sm-transcript 0.0.4 → 0.0.6
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- data/README.txt +138 -118
- data/Rakefile +21 -10
- data/bin/sm-transcript +0 -0
- data/lib/sm_transcript/metadata.rb +25 -0
- data/lib/sm_transcript/options.rb +9 -3
- data/lib/sm_transcript/runner.rb +6 -0
- data/lib/sm_transcript/seg_reader.rb +1 -1
- data/lib/sm_transcript/transcript.rb +86 -39
- data/lib/sm_transcript/ttml_reader.rb +116 -0
- data/lib/sm_transcript/word.rb +6 -4
- data/lib/sm_transcript/wrd_reader.rb +5 -4
- data/test/results/18.03-2004-L01.align2.wrd +6441 -0
- data/test/results/8.01-1999-L01.wrd +5182 -0
- data/test/results/801-1stLecture.ttml.xml +757 -0
- data/test/results/801-lect01-4730.xml +757 -0
- data/test/results/801-lect02-4731.xml +886 -0
- data/test/results/801-lect03-4732.xml +818 -0
- data/test/results/801-lect04-4733.xml +831 -0
- data/test/results/801-lect05-4734.xml +879 -0
- data/test/results/801-lect06-4735.xml +822 -0
- data/test/results/801-lect07-4736.xml +893 -0
- data/test/results/801-lect08-4737.xml +809 -0
- data/test/results/801-lect09-4738.xml +807 -0
- data/test/results/Audio-Open-The_New_Deal_for_Education.xml +4301 -0
- data/test/test_metadatareader.rb +8 -3
- data/test/test_options.rb +8 -1
- data/test/test_runner.rb +34 -1
- data/test/test_transcript.rb +109 -12
- data/test/test_ttmlreader.rb +104 -0
- data/test/test_wrdreader.rb +24 -9
- metadata +47 -148
- data/lib/sm_transcript/optparseExample.rb +0 -113
- data/lib/sm_transcript/process_csv_files_to_html.rb +0 -58
- data/lib/sm_transcript/process_seg_files.rb +0 -21
- data/lib/sm_transcript/process_seg_files_to_csv.rb +0 -24
- data/lib/sm_transcript/process_seg_files_to_html.rb +0 -31
- data/lib/sm_transcript/require_relative.rb +0 -14
- data/test/transcripts/GardnerRileyInterview.t1.html +0 -247
- data/test/transcripts/IIHS_Diane_Davis_Nov2009-t1.html +0 -148
- data/test/transcripts/NERCOMP-SpokenMedia4.t1.html +0 -2178
- data/test/transcripts/data.js +0 -24
- data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar-1.-t1.html +0 -557
- data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar-1.t1.html +0 -558
- data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar-t1.html +0 -558
- data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar-t1.ttml +0 -570
- data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar.data.js +0 -2
- data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar.t1.html +0 -557
- data/test/transcripts/wirehair-beetle.data.js +0 -24
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<div xml:id="captions">
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<p begin="0:00:01.033" dur="0:00:02.967">We will discuss velocities<br />and acceleration.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:04.000" dur="0:00:02.800">I'll start<br />with something simple.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:06.800" dur="0:00:04.466">I have a motion of an object<br />along a straight line--</p>
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<p begin="0:00:11.266" dur="0:00:03.367">we'll call that<br />one-dimensional motion.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:14.633" dur="0:00:03.100">And I'll tell you that<br />the object is here at time t1.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:17.733" dur="0:00:01.333">At time t2, it's here.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:19.066" dur="0:00:01.400">At time t3, it's there.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:20.466" dur="0:00:01.767">At time t4, it's here</p>
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<p begin="0:00:22.233" dur="0:00:03.533">and at time t5, it's back<br />where it was at t1.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:25.766" dur="0:00:03.500">And here you see<br />the positions in x</p>
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<p begin="0:00:29.266" dur="0:00:07.534">where it is located<br />at that moment in time.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:36.800" dur="0:00:03.866">I will define this to be<br />the increasing value of x.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:40.666" dur="0:00:03.500">It's my free choice,<br />but I've chosen this now.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:44.166" dur="0:00:07.234">Now we will introduce what<br />we call the average velocity.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:51.400" dur="0:00:01.066">I put a bar over it.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:52.466" dur="0:00:04.967">That stands for average<br />between time t1 and time t2.</p>
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<p begin="0:00:57.433" dur="0:00:03.067">That we define in physics</p>
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<p begin="0:01:00.500" dur="0:00:03.966">as x at time t2<br />minus x at time t1</p>
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<p begin="0:01:04.466" dur="0:00:03.134">divided by t2 minus t1.</p>
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<p begin="0:01:07.600" dur="0:00:03.166">That is our definition.</p>
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<p begin="0:01:10.766" dur="0:00:04.167">In our case, because<br />of the way that I define</p>
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<p begin="0:01:14.933" dur="0:00:04.567">the increasing value of x,<br />this is larger than 0.</p>
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<p begin="0:01:19.500" dur="0:00:07.933">However, if I take the average<br />velocity between t1 and t5</p>
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<p begin="0:01:27.433" dur="0:00:03.600">that would be 0, because<br />they are at the same position</p>
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<p begin="0:01:31.033" dur="0:00:02.300">so the upstairs is 0.</p>
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<p begin="0:01:33.333" dur="0:00:02.800">If I had chosen t4 and t2--</p>
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<p begin="0:01:36.133" dur="0:00:04.267">average velocity<br />between time t2 and t4--</p>
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<p begin="0:01:40.400" dur="0:00:03.900">you would have seen<br />that that is negative</p>
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<p begin="0:01:44.300" dur="0:00:03.133">because the upstairs<br />is negative.</p>
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<p begin="0:01:47.433" dur="0:00:02.333">Notice that I haven't told you</p>
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<p begin="0:01:49.766" dur="0:00:02.434">where I choose my zero<br />on my x axis.</p>
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<p begin="0:01:52.200" dur="0:00:03.966">It's completely unimportant<br />for the average velocity.</p>
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<p begin="0:01:56.166" dur="0:00:01.767">It makes no difference.</p>
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<p begin="0:01:57.933" dur="0:00:02.800">However, if I had chosen this</p>
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<p begin="0:02:00.733" dur="0:00:03.300">to be the direction<br />of increasing x</p>
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<p begin="0:02:04.033" dur="0:00:03.200">then, of course,<br />the signs would flip.</p>
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<p begin="0:02:07.233" dur="0:00:01.633">Then this would<br />have been negative</p>
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<p begin="0:02:08.866" dur="0:00:01.700">and this would<br />have been positive.</p>
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<p begin="0:02:10.566" dur="0:00:03.334">So the direction,<br />that you are free to choose</p>
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<p begin="0:02:13.900" dur="0:00:01.633">determines the signs.</p>
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<p begin="0:02:15.533" dur="0:00:03.733">The location where you put<br />your zero is not important</p>
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<p begin="0:02:19.266" dur="0:00:02.267">but signs in physics do matter.</p>
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<p begin="0:02:21.533" dur="0:00:01.500">Signs are important.</p>
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<p begin="0:02:23.033" dur="0:00:03.200">Whether you owe me money<br />or I owe you money</p>
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<p begin="0:02:26.233" dur="0:00:02.600">the difference<br />is only a minus sign</p>
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<p begin="0:02:28.833" dur="0:00:02.600">but I think it's important<br />for you.</p>
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<p begin="0:02:34.100" dur="0:00:03.766">Now I will give you<br />not only the positions--</p>
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<p begin="0:02:37.866" dur="0:00:04.934">as I did here on the x axis<br />at discrete moments in time--</p>
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<p begin="0:02:42.800" dur="0:00:01.866">but I'm going to tell you</p>
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<p begin="0:02:44.666" dur="0:00:03.667">exactly where the object is<br />at any moment in time.</p>
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<p begin="0:02:48.333" dur="0:00:02.900">Here you see an xt diagram</p>
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<p begin="0:02:51.233" dur="0:00:05.867">so you see that at t1,<br />the object is at position xt1.</p>
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<p begin="0:02:57.100" dur="0:00:01.833">This is the road of the object.</p>
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<p begin="0:02:58.933" dur="0:00:02.700">This is the straight line,<br />where it's moving.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:01.633" dur="0:00:02.567">It starts here and<br />it goes to this position.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:04.200" dur="0:00:01.900">It goes to this one,<br />it comes back to t4</p>
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<p begin="0:03:06.100" dur="0:00:01.133">and it comes back here.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:07.233" dur="0:00:06.300">I will tell you now<br />every moment in time in between.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:18.066" dur="0:00:02.200">And there it goes.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:23.633" dur="0:00:01.100">Voil�.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:24.733" dur="0:00:02.867">This is now information<br />that is way more.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:27.600" dur="0:00:03.333">You have the information<br />at any moment in time.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:30.933" dur="0:00:04.567">Notice that I now did choose<br />x = 0.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:35.500" dur="0:00:01.833">I chose it somewhere here</p>
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<p begin="0:03:37.333" dur="0:00:03.433">but I could have chosen it<br />at any other point--</p>
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<p begin="0:03:40.766" dur="0:00:01.234">for whatever follows</p>
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<p begin="0:03:42.000" dur="0:00:02.133">you will see that it makes<br />no difference--</p>
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<p begin="0:03:44.133" dur="0:00:02.967">so I have chosen a zero point<br />so that I can make a graph.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:47.100" dur="0:00:04.433">And now we will look<br />at the average velocity</p>
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<p begin="0:03:51.533" dur="0:00:02.900">in a somewhat different way.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:54.433" dur="0:00:03.233">Say I choose my time t2 and t3.</p>
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<p begin="0:03:57.666" dur="0:00:03.300">I draw here now this line.</p>
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<p begin="0:04:07.300" dur="0:00:04.300">And this angle I call alpha</p>
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<p begin="0:04:11.600" dur="0:00:05.133">and this part here<br />I call delta x</p>
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<p begin="0:04:16.733" dur="0:00:04.033">and this here is delta t.</p>
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<p begin="0:04:20.766" dur="0:00:02.034">And so you could right now--</p>
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<p begin="0:04:22.800" dur="0:00:03.333">if you're careful<br />about your sign convention--</p>
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<p begin="0:04:26.133" dur="0:00:03.633">you could write down now<br />that the average velocity</p>
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<p begin="0:04:29.766" dur="0:00:04.167">equals delta x<br />divided by delta t.</p>
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<p begin="0:04:33.933" dur="0:00:02.267">But be careful.</p>
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<p begin="0:04:36.200" dur="0:00:04.100">If the angle is positive--<br />I call this a positive angle--</p>
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<p begin="0:04:40.300" dur="0:00:02.666">then the average velocity<br />is positive</p>
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<p begin="0:04:42.966" dur="0:00:02.234">but if I have a negative angle</p>
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<p begin="0:04:45.200" dur="0:00:03.966">then the average velocity<br />would be negative.</p>
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<p begin="0:04:49.166" dur="0:00:05.567">For instance, between t4 and t5,<br />if I draw this line</p>
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<p begin="0:04:54.733" dur="0:00:03.533">then this angle here is negative</p>
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<p begin="0:04:58.266" dur="0:00:04.900">and so the average velocity<br />between t4 and t5</p>
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<p begin="0:05:03.166" dur="0:00:01.767">is now negative.</p>
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<p begin="0:05:06.900" dur="0:00:02.300">Again, if I had changed<br />the zero points</p>
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<p begin="0:05:09.200" dur="0:00:02.100">you would have found<br />the same values</p>
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<p begin="0:05:11.300" dur="0:00:01.533">for the average velocity.</p>
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<p begin="0:05:12.833" dur="0:00:02.633">The only difference<br />would have been</p>
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<p begin="0:05:15.466" dur="0:00:02.967">the position of the curve<br />in that plot.</p>
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<p begin="0:05:20.866" dur="0:00:03.834">There is a very<br />big difference in physics</p>
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<p begin="0:05:24.700" dur="0:00:02.600">between speed and velocity.</p>
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<p begin="0:05:27.300" dur="0:00:04.566">The average velocity<br />between time t1 and t5 is zero</p>
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<p begin="0:05:31.866" dur="0:00:03.367">but the average speed is not.</p>
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<p begin="0:05:35.233" dur="0:00:06.033">The average speed is defined<br />as the distance traveled</p>
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<p begin="0:05:41.266" dur="0:00:06.667">divided by the time that it<br />takes to travel that distance.</p>
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<p begin="0:05:47.933" dur="0:00:04.667">Now, what is the distance<br />that the object traveled</p>
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<p begin="0:05:52.600" dur="0:00:02.666">between time t1 and time t5?</p>
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<p begin="0:05:55.266" dur="0:00:05.334">Well, the object started at<br />a position here on this x axis</p>
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<p begin="0:06:00.600" dur="0:00:04.633">and then it went up,<br />reached the highest point here</p>
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<p begin="0:06:05.233" dur="0:00:03.267">so I'll make a drawing<br />for you here.</p>
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<p begin="0:06:08.500" dur="0:00:04.366">It reached the highest point<br />here, then it went down.</p>
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<p begin="0:06:12.866" dur="0:00:02.300">And then when it went here</p>
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<p begin="0:06:15.166" dur="0:00:04.567">it went up again and comes<br />down again and it's back.</p>
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<p begin="0:06:19.733" dur="0:00:03.333">And in order to find<br />the average speed</p>
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<p begin="0:06:23.066" dur="0:00:03.934">you would now have to know<br />exactly what this distance is</p>
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<p begin="0:06:27.000" dur="0:00:01.433">add up this distance</p>
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<p begin="0:06:28.433" dur="0:00:02.767">add up this distance<br />and this distance.</p>
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<p begin="0:06:31.200" dur="0:00:05.433">And if that distance altogether<br />were, for instance, 300 meters</p>
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<p begin="0:06:36.633" dur="0:00:04.600">and if the time between t1<br />and t5 were three seconds</p>
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<p begin="0:06:41.233" dur="0:00:01.400">then the average speed</p>
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<p begin="0:06:42.633" dur="0:00:02.867">would be 300 meters divided<br />by three seconds.</p>
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<p begin="0:06:45.500" dur="0:00:02.233">That would be<br />100 meters per second</p>
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<p begin="0:06:47.733" dur="0:00:03.267">so the average speed<br />would be 100 meters per second</p>
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<p begin="0:06:51.000" dur="0:00:04.133">yet the average velocity<br />would be zero.</p>
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<p begin="0:06:57.233" dur="0:00:05.033">If you look<br />at the location t3 and t2</p>
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<p begin="0:07:02.266" dur="0:00:05.134">and I bring t3 closer<br />and closer to t2</p>
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<p begin="0:07:07.400" dur="0:00:05.133">then this angle<br />of alpha will increase</p>
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<p begin="0:07:12.533" dur="0:00:02.833">and I can go to the extreme</p>
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<p begin="0:07:15.366" dur="0:00:03.634">that I bring t3<br />almost right at t2.</p>
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<p begin="0:07:19.000" dur="0:00:06.366">The angle of alpha will then<br />be tangential to this point.</p>
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<p begin="0:07:25.366" dur="0:00:03.967">This will then be<br />my angle of alpha.</p>
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<p begin="0:07:29.333" dur="0:00:04.567">And now you will understand<br />how we define</p>
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<p begin="0:07:33.900" dur="0:00:04.100">the instantaneous velocity<br />at time t</p>
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<p begin="0:07:38.000" dur="0:00:03.933">which is different<br />from an average velocity</p>
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<p begin="0:07:41.933" dur="0:00:02.533">between two time intervals.</p>
|
|
139
|
+
<p begin="0:07:44.466" dur="0:00:05.667">The instantaneous velocity, v--<br />and I pick a random time, t--</p>
|
|
140
|
+
<p begin="0:07:50.133" dur="0:00:02.267">equals the limiting case</p>
|
|
141
|
+
<p begin="0:07:52.400" dur="0:00:04.566">for x measured at time t<br />plus delta t</p>
|
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142
|
+
<p begin="0:07:56.966" dur="0:00:05.700">minus x measured at time t<br />divided by delta t</p>
|
|
143
|
+
<p begin="0:08:02.666" dur="0:00:05.134">and I do that for delta t--<br />goes to zero.</p>
|
|
144
|
+
<p begin="0:08:07.800" dur="0:00:04.000">So think of this<br />as being t3 and this as t2.</p>
|
|
145
|
+
<p begin="0:08:11.800" dur="0:00:04.100">I bring t3 closer and closer<br />and closer to t2</p>
|
|
146
|
+
<p begin="0:08:15.900" dur="0:00:03.333">and the time between them<br />then goes to zero.</p>
|
|
147
|
+
<p begin="0:08:19.233" dur="0:00:04.033">And this is something<br />that you undoubtedly recognize.</p>
|
|
148
|
+
<p begin="0:08:23.266" dur="0:00:04.267">That's the first derivative<br />of the position versus time.</p>
|
|
149
|
+
<p begin="0:08:27.533" dur="0:00:02.167">And now comes an equation</p>
|
|
150
|
+
<p begin="0:08:29.700" dur="0:00:02.433">which is one of the very few</p>
|
|
151
|
+
<p begin="0:08:32.133" dur="0:00:03.667">that I want you to remember<br />in x... in 801:</p>
|
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152
|
+
<p begin="0:08:35.800" dur="0:00:03.233">v equals dx/dt.</p>
|
|
153
|
+
<p begin="0:08:39.033" dur="0:00:04.233">This is one that you must<br />remember, not only in 801</p>
|
|
154
|
+
<p begin="0:08:43.266" dur="0:00:02.400">but for the rest<br />of your time at MIT.</p>
|
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155
|
+
<p begin="0:08:45.666" dur="0:00:03.267">And this could be larger than 0,<br />this could be 0</p>
|
|
156
|
+
<p begin="0:08:48.933" dur="0:00:02.167">and this could be<br />smaller than 0.</p>
|
|
157
|
+
<p begin="0:08:51.100" dur="0:00:03.433">If the angle of alpha,<br />the tangential, is positive</p>
|
|
158
|
+
<p begin="0:08:54.533" dur="0:00:02.000">then it is a positive value.</p>
|
|
159
|
+
<p begin="0:08:56.533" dur="0:00:03.100">If it is negative, however,<br />when you're here</p>
|
|
160
|
+
<p begin="0:08:59.633" dur="0:00:02.200">then it is a negative velocity.</p>
|
|
161
|
+
<p begin="0:09:01.833" dur="0:00:02.767">And if the angle<br />of alpha is zero</p>
|
|
162
|
+
<p begin="0:09:04.600" dur="0:00:02.233">then the velocity is zero.</p>
|
|
163
|
+
<p begin="0:09:06.833" dur="0:00:02.600">So if we now look at this plot</p>
|
|
164
|
+
<p begin="0:09:09.433" dur="0:00:04.533">we can search for the times<br />that the velocity is zero</p>
|
|
165
|
+
<p begin="0:09:13.966" dur="0:00:03.667">so you have to look<br />for the derivative being zero.</p>
|
|
166
|
+
<p begin="0:09:17.633" dur="0:00:02.800">That means<br />the angle alpha being zero.</p>
|
|
167
|
+
<p begin="0:09:20.433" dur="0:00:02.433">Clearly, here the velocity<br />is zero.</p>
|
|
168
|
+
<p begin="0:09:22.866" dur="0:00:02.434">Right here,<br />at this turning point--</p>
|
|
169
|
+
<p begin="0:09:25.300" dur="0:00:03.400">that means when the object<br />is here-- it is zero.</p>
|
|
170
|
+
<p begin="0:09:28.700" dur="0:00:02.166">When the object is here</p>
|
|
171
|
+
<p begin="0:09:30.866" dur="0:00:02.034">it is again zero<br />at this moment in time.</p>
|
|
172
|
+
<p begin="0:09:32.900" dur="0:00:03.600">Again, the angle is zero,<br />and it is again zero here.</p>
|
|
173
|
+
<p begin="0:09:36.500" dur="0:00:03.433">So those are the times<br />that the velocity is zero.</p>
|
|
174
|
+
<p begin="0:09:39.933" dur="0:00:03.067">What are the times<br />that the velocity is positive?</p>
|
|
175
|
+
<p begin="0:09:43.000" dur="0:00:01.633">Well, it's positive here.</p>
|
|
176
|
+
<p begin="0:09:44.633" dur="0:00:01.800">The velocity's positive here</p>
|
|
177
|
+
<p begin="0:09:46.433" dur="0:00:02.667">still positive, positive,<br />becomes negative</p>
|
|
178
|
+
<p begin="0:09:49.100" dur="0:00:03.566">negative, positive,<br />zero, negative.</p>
|
|
179
|
+
<p begin="0:09:52.666" dur="0:00:05.600">So that's the definition<br />of v, instantaneous velocity.</p>
|
|
180
|
+
<p begin="0:10:00.100" dur="0:00:03.400">What is the instantaneous speed?</p>
|
|
181
|
+
<p begin="0:10:03.500" dur="0:00:03.533">Well, speed is<br />not sign-sensitive.</p>
|
|
182
|
+
<p begin="0:10:07.033" dur="0:00:05.000">Suppose that the velocity here--<br />just... I call that v1--</p>
|
|
183
|
+
<p begin="0:10:12.033" dur="0:00:03.733">suppose that was<br />plus 30 meters per second.</p>
|
|
184
|
+
<p begin="0:10:15.766" dur="0:00:03.767">I just grabbed this number<br />out of the blue.</p>
|
|
185
|
+
<p begin="0:10:19.533" dur="0:00:04.500">And suppose here, somewhere,<br />it was... I call that v2--</p>
|
|
186
|
+
<p begin="0:10:24.033" dur="0:00:03.667">suppose that was<br />minus 100 meters per second.</p>
|
|
187
|
+
<p begin="0:10:27.700" dur="0:00:01.966">This is negative<br />and this is positive.</p>
|
|
188
|
+
<p begin="0:10:29.666" dur="0:00:02.067">Then we would have<br />to say, in physics--</p>
|
|
189
|
+
<p begin="0:10:31.733" dur="0:00:02.767">whether you like it or not,<br />it's not very pleasing--</p>
|
|
190
|
+
<p begin="0:10:34.500" dur="0:00:01.600">but you would have to say</p>
|
|
191
|
+
<p begin="0:10:36.100" dur="0:00:02.666">that this velocity<br />is lower than that one</p>
|
|
192
|
+
<p begin="0:10:38.766" dur="0:00:02.534">because minus 100<br />is lower than plus 30.</p>
|
|
193
|
+
<p begin="0:10:41.300" dur="0:00:03.633">But the speed, of course,<br />is higher here</p>
|
|
194
|
+
<p begin="0:10:44.933" dur="0:00:04.567">because the speed is<br />the magnitude of the velocity</p>
|
|
195
|
+
<p begin="0:10:49.500" dur="0:00:02.433">and is not sign-sensitive.</p>
|
|
196
|
+
<p begin="0:10:51.933" dur="0:00:03.267">So this has the highest speed,<br />of 100 meters per second</p>
|
|
197
|
+
<p begin="0:10:55.200" dur="0:00:01.633">and this has a lower speed</p>
|
|
198
|
+
<p begin="0:10:56.833" dur="0:00:01.933">but this has<br />the lowest velocity.</p>
|
|
199
|
+
<p begin="0:10:58.766" dur="0:00:01.767">It's just an algebraic game</p>
|
|
200
|
+
<p begin="0:11:00.533" dur="0:00:03.067">but very important<br />when you make your calculations.</p>
|
|
201
|
+
<p begin="0:11:05.433" dur="0:00:04.700">I have always wondered<br />what the average speed</p>
|
|
202
|
+
<p begin="0:11:10.133" dur="0:00:04.067">or the average velocity<br />is of a bullet.</p>
|
|
203
|
+
<p begin="0:11:14.200" dur="0:00:04.300">Now I want you to realize<br />I am not a fan of guns at all</p>
|
|
204
|
+
<p begin="0:11:18.500" dur="0:00:02.166">but it always intrigued me.</p>
|
|
205
|
+
<p begin="0:11:20.666" dur="0:00:03.867">How can I measure the average<br />speed of a bullet--</p>
|
|
206
|
+
<p begin="0:11:24.533" dur="0:00:03.367">and I have discussed it<br />with some people here--</p>
|
|
207
|
+
<p begin="0:11:27.900" dur="0:00:03.133">and we came up<br />with an easy way to do that.</p>
|
|
208
|
+
<p begin="0:11:31.033" dur="0:00:06.900">We have a wire, which goes<br />into the blackboards, wire I</p>
|
|
209
|
+
<p begin="0:11:37.933" dur="0:00:02.967">and we have<br />another wire that goes</p>
|
|
210
|
+
<p begin="0:11:40.900" dur="0:00:05.500">into the blackboards, wire II,<br />and the separation is D meters.</p>
|
|
211
|
+
<p begin="0:11:46.400" dur="0:00:02.000">We have to measure that.</p>
|
|
212
|
+
<p begin="0:11:48.400" dur="0:00:01.500">The set-up is here</p>
|
|
213
|
+
<p begin="0:11:49.900" dur="0:00:05.700">so this is wire number I<br />and this is wire number II.</p>
|
|
214
|
+
<p begin="0:11:55.600" dur="0:00:03.100">So you will see D<br />coming in like this,</p>
|
|
215
|
+
<p begin="0:11:58.700" dur="0:00:04.133">so I'll make this a I<br />and I'll make this a II.</p>
|
|
216
|
+
<p begin="0:12:02.833" dur="0:00:02.300">That's the way it's set up.</p>
|
|
217
|
+
<p begin="0:12:05.133" dur="0:00:03.433">And we fire the bullet,<br />which breaks this wire.</p>
|
|
218
|
+
<p begin="0:12:08.566" dur="0:00:02.434">At that moment, the timer starts</p>
|
|
219
|
+
<p begin="0:12:11.000" dur="0:00:04.533">and then it breaks this wire<br />and that's when the timer stops.</p>
|
|
220
|
+
<p begin="0:12:17.900" dur="0:00:03.133">Now, I told you<br />a measurement is meaningless</p>
|
|
221
|
+
<p begin="0:12:21.033" dur="0:00:04.133">without knowledge of the<br />uncertainty in your measurement.</p>
|
|
222
|
+
<p begin="0:12:27.133" dur="0:00:02.833">So there are<br />two uncertainties involved--</p>
|
|
223
|
+
<p begin="0:12:29.966" dur="0:00:02.767">the distance<br />and the timing uncertainty.</p>
|
|
224
|
+
<p begin="0:12:32.733" dur="0:00:05.733">This distance<br />I will measure for you, D.</p>
|
|
225
|
+
<p begin="0:12:38.466" dur="0:00:05.134">I have here a large ruler.</p>
|
|
226
|
+
<p begin="0:12:43.600" dur="0:00:02.466">Here's one wire,<br />here's the other wire.</p>
|
|
227
|
+
<p begin="0:12:46.066" dur="0:00:02.300">I cannot do that<br />any better, really</p>
|
|
228
|
+
<p begin="0:12:48.366" dur="0:00:02.100">than maybe even half<br />a centimeter</p>
|
|
229
|
+
<p begin="0:12:50.466" dur="0:00:02.967">because the situation<br />is not all that stable--</p>
|
|
230
|
+
<p begin="0:12:53.433" dur="0:00:03.933">I don't know what happens when<br />the bullet will hit the wire--</p>
|
|
231
|
+
<p begin="0:12:57.366" dur="0:00:04.934">so I would say<br />it is 148� centimeters</p>
|
|
232
|
+
<p begin="0:13:02.300" dur="0:00:07.266">but I cannot guarantee it to<br />better than half a centimeter--</p>
|
|
233
|
+
<p begin="0:13:09.566" dur="0:00:03.767">148� plus or minus<br />0.5 centimeters.</p>
|
|
234
|
+
<p begin="0:13:14.966" dur="0:00:02.000">I want you to appreciate</p>
|
|
235
|
+
<p begin="0:13:16.966" dur="0:00:03.500">that this is a very small<br />percentage error.</p>
|
|
236
|
+
<p begin="0:13:20.466" dur="0:00:02.900">This is only five parts<br />out of 1,500.</p>
|
|
237
|
+
<p begin="0:13:23.366" dur="0:00:01.867">That is one out of 300,</p>
|
|
238
|
+
<p begin="0:13:25.233" dur="0:00:03.333">so that is only<br />a one-third percent error.</p>
|
|
239
|
+
<p begin="0:13:28.566" dur="0:00:04.567">That's very small-- that's<br />what we call the relative error.</p>
|
|
240
|
+
<p begin="0:13:33.133" dur="0:00:02.500">Then I ask myself the question--</p>
|
|
241
|
+
<p begin="0:13:35.633" dur="0:00:04.367">I want to measure the accuracy<br />of the speed of the bullet</p>
|
|
242
|
+
<p begin="0:13:40.000" dur="0:00:01.666">to about two percent.</p>
|
|
243
|
+
<p begin="0:13:41.666" dur="0:00:01.334">That was my goal.</p>
|
|
244
|
+
<p begin="0:13:43.000" dur="0:00:03.233">How accurate<br />should I do the timing?</p>
|
|
245
|
+
<p begin="0:13:46.233" dur="0:00:04.100">Well, I had to make<br />an estimate very roughly</p>
|
|
246
|
+
<p begin="0:13:50.333" dur="0:00:03.167">how fast the speed<br />of the bullet is</p>
|
|
247
|
+
<p begin="0:13:53.500" dur="0:00:03.300">and I would think it is probably<br />lower than the speed of sound.</p>
|
|
248
|
+
<p begin="0:13:56.800" dur="0:00:02.333">The speed of sound<br />is 340 meters per second.</p>
|
|
249
|
+
<p begin="0:13:59.133" dur="0:00:02.300">I don't know<br />whether it's 200 or 300</p>
|
|
250
|
+
<p begin="0:14:01.433" dur="0:00:02.800">but it's got to be somewhere<br />in that ballpark</p>
|
|
251
|
+
<p begin="0:14:04.233" dur="0:00:02.333">of the kind of bullets<br />that we have--</p>
|
|
252
|
+
<p begin="0:14:06.566" dur="0:00:01.867">200 or 300 meters per second.</p>
|
|
253
|
+
<p begin="0:14:08.433" dur="0:00:03.500">Let us assume that the speed<br />is 300 meters per second--</p>
|
|
254
|
+
<p begin="0:14:11.933" dur="0:00:01.233">just a wild guess.</p>
|
|
255
|
+
<p begin="0:14:13.166" dur="0:00:02.734">Then it would take<br />5 milliseconds</p>
|
|
256
|
+
<p begin="0:14:15.900" dur="0:00:03.633">for this bullet to cross<br />from here to here.</p>
|
|
257
|
+
<p begin="0:14:19.533" dur="0:00:02.900">And if I want<br />to make a measurement</p>
|
|
258
|
+
<p begin="0:14:22.433" dur="0:00:02.100">to two percent accuracy</p>
|
|
259
|
+
<p begin="0:14:24.533" dur="0:00:02.233">I have to know this timing</p>
|
|
260
|
+
<p begin="0:14:26.766" dur="0:00:02.934">to about one-tenth<br />of a millisecond</p>
|
|
261
|
+
<p begin="0:14:29.700" dur="0:00:02.866">because one-tenth<br />of a millisecond</p>
|
|
262
|
+
<p begin="0:14:32.566" dur="0:00:02.534">is about two percent of five.</p>
|
|
263
|
+
<p begin="0:14:35.100" dur="0:00:01.533">So that sets the accuracy</p>
|
|
264
|
+
<p begin="0:14:36.633" dur="0:00:02.567">that I need to make<br />the time measurements.</p>
|
|
265
|
+
<p begin="0:14:39.200" dur="0:00:01.633">And so we do have a timer.</p>
|
|
266
|
+
<p begin="0:14:40.833" dur="0:00:04.533">It is about accurate to<br />about a tenth of a millisecond</p>
|
|
267
|
+
<p begin="0:14:45.366" dur="0:00:02.934">and so now I can measure<br />that time.</p>
|
|
268
|
+
<p begin="0:14:50.233" dur="0:00:01.967">So I am going to have here</p>
|
|
269
|
+
<p begin="0:14:52.200" dur="0:00:03.266">some time that we measure<br />plus or minus 0.1</p>
|
|
270
|
+
<p begin="0:14:55.466" dur="0:00:04.734">and we'll do the whole thing<br />in milliseconds.</p>
|
|
271
|
+
<p begin="0:15:00.200" dur="0:00:05.000">But our final answer will be<br />in meters per second.</p>
|
|
272
|
+
<p begin="0:15:06.933" dur="0:00:05.100">All right, I always have<br />to think hard when I do this</p>
|
|
273
|
+
<p begin="0:15:12.033" dur="0:00:04.667">because when we deal with<br />bullets, that is no kid stuff</p>
|
|
274
|
+
<p begin="0:15:16.700" dur="0:00:02.033">and I... as I said</p>
|
|
275
|
+
<p begin="0:15:18.733" dur="0:00:04.233">I have really no experience<br />firing guns.</p>
|
|
276
|
+
<p begin="0:15:22.966" dur="0:00:01.534">This is the bolt.</p>
|
|
277
|
+
<p begin="0:15:27.966" dur="0:00:01.834">There we go.</p>
|
|
278
|
+
<p begin="0:15:32.333" dur="0:00:01.367">Here's the bolt.</p>
|
|
279
|
+
<p begin="0:15:35.800" dur="0:00:01.233">There we go.</p>
|
|
280
|
+
<p begin="0:15:41.233" dur="0:00:01.167">It's in place.</p>
|
|
281
|
+
<p begin="0:15:42.400" dur="0:00:03.600">Before I do that, I want<br />to check... check the circuits.</p>
|
|
282
|
+
<p begin="0:15:46.000" dur="0:00:03.033">I want to make sure<br />that the electronic circuit</p>
|
|
283
|
+
<p begin="0:15:49.033" dur="0:00:01.333">is properly working.</p>
|
|
284
|
+
<p begin="0:15:50.366" dur="0:00:02.500">You see the timing here, right?</p>
|
|
285
|
+
<p begin="0:15:52.866" dur="0:00:01.700">So I do a small test</p>
|
|
286
|
+
<p begin="0:15:54.566" dur="0:00:02.767">just to see whether<br />the circuit is working.</p>
|
|
287
|
+
<p begin="0:15:59.033" dur="0:00:02.767">Yep, should be working.</p>
|
|
288
|
+
<p begin="0:16:01.800" dur="0:00:02.633">Here comes the bullet.</p>
|
|
289
|
+
<p begin="0:16:11.566" dur="0:00:01.000">You ready?</p>
|
|
290
|
+
<p begin="0:16:12.566" dur="0:00:01.000">I'm ready.</p>
|
|
291
|
+
<p begin="0:16:13.566" dur="0:00:01.834">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
|
|
292
|
+
<p begin="0:16:15.400" dur="0:00:02.000">(<i>bullet whacks metal</i>)</p>
|
|
293
|
+
<p begin="0:16:17.400" dur="0:00:01.433">What do we see?</p>
|
|
294
|
+
<p begin="0:16:20.366" dur="0:00:02.767">5.8 milliseconds.</p>
|
|
295
|
+
<p begin="0:16:25.133" dur="0:00:01.267">5.8.</p>
|
|
296
|
+
<p begin="0:16:26.400" dur="0:00:02.100">Is that what you see?</p>
|
|
297
|
+
<p begin="0:16:28.500" dur="0:00:01.533">Yeah?</p>
|
|
298
|
+
<p begin="0:16:30.033" dur="0:00:02.067">5.8 milliseconds.</p>
|
|
299
|
+
<p begin="0:16:34.200" dur="0:00:03.500">5.8 plus or minus 0.1.</p>
|
|
300
|
+
<p begin="0:16:37.700" dur="0:00:01.833">So out comes the average.</p>
|
|
301
|
+
<p begin="0:16:39.533" dur="0:00:02.433">Call it speed<br />or call it velocity</p>
|
|
302
|
+
<p begin="0:16:41.966" dur="0:00:02.400">it's the same thing<br />in this case.</p>
|
|
303
|
+
<p begin="0:16:44.366" dur="0:00:08.600">148.5, 5.8, and I have to<br />convert it to meters per second.</p>
|
|
304
|
+
<p begin="0:16:52.966" dur="0:00:06.100">That brings it at 256,<br />plus or minus.</p>
|
|
305
|
+
<p begin="0:16:59.066" dur="0:00:03.100">Now you come in here,<br />with your plus or minuses.</p>
|
|
306
|
+
<p begin="0:17:02.166" dur="0:00:03.034">This is a one point...<br />one-third percent error.</p>
|
|
307
|
+
<p begin="0:17:05.200" dur="0:00:02.433">It's negligible to this one.</p>
|
|
308
|
+
<p begin="0:17:07.633" dur="0:00:02.900">One out of 58 is about 1.7%</p>
|
|
309
|
+
<p begin="0:17:10.533" dur="0:00:02.900">so this is the only one<br />we have to worry about</p>
|
|
310
|
+
<p begin="0:17:13.433" dur="0:00:02.633">so the uncertainty in there<br />is about 1.7%.</p>
|
|
311
|
+
<p begin="0:17:16.066" dur="0:00:01.300">It's less than two--</p>
|
|
312
|
+
<p begin="0:17:17.366" dur="0:00:02.834">that's what I wanted<br />and it gives me an error</p>
|
|
313
|
+
<p begin="0:17:20.200" dur="0:00:02.066">of about four meters per second.</p>
|
|
314
|
+
<p begin="0:17:22.266" dur="0:00:02.167">And so this is the result.</p>
|
|
315
|
+
<p begin="0:17:24.433" dur="0:00:02.733">And you see,<br />it's only meaningful</p>
|
|
316
|
+
<p begin="0:17:27.166" dur="0:00:04.267">because we have a good idea<br />about the uncertainties</p>
|
|
317
|
+
<p begin="0:17:31.433" dur="0:00:01.667">in the measurement.</p>
|
|
318
|
+
<p begin="0:17:35.633" dur="0:00:04.400">Just as we introduced<br />average velocity</p>
|
|
319
|
+
<p begin="0:17:40.033" dur="0:00:05.733">now I am going to introduce<br />average acceleration.</p>
|
|
320
|
+
<p begin="0:17:45.766" dur="0:00:06.434">Notice that the velocity changes<br />here throughout time.</p>
|
|
321
|
+
<p begin="0:17:52.200" dur="0:00:04.033">And that brings me<br />to the next part</p>
|
|
322
|
+
<p begin="0:17:56.233" dur="0:00:06.400">the logical part, namely,<br />that we are going to introduce</p>
|
|
323
|
+
<p begin="0:18:02.633" dur="0:00:02.667">an average acceleration</p>
|
|
324
|
+
<p begin="0:18:05.300" dur="0:00:02.900">and with a little bit<br />of imagination</p>
|
|
325
|
+
<p begin="0:18:08.200" dur="0:00:03.466">you can probably guess<br />what that looks like.</p>
|
|
326
|
+
<p begin="0:18:11.666" dur="0:00:05.300">The average acceleration<br />between time t1 and time t2</p>
|
|
327
|
+
<p begin="0:18:16.966" dur="0:00:03.734">would then be the velocity<br />at time t2</p>
|
|
328
|
+
<p begin="0:18:20.700" dur="0:00:05.433">minus the velocity at time t1,<br />divided by t2 minus t1.</p>
|
|
329
|
+
<p begin="0:18:26.133" dur="0:00:04.267">And the dimension is lengths<br />per seconds per time squared</p>
|
|
330
|
+
<p begin="0:18:30.400" dur="0:00:02.533">so it's meters<br />per second squared.</p>
|
|
331
|
+
<p begin="0:18:32.933" dur="0:00:02.800">This is done for<br />a one-dimensional situation.</p>
|
|
332
|
+
<p begin="0:18:35.733" dur="0:00:03.733">This number can be larger than<br />zero, it can be equal to zero</p>
|
|
333
|
+
<p begin="0:18:39.466" dur="0:00:02.067">and it can be smaller than zero.</p>
|
|
334
|
+
<p begin="0:18:41.533" dur="0:00:03.533">In our case, t1 to t2 here</p>
|
|
335
|
+
<p begin="0:18:45.066" dur="0:00:06.167">notice the velocity is zero<br />as a start.</p>
|
|
336
|
+
<p begin="0:18:51.233" dur="0:00:01.400">And it begins to increase</p>
|
|
337
|
+
<p begin="0:18:52.633" dur="0:00:02.133">because this angle of alpha<br />increases.</p>
|
|
338
|
+
<p begin="0:18:54.766" dur="0:00:01.600">It's the angle that matters.</p>
|
|
339
|
+
<p begin="0:18:56.366" dur="0:00:04.067">The angle increases,<br />so in our case from t1 to t2</p>
|
|
340
|
+
<p begin="0:19:00.433" dur="0:00:03.667">the average acceleration<br />is larger than zero.</p>
|
|
341
|
+
<p begin="0:19:04.100" dur="0:00:01.833">Look at the angle.</p>
|
|
342
|
+
<p begin="0:19:05.933" dur="0:00:06.367">However, if you take the average<br />acceleration between t1 and t5</p>
|
|
343
|
+
<p begin="0:19:12.300" dur="0:00:02.800">that is smaller than zero</p>
|
|
344
|
+
<p begin="0:19:15.100" dur="0:00:03.900">because here<br />the velocity is zero</p>
|
|
345
|
+
<p begin="0:19:19.000" dur="0:00:04.066">but here<br />the velocity is negative.</p>
|
|
346
|
+
<p begin="0:19:23.066" dur="0:00:02.234">So if you substitute<br />that in there</p>
|
|
347
|
+
<p begin="0:19:25.300" dur="0:00:03.933">you get an average acceleration<br />which is smaller than zero.</p>
|
|
348
|
+
<p begin="0:19:29.233" dur="0:00:01.933">So the signs in the velocity</p>
|
|
349
|
+
<p begin="0:19:31.166" dur="0:00:03.667">and the signs in average<br />acceleration depend crucially</p>
|
|
350
|
+
<p begin="0:19:34.833" dur="0:00:03.100">on how I have defined<br />my increasing value of x</p>
|
|
351
|
+
<p begin="0:19:37.933" dur="0:00:02.300">not where I choose<br />my zero points.</p>
|
|
352
|
+
<p begin="0:19:40.233" dur="0:00:03.800">If I reverse the direction<br />of increasing x</p>
|
|
353
|
+
<p begin="0:19:44.033" dur="0:00:02.800">then all my signs will change.</p>
|
|
354
|
+
<p begin="0:19:46.833" dur="0:00:02.100">So you can also write down then</p>
|
|
355
|
+
<p begin="0:19:48.933" dur="0:00:02.933">that average acceleration,<br />if you like that</p>
|
|
356
|
+
<p begin="0:19:51.866" dur="0:00:01.900">is delta v divided by delta t</p>
|
|
357
|
+
<p begin="0:19:53.766" dur="0:00:04.034">but you must be careful because<br />the delta t is sign-sensitive.</p>
|
|
358
|
+
<p begin="0:19:57.800" dur="0:00:02.933">You must obey<br />your sign convention.</p>
|
|
359
|
+
<p begin="0:20:02.400" dur="0:00:02.133">I have here a tennis ball</p>
|
|
360
|
+
<p begin="0:20:04.533" dur="0:00:04.567">and I can bounce this tennis<br />ball, I can throw it down.</p>
|
|
361
|
+
<p begin="0:20:09.100" dur="0:00:03.166">And let us assume,<br />just for simplicity</p>
|
|
362
|
+
<p begin="0:20:12.266" dur="0:00:04.567">that it hits the floor<br />at about five meters per second</p>
|
|
363
|
+
<p begin="0:20:16.833" dur="0:00:03.367">and that it's a very,<br />very good tennis ball</p>
|
|
364
|
+
<p begin="0:20:20.200" dur="0:00:02.300">and that it also bounces back</p>
|
|
365
|
+
<p begin="0:20:22.500" dur="0:00:03.800">with a velocity of<br />about five meters per second.</p>
|
|
366
|
+
<p begin="0:20:26.300" dur="0:00:05.333">I will choose this to be<br />my increasing value of x</p>
|
|
367
|
+
<p begin="0:20:31.633" dur="0:00:03.833">and so it hits the floor<br />like this.</p>
|
|
368
|
+
<p begin="0:20:35.466" dur="0:00:04.167">That means the velocity<br />at which it hits the floor</p>
|
|
369
|
+
<p begin="0:20:39.633" dur="0:00:02.767">is minus five meters per second.</p>
|
|
370
|
+
<p begin="0:20:42.400" dur="0:00:03.000">It bounces off, there it comes</p>
|
|
371
|
+
<p begin="0:20:45.400" dur="0:00:04.700">and it goes up with<br />plus five meters per second.</p>
|
|
372
|
+
<p begin="0:20:50.100" dur="0:00:03.233">I call this v1<br />and I call this v2.</p>
|
|
373
|
+
<p begin="0:20:53.333" dur="0:00:04.067">So what, now, is<br />the average acceleration?</p>
|
|
374
|
+
<p begin="0:20:57.400" dur="0:00:04.800">Well, I would have to know<br />the time that it takes</p>
|
|
375
|
+
<p begin="0:21:02.200" dur="0:00:02.900">for this change in direction.</p>
|
|
376
|
+
<p begin="0:21:05.100" dur="0:00:02.966">In other words, we call that<br />the impact time.</p>
|
|
377
|
+
<p begin="0:21:08.066" dur="0:00:03.300">I would say, in this case,<br />the impact time delta t</p>
|
|
378
|
+
<p begin="0:21:11.366" dur="0:00:02.734">is probably about<br />a hundredth of a second</p>
|
|
379
|
+
<p begin="0:21:14.100" dur="0:00:05.066">and so my average acceleration<br />would be v2 minus v1--</p>
|
|
380
|
+
<p begin="0:21:19.166" dur="0:00:03.400">that is<br />plus five minus minus five--</p>
|
|
381
|
+
<p begin="0:21:22.566" dur="0:00:04.100">that is ten divided<br />by ten to the minus two</p>
|
|
382
|
+
<p begin="0:21:26.666" dur="0:00:04.700">and that is plus 1,000 meters<br />per second squared.</p>
|
|
383
|
+
<p begin="0:21:31.366" dur="0:00:03.134">I have observed carefully<br />the signs.</p>
|
|
384
|
+
<p begin="0:21:34.500" dur="0:00:03.200">If now I say,<br />"Aha, I don't like this</p>
|
|
385
|
+
<p begin="0:21:37.700" dur="0:00:04.133">I want to go this-- the value<br />of increasing x."</p>
|
|
386
|
+
<p begin="0:21:41.833" dur="0:00:01.100">No big deal.</p>
|
|
387
|
+
<p begin="0:21:42.933" dur="0:00:03.200">This will become a plus,<br />this will become a minus</p>
|
|
388
|
+
<p begin="0:21:46.133" dur="0:00:02.200">and then this would<br />become a minus.</p>
|
|
389
|
+
<p begin="0:21:48.333" dur="0:00:01.600">So then the acceleration</p>
|
|
390
|
+
<p begin="0:21:49.933" dur="0:00:02.700">is minus 1,000 meters<br />per second squared.</p>
|
|
391
|
+
<p begin="0:21:57.066" dur="0:00:07.267">I have also here a tomato<br />and I have here some eggs.</p>
|
|
392
|
+
<p begin="0:22:05.900" dur="0:00:03.733">Now, imagine now<br />that I throw the tomato down</p>
|
|
393
|
+
<p begin="0:22:09.633" dur="0:00:02.400">or, for that matter, the egg</p>
|
|
394
|
+
<p begin="0:22:12.033" dur="0:00:04.533">and that they hit the floor<br />at five meters per second.</p>
|
|
395
|
+
<p begin="0:22:16.566" dur="0:00:01.867">I could do that.</p>
|
|
396
|
+
<p begin="0:22:18.433" dur="0:00:03.267">They would not come back up.</p>
|
|
397
|
+
<p begin="0:22:21.700" dur="0:00:02.633">They would go...<br />(<i>blows raspberry</i>)</p>
|
|
398
|
+
<p begin="0:22:24.333" dur="0:00:03.333">So therefore the change<br />in velocity would not be ten--</p>
|
|
399
|
+
<p begin="0:22:27.666" dur="0:00:02.934">apart from the sign<br />that you have to think about--</p>
|
|
400
|
+
<p begin="0:22:30.600" dur="0:00:04.166">but it would only be<br />five meters per second.</p>
|
|
401
|
+
<p begin="0:22:34.766" dur="0:00:04.500">The impact time<br />would probably be much longer</p>
|
|
402
|
+
<p begin="0:22:39.266" dur="0:00:02.334">maybe a quarter of a second.</p>
|
|
403
|
+
<p begin="0:22:41.600" dur="0:00:04.566">So therefore the average<br />acceleration during the impact</p>
|
|
404
|
+
<p begin="0:22:46.166" dur="0:00:04.067">would then be only five<br />divided by one quarter...</p>
|
|
405
|
+
<p begin="0:22:50.233" dur="0:00:03.467">would be something like<br />20 meters per second squared.</p>
|
|
406
|
+
<p begin="0:22:53.700" dur="0:00:01.933">Now, whether you call it plus</p>
|
|
407
|
+
<p begin="0:22:55.633" dur="0:00:03.767">or whether you call it minus<br />20 meters per second squared</p>
|
|
408
|
+
<p begin="0:22:59.400" dur="0:00:03.833">depends on your convention<br />of what you call increasing x.</p>
|
|
409
|
+
<p begin="0:23:03.233" dur="0:00:02.367">But the eggs and the tomatoes<br />don't care</p>
|
|
410
|
+
<p begin="0:23:05.600" dur="0:00:02.600">what you call minus<br />and what you call plus.</p>
|
|
411
|
+
<p begin="0:23:08.200" dur="0:00:01.633">Whether the acceleration is</p>
|
|
412
|
+
<p begin="0:23:09.833" dur="0:00:02.033">minus 20 meters<br />per second squared</p>
|
|
413
|
+
<p begin="0:23:11.866" dur="0:00:02.167">or plus 20 meters<br />per second squared</p>
|
|
414
|
+
<p begin="0:23:14.033" dur="0:00:02.700">you'd better believe it,<br />the egg will break.</p>
|
|
415
|
+
<p begin="0:23:16.733" dur="0:00:03.100">So it's only in your convention<br />that it matters</p>
|
|
416
|
+
<p begin="0:23:19.833" dur="0:00:02.933">but, of course,<br />the physics will not change.</p>
|
|
417
|
+
<p begin="0:23:22.766" dur="0:00:01.834">The eggs couldn't care less</p>
|
|
418
|
+
<p begin="0:23:24.600" dur="0:00:03.600">what you have chosen<br />for your sign convention.</p>
|
|
419
|
+
<p begin="0:23:28.200" dur="0:00:01.300">Something breaks</p>
|
|
420
|
+
<p begin="0:23:29.500" dur="0:00:04.333">because the magnitude of<br />acceleration becomes too high.</p>
|
|
421
|
+
<p begin="0:23:33.833" dur="0:00:02.267">That's why something breaks.</p>
|
|
422
|
+
<p begin="0:23:36.100" dur="0:00:04.166">A few days ago, I saw<br />a Sherlock Holmes movie</p>
|
|
423
|
+
<p begin="0:23:40.266" dur="0:00:04.000">and there was a guy<br />who fell on the floor--</p>
|
|
424
|
+
<p begin="0:23:44.266" dur="0:00:05.267">marble floor-- hit his head,<br />was lying there motionless.</p>
|
|
425
|
+
<p begin="0:23:49.533" dur="0:00:05.033">And here was Watson, and<br />Watson said to Sherlock Holmes</p>
|
|
426
|
+
<p begin="0:23:54.566" dur="0:00:01.467">"What happened?"</p>
|
|
427
|
+
<p begin="0:23:56.033" dur="0:00:03.367">Sherlock Holmes<br />walks over to the guy</p>
|
|
428
|
+
<p begin="0:23:59.400" dur="0:00:04.466">touches him and he says,<br />"He crushed his skull."</p>
|
|
429
|
+
<p begin="0:24:03.866" dur="0:00:02.967">He looked very intelligent,<br />I must say, when he said that.</p>
|
|
430
|
+
<p begin="0:24:06.833" dur="0:00:01.200">"He crushed his skull."</p>
|
|
431
|
+
<p begin="0:24:08.033" dur="0:00:02.600">And I said, "Gee, that's<br />really physics in action--</p>
|
|
432
|
+
<p begin="0:24:10.633" dur="0:00:01.167">It's 801 all the way."</p>
|
|
433
|
+
<p begin="0:24:11.800" dur="0:00:01.233">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
|
|
434
|
+
<p begin="0:24:13.033" dur="0:00:03.800">A modest... a really modest<br />velocity when he hits the floor</p>
|
|
435
|
+
<p begin="0:24:16.833" dur="0:00:02.733">but he hit the floor<br />like a billiard ball.</p>
|
|
436
|
+
<p begin="0:24:19.566" dur="0:00:01.800">The guy was bald, for one thing</p>
|
|
437
|
+
<p begin="0:24:21.366" dur="0:00:02.167">and so the impact time<br />was very short.</p>
|
|
438
|
+
<p begin="0:24:23.533" dur="0:00:01.867">And when the impact time<br />is short</p>
|
|
439
|
+
<p begin="0:24:25.400" dur="0:00:02.566">even if you hit the floor<br />with a modest speed</p>
|
|
440
|
+
<p begin="0:24:27.966" dur="0:00:03.067">the acceleration is high...<br />(<i>blows raspberry</i>)</p>
|
|
441
|
+
<p begin="0:24:31.033" dur="0:00:01.233">And that was too much</p>
|
|
442
|
+
<p begin="0:24:32.266" dur="0:00:04.400">and so that's<br />why his skull was crushed.</p>
|
|
443
|
+
<p begin="0:24:36.666" dur="0:00:07.267">So what matters is this changing<br />velocity and the impact time.</p>
|
|
444
|
+
<p begin="0:24:43.933" dur="0:00:06.000">We now want to make one last<br />step from average acceleration.</p>
|
|
445
|
+
<p begin="0:24:49.933" dur="0:00:03.233">We want to go<br />to the acceleration</p>
|
|
446
|
+
<p begin="0:24:53.166" dur="0:00:02.134">at any moment in time</p>
|
|
447
|
+
<p begin="0:24:55.300" dur="0:00:03.900">just the way we did that<br />with velocity.</p>
|
|
448
|
+
<p begin="0:24:59.200" dur="0:00:02.500">And that now is a natural step.</p>
|
|
449
|
+
<p begin="0:25:01.700" dur="0:00:02.966">The acceleration<br />at any moment in time</p>
|
|
450
|
+
<p begin="0:25:04.666" dur="0:00:06.767">will be the limit for delta t<br />goes to zero for v</p>
|
|
451
|
+
<p begin="0:25:11.433" dur="0:00:07.833">measured at t plus delta t<br />minus vt divided by delta t.</p>
|
|
452
|
+
<p begin="0:25:19.266" dur="0:00:03.267">That is<br />the instantaneous acceleration.</p>
|
|
453
|
+
<p begin="0:25:22.533" dur="0:00:02.500">And this, you will recognize</p>
|
|
454
|
+
<p begin="0:25:25.033" dur="0:00:04.000">is the first derivative<br />of velocity versus time</p>
|
|
455
|
+
<p begin="0:25:29.033" dur="0:00:02.933">which is also<br />the second derivative</p>
|
|
456
|
+
<p begin="0:25:31.966" dur="0:00:02.100">of position versus time.</p>
|
|
457
|
+
<p begin="0:25:34.066" dur="0:00:02.467">And so here comes<br />the second equation</p>
|
|
458
|
+
<p begin="0:25:36.533" dur="0:00:02.267">that I really want<br />you to remember</p>
|
|
459
|
+
<p begin="0:25:38.800" dur="0:00:01.733">forever and ever and ever</p>
|
|
460
|
+
<p begin="0:25:40.533" dur="0:00:05.100">that the acceleration<br />is dv/dt</p>
|
|
461
|
+
<p begin="0:25:45.633" dur="0:00:05.167">which is also d2x/dt squared.</p>
|
|
462
|
+
<p begin="0:25:54.200" dur="0:00:04.366">We can go to our plot and we can<br />ask ourselves the question now:</p>
|
|
463
|
+
<p begin="0:25:58.566" dur="0:00:04.234">where is the acceleration zero,<br />where is it larger than zero</p>
|
|
464
|
+
<p begin="0:26:02.800" dur="0:00:02.300">and where is it<br />smaller than zero?</p>
|
|
465
|
+
<p begin="0:26:05.100" dur="0:00:03.900">Because this value can be<br />larger than zero, equal to zero</p>
|
|
466
|
+
<p begin="0:26:09.000" dur="0:00:01.533">and smaller than zero.</p>
|
|
467
|
+
<p begin="0:26:10.533" dur="0:00:02.833">And now you have<br />to be very careful</p>
|
|
468
|
+
<p begin="0:26:13.366" dur="0:00:03.234">when you try to derive that<br />from this plot.</p>
|
|
469
|
+
<p begin="0:26:16.600" dur="0:00:02.133">You have to be very careful</p>
|
|
470
|
+
<p begin="0:26:18.733" dur="0:00:03.567">because you and I have no good<br />feeling for second derivatives.</p>
|
|
471
|
+
<p begin="0:26:22.300" dur="0:00:01.033">Velocity is easy--</p>
|
|
472
|
+
<p begin="0:26:23.333" dur="0:00:02.233">all you have to do<br />is looking at alpha.</p>
|
|
473
|
+
<p begin="0:26:25.566" dur="0:00:02.400">But when it comes<br />to the second derivative</p>
|
|
474
|
+
<p begin="0:26:27.966" dur="0:00:02.200">you have to see<br />how alpha is changing.</p>
|
|
475
|
+
<p begin="0:26:30.166" dur="0:00:04.734">Well, right here,<br />the velocity is not changing</p>
|
|
476
|
+
<p begin="0:26:34.900" dur="0:00:05.066">so the acceleration<br />everywhere here must be zero.</p>
|
|
477
|
+
<p begin="0:26:39.966" dur="0:00:03.267">Here the velocity is increasing</p>
|
|
478
|
+
<p begin="0:26:43.233" dur="0:00:05.167">so the acceleration must be<br />larger than zero here.</p>
|
|
479
|
+
<p begin="0:26:48.400" dur="0:00:03.933">Here, the velocity<br />is almost constant--</p>
|
|
480
|
+
<p begin="0:26:52.333" dur="0:00:02.900">it's almost a straight line.</p>
|
|
481
|
+
<p begin="0:26:55.233" dur="0:00:04.133">What does that mean<br />for the acceleration?</p>
|
|
482
|
+
<p begin="0:26:59.366" dur="0:00:01.534">Zero, exactly.</p>
|
|
483
|
+
<p begin="0:27:00.900" dur="0:00:02.233">Here, when it makes<br />this rounding curve</p>
|
|
484
|
+
<p begin="0:27:03.133" dur="0:00:03.433">the velocity is positive here,<br />but on this side it's negative</p>
|
|
485
|
+
<p begin="0:27:06.566" dur="0:00:02.500">so what does that mean<br />for the acceleration?</p>
|
|
486
|
+
<p begin="0:27:09.066" dur="0:00:01.867">Negative, you got it.</p>
|
|
487
|
+
<p begin="0:27:10.933" dur="0:00:02.833">And so you can now roughly find</p>
|
|
488
|
+
<p begin="0:27:13.766" dur="0:00:02.967">where the acceleration<br />is positive</p>
|
|
489
|
+
<p begin="0:27:16.733" dur="0:00:03.633">where it's negative<br />and where it is zero.</p>
|
|
490
|
+
<p begin="0:27:24.000" dur="0:00:02.700">Let's do<br />a straightforward example</p>
|
|
491
|
+
<p begin="0:27:26.700" dur="0:00:04.000">the way that you could expect<br />it on an assignment</p>
|
|
492
|
+
<p begin="0:27:30.700" dur="0:00:03.066">or, if you were<br />extraordinarily lucky</p>
|
|
493
|
+
<p begin="0:27:33.766" dur="0:00:04.234">you might even get something<br />like that on an exam.</p>
|
|
494
|
+
<p begin="0:27:38.000" dur="0:00:01.800">Very straightforward.</p>
|
|
495
|
+
<p begin="0:27:39.800" dur="0:00:04.900">I'm going to give you the<br />position x as a function of time</p>
|
|
496
|
+
<p begin="0:27:44.700" dur="0:00:06.200">and then ask you lots<br />of questions about it.</p>
|
|
497
|
+
<p begin="0:27:50.900" dur="0:00:05.366">So this example<br />is a working example--</p>
|
|
498
|
+
<p begin="0:27:56.266" dur="0:00:05.567">x equals eight minus 60<br />plus t-squared.</p>
|
|
499
|
+
<p begin="0:28:01.833" dur="0:00:05.167">So this tells you where the<br />object is at any moment in time</p>
|
|
500
|
+
<p begin="0:28:07.000" dur="0:00:02.333">and let this be in meters.</p>
|
|
501
|
+
<p begin="0:28:09.333" dur="0:00:06.333">What now is the velocity<br />at any moment in time?</p>
|
|
502
|
+
<p begin="0:28:15.666" dur="0:00:04.234">Well, that's<br />the derivative dx/dt</p>
|
|
503
|
+
<p begin="0:28:19.900" dur="0:00:07.166">and I use the following--<br />x equals t to the power n.</p>
|
|
504
|
+
<p begin="0:28:27.066" dur="0:00:02.900">Then, as most<br />of you should know</p>
|
|
505
|
+
<p begin="0:28:29.966" dur="0:00:03.867">dx/dt is then n times t<br />to the power n minus one.</p>
|
|
506
|
+
<p begin="0:28:33.833" dur="0:00:01.733">That's all I'm using.</p>
|
|
507
|
+
<p begin="0:28:35.566" dur="0:00:03.400">So the derivative of eight<br />is zero.</p>
|
|
508
|
+
<p begin="0:28:38.966" dur="0:00:04.034">I get here minus six,<br />I get here plus 2t--</p>
|
|
509
|
+
<p begin="0:28:43.000" dur="0:00:03.633">this would be<br />in meters per second---</p>
|
|
510
|
+
<p begin="0:28:46.633" dur="0:00:01.933">and the acceleration...</p>
|
|
511
|
+
<p begin="0:28:48.566" dur="0:00:04.967">I have to take the derivative<br />of the velocity, I get plus two.</p>
|
|
512
|
+
<p begin="0:28:53.533" dur="0:00:02.600">So notice that the acceleration</p>
|
|
513
|
+
<p begin="0:28:56.133" dur="0:00:02.967">is constant in time,<br />is not changing</p>
|
|
514
|
+
<p begin="0:28:59.100" dur="0:00:02.700">but the velocity is changing.</p>
|
|
515
|
+
<p begin="0:29:01.800" dur="0:00:02.766">Well, at time t equals zero...</p>
|
|
516
|
+
<p begin="0:29:04.566" dur="0:00:03.667">just, I will start<br />to probe a little bit.</p>
|
|
517
|
+
<p begin="0:29:08.233" dur="0:00:04.867">I want to get a feeling<br />for what this object is doing.</p>
|
|
518
|
+
<p begin="0:29:13.100" dur="0:00:04.133">At time t equals zero,<br />x is plus eight</p>
|
|
519
|
+
<p begin="0:29:17.233" dur="0:00:04.733">The velocity is minus six<br />meters per second</p>
|
|
520
|
+
<p begin="0:29:21.966" dur="0:00:04.667">and the acceleration<br />equals plus two.</p>
|
|
521
|
+
<p begin="0:29:26.633" dur="0:00:05.900">I can also ask myself<br />at what time does x = 0?</p>
|
|
522
|
+
<p begin="0:29:32.533" dur="0:00:02.200">What are the times<br />that x is zero?</p>
|
|
523
|
+
<p begin="0:29:34.733" dur="0:00:03.133">Well, I have to solve<br />this second-order equation</p>
|
|
524
|
+
<p begin="0:29:37.866" dur="0:00:03.567">which is something that<br />you've all done in high school</p>
|
|
525
|
+
<p begin="0:29:41.433" dur="0:00:02.867">and you will find that<br />that's the case</p>
|
|
526
|
+
<p begin="0:29:44.300" dur="0:00:04.366">when the time is plus two<br />and when the time is plus four.</p>
|
|
527
|
+
<p begin="0:29:48.666" dur="0:00:06.700">Take the plus two...<br />that makes this four.</p>
|
|
528
|
+
<p begin="0:29:55.366" dur="0:00:02.934">4 + 8 = 12, minus 6 x 2,<br />that's 0.</p>
|
|
529
|
+
<p begin="0:29:58.300" dur="0:00:05.166">So you see the 2 works and<br />you check that the 4 also works.</p>
|
|
530
|
+
<p begin="0:30:05.700" dur="0:00:02.866">Just for my curiosity,<br />when is the velocity zero?</p>
|
|
531
|
+
<p begin="0:30:08.566" dur="0:00:01.034">Oh, that's easy--</p>
|
|
532
|
+
<p begin="0:30:09.600" dur="0:00:01.900">that's when this equation<br />is zero</p>
|
|
533
|
+
<p begin="0:30:11.500" dur="0:00:01.833">so that's when t equals three.</p>
|
|
534
|
+
<p begin="0:30:15.700" dur="0:00:02.300">What is, at that moment,<br />the position?</p>
|
|
535
|
+
<p begin="0:30:18.000" dur="0:00:02.500">Well, I substitute<br />t equals three in here</p>
|
|
536
|
+
<p begin="0:30:20.500" dur="0:00:02.400">and that gives me minus one.</p>
|
|
537
|
+
<p begin="0:30:22.900" dur="0:00:03.733">x = -1.</p>
|
|
538
|
+
<p begin="0:30:26.633" dur="0:00:05.367">So now I'm ready to plot x<br />as a function of t.</p>
|
|
539
|
+
<p begin="0:30:32.000" dur="0:00:02.300">It's, of course, a parabola</p>
|
|
540
|
+
<p begin="0:30:34.300" dur="0:00:04.433">and I use this information<br />that we have just derived.</p>
|
|
541
|
+
<p begin="0:30:38.733" dur="0:00:01.900">So here comes my plot.</p>
|
|
542
|
+
<p begin="0:30:44.800" dur="0:00:03.800">Let this be<br />increasing value of x</p>
|
|
543
|
+
<p begin="0:30:48.600" dur="0:00:05.166">let this be eight<br />and let this be minus one.</p>
|
|
544
|
+
<p begin="0:30:56.166" dur="0:00:02.200">This is the time axis.</p>
|
|
545
|
+
<p begin="0:30:58.366" dur="0:00:01.867">I have a zero here</p>
|
|
546
|
+
<p begin="0:31:00.233" dur="0:00:05.167">and so I want to cover,<br />let's say, about six seconds</p>
|
|
547
|
+
<p begin="0:31:05.400" dur="0:00:08.000">so I have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.</p>
|
|
548
|
+
<p begin="0:31:16.766" dur="0:00:02.734">Now I am going to use<br />this information</p>
|
|
549
|
+
<p begin="0:31:19.500" dur="0:00:04.200">in order to give you a curve<br />which is similar to that one</p>
|
|
550
|
+
<p begin="0:31:23.700" dur="0:00:03.966">except this is a simple one--<br />this is just a parabola.</p>
|
|
551
|
+
<p begin="0:31:27.666" dur="0:00:03.900">So I know<br />that at time t equals zero</p>
|
|
552
|
+
<p begin="0:31:31.566" dur="0:00:03.600">the object is at position eight.</p>
|
|
553
|
+
<p begin="0:31:35.166" dur="0:00:04.267">I know that x is zero...<br />that x is zero</p>
|
|
554
|
+
<p begin="0:31:39.433" dur="0:00:02.767">at the time 2 and at the time 4</p>
|
|
555
|
+
<p begin="0:31:42.200" dur="0:00:04.600">so the object is here<br />at this time and at this time.</p>
|
|
556
|
+
<p begin="0:31:46.800" dur="0:00:04.433">And I know that<br />at time t equals three</p>
|
|
557
|
+
<p begin="0:31:51.233" dur="0:00:06.033">it is at position minus one,<br />so the object is here.</p>
|
|
558
|
+
<p begin="0:31:57.266" dur="0:00:03.167">And I also know<br />that the velocity is zero</p>
|
|
559
|
+
<p begin="0:32:00.433" dur="0:00:01.667">so we can check that.</p>
|
|
560
|
+
<p begin="0:32:02.100" dur="0:00:02.800">And so if I make this plot now</p>
|
|
561
|
+
<p begin="0:32:04.900" dur="0:00:04.633">then we would get a curve<br />that's sort of like this</p>
|
|
562
|
+
<p begin="0:32:09.533" dur="0:00:04.733">and yes, indeed, notice,<br />the velocity here is zero.</p>
|
|
563
|
+
<p begin="0:32:14.266" dur="0:00:02.334">The angle alpha equals zero.</p>
|
|
564
|
+
<p begin="0:32:20.233" dur="0:00:03.400">The object starts out<br />at t equals zero</p>
|
|
565
|
+
<p begin="0:32:23.633" dur="0:00:02.300">with a negative velocity.</p>
|
|
566
|
+
<p begin="0:32:25.933" dur="0:00:04.967">You can see that-- the object<br />at t equals zero is here.</p>
|
|
567
|
+
<p begin="0:32:30.900" dur="0:00:02.600">This is where the object is,<br />I hope you realize that.</p>
|
|
568
|
+
<p begin="0:32:33.500" dur="0:00:01.266">The object is never here.</p>
|
|
569
|
+
<p begin="0:32:34.766" dur="0:00:02.534">This is the road, this is<br />the one-dimensional track</p>
|
|
570
|
+
<p begin="0:32:37.300" dur="0:00:01.566">on which the object is sitting.</p>
|
|
571
|
+
<p begin="0:32:38.866" dur="0:00:03.434">The object is here and it starts<br />going in this direction.</p>
|
|
572
|
+
<p begin="0:32:42.300" dur="0:00:02.166">If it starts going<br />in this direction</p>
|
|
573
|
+
<p begin="0:32:44.466" dur="0:00:02.067">the velocity must be<br />less than zero</p>
|
|
574
|
+
<p begin="0:32:46.533" dur="0:00:02.000">and indeed it is,<br />it's minus six.</p>
|
|
575
|
+
<p begin="0:32:48.533" dur="0:00:02.333">But there is the acceleration</p>
|
|
576
|
+
<p begin="0:32:50.866" dur="0:00:02.800">which is plus two<br />in<i>this</i>direction.</p>
|
|
577
|
+
<p begin="0:32:53.666" dur="0:00:04.134">The acceleration says,<br />"I don't want you to go down.</p>
|
|
578
|
+
<p begin="0:32:57.800" dur="0:00:01.600">I want you to go up!"</p>
|
|
579
|
+
<p begin="0:32:59.400" dur="0:00:01.900">Well, the velocity says</p>
|
|
580
|
+
<p begin="0:33:01.300" dur="0:00:03.433">"Sorry, all I can do<br />is slowly, slowly change"</p>
|
|
581
|
+
<p begin="0:33:04.733" dur="0:00:02.100">and that's what it's doing.</p>
|
|
582
|
+
<p begin="0:33:06.833" dur="0:00:02.500">It's slowly changing<br />the velocity</p>
|
|
583
|
+
<p begin="0:33:09.333" dur="0:00:03.667">and there comes a time<br />that the velocity is zero</p>
|
|
584
|
+
<p begin="0:33:13.000" dur="0:00:03.466">so the object goes down,<br />the velocity changes</p>
|
|
585
|
+
<p begin="0:33:16.466" dur="0:00:02.267">and when it is<br />at position minus one</p>
|
|
586
|
+
<p begin="0:33:18.733" dur="0:00:03.767">it has come to a grinding halt<br />and now it is returning.</p>
|
|
587
|
+
<p begin="0:33:22.500" dur="0:00:03.800">This positive value of a<br />is now increasing the velocity</p>
|
|
588
|
+
<p begin="0:33:26.300" dur="0:00:01.700">and that's what you see.</p>
|
|
589
|
+
<p begin="0:33:28.000" dur="0:00:01.966">I therefore bet you a<i>nickel</i></p>
|
|
590
|
+
<p begin="0:33:29.966" dur="0:00:03.800">that if you substitute,<br />in that equation, t equals four</p>
|
|
591
|
+
<p begin="0:33:33.766" dur="0:00:02.567">that the velocity<i>better</i><br />be positive.</p>
|
|
592
|
+
<p begin="0:33:36.333" dur="0:00:03.267">It has changed<br />from a minus sign to a plus sign</p>
|
|
593
|
+
<p begin="0:33:39.600" dur="0:00:02.633">because of<br />this positive acceleration.</p>
|
|
594
|
+
<p begin="0:33:42.233" dur="0:00:03.567">I bet you a nickel<br />t equals four.</p>
|
|
595
|
+
<p begin="0:33:45.800" dur="0:00:03.033">What is x... uh, what is v?</p>
|
|
596
|
+
<p begin="0:33:48.833" dur="0:00:02.033">We want to know v.</p>
|
|
597
|
+
<p begin="0:33:50.866" dur="0:00:03.900">8 - 6 + 2 meters per second.</p>
|
|
598
|
+
<p begin="0:33:54.766" dur="0:00:01.167">You see?</p>
|
|
599
|
+
<p begin="0:33:55.933" dur="0:00:03.167">Physics works-- v is now<br />plus two meters per second.</p>
|
|
600
|
+
<p begin="0:33:59.100" dur="0:00:02.466">So all that information<br />is in there</p>
|
|
601
|
+
<p begin="0:34:01.566" dur="0:00:03.100">but I want you to be able<br />to also digest it.</p>
|
|
602
|
+
<p begin="0:34:04.666" dur="0:00:01.600">Don't look at that curve</p>
|
|
603
|
+
<p begin="0:34:06.266" dur="0:00:03.000">as just some dumb parabola,<br />some dumb curve.</p>
|
|
604
|
+
<p begin="0:34:09.266" dur="0:00:02.100">Try to imagine<br />what is happening</p>
|
|
605
|
+
<p begin="0:34:11.366" dur="0:00:02.534">and only then<br />do you get some insight.</p>
|
|
606
|
+
<p begin="0:34:13.900" dur="0:00:04.666">Then you really begin<br />to get it in your brains.</p>
|
|
607
|
+
<p begin="0:34:18.566" dur="0:00:05.200">I now would like to write down,<br />in most general form</p>
|
|
608
|
+
<p begin="0:34:23.766" dur="0:00:04.700">the equation for the position<br />and the velocity</p>
|
|
609
|
+
<p begin="0:34:28.466" dur="0:00:05.134">as a function of time<br />for a one-dimensional motion</p>
|
|
610
|
+
<p begin="0:34:33.600" dur="0:00:03.766">whereby the acceleration<br />is constant.</p>
|
|
611
|
+
<p begin="0:34:37.366" dur="0:00:02.634">So it's going to be<br />one-dimensional again</p>
|
|
612
|
+
<p begin="0:34:40.000" dur="0:00:02.733">and we have a is going<br />to be a constant.</p>
|
|
613
|
+
<p begin="0:34:42.733" dur="0:00:02.367">And so the equation<br />that I write down</p>
|
|
614
|
+
<p begin="0:34:45.100" dur="0:00:03.200">is the most general way<br />that I can write it down.</p>
|
|
615
|
+
<p begin="0:34:48.300" dur="0:00:05.933">So we're going to get<br />x equals some number C1</p>
|
|
616
|
+
<p begin="0:34:54.233" dur="0:00:06.867">plus some C2 times t,<br />plus some C3 times t squared.</p>
|
|
617
|
+
<p begin="0:35:01.100" dur="0:00:02.800">And notice... oh,<br />I already erased my example.</p>
|
|
618
|
+
<p begin="0:35:03.900" dur="0:00:01.100">My example is gone</p>
|
|
619
|
+
<p begin="0:35:05.000" dur="0:00:02.933">but you would have seen<br />this was an eight before</p>
|
|
620
|
+
<p begin="0:35:07.933" dur="0:00:02.467">and here we had...<br />uh, what did we have?</p>
|
|
621
|
+
<p begin="0:35:10.400" dur="0:00:05.366">Minus... we had minus 6t<br />and we had plus 1t squared.</p>
|
|
622
|
+
<p begin="0:35:15.766" dur="0:00:06.367">So you recognize these three...<br />I can now take the derivative</p>
|
|
623
|
+
<p begin="0:35:22.133" dur="0:00:06.167">and so I get C2 plus 2C3<br />times t</p>
|
|
624
|
+
<p begin="0:35:28.300" dur="0:00:08.400">and then I get<br />the acceleration equals 2C3.</p>
|
|
625
|
+
<p begin="0:35:36.700" dur="0:00:06.066">And now we get some insight<br />into these quantities.</p>
|
|
626
|
+
<p begin="0:35:42.766" dur="0:00:04.567">Clearly, x1... C1<br />is the position of x</p>
|
|
627
|
+
<p begin="0:35:47.333" dur="0:00:02.733">at time t equals zero</p>
|
|
628
|
+
<p begin="0:35:50.066" dur="0:00:04.234">for which we often write<br />an x zero.</p>
|
|
629
|
+
<p begin="0:35:54.300" dur="0:00:04.666">Because when t is zero,<br />that is where x is.</p>
|
|
630
|
+
<p begin="0:35:58.966" dur="0:00:05.200">C2 is really the velocity<br />at time t equals zero</p>
|
|
631
|
+
<p begin="0:36:04.166" dur="0:00:04.834">because when t is zero,<br />that's when C2 is v.</p>
|
|
632
|
+
<p begin="0:36:09.000" dur="0:00:07.166">And the acceleration is<br />now changing with time.</p>
|
|
633
|
+
<p begin="0:36:16.166" dur="0:00:05.300">It's 2C3, therefore C3<br />is half the acceleration.</p>
|
|
634
|
+
<p begin="0:36:21.466" dur="0:00:01.534">So this gives you some insight</p>
|
|
635
|
+
<p begin="0:36:23.000" dur="0:00:01.733">in the meaning<br />of these quantities</p>
|
|
636
|
+
<p begin="0:36:24.733" dur="0:00:03.033">and you can see... you can read<br />now, some physics in there.</p>
|
|
637
|
+
<p begin="0:36:27.766" dur="0:00:02.600">C1, C2, and C3<br />can independently be</p>
|
|
638
|
+
<p begin="0:36:30.366" dur="0:00:03.434">either zero, or larger<br />than zero, or negative.</p>
|
|
639
|
+
<p begin="0:36:33.800" dur="0:00:04.133">It makes no difference--<br />each one of these combinations</p>
|
|
640
|
+
<p begin="0:36:37.933" dur="0:00:02.533">is a valid possibility<br />in physics.</p>
|
|
641
|
+
<p begin="0:36:42.700" dur="0:00:02.300">When we have gravity</p>
|
|
642
|
+
<p begin="0:36:45.000" dur="0:00:06.133">an object is influenced by<br />the gravitational acceleration</p>
|
|
643
|
+
<p begin="0:36:51.133" dur="0:00:05.300">and the gravitational<br />acceleration is a constant.</p>
|
|
644
|
+
<p begin="0:36:56.433" dur="0:00:01.433">And we write, often</p>
|
|
645
|
+
<p begin="0:36:57.866" dur="0:00:04.000">for that gravitational<br />acceleration, the letter "g".</p>
|
|
646
|
+
<p begin="0:37:01.866" dur="0:00:03.767">Whether I drop an object<br />or throw it vertically up</p>
|
|
647
|
+
<p begin="0:37:05.633" dur="0:00:04.233">or I throw it vertically down,<br />it's all one-dimensional.</p>
|
|
648
|
+
<p begin="0:37:09.866" dur="0:00:03.700">It becomes two-dimensional<br />when I throw it at an angle.</p>
|
|
649
|
+
<p begin="0:37:13.566" dur="0:00:02.034">I keep it one-dimensional</p>
|
|
650
|
+
<p begin="0:37:15.600" dur="0:00:02.700">the acceleration is<br />always the same</p>
|
|
651
|
+
<p begin="0:37:18.300" dur="0:00:03.333">and that g--<br />gravitational acceleration--</p>
|
|
652
|
+
<p begin="0:37:21.633" dur="0:00:03.500">in Boston is 9.80 meters<br />per second squared</p>
|
|
653
|
+
<p begin="0:37:25.133" dur="0:00:04.700">and it varies a little bit<br />for different places on Earth.</p>
|
|
654
|
+
<p begin="0:37:31.433" dur="0:00:03.467">This gravitational acceleration<br />is independent</p>
|
|
655
|
+
<p begin="0:37:34.900" dur="0:00:02.766">of the mass<br />of the object that I drop</p>
|
|
656
|
+
<p begin="0:37:37.666" dur="0:00:02.034">of the speed of the object</p>
|
|
657
|
+
<p begin="0:37:39.700" dur="0:00:03.100">of the chemical<br />composition of the object</p>
|
|
658
|
+
<p begin="0:37:42.800" dur="0:00:04.233">of the size of the object<br />and of the shape of the object</p>
|
|
659
|
+
<p begin="0:37:47.033" dur="0:00:02.500">assuming that we have<br />no air drag</p>
|
|
660
|
+
<p begin="0:37:49.533" dur="0:00:04.200">assuming that these experiments<br />are done in... in vacuum.</p>
|
|
661
|
+
<p begin="0:37:53.733" dur="0:00:03.633">Is it obvious that<br />the gravitational acceleration</p>
|
|
662
|
+
<p begin="0:37:57.366" dur="0:00:02.967">is independent<br />of all these quantities?</p>
|
|
663
|
+
<p begin="0:38:00.333" dur="0:00:01.900">By no means.</p>
|
|
664
|
+
<p begin="0:38:02.233" dur="0:00:01.733">Is it true?</p>
|
|
665
|
+
<p begin="0:38:03.966" dur="0:00:03.267">We think so, but I want you<br />to appreciate</p>
|
|
666
|
+
<p begin="0:38:07.233" dur="0:00:01.800">that it is not obvious</p>
|
|
667
|
+
<p begin="0:38:09.033" dur="0:00:03.733">and it can not be proven<br />from first principles.</p>
|
|
668
|
+
<p begin="0:38:15.633" dur="0:00:04.100">Remember, last time we dropped<br />an apple from three meters</p>
|
|
669
|
+
<p begin="0:38:19.733" dur="0:00:03.900">and we dropped another one<br />from one and a half meters.</p>
|
|
670
|
+
<p begin="0:38:23.633" dur="0:00:03.767">And in your second assignment,<br />which you haven't seen yet</p>
|
|
671
|
+
<p begin="0:38:27.400" dur="0:00:01.833">I'm asking you to calculate</p>
|
|
672
|
+
<p begin="0:38:29.233" dur="0:00:02.467">the gravitational<br />acceleration for me</p>
|
|
673
|
+
<p begin="0:38:31.700" dur="0:00:01.966">using these both experiments.</p>
|
|
674
|
+
<p begin="0:38:33.666" dur="0:00:02.767">And, of course,<br />I want you to also tell me</p>
|
|
675
|
+
<p begin="0:38:36.433" dur="0:00:03.000">what the uncertainty is<br />in your final answer.</p>
|
|
676
|
+
<p begin="0:38:39.433" dur="0:00:05.667">And I'd like to help you<br />a little bit to set it up</p>
|
|
677
|
+
<p begin="0:38:45.100" dur="0:00:05.933">and also to get these equations<br />in terms of gravity.</p>
|
|
678
|
+
<p begin="0:38:51.033" dur="0:00:04.567">Whenever we deal with gravity,<br />we get the g in there.</p>
|
|
679
|
+
<p begin="0:38:55.600" dur="0:00:04.533">So suppose here is the object<br />at time t equals zero.</p>
|
|
680
|
+
<p begin="0:39:00.133" dur="0:00:04.233">It was the apple, and I call<br />that position x zero.</p>
|
|
681
|
+
<p begin="0:39:04.366" dur="0:00:03.167">I call that zero, I'm free<br />to choose my zero position</p>
|
|
682
|
+
<p begin="0:39:07.533" dur="0:00:01.533">and I drop it zero speed.</p>
|
|
683
|
+
<p begin="0:39:09.066" dur="0:00:03.634">I just let it go, because that's<br />the way we did it in class.</p>
|
|
684
|
+
<p begin="0:39:12.700" dur="0:00:06.333">The object goes down<br />and it hits the floor.</p>
|
|
685
|
+
<p begin="0:39:19.033" dur="0:00:05.800">Well, the general equations,<br />now, which deal in gravity...</p>
|
|
686
|
+
<p begin="0:39:24.833" dur="0:00:04.300">If I call this<br />the increasing value of x...</p>
|
|
687
|
+
<p begin="0:39:29.133" dur="0:00:03.667">You can choose it differently.</p>
|
|
688
|
+
<p begin="0:39:32.800" dur="0:00:05.266">This is my choice today...<br />is the following.</p>
|
|
689
|
+
<p begin="0:39:38.066" dur="0:00:06.634">x equals x zero plus v zero t<br />plus one-half g t squared</p>
|
|
690
|
+
<p begin="0:39:44.700" dur="0:00:09.066">and g now is 9.80 meters<br />per second squared.</p>
|
|
691
|
+
<p begin="0:39:53.766" dur="0:00:03.934">The velocity,<br />at any moment in time</p>
|
|
692
|
+
<p begin="0:39:57.700" dur="0:00:02.400">equals v zero plus gt</p>
|
|
693
|
+
<p begin="0:40:00.100" dur="0:00:05.666">and the acceleration<br />is constant-- it's simply g.</p>
|
|
694
|
+
<p begin="0:40:05.766" dur="0:00:03.934">Now, in my case, I have chosen<br />t equals zero, x zero, zero</p>
|
|
695
|
+
<p begin="0:40:09.700" dur="0:00:02.766">and I have chosen this zero,<br />so these go.</p>
|
|
696
|
+
<p begin="0:40:12.466" dur="0:00:03.567">And so you see<br />that when the object is here--</p>
|
|
697
|
+
<p begin="0:40:16.033" dur="0:00:03.167">which is three meters<br />below this point--</p>
|
|
698
|
+
<p begin="0:40:19.200" dur="0:00:04.166">and you know the time,<br />how long it took to get there</p>
|
|
699
|
+
<p begin="0:40:23.366" dur="0:00:01.800">that you can now calculate "g"</p>
|
|
700
|
+
<p begin="0:40:25.166" dur="0:00:02.167">because x would be then<br />three meters.</p>
|
|
701
|
+
<p begin="0:40:27.333" dur="0:00:01.300">That's when it's here.</p>
|
|
702
|
+
<p begin="0:40:28.633" dur="0:00:01.833">We made a measurement in class</p>
|
|
703
|
+
<p begin="0:40:30.466" dur="0:00:02.234">how long it took,<br />so you know the time</p>
|
|
704
|
+
<p begin="0:40:32.700" dur="0:00:02.900">and so you can come up<br />with a value for g.</p>
|
|
705
|
+
<p begin="0:40:35.600" dur="0:00:02.666">And you can do that<br />for both measurements</p>
|
|
706
|
+
<p begin="0:40:38.266" dur="0:00:02.834">and, of course, I want you<br />to tell me, also</p>
|
|
707
|
+
<p begin="0:40:41.100" dur="0:00:03.066">what the uncertainty is<br />in those measurements.</p>
|
|
708
|
+
<p begin="0:40:44.166" dur="0:00:04.034">Remember that we derived,<br />last time, that C...</p>
|
|
709
|
+
<p begin="0:40:48.200" dur="0:00:04.366">that the time that it takes<br />for the apple to fall</p>
|
|
710
|
+
<p begin="0:40:52.566" dur="0:00:03.134">was C times the square root<br />of h over g</p>
|
|
711
|
+
<p begin="0:40:55.700" dur="0:00:02.733">and we never knew<br />what that C was.</p>
|
|
712
|
+
<p begin="0:40:58.433" dur="0:00:01.933">I did a demonstration<br />to show you</p>
|
|
713
|
+
<p begin="0:41:00.366" dur="0:00:03.100">that the time is proportional<br />to the square root of h.</p>
|
|
714
|
+
<p begin="0:41:03.466" dur="0:00:01.767">We never knew what that C was.</p>
|
|
715
|
+
<p begin="0:41:05.233" dur="0:00:03.033">Now you know, because now you<br />have the equations here</p>
|
|
716
|
+
<p begin="0:41:08.266" dur="0:00:03.367">and you see that that C simply<br />was the square root of two.</p>
|
|
717
|
+
<p begin="0:41:11.633" dur="0:00:04.133">But I could not derive that<br />from my dimensional analysis.</p>
|
|
718
|
+
<p begin="0:41:18.766" dur="0:00:05.534">Now I want you to relax<br />and, at the same time</p>
|
|
719
|
+
<p begin="0:41:24.300" dur="0:00:04.533">get a little bit alert<br />for a change.</p>
|
|
720
|
+
<p begin="0:41:28.833" dur="0:00:02.633">Look at this situation,<br />v equals gt.</p>
|
|
721
|
+
<p begin="0:41:31.466" dur="0:00:02.400">That means<br />when I drop an apple--</p>
|
|
722
|
+
<p begin="0:41:33.866" dur="0:00:03.034">and I'm going to drop<br />another one today--</p>
|
|
723
|
+
<p begin="0:41:36.900" dur="0:00:03.233">that the velocity<br />increases with time.</p>
|
|
724
|
+
<p begin="0:41:40.133" dur="0:00:03.967">So if I strobe this apple<br />while it was falling</p>
|
|
725
|
+
<p begin="0:41:44.100" dur="0:00:03.700">I would see the separation,<br />when it strobes</p>
|
|
726
|
+
<p begin="0:41:47.800" dur="0:00:05.366">to increase with time, because<br />the velocity goes up with time.</p>
|
|
727
|
+
<p begin="0:41:56.233" dur="0:00:04.933">I have here an apple, or<br />I am going to put an apple up</p>
|
|
728
|
+
<p begin="0:42:01.166" dur="0:00:04.400">about three meters from<br />the floor-- three meters.</p>
|
|
729
|
+
<p begin="0:42:05.566" dur="0:00:04.067">So the height is three meters,<br />approximately.</p>
|
|
730
|
+
<p begin="0:42:09.633" dur="0:00:03.100">We know from last time,<br />remember, we did it</p>
|
|
731
|
+
<p begin="0:42:12.733" dur="0:00:03.400">it was about 780 milliseconds<br />to hit the floor.</p>
|
|
732
|
+
<p begin="0:42:16.133" dur="0:00:03.000">I will just round it off<br />and I think about it...</p>
|
|
733
|
+
<p begin="0:42:19.133" dur="0:00:03.300">about eight-tenths of a second,<br />just to get an idea.</p>
|
|
734
|
+
<p begin="0:42:22.433" dur="0:00:06.667">If I flash it, if I strobe it<br />twice per second--</p>
|
|
735
|
+
<p begin="0:42:29.100" dur="0:00:02.766">we call that two hertz--</p>
|
|
736
|
+
<p begin="0:42:31.866" dur="0:00:04.200">so my strobe is<br />two times per second.</p>
|
|
737
|
+
<p begin="0:42:38.333" dur="0:00:03.033">Then I should hit that ball,<br />when it's falling</p>
|
|
738
|
+
<p begin="0:42:41.366" dur="0:00:01.834">twice with my strobe light.</p>
|
|
739
|
+
<p begin="0:42:43.200" dur="0:00:02.100">I don't know<br />where it is, though</p>
|
|
740
|
+
<p begin="0:42:45.300" dur="0:00:03.533">because when we strobe it<br />and when I let the apple go</p>
|
|
741
|
+
<p begin="0:42:48.833" dur="0:00:03.000">the two are not synchronized,<br />so maybe the first time</p>
|
|
742
|
+
<p begin="0:42:51.833" dur="0:00:02.100">that the light blinks,<br />it may be here</p>
|
|
743
|
+
<p begin="0:42:53.933" dur="0:00:02.033">and the second time,<br />it may be here.</p>
|
|
744
|
+
<p begin="0:42:55.966" dur="0:00:02.967">But it's also possible<br />that the first time it's here</p>
|
|
745
|
+
<p begin="0:42:58.933" dur="0:00:01.933">and the second time, it's there.</p>
|
|
746
|
+
<p begin="0:43:00.866" dur="0:00:02.800">And so the first thing<br />I want to do</p>
|
|
747
|
+
<p begin="0:43:03.666" dur="0:00:02.134">is to test your alertness.</p>
|
|
748
|
+
<p begin="0:43:05.800" dur="0:00:01.166">We will blink.</p>
|
|
749
|
+
<p begin="0:43:06.966" dur="0:00:02.467">You will tell me<br />where you see them.</p>
|
|
750
|
+
<p begin="0:43:09.433" dur="0:00:01.900">But we will take a picture.</p>
|
|
751
|
+
<p begin="0:43:11.333" dur="0:00:02.833">We will take a picture<br />which will show us</p>
|
|
752
|
+
<p begin="0:43:14.166" dur="0:00:02.434">exactly where<br />those two balls were.</p>
|
|
753
|
+
<p begin="0:43:16.600" dur="0:00:02.633">So that's<br />the first alertness test.</p>
|
|
754
|
+
<p begin="0:43:19.233" dur="0:00:04.200">So get ready for this,<br />and then we will do a second one</p>
|
|
755
|
+
<p begin="0:43:23.433" dur="0:00:02.333">which is even more intriguing.</p>
|
|
756
|
+
<p begin="0:43:25.766" dur="0:00:06.567">So now I have<br />to first lower this velvet</p>
|
|
757
|
+
<p begin="0:43:32.333" dur="0:00:06.233">so that we get<br />a nice dark background.</p>
|
|
758
|
+
<p begin="0:43:45.300" dur="0:00:01.000">There we go.</p>
|
|
759
|
+
<p begin="0:43:46.300" dur="0:00:01.300">(<i>whooshes</i>)</p>
|
|
760
|
+
<p begin="0:43:53.900" dur="0:00:05.566">Wow, with my fingerprints on it,<br />it's not so black any more.</p>
|
|
761
|
+
<p begin="0:43:59.466" dur="0:00:03.467">There it is...<br />that's the background.</p>
|
|
762
|
+
<p begin="0:44:10.033" dur="0:00:01.267">Oh, what am I doing?</p>
|
|
763
|
+
<p begin="0:44:11.300" dur="0:00:03.533">I need the ladder again--<br />I have to bring the apple up!</p>
|
|
764
|
+
<p begin="0:44:16.600" dur="0:00:02.933">Friday's always<br />a bad day for me.</p>
|
|
765
|
+
<p begin="0:44:19.533" dur="0:00:04.367">Okay... so now I am going<br />to bring the apple up.</p>
|
|
766
|
+
<p begin="0:44:23.900" dur="0:00:03.933">There's some metal here,<br />there are electromagnets</p>
|
|
767
|
+
<p begin="0:44:27.833" dur="0:00:02.500">and so I throw a switch here</p>
|
|
768
|
+
<p begin="0:44:30.333" dur="0:00:03.067">so that the electromagnet<br />is activated.</p>
|
|
769
|
+
<p begin="0:44:33.400" dur="0:00:02.866">Very similar<br />to what we did last time.</p>
|
|
770
|
+
<p begin="0:44:36.266" dur="0:00:04.534">We have to put the apple up<br />and the apple is hanging there.</p>
|
|
771
|
+
<p begin="0:44:41.800" dur="0:00:01.133">There we go.</p>
|
|
772
|
+
<p begin="0:44:50.100" dur="0:00:02.966">So now I have to start<br />the, uh...</p>
|
|
773
|
+
<p begin="0:44:58.100" dur="0:00:03.733">The strobe.</p>
|
|
774
|
+
<p begin="0:45:05.400" dur="0:00:02.933">That's about two hertz, that's<br />about two flashes per second</p>
|
|
775
|
+
<p begin="0:45:08.333" dur="0:00:02.600">and I'm going to make it<br />pitch black.</p>
|
|
776
|
+
<p begin="0:45:13.633" dur="0:00:01.600">Pitch black.</p>
|
|
777
|
+
<p begin="0:45:21.233" dur="0:00:02.900">All the lights go off.</p>
|
|
778
|
+
<p begin="0:45:24.133" dur="0:00:03.700">I will count down 3, 2, 1, 0</p>
|
|
779
|
+
<p begin="0:45:27.833" dur="0:00:05.200">and Bob, there,<br />who is behind the camera</p>
|
|
780
|
+
<p begin="0:45:33.033" dur="0:00:02.567">will open the shutter<br />when I say "one."</p>
|
|
781
|
+
<p begin="0:45:35.600" dur="0:00:02.833">And when I say "zero",<br />the ball will fall.</p>
|
|
782
|
+
<p begin="0:45:38.433" dur="0:00:03.667">So you may only see the ball<br />in its highest position.</p>
|
|
783
|
+
<p begin="0:45:42.100" dur="0:00:02.433">That may not count there,<br />of course</p>
|
|
784
|
+
<p begin="0:45:44.533" dur="0:00:02.767">because it makes two flashes<br />in the time</p>
|
|
785
|
+
<p begin="0:45:47.300" dur="0:00:03.066">that the shutter is open<br />and that I drop it.</p>
|
|
786
|
+
<p begin="0:45:50.366" dur="0:00:03.100">Okay, if you're ready,<br />I'm ready.</p>
|
|
787
|
+
<p begin="0:45:53.466" dur="0:00:02.534">Make it as dark as we can.</p>
|
|
788
|
+
<p begin="0:45:56.000" dur="0:00:02.033">Bob, are you ready?</p>
|
|
789
|
+
<p begin="0:45:58.033" dur="0:00:01.300">Class ready?</p>
|
|
790
|
+
<p begin="0:45:59.333" dur="0:00:01.133">CLASS:<br />Yes.</p>
|
|
791
|
+
<p begin="0:46:00.466" dur="0:00:02.267">LEWIN:<br />Everyone ready?</p>
|
|
792
|
+
<p begin="0:46:02.733" dur="0:00:02.300">You don't look ready.</p>
|
|
793
|
+
<p begin="0:46:05.033" dur="0:00:03.967">LEWIN:<br />Okay... three, two, one.</p>
|
|
794
|
+
<p begin="0:46:09.000" dur="0:00:01.866">That was zero.</p>
|
|
795
|
+
<p begin="0:46:10.866" dur="0:00:05.600">So let's look at this again<br />in slow motion.</p>
|
|
796
|
+
<p begin="0:46:21.100" dur="0:00:01.766">Where's the ball?</p>
|
|
797
|
+
<p begin="0:46:22.866" dur="0:00:03.834">Oh, boy, you try<br />that trick ten times.</p>
|
|
798
|
+
<p begin="0:46:26.700" dur="0:00:02.833">You'll never do that again.</p>
|
|
799
|
+
<p begin="0:46:29.533" dur="0:00:03.733">So now we are developing<br />the picture</p>
|
|
800
|
+
<p begin="0:46:33.266" dur="0:00:05.867">and I would like you to tell me<br />where you saw the balls.</p>
|
|
801
|
+
<p begin="0:46:39.133" dur="0:00:02.667">Where were they, roughly?</p>
|
|
802
|
+
<p begin="0:46:41.800" dur="0:00:02.266">Where was the first one?</p>
|
|
803
|
+
<p begin="0:46:44.066" dur="0:00:04.067">How much... how much below<br />the highest point?</p>
|
|
804
|
+
<p begin="0:46:48.133" dur="0:00:01.400">Only this much?</p>
|
|
805
|
+
<p begin="0:46:49.533" dur="0:00:01.300">The first one.</p>
|
|
806
|
+
<p begin="0:46:50.833" dur="0:00:03.467">And then the second one<br />was pretty low, then.</p>
|
|
807
|
+
<p begin="0:46:54.300" dur="0:00:01.366">(<i>class murmurs</i>)</p>
|
|
808
|
+
<p begin="0:46:55.666" dur="0:00:02.000">Okay, sounds interesting.</p>
|
|
809
|
+
<p begin="0:46:57.666" dur="0:00:02.100">We'll take a look.</p>
|
|
810
|
+
<p begin="0:46:59.766" dur="0:00:03.700">While the picture is developing</p>
|
|
811
|
+
<p begin="0:47:03.466" dur="0:00:04.800">I'm now going to test<br />your real alertness.</p>
|
|
812
|
+
<p begin="0:47:08.266" dur="0:00:05.867">I'm going to strobe it<br />with an unknown frequency...</p>
|
|
813
|
+
<p begin="0:47:14.133" dur="0:00:01.767">unknown to you.</p>
|
|
814
|
+
<p begin="0:47:15.900" dur="0:00:03.800">I will tell you a secret--<br />it's a higher frequency.</p>
|
|
815
|
+
<p begin="0:47:19.700" dur="0:00:03.500">You're going to see<br />more balls on the way down.</p>
|
|
816
|
+
<p begin="0:47:23.200" dur="0:00:03.800">I'm not going to ask you<br />where they are, exactly.</p>
|
|
817
|
+
<p begin="0:47:27.000" dur="0:00:04.366">All I want you to tell me,<br />afterwards, how many you saw.</p>
|
|
818
|
+
<p begin="0:47:31.366" dur="0:00:01.000">That's all.</p>
|
|
819
|
+
<p begin="0:47:32.366" dur="0:00:02.334">So count them as it falls.</p>
|
|
820
|
+
<p begin="0:47:34.700" dur="0:00:05.733">You know we have<br />only 0.8 seconds to count.</p>
|
|
821
|
+
<p begin="0:47:40.433" dur="0:00:01.900">Bob, how did<br />the picture come out?</p>
|
|
822
|
+
<p begin="0:47:46.200" dur="0:00:01.566">Wow, you're good!</p>
|
|
823
|
+
<p begin="0:47:47.766" dur="0:00:01.667">Whoa, you're good.</p>
|
|
824
|
+
<p begin="0:47:49.433" dur="0:00:02.900">It was very high, actually...</p>
|
|
825
|
+
<p begin="0:47:52.333" dur="0:00:03.967">the first... the first flash,<br />very high.</p>
|
|
826
|
+
<p begin="0:48:03.200" dur="0:00:03.300">You see, it's...<br />you did very well.</p>
|
|
827
|
+
<p begin="0:48:06.500" dur="0:00:04.566">We're going to start, now,<br />with the second part.</p>
|
|
828
|
+
<p begin="0:48:20.400" dur="0:00:02.233">Is the audio restored?</p>
|
|
829
|
+
<p begin="0:48:22.633" dur="0:00:01.000">Should be.</p>
|
|
830
|
+
<p begin="0:48:23.633" dur="0:00:03.267">So, I activated<br />the magnet again.</p>
|
|
831
|
+
<p begin="0:48:34.300" dur="0:00:01.133">There it is.</p>
|
|
832
|
+
<p begin="0:48:43.233" dur="0:00:07.967">Oh, goodness!</p>
|
|
833
|
+
<p begin="0:48:51.200" dur="0:00:02.200">Working?</p>
|
|
834
|
+
<p begin="0:48:53.400" dur="0:00:02.000">Okay, thank you, Bob.</p>
|
|
835
|
+
<p begin="0:48:55.400" dur="0:00:03.533">Okay, Bob,<br />if you're ready, I'm ready.</p>
|
|
836
|
+
<p begin="0:48:58.933" dur="0:00:02.567">We're going to make it<br />as dark as we can.</p>
|
|
837
|
+
<p begin="0:49:01.500" dur="0:00:03.633">So all I want you to tell me,<br />how many balls will you see?</p>
|
|
838
|
+
<p begin="0:49:05.133" dur="0:00:03.167">Oh, oh, oh, oh, I have<br />to change-- oh, my goodness!</p>
|
|
839
|
+
<p begin="0:49:08.300" dur="0:00:03.766">(<i>class laughing</i>)</p>
|
|
840
|
+
<p begin="0:49:12.066" dur="0:00:02.734">(<i>class murmuring</i>)</p>
|
|
841
|
+
<p begin="0:49:20.066" dur="0:00:01.700">Come on, you're now at MIT!</p>
|
|
842
|
+
<p begin="0:49:21.766" dur="0:00:01.467">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
|
|
843
|
+
<p begin="0:49:23.233" dur="0:00:01.700">What do you think?</p>
|
|
844
|
+
<p begin="0:49:24.933" dur="0:00:01.600">All right, ready?</p>
|
|
845
|
+
<p begin="0:49:26.533" dur="0:00:01.667">Bob, you're okay?</p>
|
|
846
|
+
<p begin="0:49:28.200" dur="0:00:01.066">BOB:<br />Okay.</p>
|
|
847
|
+
<p begin="0:49:29.266" dur="0:00:02.467">LEWIN:<br />Three, two, one...</p>
|
|
848
|
+
<p begin="0:49:33.700" dur="0:00:03.100">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
|
|
849
|
+
<p begin="0:49:36.800" dur="0:00:01.166">Well?</p>
|
|
850
|
+
<p begin="0:49:41.300" dur="0:00:02.700">Who saw three?</p>
|
|
851
|
+
<p begin="0:49:44.000" dur="0:00:01.000">STUDENT:<br />Four.</p>
|
|
852
|
+
<p begin="0:49:45.000" dur="0:00:01.000">Four.</p>
|
|
853
|
+
<p begin="0:49:46.000" dur="0:00:02.066">(<i>class calls out</i><br /><i>different answers</i>)</p>
|
|
854
|
+
<p begin="0:49:48.066" dur="0:00:01.800">LEWIN:<br />Four, I want to know four.</p>
|
|
855
|
+
<p begin="0:49:49.866" dur="0:00:01.000">STUDENT:<br />Seven.</p>
|
|
856
|
+
<p begin="0:49:50.866" dur="0:00:01.067">Five?</p>
|
|
857
|
+
<p begin="0:49:51.933" dur="0:00:05.100">Five, here's a five,<br />there's a five.</p>
|
|
858
|
+
<p begin="0:49:57.033" dur="0:00:01.133">Another five?</p>
|
|
859
|
+
<p begin="0:49:58.166" dur="0:00:01.067">Who saw six?</p>
|
|
860
|
+
<p begin="0:49:59.233" dur="0:00:01.100">STUDENT:<br />Six.</p>
|
|
861
|
+
<p begin="0:50:00.333" dur="0:00:03.167">LEWIN:<br />Wow... seven?</p>
|
|
862
|
+
<p begin="0:50:03.500" dur="0:00:01.000">Eight?</p>
|
|
863
|
+
<p begin="0:50:04.500" dur="0:00:01.000">Nine?</p>
|
|
864
|
+
<p begin="0:50:05.500" dur="0:00:01.200">Ten?</p>
|
|
865
|
+
<p begin="0:50:06.700" dur="0:00:02.433">Eleven?</p>
|
|
866
|
+
<p begin="0:50:09.133" dur="0:00:02.600">Who just saw a blur?</p>
|
|
867
|
+
<p begin="0:50:11.733" dur="0:00:02.100">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
|
|
868
|
+
<p begin="0:50:13.833" dur="0:00:01.867">Those are the real winners,<br />I think.</p>
|
|
869
|
+
<p begin="0:50:15.700" dur="0:00:02.000">Well, I'll tell you,<br />it was ten hertz.</p>
|
|
870
|
+
<p begin="0:50:17.700" dur="0:00:04.700">Since it was 0.8 seconds,<br />depending upon where you hit it</p>
|
|
871
|
+
<p begin="0:50:22.400" dur="0:00:02.866">how lucky you are,<br />I will show you.</p>
|
|
872
|
+
<p begin="0:50:25.266" dur="0:00:03.834">You will either see seven<br />or maybe eight balls</p>
|
|
873
|
+
<p begin="0:50:29.100" dur="0:00:02.500">but it was a good test.</p>
|
|
874
|
+
<p begin="0:50:31.600" dur="0:00:05.533">And for those of you<br />who thought that it was only...</p>
|
|
875
|
+
<p begin="0:50:37.133" dur="0:00:06.133">that only saw five, there you<br />see them, let's count them.</p>
|
|
876
|
+
<p begin="0:50:43.266" dur="0:00:01.967">Let's count them together.</p>
|
|
877
|
+
<p begin="0:50:49.300" dur="0:00:01.466">One, this is one.</p>
|
|
878
|
+
<p begin="0:50:50.766" dur="0:00:04.534">Two, three, four, five, six,<br />seven, this is a bounce.</p>
|
|
879
|
+
<p begin="0:50:55.300" dur="0:00:03.266">So for those who saw five,<br />I would say</p>
|
|
880
|
+
<p begin="0:50:58.566" dur="0:00:01.967">"Take some rest this weekend,<br />you need it"</p>
|
|
881
|
+
<p begin="0:51:00.533" dur="0:00:01.033">and I'll need it, too.</p>
|
|
882
|
+
<p begin="0:51:01.566" dur="0:00:01.000">See you Monday.</p>
|
|
883
|
+
|
|
884
|
+
</div>
|
|
885
|
+
</body>
|
|
886
|
+
</tt>
|