeters higher</p>
+<p begin="0:16:53.800" dur="0:00:02.766">so we'll take seven.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:56.566" dur="0:00:01.000">So we'll make seven</p>
+<p begin="0:16:57.566" dur="0:00:02.100">and we'll have to allow<br />for an uncertainty.</p>
+<p begin="0:16:59.666" dur="0:00:08.000">So h max... is about 3.07.</p>
+<p begin="0:17:10.633" dur="0:00:02.533">I've done this<br />this morning 20 times</p>
+<p begin="0:17:13.166" dur="0:00:03.234">and there were times<br />that the heights differed</p>
+<p begin="0:17:16.400" dur="0:00:04.233">by more than 10 centimeters,<br />sometimes even 15 centimeters.</p>
+<p begin="0:17:20.633" dur="0:00:04.367">I therefore would feel<br />most comfortable</p>
+<p begin="0:17:25.000" dur="0:00:03.433">if you allow me an uncertainty</p>
+<p begin="0:17:28.433" dur="0:00:03.700">of 15 centimeters<br />in that height.</p>
+<p begin="0:17:32.133" dur="0:00:03.333">Remember, once we start shooting<br />at 30 degrees, there is no way</p>
+<p begin="0:17:35.466" dur="0:00:02.200">that we can evaluate<br />the velocity anymore.</p>
+<p begin="0:17:37.666" dur="0:00:02.434">We have to just take<br />this value at face value.</p>
+<p begin="0:17:40.100" dur="0:00:05.900">This is the way we've measured<br />v zero, and that's it.</p>
+<p begin="0:17:46.000" dur="0:00:06.600">This is a five percent error,<br />five percent.</p>
+<p begin="0:17:52.600" dur="0:00:03.533">So what now is v zero squared?</p>
+<p begin="0:17:56.133" dur="0:00:04.100">Well, that's easy<br />to calculate now.</p>
+<p begin="0:18:00.233" dur="0:00:08.000">V zero squared equals<br />3.07 times 2 times 9.8...</p>
+<p begin="0:18:10.866" dur="0:00:05.600">Oh, my calculator was off; that's a detail.</p>
+<p begin="0:18:16.466" dur="0:00:05.600">Um, 3.07 times 2 times 9.8--<br />that is 60.17.</p>
+<p begin="0:18:22.066" dur="0:00:03.600">I'd like you to check that.</p>
+<p begin="0:18:25.666" dur="0:00:03.234">60.17 plus an error<br />of five percent.</p>
+<p begin="0:18:28.900" dur="0:00:02.333">That is an error of three</p>
+<p begin="0:18:31.233" dur="0:00:03.267">so you might as well make<br />this 60.2.</p>
+<p begin="0:18:34.500" dur="0:00:05.500">Would you please confirm that,<br />that I didn't make a mistake?</p>
+<p begin="0:18:40.000" dur="0:00:05.933">3.07 is h max-- I multiplied<br />by two, by 9.9, and 60.2</p>
+<p begin="0:18:45.933" dur="0:00:03.167">There's a five percent error</p>
+<p begin="0:18:49.100" dur="0:00:04.600">and a five percent error<br />is indeed three.</p>
+<p begin="0:18:53.700" dur="0:00:04.266">This is meters squared<br />per second squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:18:57.966" dur="0:00:03.000">I don't care what v zero is</p>
+<p begin="0:19:00.966" dur="0:00:02.234">because if we are going<br />to measure OS</p>
+<p begin="0:19:03.200" dur="0:00:01.800">all I need is v zero squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:05.000" dur="0:00:02.500">And if you at home<br />are going to calculate</p>
+<p begin="0:19:07.500" dur="0:00:02.766">what the height will be<br />at the various angles</p>
+<p begin="0:19:10.266" dur="0:00:02.034">all you need is v zero squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:12.300" dur="0:00:02.466">So I am not even interested<br />in v zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:14.766" dur="0:00:01.867">I'll just stick<br />to v zero squared</p>
+<p begin="0:19:16.633" dur="0:00:03.333">and v zero squared will have<br />exactly the same uncertainty.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:19.966" dur="0:00:02.434">It will have an uncertainty<br />of five percent</p>
+<p begin="0:19:22.400" dur="0:00:02.066">because it comes immediately<br />from h.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:24.466" dur="0:00:01.834">We are not going to change that.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:28.566" dur="0:00:04.700">Okay, so, so much for the<br />uncertainty in v zero squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:33.266" dur="0:00:03.700">Now I'm going to set<br />the angle at 45 degrees</p>
+<p begin="0:19:36.966" dur="0:00:03.134">but how accurately<br />can I do that?</p>
+<p begin="0:19:40.100" dur="0:00:05.366">I don't think I can do that<br />any better than one degree.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:45.466" dur="0:00:02.067">I'll try to do the best I can.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:47.533" dur="0:00:04.167">I can't really guarantee you<br />that I'm accurate to one degree.</p>
+<p begin="0:19:51.700" dur="0:00:03.100">So now comes the question</p>
+<p begin="0:19:54.800" dur="0:00:04.700">what happens with<br />the sine of two alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:19:59.500" dur="0:00:04.100">because we're going<br />to measure OS?</p>
+<p begin="0:20:03.600" dur="0:00:04.833">What happens with<br />the sine of two alpha?</p>
+<p begin="0:20:08.433" dur="0:00:04.000">The sine of 90 degrees<br />is 1.0000.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:12.433" dur="0:00:03.367">But what would be<br />the sine of 88 degrees?</p>
+<p begin="0:20:15.800" dur="0:00:03.300">That is the value<br />that I cannot exclude</p>
+<p begin="0:20:19.100" dur="0:00:02.133">if I'm off by one degree.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:21.233" dur="0:00:04.567">And that value is 0.9994.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:25.800" dur="0:00:04.200">That is so close to one</p>
+<p begin="0:20:30.000" dur="0:00:07.866">that it is only off<br />by 0.6%... 0.06 percent.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:37.866" dur="0:00:05.367">And that is so low, compared<br />to five percent, forget it.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:43.233" dur="0:00:01.733">Forget the error in alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:44.966" dur="0:00:01.867">We can completely forget it.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:46.833" dur="0:00:02.367">There's a reason for that.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:49.200" dur="0:00:04.666">When alpha is 45 degrees,<br />then 2 alpha is 90 degrees</p>
+<p begin="0:20:53.866" dur="0:00:04.334">and the sine curve goes<br />like this at 90 degrees.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:58.200" dur="0:00:01.333">It's almost flat here.</p>
+<p begin="0:20:59.533" dur="0:00:02.767">So even if you're off<br />an angle by a little bit</p>
+<p begin="0:21:02.300" dur="0:00:03.033">you're still very close to one--<br />that's the reason.</p>
+<p begin="0:21:05.333" dur="0:00:01.767">So all we have to worry about</p>
+<p begin="0:21:07.100" dur="0:00:02.200">is the uncertainty<br />in v zero squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:21:09.300" dur="0:00:02.800">And so now comes<br />my big prediction.</p>
+<p begin="0:21:12.100" dur="0:00:02.800">I'm going to make<br />a prediction now:</p>
+<p begin="0:21:14.900" dur="0:00:08.000">for 45 degrees,<br />OS equals v zero squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:21:28.400" dur="0:00:01.533">We have that.</p>
+<p begin="0:21:29.933" dur="0:00:01.567">That is 60.2.</p>
+<p begin="0:21:31.500" dur="0:00:04.666">And we have the sine<br />of two alpha is one</p>
+<p begin="0:21:36.166" dur="0:00:02.534">and we divide by 9.8.</p>
+<p begin="0:21:38.700" dur="0:00:07.433">That is 6.14 meters</p>
+<p begin="0:21:46.133" dur="0:00:02.567">with an uncertainty<br />of five percent, right?</p>
+<p begin="0:21:48.700" dur="0:00:02.933">Because that is the uncertainty<br />in v zero squared</p>
+<p begin="0:21:51.633" dur="0:00:01.833">and so there is an uncertainty</p>
+<p begin="0:21:53.466" dur="0:00:02.567">of 30 centimeters,<br />actually 31 centimeters.</p>
+<p begin="0:21:56.033" dur="0:00:09.033">This is my prediction<br />for an angle of 45 degrees.</p>
+<p begin="0:22:05.066" dur="0:00:04.300">This will only hold<br />if there is no air drag</p>
+<p begin="0:22:09.366" dur="0:00:03.300">or if the air drag<br />is negligible,</p>
+<p begin="0:22:12.666" dur="0:00:03.434">and of course,<br />equally important,</p>
+<p begin="0:22:16.100" dur="0:00:03.433">that that spring gun--<br />when the ball comes out--</p>
+<p begin="0:22:19.533" dur="0:00:03.733">that the velocity squared<br />is indeed within the range</p>
+<p begin="0:22:23.266" dur="0:00:01.467">that we have assumed</p>
+<p begin="0:22:24.733" dur="0:00:04.000">and that it doesn't have<br />bad days and good days.</p>
+<p begin="0:22:28.733" dur="0:00:03.333">There's no way<br />I can check that anymore.</p>
+<p begin="0:22:32.066" dur="0:00:04.634">All right, so we're going<br />to mark the .614.</p>
+<p begin="0:22:36.700" dur="0:00:06.066">This is one meter, two meters,<br />three meters, four meters</p>
+<p begin="0:22:42.766" dur="0:00:03.334">five meters, six meters, 6.14.</p>
+<p begin="0:22:46.100" dur="0:00:03.433">One four... 14 centimeters.</p>
+<p begin="0:22:49.533" dur="0:00:03.933">Boy, God, it's<br />all the way here.</p>
+<p begin="0:22:53.466" dur="0:00:06.600">And then I allow for an error<br />of about 30 centimeters.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:00.066" dur="0:00:01.667">Did I do that right?</p>
+<p begin="0:23:01.733" dur="0:00:04.900">That is correct, 45 degrees<br />with 30 centimeter uncertainty.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:06.633" dur="0:00:03.833">That is all the way up to here.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:10.466" dur="0:00:05.600">And then the next one,<br />roughly 30 centimeters.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:16.066" dur="0:00:05.700">So that's where, if our<br />calculations make sense</p>
+<p begin="0:23:21.766" dur="0:00:04.000">that's where<br />the ball should hit.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:25.766" dur="0:00:04.034">Now I would like you<br />to come here, if you don't mind.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:29.800" dur="0:00:03.933">Stand here, and the moment<br />that that ball hits...</p>
+<p begin="0:23:33.733" dur="0:00:01.067">(<i>whooshes</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:23:34.800" dur="0:00:01.600">point your finger at it.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:36.400" dur="0:00:03.333">Don't do it before I shoot,<br />but just after I shoot.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:39.733" dur="0:00:05.700">And then we'll hope<br />for the best, yeah?</p>
+<p begin="0:23:45.433" dur="0:00:01.033">Okay.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:46.466" dur="0:00:01.734">You're not nervous, right?</p>
+<p begin="0:23:48.200" dur="0:00:03.200">Where... what happened<br />with that ball that I had?</p>
+<p begin="0:23:51.400" dur="0:00:02.566">Did I put it in my pocket?</p>
+<p begin="0:23:56.933" dur="0:00:01.033">Oh, it's here.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:57.966" dur="0:00:01.300">Thank you.</p>
+<p begin="0:23:59.266" dur="0:00:04.734">So I'm going to set it now, to<br />the best I can, at 45 degrees.</p>
+<p begin="0:24:09.066" dur="0:00:07.234">And so I can never shoot it any<br />further, this is the angle...</p>
+<p begin="0:24:16.300" dur="0:00:04.466">this is<br />the maximum possible distance.</p>
+<p begin="0:24:20.766" dur="0:00:02.834">You ready?</p>
+<p begin="0:24:23.600" dur="0:00:02.166">You are?</p>
+<p begin="0:24:25.766" dur="0:00:02.800">Don't look at me, look there.</p>
+<p begin="0:24:28.566" dur="0:00:01.267">It goes fast.</p>
+<p begin="0:24:29.833" dur="0:00:02.133">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:24:31.966" dur="0:00:01.000">(<i>gun clicks</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:24:32.966" dur="0:00:01.734">LEWIN:<br />Put your finger there!</p>
+<p begin="0:24:34.700" dur="0:00:01.000">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:24:35.700" dur="0:00:02.633">Isn't that fantastic?</p>
+<p begin="0:24:38.333" dur="0:00:02.433">Isn't that amazing?</p>
+<p begin="0:24:40.766" dur="0:00:01.700">Do you see now<br />how important it is</p>
+<p begin="0:24:42.466" dur="0:00:02.500">that you have uncertainties<br />in your measurements?</p>
+<p begin="0:24:44.966" dur="0:00:02.867">In high school, you would have<br />said it has to hit there.</p>
+<p begin="0:24:47.833" dur="0:00:01.600">Boom, man, it has an error.</p>
+<p begin="0:24:49.433" dur="0:00:01.167">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:24:50.600" dur="0:00:03.033">And the error has to<br />be taken into account.</p>
+<p begin="0:24:53.633" dur="0:00:01.833">Where's my ball, by the way?</p>
+<p begin="0:24:57.666" dur="0:00:02.000">Boy...</p>
+<p begin="0:24:59.666" dur="0:00:01.834">Oh, I have it, ooh, here.</p>
+<p begin="0:25:03.100" dur="0:00:02.133">(<i>grunts</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:25:05.233" dur="0:00:01.233">Okay, you can sit down now.</p>
+<p begin="0:25:06.466" dur="0:00:01.000">You did great.</p>
+<p begin="0:25:07.466" dur="0:00:01.700">It worked just because<br />you were there.</p>
+<p begin="0:25:09.166" dur="0:00:05.967">(<i>class applauds</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:25:15.133" dur="0:00:08.833">Now I wonder what happens if<br />I fire the ball at 30 degrees?</p>
+<p begin="0:25:23.966" dur="0:00:09.167">If I do it at 30 degrees, then<br />my v zero squared is the same.</p>
+<p begin="0:25:33.133" dur="0:00:03.233">I don't have to worry<br />about that, I hope.</p>
+<p begin="0:25:36.366" dur="0:00:03.567">However, I cannot be certain<br />about the angle</p>
+<p begin="0:25:39.933" dur="0:00:02.133">to better than one degree.</p>
+<p begin="0:25:42.066" dur="0:00:05.934">So you will say, "Well,<br />come on now, don't be decadent.</p>
+<p begin="0:25:48.000" dur="0:00:03.733">"I mean, here we had an error<br />of only 0.06 percent</p>
+<p begin="0:25:51.733" dur="0:00:04.267">"because of this one degree...<br />possible one degree offset.</p>
+<p begin="0:25:56.000" dur="0:00:02.566">Let's just ignore<br />this error, too."</p>
+<p begin="0:25:58.566" dur="0:00:02.334">Ooh... that is risky.</p>
+<p begin="0:26:00.900" dur="0:00:05.400">That is risky, now<br />because the sine of 60 degrees--</p>
+<p begin="0:26:06.300" dur="0:00:02.933">that's what you deal with--</p>
+<p begin="0:26:09.233" dur="0:00:05.800">the sine of 60 degrees,<br />I think, is 0.866.</p>
+<p begin="0:26:15.033" dur="0:00:01.867">That's right.</p>
+<p begin="0:26:19.133" dur="0:00:03.800">But the sine of 58 degrees</p>
+<p begin="0:26:22.933" dur="0:00:05.867">which is possible<br />if I'm one degree under</p>
+<p begin="0:26:28.800" dur="0:00:06.333">~is 0.848, and that is<br /><i>substantially</i>lower.</p>
+<p begin="0:26:35.133" dur="0:00:02.533">And therefore I must allow</p>
+<p begin="0:26:37.666" dur="0:00:04.134">for an uncertainty<br />in the sine of the angle</p>
+<p begin="0:26:41.800" dur="0:00:05.133">by roughly, oh, maybe<br />something like 17 or 18 units--</p>
+<p begin="0:26:46.933" dur="0:00:03.500">0.0... what is this difference?</p>
+<p begin="0:26:50.433" dur="0:00:04.333">0.018.</p>
+<p begin="0:26:54.766" dur="0:00:03.967">If you want to check<br />what the sine of 62 degrees is</p>
+<p begin="0:26:58.733" dur="0:00:04.600">you will see that that is about<br />this much higher than this</p>
+<p begin="0:27:03.333" dur="0:00:02.567">so we must allow for this error.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:05.900" dur="0:00:08.566">And that is an error which is<br />by no means negligible anymore.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:14.466" dur="0:00:01.800">There's no point here.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:16.266" dur="0:00:03.534">That is an error which is<br />18 divided by 866.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:19.800" dur="0:00:02.266">That is a two percent error.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:22.066" dur="0:00:02.900">So now we're dealing,<br />all of a sudden</p>
+<p begin="0:27:24.966" dur="0:00:03.900">with a two percent error<br />in the sine of two alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:27:28.866" dur="0:00:04.067">even though there is only<br />one degree of uncertainty</p>
+<p begin="0:27:32.933" dur="0:00:01.067">in the angle.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:34.000" dur="0:00:03.066">And the reason is<br />that a sine curve is like so.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:37.066" dur="0:00:03.167">So a small angle change here<br />makes no difference</p>
+<p begin="0:27:40.233" dur="0:00:03.700">but a small angle change here<br />makes a lot of difference.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:43.933" dur="0:00:01.433">And that's the reason</p>
+<p begin="0:27:45.366" dur="0:00:03.567">and you can see that it is<br />the slope of the sine curve</p>
+<p begin="0:27:48.933" dur="0:00:02.533">that gives you<br />a much larger error</p>
+<p begin="0:27:51.466" dur="0:00:03.334">if you are off<br />by a teeny-weeny, little bit.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:54.800" dur="0:00:03.100">So now we are ready<br />to make a prediction.</p>
+<p begin="0:27:57.900" dur="0:00:02.333">So here comes the prediction.</p>
+<p begin="0:28:03.400" dur="0:00:03.800">OS now for 30 degrees...</p>
+<p begin="0:28:11.233" dur="0:00:08.733">So I have to go through v zero<br />squared-- I have that, 60.2</p>
+<p begin="0:28:19.966" dur="0:00:03.134">and then I have to multiply<br />by the sine of two alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:28:23.100" dur="0:00:06.366">that is, the sine of 60...<br />multiply...</p>
+<p begin="0:28:29.466" dur="0:00:05.367">and then I think<br />I have to divide by g.</p>
+<p begin="0:28:34.833" dur="0:00:07.133">That is right, 9.8,<br />and I find 5.31, plus or minus.</p>
+<p begin="0:28:41.966" dur="0:00:04.167">Now, two percent error<br />in the sine of two alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:28:46.133" dur="0:00:03.200">five percent error<br />in v zero squared</p>
+<p begin="0:28:49.333" dur="0:00:05.033">that gives me-- I can't<br />help it-- a seven percent error.</p>
+<p begin="0:28:54.366" dur="0:00:05.434">So I have a seven percent<br />uncertainty, multiply by .07</p>
+<p begin="0:28:59.800" dur="0:00:05.533">so I cannot trust this<br />any better than 37 centimeters.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:05.333" dur="0:00:04.767">And so now I'm going to put<br />the markers out</p>
+<p begin="0:29:10.100" dur="0:00:02.500">at five meters<br />and 31 centimeters.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:12.600" dur="0:00:06.300">This is the five-meter mark,<br />31 centimeters</p>
+<p begin="0:29:18.900" dur="0:00:04.966">and I allow for 37 centimeters<br />on either side.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:23.866" dur="0:00:06.467">It's here... and 37 centimeters<br />on this side, that is here.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:30.333" dur="0:00:06.500">I'm going to set the angle<br />to 30 degrees.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:36.833" dur="0:00:02.033">Yeah, yeah, come here.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:38.866" dur="0:00:02.367">We need woman power here.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:41.233" dur="0:00:01.033">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:29:42.266" dur="0:00:01.900">Stay here.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:44.166" dur="0:00:04.400">Stay out of the fire line,<br />and when that ball hits</p>
+<p begin="0:29:48.566" dur="0:00:03.234">you jump on it,<br />yeah, you jump on it.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:51.800" dur="0:00:02.033">Okay, everything under control</p>
+<p begin="0:29:53.833" dur="0:00:02.433">Five... make sure<br />I marked it right,</p>
+<p begin="0:29:56.266" dur="0:00:03.100">five meters, three one,<br />that looks about okay.</p>
+<p begin="0:29:59.366" dur="0:00:05.300">And now I have to change<br />the angle to 30 degrees.</p>
+<p begin="0:30:04.666" dur="0:00:01.234">(<i>grunts</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:30:11.033" dur="0:00:02.533">Okay, this is as close<br />as I can do it.</p>
+<p begin="0:30:16.900" dur="0:00:01.400">Okay, you ready?</p>
+<p begin="0:30:18.300" dur="0:00:01.066">You are?</p>
+<p begin="0:30:19.366" dur="0:00:04.334">Three, two, one...</p>
+<p begin="0:30:23.700" dur="0:00:01.033">(<i>ball whooshes</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:30:24.733" dur="0:00:01.000">(<i>Lewin shouts</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:30:25.733" dur="0:00:02.633">Lewin:<br />Hit the jackpot!</p>
+<p begin="0:30:28.366" dur="0:00:03.934">(<i>class cheers and applauds</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:30:38.300" dur="0:00:01.066">Incredible.</p>
+<p begin="0:30:39.366" dur="0:00:03.067">What you can argue now,<br />and successfully--</p>
+<p begin="0:30:42.433" dur="0:00:02.533">you could say<br />perhaps you have been</p>
+<p begin="0:30:44.966" dur="0:00:04.367">a little too conservative on<br />your errors, and I admit that.</p>
+<p begin="0:30:49.333" dur="0:00:01.133">But believe me</p>
+<p begin="0:30:50.466" dur="0:00:02.700">when I did this morning<br />this five, six times</p>
+<p begin="0:30:53.166" dur="0:00:02.900">that the error in v zero<br />was quite substantial.</p>
+<p begin="0:30:56.066" dur="0:00:04.600">The high differences were<br />sometimes 15 centimeters</p>
+<p begin="0:31:00.666" dur="0:00:01.367">and so I had no choice.</p>
+<p begin="0:31:02.033" dur="0:00:02.967">But it looked like we were<br />a bit on the conservative side.</p>
+<p begin="0:31:05.000" dur="0:00:05.333">Suppose, now, I repeated<br />this experiment at 60 degrees.</p>
+<p begin="0:31:10.333" dur="0:00:01.700">What will change?</p>
+<p begin="0:31:17.433" dur="0:00:02.133">What will change?</p>
+<p begin="0:31:19.566" dur="0:00:01.900">Will OS change?</p>
+<p begin="0:31:21.466" dur="0:00:03.200">No, because the sine<br />of 120 degrees</p>
+<p begin="0:31:24.666" dur="0:00:03.500">is the same as the sine<br />of 60 degrees.</p>
+<p begin="0:31:28.166" dur="0:00:02.167">You have two alpha here.</p>
+<p begin="0:31:30.333" dur="0:00:04.133">The sine of 60 is the same<br />as the sine of 120.</p>
+<p begin="0:31:36.600" dur="0:00:03.833">If you allow for an uncertainty<br />of one degree on either side</p>
+<p begin="0:31:40.433" dur="0:00:02.533">you will find<br />exactly these same numbers</p>
+<p begin="0:31:42.966" dur="0:00:02.667">because of the symmetry<br />of the sine curve.</p>
+<p begin="0:31:45.633" dur="0:00:04.533">So again, you are off<br />by two percent-- no difference.</p>
+<p begin="0:31:50.166" dur="0:00:02.800">And so this prediction<br />is unchanged.</p>
+<p begin="0:31:52.966" dur="0:00:03.000">However, I want<br />to ask you one question</p>
+<p begin="0:31:55.966" dur="0:00:03.800">to see whether you are<br />half-alert or half-asleep.</p>
+<p begin="0:32:01.966" dur="0:00:03.200">At 30 degrees, you saw this.</p>
+<p begin="0:32:05.166" dur="0:00:05.267">At 60 degrees, giving it<br />the same initial speed</p>
+<p begin="0:32:10.433" dur="0:00:01.100">you will see this.</p>
+<p begin="0:32:14.100" dur="0:00:01.333">It will have to hit here</p>
+<p begin="0:32:15.433" dur="0:00:02.300">within the uncertainty<br />of our measurements</p>
+<p begin="0:32:17.733" dur="0:00:01.200">at the same location.</p>
+<p begin="0:32:18.933" dur="0:00:02.500">It will, of course,<br />go much higher.</p>
+<p begin="0:32:21.433" dur="0:00:04.100">You can calculate that because<br />you will have to use this</p>
+<p begin="0:32:25.533" dur="0:00:02.267">for the equation for the height</p>
+<p begin="0:32:27.800" dur="0:00:02.700">and that goes<br />with the sine of alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:32:30.500" dur="0:00:05.233">The sine of alpha for 60 degrees<br />is way higher than 30 degrees.</p>
+<p begin="0:32:35.733" dur="0:00:02.200">But now comes a question--</p>
+<p begin="0:32:37.933" dur="0:00:04.033">will this trajectory<br />take longer than this one</p>
+<p begin="0:32:41.966" dur="0:00:03.700">or will they take<br />the same amount of time?</p>
+<p begin="0:32:45.666" dur="0:00:02.034">Who is for<br />the same amount of time?</p>
+<p begin="0:32:49.100" dur="0:00:02.233">Who is for longer?</p>
+<p begin="0:32:51.333" dur="0:00:02.400">Who is for shorter?</p>
+<p begin="0:32:55.533" dur="0:00:01.067">Okay.</p>
+<p begin="0:32:56.600" dur="0:00:02.266">I am happy<br />with one set of figures</p>
+<p begin="0:32:58.866" dur="0:00:04.767">and unhappy<br />with another set of figures.</p>
+<p begin="0:33:03.633" dur="0:00:03.633">What is the horizontal velocity</p>
+<p begin="0:33:07.266" dur="0:00:04.034">of the golf ball<br />when it takes off?</p>
+<p begin="0:33:11.300" dur="0:00:03.666">If the velocity is the same<br />in both cases</p>
+<p begin="0:33:14.966" dur="0:00:04.000">can't you see that<br />this horizontal component</p>
+<p begin="0:33:18.966" dur="0:00:04.067">is way larger<br />than this horizontal component?</p>
+<p begin="0:33:23.033" dur="0:00:02.833">And if they travel<br />the same distance</p>
+<p begin="0:33:25.866" dur="0:00:02.534">then this trip<i>must</i>take longer</p>
+<p begin="0:33:28.400" dur="0:00:04.500">because it's the horizontal<br />component in the x direction</p>
+<p begin="0:33:32.900" dur="0:00:05.100">that determines how long it will<br />take to go from here to there.</p>
+<p begin="0:33:38.000" dur="0:00:03.033">Suppose I shot it straight up.</p>
+<p begin="0:33:41.033" dur="0:00:02.300">How long do you think<br />it will take to hit here?</p>
+<p begin="0:33:45.733" dur="0:00:03.767">It has no horizontal component,<br />all right?</p>
+<p begin="0:33:49.500" dur="0:00:04.000">So think about this--<br />this trajectory will take longer</p>
+<p begin="0:33:53.500" dur="0:00:02.466">but it ends up<br />at the same point.</p>
+<p begin="0:33:55.966" dur="0:00:02.900">All right, number three.</p>
+<p begin="0:33:58.866" dur="0:00:01.334">Can you come here?</p>
+<p begin="0:34:00.200" dur="0:00:02.800">So I don't have<br />to change these markers.</p>
+<p begin="0:34:03.000" dur="0:00:02.700">They're all perfect</p>
+<p begin="0:34:05.700" dur="0:00:04.933">provided that nature is<br />willing to reproduce itself.</p>
+<p begin="0:34:10.633" dur="0:00:01.267">60 degrees...</p>
+<p begin="0:34:18.266" dur="0:00:02.567">So he'll go way higher,</p>
+<p begin="0:34:20.833" dur="0:00:06.400">but if all goes well, it should<br />hit within the same marks.</p>
+<p begin="0:34:27.233" dur="0:00:01.767">Ready?</p>
+<p begin="0:34:29.000" dur="0:00:01.666">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:34:30.666" dur="0:00:01.334">(<i>ball whooshes</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:34:32.000" dur="0:00:03.800">(<i>ball whacks table</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:34:35.800" dur="0:00:01.333">LEWIN:<br />Here, man.</p>
+<p begin="0:34:37.133" dur="0:00:01.033">Yeah, here, right?</p>
+<p begin="0:34:38.166" dur="0:00:01.167">Thank you very much.</p>
+<p begin="0:34:39.333" dur="0:00:01.733">Wonderful! Look!</p>
+<p begin="0:34:41.066" dur="0:00:02.667">Maybe my uncertainties<br />were not so dumb.</p>
+<p begin="0:34:43.733" dur="0:00:02.767">We were just lucky here<br />with the jackpot.</p>
+<p begin="0:34:46.500" dur="0:00:03.766">It's comfortably within<br />the error, but close to this one</p>
+<p begin="0:34:50.266" dur="0:00:04.367">so I am quite happy that I took<br />the uncertainties the way I did.</p>
+<p begin="0:34:54.633" dur="0:00:02.233">Can we recover the ball?</p>
+<p begin="0:34:56.866" dur="0:00:02.634">Did someone see it take off?</p>
+<p begin="0:34:59.500" dur="0:00:01.366">Oh, yeah.</p>
+<p begin="0:35:00.866" dur="0:00:08.300">All right, now we will enter a<br />different part of this lecture.</p>
+<p begin="0:35:09.166" dur="0:00:05.867">which is actually<br />a very... a very sad part.</p>
+<p begin="0:35:21.066" dur="0:00:06.167">You know that people in Africa<br />shoot monkeys.</p>
+<p begin="0:35:32.666" dur="0:00:07.667">There is a monkey here<br />in a tree--</p>
+<p begin="0:35:40.333" dur="0:00:02.067">very happy.</p>
+<p begin="0:35:42.400" dur="0:00:03.933">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:35:46.333" dur="0:00:05.800">LEWIN:<br />And here is a hunter...</p>
+<p begin="0:35:52.133" dur="0:00:03.600">who never took 801</p>
+<p begin="0:35:55.733" dur="0:00:06.633">and he has a gun,<br />which is a golf ball gun</p>
+<p begin="0:36:02.366" dur="0:00:06.634">and he aims that gun<br />right at the monkey.</p>
+<p begin="0:36:09.000" dur="0:00:04.300">He shoots it with a certain<br />velocity, the golf ball.</p>
+<p begin="0:36:13.300" dur="0:00:06.733">Let this be speed v zero,<br />so the horizontal component--</p>
+<p begin="0:36:20.033" dur="0:00:05.133">you're going to see that<br />again and again--</p>
+<p begin="0:36:25.166" dur="0:00:02.834">v zero cosine alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:36:28.000" dur="0:00:07.633">and the vertical component<br />equals v zero sine alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:36:35.633" dur="0:00:05.267">Let this be<br />my increasing value of y</p>
+<p begin="0:36:40.900" dur="0:00:04.866">and this be<br />my increasing value of x.</p>
+<p begin="0:36:48.500" dur="0:00:04.066">This golf ball...<br />this... this golf gun,</p>
+<p begin="0:36:52.566" dur="0:00:04.500">is really not first-class,<br />thank goodness.</p>
+<p begin="0:36:57.066" dur="0:00:06.134">And so when the hunter shoots<br />this golf ball, this happens.</p>
+<p begin="0:37:06.200" dur="0:00:05.000">And it ends up here at point p.</p>
+<p begin="0:37:11.200" dur="0:00:03.433">Lucky monkey, so far.</p>
+<p begin="0:37:14.633" dur="0:00:03.400">Now, it is very tragic but true</p>
+<p begin="0:37:18.033" dur="0:00:06.400">that when the monkey sees the<br />flash of the gun, it lets go.</p>
+<p begin="0:37:24.433" dur="0:00:04.700">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:37:29.133" dur="0:00:02.600">And now comes the question--</p>
+<p begin="0:37:31.733" dur="0:00:05.200">is the monkey safe or is this<br />the last day of the monkey?</p>
+<p begin="0:37:36.933" dur="0:00:02.500">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:37:41.100" dur="0:00:03.600">I ask the following question.</p>
+<p begin="0:37:44.700" dur="0:00:04.900">This would be trajectory<br />with no gravity</p>
+<p begin="0:37:49.600" dur="0:00:04.900">and this is the trajectory<br />with gravity.</p>
+<p begin="0:37:54.500" dur="0:00:02.866">We can both agree on that.</p>
+<p begin="0:37:57.366" dur="0:00:02.367">At a certain moment, t1,</p>
+<p begin="0:37:59.733" dur="0:00:03.133">let us assume<br />that the golf ball</p>
+<p begin="0:38:02.866" dur="0:00:03.567">would have been here<br />without gravity.</p>
+<p begin="0:38:06.433" dur="0:00:05.200">Then I know exactly<br />where it is with gravity.</p>
+<p begin="0:38:11.633" dur="0:00:05.300">It must be exactly here</p>
+<p begin="0:38:16.933" dur="0:00:03.267">because the x position, xt1,<br />is the same</p>
+<p begin="0:38:20.200" dur="0:00:03.633">because the horizontal velocity<br />is the same.</p>
+<p begin="0:38:23.833" dur="0:00:04.467">That's independent of<br />whether there is gravity or not.</p>
+<p begin="0:38:28.300" dur="0:00:03.533">There is no acceleration<br />in the x direction.</p>
+<p begin="0:38:31.833" dur="0:00:04.233">And so they are both exactly<br />at the same x position.</p>
+<p begin="0:38:39.133" dur="0:00:01.733">What is this difference?</p>
+<p begin="0:38:40.866" dur="0:00:02.000">Well, that is the difference</p>
+<p begin="0:38:42.866" dur="0:00:03.800">between the equation with<br />gravity and without gravity.</p>
+<p begin="0:38:46.666" dur="0:00:05.267">And y as a function of time--</p>
+<p begin="0:38:51.933" dur="0:00:02.167">you can look at equation number<br />three there</p>
+<p begin="0:38:54.100" dur="0:00:01.333">if you can still see it--</p>
+<p begin="0:38:55.433" dur="0:00:09.367">equals v zero y, which is<br />v zero sine alpha time t</p>
+<p begin="0:39:04.800" dur="0:00:04.966">minus one-half gt squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:39:13.966" dur="0:00:05.400">Well, if there is no gravity,<br />this term doesn't exist</p>
+<p begin="0:39:19.366" dur="0:00:03.467">because that's<br />this straight line.</p>
+<p begin="0:39:22.833" dur="0:00:01.267">(<i>whooshes</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:39:24.100" dur="0:00:01.600">With gravity,<br />it's the same thing</p>
+<p begin="0:39:25.700" dur="0:00:03.066">but you have to subtract this.</p>
+<p begin="0:39:28.766" dur="0:00:07.067">Therefore, this distance<br />is one-half g t1 squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:39:35.833" dur="0:00:01.367">That is this distance</p>
+<p begin="0:39:37.200" dur="0:00:04.933">so this curve is lower<br />by this amount.</p>
+<p begin="0:39:42.133" dur="0:00:06.733">Now comes the time that<br />the golf ball hits point p.</p>
+<p begin="0:39:48.866" dur="0:00:03.800">When its position is x t2<br />and the time here is t2</p>
+<p begin="0:39:52.666" dur="0:00:03.034">that means if there<br />had been no gravity</p>
+<p begin="0:39:55.700" dur="0:00:02.800">the golf ball<br />would have been there.</p>
+<p begin="0:39:58.500" dur="0:00:02.900">They must have<br />the same position in x</p>
+<p begin="0:40:01.400" dur="0:00:02.266">at this catastrophic moment.</p>
+<p begin="0:40:03.666" dur="0:00:02.167">So what now is the distance</p>
+<p begin="0:40:05.833" dur="0:00:03.000">between the monkey<br />and the golf ball--</p>
+<p begin="0:40:08.833" dur="0:00:03.367">the distance<br />between the two trajectories--</p>
+<p begin="0:40:12.200" dur="0:00:04.066">one trajectory, no gravity;the other with gravity?</p>
+<p begin="0:40:16.266" dur="0:00:05.600">This distance equals<br />one-half g t2 squared</p>
+<p begin="0:40:21.866" dur="0:00:02.900">for that same reason.</p>
+<p begin="0:40:24.766" dur="0:00:02.067">And we all know</p>
+<p begin="0:40:26.833" dur="0:00:05.100">that if the monkey<br />at time t equals zero let go</p>
+<p begin="0:40:31.933" dur="0:00:04.300">that in t2 seconds<br />it will have fallen</p>
+<p begin="0:40:36.233" dur="0:00:06.433">exactly over a distance<br />one-half g t2 squared-- exactly.</p>
+<p begin="0:40:42.666" dur="0:00:02.400">This couldn't be more tragic.</p>
+<p begin="0:40:45.066" dur="0:00:01.867">And he will be killed.</p>
+<p begin="0:40:49.600" dur="0:00:05.966">You may say, "Well, yeah,<br />but you have manipulated</p>
+<p begin="0:40:55.566" dur="0:00:04.600">the speed of that gun<br />just so nicely."</p>
+<p begin="0:41:00.166" dur="0:00:01.867">Oh, no. Oh, no.</p>
+<p begin="0:41:02.033" dur="0:00:05.367">I can shoot that with a higher<br />speed at the same angle alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:41:07.400" dur="0:00:02.900">and the trajectory would be this</p>
+<p begin="0:41:10.300" dur="0:00:03.300">and the monkey<br />would be killed there.</p>
+<p begin="0:41:13.600" dur="0:00:02.733">I can do it with a lower speed</p>
+<p begin="0:41:16.333" dur="0:00:03.200">and the monkey<br />would be killed here.</p>
+<p begin="0:41:19.533" dur="0:00:03.333">It's independent<br />of the speed of the bullet</p>
+<p begin="0:41:22.866" dur="0:00:04.934">because always this part here--<br />it's always exactly the distance</p>
+<p begin="0:41:27.800" dur="0:00:02.666">that the monkey falls<br />in that time.</p>
+<p begin="0:41:30.466" dur="0:00:02.467">However,<br />if the speed is very low--</p>
+<p begin="0:41:32.933" dur="0:00:04.267">that it hits the ground before<br />the monkey hits the ground--</p>
+<p begin="0:41:37.200" dur="0:00:03.633">well, okay,<br />then the monkey is safe.</p>
+<p begin="0:41:40.833" dur="0:00:04.933">So the only thing that is very,<br />very critical is alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:41:45.766" dur="0:00:03.667">It must be precisely aimed<br />at the monkey.</p>
+<p begin="0:41:49.433" dur="0:00:06.367">If that's not the case,<br />then the monkey will be safe.</p>
+<p begin="0:41:55.800" dur="0:00:04.566">Now before we will witness this<br />classic and rather tragic drama,</p>
+<p begin="0:42:00.366" dur="0:00:01.567">I want to look at this</p>
+<p begin="0:42:01.933" dur="0:00:02.700">from a somewhat<br />different point of view</p>
+<p begin="0:42:04.633" dur="0:00:03.100">namely from the point<br />of view of the monkey.</p>
+<p begin="0:42:07.733" dur="0:00:03.900">The monkey sits there,<br />looks at the gun</p>
+<p begin="0:42:11.633" dur="0:00:03.800">and the golf ball comes<br />to the monkey.</p>
+<p begin="0:42:15.433" dur="0:00:05.567">And I will put them both in<br />a room which is an elevator</p>
+<p begin="0:42:21.000" dur="0:00:02.333">and the elevator is in free fall</p>
+<p begin="0:42:23.333" dur="0:00:02.167">and they don't even know that.</p>
+<p begin="0:42:25.500" dur="0:00:02.733">They both fall<br />with the acceleration g.</p>
+<p begin="0:42:30.066" dur="0:00:05.334">Here is the monkey, free</p>
+<p begin="0:42:35.400" dur="0:00:01.900">and here is the gun.</p>
+<p begin="0:42:41.133" dur="0:00:05.467">The velocity of that bullet<br />is v zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:42:50.100" dur="0:00:05.200">And so the monkey will see that<br />bullet come straight at him.</p>
+<p begin="0:42:55.300" dur="0:00:02.833">There's no such thing as an arc.</p>
+<p begin="0:42:58.133" dur="0:00:03.533">They both fall<br />in this falling grav...</p>
+<p begin="0:43:01.666" dur="0:00:01.734">in this falling elevator.</p>
+<p begin="0:43:03.400" dur="0:00:03.066">And so the bullet comes...</p>
+<p begin="0:43:06.466" dur="0:00:01.200">(<i>kisses</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:43:07.666" dur="0:00:03.900">The monkey happens to be<br />a very intelligent monkey</p>
+<p begin="0:43:11.566" dur="0:00:04.567">and the monkey says to himself,<br />"How long do I have to live?"</p>
+<p begin="0:43:16.133" dur="0:00:03.533">And the monkey makes<br />the following calculation.</p>
+<p begin="0:43:19.666" dur="0:00:03.034">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:43:22.700" dur="0:00:05.766">LEWIN:<br />If this distance is d, and this<br />is h, then the monkey says</p>
+<p begin="0:43:28.466" dur="0:00:05.334">"Aha, this is the square root<br />of d squared plus h squared."</p>
+<p begin="0:43:33.800" dur="0:00:06.800">So from the monkey point<br />of view, the time for the kill</p>
+<p begin="0:43:40.600" dur="0:00:02.900">will be the square root</p>
+<p begin="0:43:43.500" dur="0:00:05.700">of d squared plus h squared<br />divided by v zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:43:49.200" dur="0:00:02.333">That's how many seconds<br />he has to live.</p>
+<p begin="0:43:53.266" dur="0:00:03.334">Well, you people<br />are also quite smart</p>
+<p begin="0:43:56.600" dur="0:00:05.233">and you look at this diagram<br />and you said, "No, no way."</p>
+<p begin="0:44:01.833" dur="0:00:02.667">If this distance is D</p>
+<p begin="0:44:04.500" dur="0:00:07.333">then the speed to reach this<br />point is v zero cosine alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:44:11.833" dur="0:00:04.500">In other words, the time<br />that it takes for this object</p>
+<p begin="0:44:16.333" dur="0:00:02.433">to reach this value of x...</p>
+<p begin="0:44:18.766" dur="0:00:04.534">So, for 26.100 MIT students</p>
+<p begin="0:44:23.300" dur="0:00:07.766">t kill equals D divided<br />by v zero cosine alpha.</p>
+<p begin="0:44:31.066" dur="0:00:05.400">But what is the cosine of alpha?</p>
+<p begin="0:44:36.466" dur="0:00:04.134">That is D divided<br />by the square root</p>
+<p begin="0:44:40.600" dur="0:00:03.333">of D squared plus h squared.</p>
+<p begin="0:44:43.933" dur="0:00:03.933">So I can replace<br />this cosine alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:44:47.866" dur="0:00:04.734">by D divided by the square root.</p>
+<p begin="0:44:52.600" dur="0:00:02.666">So I can replace<br />this cosine alpha</p>
+<p begin="0:44:55.266" dur="0:00:02.634">by D divided by the square root.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:01.966" dur="0:00:02.900">And you and the monkey<br />agree exactly</p>
+<p begin="0:45:04.866" dur="0:00:04.067">on the amount of time<br />that the monkey has to live.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:08.933" dur="0:00:04.733">It better be that way,<br />because this could not depend</p>
+<p begin="0:45:13.666" dur="0:00:03.467">on which reference frame<br />you work in--</p>
+<p begin="0:45:17.133" dur="0:00:02.500">the falling reference frame</p>
+<p begin="0:45:19.633" dur="0:00:04.600">or, for that matter<br />the reference frame of 26.100.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:24.233" dur="0:00:01.900">The monkey will be placed</p>
+<p begin="0:45:26.133" dur="0:00:02.867">at about three meters<br />above the table.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:29.000" dur="0:00:03.333">We all know that it takes<br />about 0.8 seconds.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:32.333" dur="0:00:03.500">We have done many experiments<br />at three meters.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:35.833" dur="0:00:01.500">It takes about 0.8 seconds.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:37.333" dur="0:00:02.000">So the whole thing<br />will go very fast.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:39.333" dur="0:00:02.100">We are going to put<br />a monkey up there.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:44.500" dur="0:00:03.666">I want you to first see<br />the trajectory of that golf ball</p>
+<p begin="0:45:48.166" dur="0:00:02.034">before we bring the monkey in.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:50.200" dur="0:00:02.700">It is already so painful<br />for this monkey.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:52.900" dur="0:00:02.333">You don't want him<br />to pre-experience</p>
+<p begin="0:45:55.233" dur="0:00:01.567">what's going to happen.</p>
+<p begin="0:45:56.800" dur="0:00:05.200">So we will do this<br />in the absence of the monkey</p>
+<p begin="0:46:02.000" dur="0:00:04.500">and we will let you...<br />I will let you see</p>
+<p begin="0:46:06.500" dur="0:00:05.633">what roughly the trajectory<br />of that bullet will be.</p>
+<p begin="0:46:12.133" dur="0:00:03.300">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:46:15.433" dur="0:00:01.133">(<i>gun claps</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:46:16.566" dur="0:00:01.534">(<i>ball bouncing</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:46:18.100" dur="0:00:02.500">So it will hit somewhere here.</p>
+<p begin="0:46:20.600" dur="0:00:01.666">That's that point p.</p>
+<p begin="0:46:22.266" dur="0:00:03.834">So when you're going to see<br />the drama in action</p>
+<p begin="0:46:26.100" dur="0:00:02.833">this is where<br />the monkey will reach</p>
+<p begin="0:46:28.933" dur="0:00:02.367">when the two hit each other.</p>
+<p begin="0:46:34.200" dur="0:00:02.866">Now you can imagine that this</p>
+<p begin="0:46:37.066" dur="0:00:03.567">is a very painful day<br />for the monkey.</p>
+<p begin="0:46:40.633" dur="0:00:03.200">And I'm going to get the monkey.</p>
+<p begin="0:46:43.833" dur="0:00:01.533">It's behind here</p>
+<p begin="0:46:45.366" dur="0:00:05.034">and I hope that you would pay<br />some respect to Robert.</p>
+<p begin="0:46:50.400" dur="0:00:04.566">His name is Robert,<br />and it may take me a minute.</p>
+<p begin="0:46:57.300" dur="0:00:02.100">(<i>class murmurs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:47:39.400" dur="0:00:03.533">(<i>class cheers and laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:47:42.933" dur="0:00:01.433">LEWIN:<br />Here is Robert.</p>
+<p begin="0:47:44.366" dur="0:00:03.200">(<i>laughter continues</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:47:49.533" dur="0:00:01.600">I thought...</p>
+<p begin="0:47:51.133" dur="0:00:03.300">(<i>class applauds</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:47:56.966" dur="0:00:04.667">LEWIN:<br />I thought it was appropriate<br />to change for the occasion.</p>
+<p begin="0:48:01.633" dur="0:00:03.133">I don't go on monkey hunts<br />too often</p>
+<p begin="0:48:04.766" dur="0:00:03.967">but when I do it,<br />I'd like to do it in style.</p>
+<p begin="0:48:08.733" dur="0:00:03.533">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:48:14.533" dur="0:00:07.300">Here is Robert, and we're going<br />to put Robert up here.</p>
+<p begin="0:48:21.833" dur="0:00:04.833">Robert has in his head<br />a metal plate...</p>
+<p begin="0:48:31.500" dur="0:00:04.533">so that when we activate<br />the electromagnet</p>
+<p begin="0:48:36.033" dur="0:00:03.300">that we can stick him on there</p>
+<p begin="0:48:39.333" dur="0:00:06.000">and when we take the current<br />off, then Robert will fall.</p>
+<p begin="0:48:45.333" dur="0:00:03.600">So this is the activation<br />of the electromagnet.</p>
+<p begin="0:48:55.866" dur="0:00:01.267">So here we go.</p>
+<p begin="0:48:57.133" dur="0:00:02.533">I can see Robert is nervous.</p>
+<p begin="0:48:59.666" dur="0:00:01.500">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:49:01.166" dur="0:00:02.200">And you can't blame him.</p>
+<p begin="0:49:03.366" dur="0:00:03.334">This is not the greatest day<br />of his life.</p>
+<p begin="0:49:06.700" dur="0:00:01.333">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:49:08.033" dur="0:00:02.733">Oh, by the way,<br />I want you to know</p>
+<p begin="0:49:10.766" dur="0:00:01.867">we are not cruel here.</p>
+<p begin="0:49:12.633" dur="0:00:02.500">He's wearing<br />a bulletproof vest.</p>
+<p begin="0:49:15.133" dur="0:00:04.900">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:49:20.033" dur="0:00:04.433">Oh, boy, I can... I can feel<br />him shaking all over his body.</p>
+<p begin="0:49:24.466" dur="0:00:01.400">He's very nervous.</p>
+<p begin="0:49:27.366" dur="0:00:03.500">Robert, don't let go yet!</p>
+<p begin="0:49:30.866" dur="0:00:01.767">Oh, let me show you.</p>
+<p begin="0:49:32.633" dur="0:00:02.500">It's important that you know</p>
+<p begin="0:49:35.133" dur="0:00:03.500">that we have done<br />everything we can</p>
+<p begin="0:49:38.633" dur="0:00:04.400">to aim this gun as accurately<br />as we can at Robert.</p>
+<p begin="0:49:53.333" dur="0:00:03.333">Robert, don't let go yet.</p>
+<p begin="0:49:58.033" dur="0:00:02.267">We've got to first cock the gun.</p>
+<p begin="0:50:00.300" dur="0:00:01.966">Hold it, now, hold it, Robert!</p>
+<p begin="0:50:02.266" dur="0:00:04.134">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:50:06.400" dur="0:00:01.833">This happens always with Robert.</p>
+<p begin="0:50:08.233" dur="0:00:01.867">(<i>laughter</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:50:13.900" dur="0:00:02.100">(<i>Lewin admonishes Robert</i><br /><i>in whispers</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:50:16.000" dur="0:00:01.766">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:50:28.000" dur="0:00:05.966">Okay, he just promised me<br />that he will not let go again.</p>
+<p begin="0:50:44.633" dur="0:00:08.633">When I cock the gun-- if I can<br />find the golf ball, it's here--</p>
+<p begin="0:50:53.266" dur="0:00:05.000">then the electric circuit<br />takes over</p>
+<p begin="0:50:58.266" dur="0:00:04.767">and now the current<br />will be disconnected</p>
+<p begin="0:51:03.033" dur="0:00:02.667">when the gun is fired.</p>
+<p begin="0:51:09.600" dur="0:00:01.400">Even I... even I'm nervous.</p>
+<p begin="0:51:11.000" dur="0:00:02.766">I admit it, you know,<br />this is a terrible thing to do.</p>
+<p begin="0:51:15.866" dur="0:00:03.267">Terrible thing to do.</p>
+<p begin="0:51:19.133" dur="0:00:01.300">(<i>sighs</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:51:20.433" dur="0:00:01.467">You ready?</p>
+<p begin="0:51:21.900" dur="0:00:03.266">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
+<p begin="0:51:25.166" dur="0:00:01.234">(<i>gun clicks</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:51:26.400" dur="0:00:02.000">(<i>class exclaims</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:51:28.400" dur="0:00:02.466">(<i>loud echo reverberates</i>)</p>
+<p begin="0:51:45.833" dur="0:00:01.500">LEWIN:<br />Poor monkey.</p>
+<p begin="0:51:52.633" dur="0:00:01.033">See you Friday.</p>
+</div>
+</body>
+</tt>