sm-transcript 0.0.4 → 0.0.6

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  1. data/README.txt +138 -118
  2. data/Rakefile +21 -10
  3. data/bin/sm-transcript +0 -0
  4. data/lib/sm_transcript/metadata.rb +25 -0
  5. data/lib/sm_transcript/options.rb +9 -3
  6. data/lib/sm_transcript/runner.rb +6 -0
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  8. data/lib/sm_transcript/transcript.rb +86 -39
  9. data/lib/sm_transcript/ttml_reader.rb +116 -0
  10. data/lib/sm_transcript/word.rb +6 -4
  11. data/lib/sm_transcript/wrd_reader.rb +5 -4
  12. data/test/results/18.03-2004-L01.align2.wrd +6441 -0
  13. data/test/results/8.01-1999-L01.wrd +5182 -0
  14. data/test/results/801-1stLecture.ttml.xml +757 -0
  15. data/test/results/801-lect01-4730.xml +757 -0
  16. data/test/results/801-lect02-4731.xml +886 -0
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  19. data/test/results/801-lect05-4734.xml +879 -0
  20. data/test/results/801-lect06-4735.xml +822 -0
  21. data/test/results/801-lect07-4736.xml +893 -0
  22. data/test/results/801-lect08-4737.xml +809 -0
  23. data/test/results/801-lect09-4738.xml +807 -0
  24. data/test/results/Audio-Open-The_New_Deal_for_Education.xml +4301 -0
  25. data/test/test_metadatareader.rb +8 -3
  26. data/test/test_options.rb +8 -1
  27. data/test/test_runner.rb +34 -1
  28. data/test/test_transcript.rb +109 -12
  29. data/test/test_ttmlreader.rb +104 -0
  30. data/test/test_wrdreader.rb +24 -9
  31. metadata +47 -148
  32. data/lib/sm_transcript/optparseExample.rb +0 -113
  33. data/lib/sm_transcript/process_csv_files_to_html.rb +0 -58
  34. data/lib/sm_transcript/process_seg_files.rb +0 -21
  35. data/lib/sm_transcript/process_seg_files_to_csv.rb +0 -24
  36. data/lib/sm_transcript/process_seg_files_to_html.rb +0 -31
  37. data/lib/sm_transcript/require_relative.rb +0 -14
  38. data/test/transcripts/GardnerRileyInterview.t1.html +0 -247
  39. data/test/transcripts/IIHS_Diane_Davis_Nov2009-t1.html +0 -148
  40. data/test/transcripts/NERCOMP-SpokenMedia4.t1.html +0 -2178
  41. data/test/transcripts/data.js +0 -24
  42. data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar-1.-t1.html +0 -557
  43. data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar-1.t1.html +0 -558
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  47. data/test/transcripts/vijay_kumar.t1.html +0 -557
  48. data/test/transcripts/wirehair-beetle.data.js +0 -24
data/test/results/801-lect07-4736.xml ADDED
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+ <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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+ <tt xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1" xmlns:tts="http://www.w3.org/2006/04/ttaf1#styling">
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+ <head>
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+ <styling>
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+ <style id="df" tts:textAlign="center" tts:fontFamily="Verdana" tts:fontSize="48" tts:wrapOption="wrap"/>
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+ </styling>
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+ </head>
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+ <body>
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+ <div xml:id="captions">
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+ <p begin="0:00:00.833" dur="0:00:01.700">So far in these lectures</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:02.533" dur="0:00:04.633">we've talked about mass, about<br />acceleration and about forces,</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:07.166" dur="0:00:04.200">but we never used the word<br />"weight," and weight is</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:11.366" dur="0:00:02.900">a very nonintuitive<br />and a very tricky thing</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:14.266" dur="0:00:04.267">which is the entire subject<br />of today's lecture.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:18.533" dur="0:00:03.000">What is weight?</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:21.533" dur="0:00:06.700">Here you stand<br />on a bathroom scale.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:28.233" dur="0:00:09.967">Gravity is acting upon you,<br />the force is mg, your mass is m.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:38.200" dur="0:00:04.866">The bathroom scale is pushing<br />on you with a force F scale</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:43.066" dur="0:00:02.900">and that F scale--<br />which in this case</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:45.966" dur="0:00:03.067">if the system<br />is not being accelerated</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:49.033" dur="0:00:02.500">is the same as mg--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:51.533" dur="0:00:05.067">that force from<br />the bathroom scale on you</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:56.600" dur="0:00:03.000">we define as weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:00:59.600" dur="0:00:02.366">When I stand<br />on the bathroom scale</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:01.966" dur="0:00:03.234">I could see<br />my weight is about 165 pounds.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:05.200" dur="0:00:02.300">Now, it may be<br />calibrated in newtons</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:07.500" dur="0:00:03.566">but that's, of course,<br />very unusual.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:11.066" dur="0:00:01.400">If I weigh myself on the moon</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:12.466" dur="0:00:03.400">where the gravitational<br />acceleration is six times less</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:15.866" dur="0:00:07.134">then I would weigh six times<br />less-- so far, so good.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:23.000" dur="0:00:05.400">Now I'm going to put you<br />in an elevator</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:28.400" dur="0:00:05.733">and I'm going<br />to accelerate you upwards</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:34.133" dur="0:00:03.733">and you're standing<br />on your bathroom scale.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:37.866" dur="0:00:02.134">Acceleration is<br />in this direction</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:40.000" dur="0:00:04.466">and I will call this "plus"<br />and I will call this "minus."</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:44.466" dur="0:00:04.000">Gravity is acting upon you, mg</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:48.466" dur="0:00:05.967">and the bathroom scale is<br />pushing on you with a force F.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:01:54.433" dur="0:00:05.700">That force,<br />by definition, is weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:00.133" dur="0:00:03.433">Before I write down some<br />equations, I want you to realize</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:03.566" dur="0:00:04.500">that whenever, whenever you see<br />in any of my equations "g"</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:08.066" dur="0:00:03.534">g is always plus 9.8.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:11.600" dur="0:00:03.233">And my signs, my minus signs<br />take care of the directions</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:14.833" dur="0:00:04.867">but g is<i>always</i>plus 9.8<br />or plus 10, if you prefer that.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:19.700" dur="0:00:04.000">Okay, it's clear that<br />if this is accelerated upwards</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:23.700" dur="0:00:02.233">that F of s must be<br />larger than mg;</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:25.933" dur="0:00:01.767">otherwise I<br />cannot be accelerated.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:27.700" dur="0:00:02.866">And so we get<br />Newton's Second Law:</p>
48
+ <p begin="0:02:30.566" dur="0:00:02.767">F of s is in plus direction...</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:33.333" dur="0:00:06.667">minus mg-- it's in this<br />direction-- equals m times a</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:40.000" dur="0:00:07.166">and so the bathroom scale<br />indicates m times a plus g.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:47.166" dur="0:00:03.134">And I have gained weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:50.300" dur="0:00:02.366">If this acceleration is</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:52.666" dur="0:00:02.967">five meters per second squared<br />in this direction</p>
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+ <p begin="0:02:55.633" dur="0:00:04.633">I am one and a half times<br />my normal weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:00.266" dur="0:00:03.567">If I look on the bathroom scale,<br />that's what I see.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:03.833" dur="0:00:03.433">Seeing is believing--<br />that is my weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:07.266" dur="0:00:03.667">If I accelerate upwards, with 30<br />meters per second squared</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:10.933" dur="0:00:07.133">30 plus 10 is 40-- I am<br />four times my normal weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:18.066" dur="0:00:06.034">Instead of my 165 pounds, I<br />would weigh close to 700 pounds.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:24.100" dur="0:00:02.733">I see that--<br />seeing is believing.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:26.833" dur="0:00:03.067">That is my weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:29.900" dur="0:00:06.400">Now I am going to put you<br />in the elevator-- here you are--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:36.300" dur="0:00:04.500">and I'm going to accelerate<br />you down.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:40.800" dur="0:00:02.400">This is now a.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:43.200" dur="0:00:01.666">And just for my convenience</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:44.866" dur="0:00:02.300">I call this now<br />the plus direction</p>
67
+ <p begin="0:03:47.166" dur="0:00:02.500">just for my convenience--<br />it doesn't really matter.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:49.666" dur="0:00:05.100">So now we have here mg--<br />that is gravity acting upon you.</p>
69
+ <p begin="0:03:54.766" dur="0:00:04.734">And now you have the force<br />from the bathroom scale.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:03:59.500" dur="0:00:02.833">Clearly, mg must be<br />larger than F of s;</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:02.333" dur="0:00:03.000">otherwise you couldn't go<br />being accelerated downwards.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:05.333" dur="0:00:02.800">So if now we write down<br />Newton's Second Law</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:08.133" dur="0:00:07.000">then we get mg minus F of s<br />must be m times a.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:15.133" dur="0:00:02.133">This holds for acceleration down</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:17.266" dur="0:00:06.967">and so I get F of s<br />equals m times g minus a.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:26.600" dur="0:00:01.533">This is one way of doing it</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:28.133" dur="0:00:02.900">and you put<br />in positive values for a.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:31.033" dur="0:00:02.167">If a is five meters<br />per second squared</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:33.200" dur="0:00:03.500">you get ten minus five is five--<br />your weight is half.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:36.700" dur="0:00:01.633">You've lost weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:38.333" dur="0:00:02.867">Being accelerated down,<br />you've lost weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:41.200" dur="0:00:02.300">You could also<br />have used this equation</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:43.500" dur="0:00:01.400">and not go through this trouble</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:44.900" dur="0:00:04.600">of setting up<br />Newton's Law again.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:49.500" dur="0:00:01.366">You could simply have said</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:50.866" dur="0:00:02.534">"Okay, this a is minus<br />in this coordinate system"</p>
87
+ <p begin="0:04:53.400" dur="0:00:02.433">and so you put in<br />a minus five and a plus ten--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:55.833" dur="0:00:01.300">you get the same answer.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:04:57.133" dur="0:00:04.533">So you have lost weight<br />when you accelerate downwards.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:01.666" dur="0:00:06.834">Suppose now I cut the cable...<br />cut it.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:08.500" dur="0:00:03.200">Then this a is ten meters<br />per second squared</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:11.700" dur="0:00:01.433">if we round it off.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:13.133" dur="0:00:02.167">You go down with ten meters<br />per second squared</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:15.300" dur="0:00:03.700">so g minus a is zero.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:19.000" dur="0:00:04.766">You are now weightless,<br />you are free-falling.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:23.766" dur="0:00:01.834">You have no longer any weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:25.600" dur="0:00:01.500">You look at the bathroom scale</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:27.100" dur="0:00:03.366">and the bathroom scale<br />will indicate zero.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:30.466" dur="0:00:04.500">You're floating, everything<br />in the elevator is floating.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:34.966" dur="0:00:02.400">If you had a glass with water</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:37.366" dur="0:00:05.067">you could turn it over and<br />the water would not fall out.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:42.433" dur="0:00:03.333">It's like having<br />the shuttle in orbit</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:45.766" dur="0:00:04.334">with the astronauts<br />being weightless.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:50.100" dur="0:00:02.233">There is a great similarity</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:52.333" dur="0:00:03.033">between the astronauts<br />in the shuttle</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:55.366" dur="0:00:01.700">and a free-falling elevator.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:57.066" dur="0:00:01.800">The only difference is</p>
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+ <p begin="0:05:58.866" dur="0:00:03.367">that the elevator<br />will crash, will kill you.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:02.233" dur="0:00:01.600">In the case of the shuttle</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:03.833" dur="0:00:04.100">it never hits the earth<br />because of its high speed.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:07.933" dur="0:00:02.667">We'll talk about this much later</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:10.600" dur="0:00:03.866">when we deal with orbits<br />and with Kepler's Law.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:14.466" dur="0:00:04.600">What exactly is free fall?</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:19.066" dur="0:00:01.334">Free fall is</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:20.400" dur="0:00:05.300">when the forces acting upon you<br />are exclusively gravitational.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:25.700" dur="0:00:03.366">Nothing is pushing on you;</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:29.066" dur="0:00:02.900">no seat is pushing on you,<br />no string is pushing on you.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:31.966" dur="0:00:04.467">Nothing is pulling on you,<br />only gravity.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:36.433" dur="0:00:01.933">I will return<br />to this weightlessness</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:38.366" dur="0:00:02.534">very shortly in great detail</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:40.900" dur="0:00:03.966">but before I do that, I would<br />like to address the issue--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:44.866" dur="0:00:02.434">how could I determine<br />your weight</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:47.300" dur="0:00:05.200">if I hang you from a string?</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:52.500" dur="0:00:03.800">So now, instead of standing<br />on a bathroom scale</p>
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+ <p begin="0:06:56.300" dur="0:00:04.533">you are here.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:00.833" dur="0:00:01.067">Here is a string.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:01.900" dur="0:00:02.466">You might even have<br />in the string a tension meter</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:04.366" dur="0:00:01.900">as we have seen earlier<br />in lectures.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:06.266" dur="0:00:03.000">And you are holding desperately<br />onto that string.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:09.266" dur="0:00:03.100">Just like that.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:12.366" dur="0:00:04.367">The system is not being<br />accelerated, gravity is mg</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:16.733" dur="0:00:03.867">and so there must be tension<br />in the string, T</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:20.600" dur="0:00:02.133">which is pulling you up</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:22.733" dur="0:00:05.267">which, if there is no<br />acceleration, must be mg.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:28.000" dur="0:00:04.600">I read the scale<br />and I read my weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:32.600" dur="0:00:04.600">This scale indicates,<br />in my case, 165 pounds.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:37.200" dur="0:00:03.800">While I'm hanging,<br />I can see my weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:41.000" dur="0:00:01.866">So you see,<br />it makes very little difference</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:42.866" dur="0:00:02.667">whether I am standing<br />on a bathroom scale</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:45.533" dur="0:00:02.300">and read the force</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:47.833" dur="0:00:03.033">with which the bathroom scale<br />pushes up on me</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:50.866" dur="0:00:03.134">or whether I hang from a scale</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:54.000" dur="0:00:03.633">extend a spring<br />and read that value.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:57.633" dur="0:00:01.567">It makes no difference.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:07:59.200" dur="0:00:03.766">The tension here<br />would indicate my weight.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:02.966" dur="0:00:02.434">There is a complete similarity<br />with the bathroom scale</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:05.400" dur="0:00:03.300">except in one case,<br />something is pulling on me;</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:08.700" dur="0:00:05.033">in the other case, something is<br />pushing on me from below.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:13.733" dur="0:00:07.000">Now let's accelerate this system<br />upwards with an acceleration a--</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:20.733" dur="0:00:01.900">and I call this plus.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:22.633" dur="0:00:02.167">Then, of course,<br />this T must grow;</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:24.800" dur="0:00:02.500">otherwise you<br />cannot be accelerated.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:27.300" dur="0:00:06.266">Newton's Second Law,<br />T minus mg must be ma.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:33.566" dur="0:00:04.567">The tension in the string<br />equals m times a plus g.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:38.133" dur="0:00:02.100">Ah! We've seen that before.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:40.233" dur="0:00:02.567">No difference with the elevator.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:42.800" dur="0:00:03.300">You accelerate the system,<br />the tension will increase</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:46.100" dur="0:00:02.933">and you will see that,<br />you will read that on the scale.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:49.033" dur="0:00:04.400">Your weight has increased,<br />you weigh more.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:53.433" dur="0:00:03.933">Needless to say, of course, if<br />you accelerate the system down</p>
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+ <p begin="0:08:57.366" dur="0:00:03.000">that you will weigh less-- we<br />just went through that argument.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:00.366" dur="0:00:02.367">And if I cut<br />the cable completely</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:02.733" dur="0:00:01.800">you go into free fall.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:04.533" dur="0:00:05.767">T will go to zero, a become<br />minus ten plus ten is zero.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:10.300" dur="0:00:01.133">You're in free fall.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:11.433" dur="0:00:04.867">The scale reads zero,<br />you are completely weightless.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:18.166" dur="0:00:01.867">If we accept the idea</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:20.033" dur="0:00:07.800">of weight being indicated<br />by the tension in a string</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:27.833" dur="0:00:04.667">then there is a very<br />interesting consequence of that.</p>
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+ <p begin="0:09:32.500" dur="0:00:04.000">I have here a pin which<br />is completely frictionless</p>
171
+ <p begin="0:09:36.500" dur="0:00:03.166">and I have on both sides<br />a string</p>
172
+ <p begin="0:09:39.666" dur="0:00:03.134">and this string has<br />negligibly small mass.</p>
173
+ <p begin="0:09:42.800" dur="0:00:02.666">Now, just assume<br />that it is massless.</p>
174
+ <p begin="0:09:45.466" dur="0:00:06.600">And there is here an object m1<br />and there is here an object m2</p>
175
+ <p begin="0:09:52.066" dur="0:00:04.867">and I am telling you<br />that m2 is larger than m1.</p>
176
+ <p begin="0:09:56.933" dur="0:00:02.300">So we all know<br />what's going to happen.</p>
177
+ <p begin="0:09:59.233" dur="0:00:03.200">The system is going<br />to accelerate in this direction.</p>
178
+ <p begin="0:10:02.433" dur="0:00:05.933">M2 will be accelerated down<br />and m1 will be accelerated up.</p>
179
+ <p begin="0:10:08.366" dur="0:00:04.400">What comes now is important,<br />that you grasp that.</p>
180
+ <p begin="0:10:12.766" dur="0:00:04.400">I claim that the tension on<br />the left side must be the same</p>
181
+ <p begin="0:10:17.166" dur="0:00:04.167">as the tension in this string<br />on the right side.</p>
182
+ <p begin="0:10:21.333" dur="0:00:02.567">T Left must be T Right.</p>
183
+ <p begin="0:10:23.900" dur="0:00:01.700">Why is that?</p>
184
+ <p begin="0:10:25.600" dur="0:00:02.633">It is because the pin<br />is frictionless</p>
185
+ <p begin="0:10:28.233" dur="0:00:04.433">and it is because<br />the string is massless.</p>
186
+ <p begin="0:10:32.666" dur="0:00:03.500">Take a little section<br />of the string here</p>
187
+ <p begin="0:10:36.166" dur="0:00:02.300">a teeny-weeny little section.</p>
188
+ <p begin="0:10:38.466" dur="0:00:01.867">If there is a tension on it--</p>
189
+ <p begin="0:10:40.333" dur="0:00:02.267">that is, a force<br />in this direction</p>
190
+ <p begin="0:10:42.600" dur="0:00:02.233">and there is a force<br />in this direction--</p>
191
+ <p begin="0:10:44.833" dur="0:00:01.733">these two could<br />never be different</p>
192
+ <p begin="0:10:46.566" dur="0:00:01.600">because then<br />this massless string</p>
193
+ <p begin="0:10:48.166" dur="0:00:02.100">would get<br />an infinite acceleration.</p>
194
+ <p begin="0:10:50.266" dur="0:00:02.167">So there can never be<br />a change in tension</p>
195
+ <p begin="0:10:52.433" dur="0:00:02.133">from this side of the string<br />to the other.</p>
196
+ <p begin="0:10:54.566" dur="0:00:03.267">If you take a little section<br />of the string here--</p>
197
+ <p begin="0:10:57.833" dur="0:00:02.833">there it is,<br />teeny-weeny little section</p>
198
+ <p begin="0:11:00.666" dur="0:00:02.167">so there is tension<br />on the string</p>
199
+ <p begin="0:11:02.833" dur="0:00:02.067">and there is tension<br />on the string--</p>
200
+ <p begin="0:11:04.900" dur="0:00:02.333">this one could<br />never be larger than that</p>
201
+ <p begin="0:11:07.233" dur="0:00:02.033">because this little piece<br />of string</p>
202
+ <p begin="0:11:09.266" dur="0:00:01.700">would get<br />an infinite acceleration.</p>
203
+ <p begin="0:11:10.966" dur="0:00:03.234">So because there is<br />no friction on the pin</p>
204
+ <p begin="0:11:14.200" dur="0:00:02.633">and because the strings<br />are massless--</p>
205
+ <p begin="0:11:16.833" dur="0:00:03.000"><i>only</i>because of that must the<br />tension be everywhere the same.</p>
206
+ <p begin="0:11:19.833" dur="0:00:02.867">If there is friction in the<br />pin-- which we will do later--</p>
207
+ <p begin="0:11:22.700" dur="0:00:02.200">then that's not the case.</p>
208
+ <p begin="0:11:24.900" dur="0:00:02.900">Given the fact<br />that the tension left</p>
209
+ <p begin="0:11:27.800" dur="0:00:02.200">and the tension right<br />are the same</p>
210
+ <p begin="0:11:30.000" dur="0:00:05.166">I must now conclude that these<br />two objects have the same weight</p>
211
+ <p begin="0:11:35.166" dur="0:00:01.500">because didn't we agree</p>
212
+ <p begin="0:11:36.666" dur="0:00:03.800">that tension is an indication<br />of weight?</p>
213
+ <p begin="0:11:40.466" dur="0:00:02.400">So these objects have now<br />the same weight.</p>
214
+ <p begin="0:11:42.866" dur="0:00:01.434">And some people may say</p>
215
+ <p begin="0:11:44.300" dur="0:00:02.200">"Oh, that's a lot of nonsense,<br />you must be kidding.</p>
216
+ <p begin="0:11:46.500" dur="0:00:01.100">"If m2 is larger than m1</p>
217
+ <p begin="0:11:47.600" dur="0:00:01.766">this must have<br />a larger weight than that."</p>
218
+ <p begin="0:11:49.366" dur="0:00:02.434">Well, they are confusing<br />weight with mass.</p>
219
+ <p begin="0:11:51.800" dur="0:00:03.666">It is true that m2 is<br />a larger mass than m1</p>
220
+ <p begin="0:11:55.466" dur="0:00:01.300">but it is equally true</p>
221
+ <p begin="0:11:56.766" dur="0:00:03.434">that the weight of these<br />two objects is now the same</p>
222
+ <p begin="0:12:00.200" dur="0:00:04.533">according to<br />my definition of weight.</p>
223
+ <p begin="0:12:04.733" dur="0:00:03.067">Let us calculate<br />the acceleration of this system</p>
224
+ <p begin="0:12:07.800" dur="0:00:04.266">and let's calculate the tension<br />and let's see what comes out.</p>
225
+ <p begin="0:12:12.066" dur="0:00:04.567">I first isolate here<br />object number one.</p>
226
+ <p begin="0:12:16.633" dur="0:00:01.933">This is my object number one.</p>
227
+ <p begin="0:12:18.566" dur="0:00:08.067">I have gravity, m1 g,<br />and I have a tension T.</p>
228
+ <p begin="0:12:26.633" dur="0:00:01.033">Nonnegotiable.</p>
229
+ <p begin="0:12:27.666" dur="0:00:01.400">T better be larger than m1 g.</p>
230
+ <p begin="0:12:29.066" dur="0:00:02.767">Otherwise it would<br />never be accelerated up</p>
231
+ <p begin="0:12:31.833" dur="0:00:02.233">and we know<br />it will be accelerated up.</p>
232
+ <p begin="0:12:34.066" dur="0:00:02.800">So what do we get? We get T--</p>
233
+ <p begin="0:12:36.866" dur="0:00:02.934">I will call this plus direction,<br />by the way--</p>
234
+ <p begin="0:12:39.800" dur="0:00:05.533">minus m1 g equals m times a.</p>
235
+ <p begin="0:12:45.333" dur="0:00:07.300">So the tension equals<br />m1 times a plus g.</p>
236
+ <p begin="0:12:52.633" dur="0:00:02.367">Hey! We've seen that one before.</p>
237
+ <p begin="0:12:55.000" dur="0:00:03.000">This one is being<br />accelerated upwards.</p>
238
+ <p begin="0:12:58.000" dur="0:00:02.700">Notice it gains weight.</p>
239
+ <p begin="0:13:00.700" dur="0:00:02.800">That's the tension<br />and this is the acceleration.</p>
240
+ <p begin="0:13:03.500" dur="0:00:03.433">I have one equation<br />with two unknowns</p>
241
+ <p begin="0:13:06.933" dur="0:00:02.533">so I can't solve it yet.</p>
242
+ <p begin="0:13:09.466" dur="0:00:04.800">But there is another one,<br />there is number two here.</p>
243
+ <p begin="0:13:14.266" dur="0:00:05.000">For number two,<br />we have a force, m2 g</p>
244
+ <p begin="0:13:19.266" dur="0:00:02.200">and we have the tension up.</p>
245
+ <p begin="0:13:21.466" dur="0:00:02.100">This one better be larger<br />than that one;</p>
246
+ <p begin="0:13:23.566" dur="0:00:03.167">otherwise it<br />wouldn't be accelerated down.</p>
247
+ <p begin="0:13:26.733" dur="0:00:02.933">Let me call this direction plus.</p>
248
+ <p begin="0:13:29.666" dur="0:00:03.667">The reason why I now switch<br />directions and call this plus--</p>
249
+ <p begin="0:13:33.333" dur="0:00:02.333">as well as this--<br />is a good reason for it.</p>
250
+ <p begin="0:13:35.666" dur="0:00:02.567">It's not so arbitrary anymore.</p>
251
+ <p begin="0:13:38.233" dur="0:00:01.933">I know that this acceleration</p>
252
+ <p begin="0:13:40.166" dur="0:00:02.100">is going to be<br />a positive number.</p>
253
+ <p begin="0:13:42.266" dur="0:00:02.267">Because it's going<br />in this direction, it's a given.</p>
254
+ <p begin="0:13:44.533" dur="0:00:02.167">If I called this negative,</p>
255
+ <p begin="0:13:46.700" dur="0:00:02.433">I would get here<br />a negative acceleration</p>
256
+ <p begin="0:13:49.133" dur="0:00:02.233">for the same thing<br />for which I get here a positive.</p>
257
+ <p begin="0:13:51.366" dur="0:00:01.167">That's a pain in the neck.</p>
258
+ <p begin="0:13:52.533" dur="0:00:02.233">I don't want to have a plus<br />and a minus sign there,</p>
259
+ <p begin="0:13:54.766" dur="0:00:02.167">have to think about that<br />it means the same thing.</p>
260
+ <p begin="0:13:56.933" dur="0:00:03.767">So the moment that I decide to<br />define this the plus direction</p>
261
+ <p begin="0:14:00.700" dur="0:00:01.900">I know that this acceleration</p>
262
+ <p begin="0:14:02.600" dur="0:00:03.433">will also come out to be<br />the same sign as this one.</p>
263
+ <p begin="0:14:06.033" dur="0:00:01.233">So I flip the signs there.</p>
264
+ <p begin="0:14:07.266" dur="0:00:02.867">So now I apply Newton's Law.</p>
265
+ <p begin="0:14:10.133" dur="0:00:06.600">I get m2 g minus T equals m2 a.</p>
266
+ <p begin="0:14:16.733" dur="0:00:04.000">And so I get T--<br />I'll write it here--</p>
267
+ <p begin="0:14:20.733" dur="0:00:09.033">equals m2 times g minus a.</p>
268
+ <p begin="0:14:29.766" dur="0:00:06.034">Two equations with two unknowns.</p>
269
+ <p begin="0:14:35.800" dur="0:00:03.733">Well, that shouldn't be so hard<br />to solve these two equations.</p>
270
+ <p begin="0:14:39.533" dur="0:00:02.567">You can immediately eliminate T,<br />by the way.</p>
271
+ <p begin="0:14:42.100" dur="0:00:03.266">If you add this one<br />with this one, you really--</p>
272
+ <p begin="0:14:45.366" dur="0:00:03.434">I call this equation one,<br />you call this equation two--</p>
273
+ <p begin="0:14:48.800" dur="0:00:05.666">you immediately lose your T and<br />you get that the acceleration, a</p>
274
+ <p begin="0:14:54.466" dur="0:00:08.000">equals m2 minus m1<br />divided by m1 plus m2 times g.</p>
275
+ <p begin="0:15:05.133" dur="0:00:03.867">And you substitute that "a"<br />in that equation and you'll find</p>
276
+ <p begin="0:15:09.000" dur="0:00:06.966">that the tension equals 2mg<br />divided by m1 plus m2.</p>
277
+ <p begin="0:15:15.966" dur="0:00:04.700">This is very easy for you<br />to verify.</p>
278
+ <p begin="0:15:20.666" dur="0:00:01.434">Let us look.</p>
279
+ <p begin="0:15:22.100" dur="0:00:04.800">This is m1, m2...</p>
280
+ <p begin="0:15:26.900" dur="0:00:05.266">2m1, m2--<br />I lost one m-- 2m1, m2.</p>
281
+ <p begin="0:15:32.166" dur="0:00:02.734">Let's look at these equations,<br />let's scrutinize them a little.</p>
282
+ <p begin="0:15:34.900" dur="0:00:01.333">Let's get some feeling for it</p>
283
+ <p begin="0:15:36.233" dur="0:00:04.167">rather than accepting them<br />as being dumb equations.</p>
284
+ <p begin="0:15:40.400" dur="0:00:01.866">Let's first take the case</p>
285
+ <p begin="0:15:42.266" dur="0:00:05.400">that m2 equals m1,<br />and I'll call that "m."</p>
286
+ <p begin="0:15:47.666" dur="0:00:04.967">Notice that a becomes zero</p>
287
+ <p begin="0:15:52.633" dur="0:00:04.000">and notice, if you substitute<br />for m1 and m2 "m" here</p>
288
+ <p begin="0:15:56.633" dur="0:00:03.033">that you get 2m, you get mg.</p>
289
+ <p begin="0:15:59.666" dur="0:00:02.934">So T becomes mg.</p>
290
+ <p begin="0:16:02.600" dur="0:00:01.833">That is<i>utterly</i>obvious.</p>
291
+ <p begin="0:16:04.433" dur="0:00:04.100">If m1 and m2 are the same,<br />nothing is going to happen.</p>
292
+ <p begin="0:16:08.533" dur="0:00:03.100">They're going to sit there,<br />acceleration will be zero</p>
293
+ <p begin="0:16:11.633" dur="0:00:01.467">and the tension on both sides--</p>
294
+ <p begin="0:16:13.100" dur="0:00:01.966">which is always the same,<br />we argued that--</p>
295
+ <p begin="0:16:15.066" dur="0:00:01.434">is going to be mg.</p>
296
+ <p begin="0:16:16.500" dur="0:00:01.933">Clear.</p>
297
+ <p begin="0:16:18.433" dur="0:00:03.033">Now we're going to make<br />it more interesting.</p>
298
+ <p begin="0:16:21.466" dur="0:00:04.600">Suppose we make m2<br />much, much larger than m1</p>
299
+ <p begin="0:16:26.066" dur="0:00:04.834">and in a limiting case<br />we even go with m1 to zero.</p>
300
+ <p begin="0:16:30.900" dur="0:00:02.800">Let's do that.</p>
301
+ <p begin="0:16:33.700" dur="0:00:03.366">What you see now,<br />if m1 goes to zero</p>
302
+ <p begin="0:16:37.066" dur="0:00:08.000">this goes away, this goes away,<br />a goes to g and T goes to zero.</p>
303
+ <p begin="0:16:47.533" dur="0:00:03.433">If m1 is zero, T goes to zero.</p>
304
+ <p begin="0:16:50.966" dur="0:00:03.067">That is obvious!</p>
305
+ <p begin="0:16:54.033" dur="0:00:06.800">Because if I make m1 zero,<br />m2 goes into free fall.</p>
306
+ <p begin="0:17:00.833" dur="0:00:02.100">And if m2 goes into free fall</p>
307
+ <p begin="0:17:02.933" dur="0:00:02.933">its weight is zero<br />and so the tension is zero--</p>
308
+ <p begin="0:17:05.866" dur="0:00:01.834">that's exactly what you see--</p>
309
+ <p begin="0:17:07.700" dur="0:00:02.166">and you see that<br />the acceleration of that object</p>
310
+ <p begin="0:17:09.866" dur="0:00:03.100">is g, which it better be,<br />because it's in free fall.</p>
311
+ <p begin="0:17:12.966" dur="0:00:02.367">So you see, this makes sense.</p>
312
+ <p begin="0:17:15.333" dur="0:00:02.867">This is exactly consistent<br />with your intuition.</p>
313
+ <p begin="0:17:18.200" dur="0:00:04.766">And if you wanted to make m1<br />much, much larger than m2</p>
314
+ <p begin="0:17:22.966" dur="0:00:03.734">and you take the limiting case<br />for m2 goes to zero</p>
315
+ <p begin="0:17:26.700" dur="0:00:05.133">you'll find again that a goes<br />to g and that T goes to zero</p>
316
+ <p begin="0:17:31.833" dur="0:00:03.967">except that now the acceleration<br />is not this way...</p>
317
+ <p begin="0:17:35.800" dur="0:00:01.366">(<i>makes whooshing sound</i>)</p>
318
+ <p begin="0:17:37.166" dur="0:00:02.300">but now the acceleration<br />is this way</p>
319
+ <p begin="0:17:39.466" dur="0:00:04.467">and now this object will go<br />into free fall.</p>
320
+ <p begin="0:17:43.933" dur="0:00:04.167">And therefore there is no<br />tension in the string anymore.</p>
321
+ <p begin="0:17:51.533" dur="0:00:03.867">M1, if I return to the case<br />which we have there--</p>
322
+ <p begin="0:17:55.400" dur="0:00:02.600">that m2 is larger than m1--</p>
323
+ <p begin="0:17:58.000" dur="0:00:02.500">m1 is being<br />accelerated upwards.</p>
324
+ <p begin="0:18:00.500" dur="0:00:03.333">That's nonnegotiable,<br />so it must have gained weight.</p>
325
+ <p begin="0:18:03.833" dur="0:00:04.733">M2 is being accelerated down,<br />so it must have lost weight.</p>
326
+ <p begin="0:18:08.566" dur="0:00:03.734">Just like being in an elevator,<br />there's no difference.</p>
327
+ <p begin="0:18:12.300" dur="0:00:02.433">They each weigh the same--</p>
328
+ <p begin="0:18:14.733" dur="0:00:03.033">one loses weight,<br />the other gains weight.</p>
329
+ <p begin="0:18:17.766" dur="0:00:04.000">They each weigh the same,<br />and so I can make the prediction</p>
330
+ <p begin="0:18:21.766" dur="0:00:05.467">that if this is m2 g,<br />which was its original weight</p>
331
+ <p begin="0:18:27.233" dur="0:00:02.700">and this now<br />is the new weight, T</p>
332
+ <p begin="0:18:29.933" dur="0:00:02.500">that m2 g must be larger than T.</p>
333
+ <p begin="0:18:32.433" dur="0:00:03.500">M1 gains weight,<br />so T must be larger than m1 g.</p>
334
+ <p begin="0:18:35.933" dur="0:00:04.933">M2 loses weight,<br />so T must be smaller than m2 g.</p>
335
+ <p begin="0:18:40.866" dur="0:00:02.534">That's my prediction--<br />it has to be.</p>
336
+ <p begin="0:18:43.400" dur="0:00:03.233">And we can... I can show you<br />that with some easy numbers.</p>
337
+ <p begin="0:18:46.633" dur="0:00:09.367">Let m1 be 1.1 kilograms<br />and let m2 be 1.25 kilograms.</p>
338
+ <p begin="0:18:56.000" dur="0:00:06.900">Frictionless system, and the<br />string has a negligible mass.</p>
339
+ <p begin="0:19:02.900" dur="0:00:02.766">What is the acceleration "a"<br />of the system?</p>
340
+ <p begin="0:19:05.666" dur="0:00:01.500">I get m2 minus m1--</p>
341
+ <p begin="0:19:07.166" dur="0:00:07.167">that is 0.15 divided<br />by the sum, which is 2.35</p>
342
+ <p begin="0:19:14.333" dur="0:00:07.900">and that is approximately<br />0.064 g, approximately 0.064 g.</p>
343
+ <p begin="0:19:22.233" dur="0:00:03.567">It's about 1/16th of<br />the gravitational acceleration.</p>
344
+ <p begin="0:19:25.800" dur="0:00:03.500">It's a very modest acceleration.</p>
345
+ <p begin="0:19:29.300" dur="0:00:02.300">What is the tension?</p>
346
+ <p begin="0:19:31.600" dur="0:00:04.000">Well, I substitute my numbers<br />for m1 and m2 in there.</p>
347
+ <p begin="0:19:35.600" dur="0:00:02.166">You can take, for g,<br />10, if you like that</p>
348
+ <p begin="0:19:37.766" dur="0:00:07.200">and you will find<br />that the tension equals 1.17 g.</p>
349
+ <p begin="0:19:44.966" dur="0:00:04.000">And now look<br />at what I predicted.</p>
350
+ <p begin="0:19:48.966" dur="0:00:04.167">They both weigh 1.17 g,<br />that's nonnegotiable.</p>
351
+ <p begin="0:19:53.133" dur="0:00:01.733">That is my definition<br />of weight--</p>
352
+ <p begin="0:19:54.866" dur="0:00:02.067">the tension in both sides<br />is the same.</p>
353
+ <p begin="0:19:56.933" dur="0:00:01.500">That's my definition of weight.</p>
354
+ <p begin="0:19:58.433" dur="0:00:02.000">This is their weight.</p>
355
+ <p begin="0:20:00.433" dur="0:00:07.733">This one had a weight 1.25 g<br />without being accelerated.</p>
356
+ <p begin="0:20:08.166" dur="0:00:04.334">You see, it has lost weight,<br />because it accelerated down.</p>
357
+ <p begin="0:20:12.500" dur="0:00:04.033">This one had a weight of 1.1 g.</p>
358
+ <p begin="0:20:16.533" dur="0:00:03.767">You see, it has gained weight,<br />because it has accelerated up.</p>
359
+ <p begin="0:20:20.300" dur="0:00:03.200">So you see, the whole picture<br />ties together very neatly</p>
360
+ <p begin="0:20:23.500" dur="0:00:04.233">and it's important<br />that you look at it that way.</p>
361
+ <p begin="0:20:27.733" dur="0:00:06.667">I now want to return to the idea<br />of complete weightlessness</p>
362
+ <p begin="0:20:34.400" dur="0:00:02.700">and I want to remind you,<br />a few lectures ago</p>
363
+ <p begin="0:20:37.100" dur="0:00:04.333">how I was swinging you at the<br />end of a string in the vertical.</p>
364
+ <p begin="0:20:41.433" dur="0:00:02.000">I was swinging you like this.</p>
365
+ <p begin="0:20:43.433" dur="0:00:03.833">And I was swinging<br />a bucket of water like this.</p>
366
+ <p begin="0:20:47.266" dur="0:00:02.967">And I want to return to that.</p>
367
+ <p begin="0:20:50.233" dur="0:00:06.933">I want to look at you when you<br />are at the bottom of your circle</p>
368
+ <p begin="0:20:57.166" dur="0:00:03.867">and when you are<br />at the very top of that circle.</p>
369
+ <p begin="0:21:04.000" dur="0:00:05.333">You go around a circle<br />which has radius R.</p>
370
+ <p begin="0:21:09.333" dur="0:00:01.400">Here is that circle.</p>
371
+ <p begin="0:21:15.533" dur="0:00:03.333">There's a string here,<br />you're here.</p>
372
+ <p begin="0:21:18.866" dur="0:00:01.700">And there's a string here</p>
373
+ <p begin="0:21:20.566" dur="0:00:02.167">and at some point in time,<br />you're there.</p>
374
+ <p begin="0:21:22.733" dur="0:00:01.667">And you're going around...<br />let's assume</p>
375
+ <p begin="0:21:24.400" dur="0:00:04.000">that you're going around<br />with an angular velocity omega</p>
376
+ <p begin="0:21:28.400" dur="0:00:02.400">and for simplicity,<br />we keep omega constant.</p>
377
+ <p begin="0:21:30.800" dur="0:00:03.333">But that's really<br />not that important.</p>
378
+ <p begin="0:21:34.133" dur="0:00:04.967">Okay, this is point P<br />and this is point S.</p>
379
+ <p begin="0:21:39.100" dur="0:00:04.533">Let's first look<br />at the situation at point P.</p>
380
+ <p begin="0:21:43.633" dur="0:00:05.500">You have a mass and so<br />gravity acts upon you, mg.</p>
381
+ <p begin="0:21:49.133" dur="0:00:03.967">There is tension<br />in the string, T.</p>
382
+ <p begin="0:21:53.100" dur="0:00:02.866">There must be--<br />this is nonnegotiable--</p>
383
+ <p begin="0:21:55.966" dur="0:00:02.967">a centripetal acceleration<br />upwards.</p>
384
+ <p begin="0:21:58.933" dur="0:00:02.467">Otherwise,<br />you could never do this.</p>
385
+ <p begin="0:22:01.400" dur="0:00:02.200">Remember, from the uniform<br />circular motion.</p>
386
+ <p begin="0:22:03.600" dur="0:00:04.933">So there must be here<br />centripetal acceleration</p>
387
+ <p begin="0:22:08.533" dur="0:00:02.233">which is omega squared R</p>
388
+ <p begin="0:22:10.766" dur="0:00:03.800">or, if you prefer,<br />v squared divided by R</p>
389
+ <p begin="0:22:14.566" dur="0:00:04.200">if v is the speed,<br />tangential speed at that point.</p>
390
+ <p begin="0:22:18.766" dur="0:00:03.234">It must be there.</p>
391
+ <p begin="0:22:22.000" dur="0:00:02.533">Let's look here.</p>
392
+ <p begin="0:22:24.533" dur="0:00:06.467">Right there,<br />gravity is acting upon you, mg.</p>
393
+ <p begin="0:22:31.000" dur="0:00:02.633">Let's assume this string<br />is pulling on you.</p>
394
+ <p begin="0:22:33.633" dur="0:00:04.667">Let's assume that for now,<br />so there is a tension.</p>
395
+ <p begin="0:22:38.300" dur="0:00:02.966">The string is pulling on you.</p>
396
+ <p begin="0:22:41.266" dur="0:00:05.500">Therefore, nonnegotiable, when<br />you make this curvature here</p>
397
+ <p begin="0:22:46.766" dur="0:00:02.867">there must be<br />a centripetal acceleration</p>
398
+ <p begin="0:22:49.633" dur="0:00:01.700">and that centripetal<br />acceleration</p>
399
+ <p begin="0:22:51.333" dur="0:00:01.900">must be omega squared R.</p>
400
+ <p begin="0:22:53.233" dur="0:00:03.833">That is nonnegotiable,<br />it has to be there.</p>
401
+ <p begin="0:22:57.066" dur="0:00:04.134">Let's now evaluate<br />first the situation at P</p>
402
+ <p begin="0:23:01.200" dur="0:00:03.033">and I will call this plus</p>
403
+ <p begin="0:23:04.233" dur="0:00:03.367">and I will call this minus.</p>
404
+ <p begin="0:23:07.600" dur="0:00:01.666">So what I get now is</p>
405
+ <p begin="0:23:09.266" dur="0:00:04.267">that T minus mg</p>
406
+ <p begin="0:23:13.533" dur="0:00:05.100">must be m times<br />the centripetal acceleration</p>
407
+ <p begin="0:23:18.633" dur="0:00:05.567">so T must be m times the<br />centripetal acceleration plus g.</p>
408
+ <p begin="0:23:24.200" dur="0:00:02.966">Hey! That looks very familiar.</p>
409
+ <p begin="0:23:27.166" dur="0:00:04.034">It looks like someone is being<br />accelerated in an elevator--</p>
410
+ <p begin="0:23:31.200" dur="0:00:04.000">almost the same equation.</p>
411
+ <p begin="0:23:35.200" dur="0:00:04.966">If the centripetal acceleration<br />at this point</p>
412
+ <p begin="0:23:40.166" dur="0:00:03.934">for instance, were 10 meters<br />per second squared</p>
413
+ <p begin="0:23:44.100" dur="0:00:03.366">then you would weigh twice<br />your normal weight.</p>
414
+ <p begin="0:23:47.466" dur="0:00:05.967">The tension here<br />would be twice mg.</p>
415
+ <p begin="0:23:53.433" dur="0:00:03.500">If this were five meters<br />per second squared</p>
416
+ <p begin="0:23:56.933" dur="0:00:04.667">then you would be<br />1� times your weight.</p>
417
+ <p begin="0:24:01.600" dur="0:00:04.200">Let's now look<br />at the situation at S.</p>
418
+ <p begin="0:24:07.366" dur="0:00:09.467">At point S, I'm going to call<br />this plus and that minus.</p>
419
+ <p begin="0:24:16.833" dur="0:00:05.600">I'm going to find that T plus mg</p>
420
+ <p begin="0:24:22.433" dur="0:00:03.300">must be m times<br />the centripetal acceleration--</p>
421
+ <p begin="0:24:25.733" dur="0:00:02.000">Newton's Second Law.</p>
422
+ <p begin="0:24:27.733" dur="0:00:07.533">So I find that the tension there<br />equals m times a of c minus g.</p>
423
+ <p begin="0:24:35.266" dur="0:00:04.134">Hey! Very similar<br />to what I've seen before.</p>
424
+ <p begin="0:24:39.400" dur="0:00:05.133">This object is losing weight.</p>
425
+ <p begin="0:24:44.533" dur="0:00:02.533">Let us take the situation</p>
426
+ <p begin="0:24:47.066" dur="0:00:03.267">that a of c is exactly<br />10 meters per second squared</p>
427
+ <p begin="0:24:50.333" dur="0:00:02.033">and we discussed that last time</p>
428
+ <p begin="0:24:52.366" dur="0:00:02.200">when we had the bucket of water<br />in our hands.</p>
429
+ <p begin="0:24:54.566" dur="0:00:01.600">If a of c...</p>
430
+ <p begin="0:24:56.166" dur="0:00:03.634">if the centripetal acceleration<br />when it goes through the top</p>
431
+ <p begin="0:24:59.800" dur="0:00:03.033">is 10, then this is zero.</p>
432
+ <p begin="0:25:02.833" dur="0:00:04.100">So the string has no tension,<br />the string goes limp</p>
433
+ <p begin="0:25:06.933" dur="0:00:04.833">and the bucket of water<br />and you are weightless.</p>
434
+ <p begin="0:25:11.766" dur="0:00:04.734">If the centripetal acceleration<br />is larger than 10</p>
435
+ <p begin="0:25:16.500" dur="0:00:02.866">then, of course,<br />the string will be tight.</p>
436
+ <p begin="0:25:19.366" dur="0:00:02.167">There will be a force on you</p>
437
+ <p begin="0:25:21.533" dur="0:00:04.767">and whatever comes out of here<br />will indicate your weight.</p>
438
+ <p begin="0:25:26.300" dur="0:00:06.800">If a of c is smaller than 10,<br />that's meaningless.</p>
439
+ <p begin="0:25:33.100" dur="0:00:03.100">The tension can<br />never be negative.</p>
440
+ <p begin="0:25:36.200" dur="0:00:02.866">A string with negative tension<br />has no physical meaning.</p>
441
+ <p begin="0:25:39.066" dur="0:00:02.167">What it means is<br />that the bucket of water</p>
442
+ <p begin="0:25:41.233" dur="0:00:02.333">would never have made it<br />to this point.</p>
443
+ <p begin="0:25:43.566" dur="0:00:01.634">If you try to swing it up--</p>
444
+ <p begin="0:25:45.200" dur="0:00:02.133">as someone tried<br />in the second lecture--</p>
445
+ <p begin="0:25:47.333" dur="0:00:01.433">but didn't make it to that point</p>
446
+ <p begin="0:25:48.766" dur="0:00:03.000">the bucket of water<br />will just fall.</p>
447
+ <p begin="0:25:51.766" dur="0:00:03.500">You end up with a mess,<br />but that's a detail.</p>
448
+ <p begin="0:25:55.266" dur="0:00:05.367">So the bucket of water,<br />when it is here...</p>
449
+ <p begin="0:26:00.633" dur="0:00:02.400">If the acceleration there,<br />the centripetal acceleration</p>
450
+ <p begin="0:26:03.033" dur="0:00:02.500">were exactly 10 meters<br />per second squared</p>
451
+ <p begin="0:26:05.533" dur="0:00:05.933">then that bucket of water<br />would be weightless.</p>
452
+ <p begin="0:26:11.466" dur="0:00:03.367">So I said earlier<br />that when you're in free fall</p>
453
+ <p begin="0:26:14.833" dur="0:00:03.133">all objects in free fall<br />are weightless.</p>
454
+ <p begin="0:26:17.966" dur="0:00:05.667">It's like a spacecraft in orbit<br />or an elevator with a cut cable.</p>
455
+ <p begin="0:26:23.633" dur="0:00:04.667">It also means<br />that if I jump off the table</p>
456
+ <p begin="0:26:28.300" dur="0:00:05.433">that I'm weightless while<br />I am in mid-air, so to speak.</p>
457
+ <p begin="0:26:33.733" dur="0:00:02.067">It means this tennis ball...</p>
458
+ <p begin="0:26:35.800" dur="0:00:03.100">while it is in free fall,<br />it has no weight.</p>
459
+ <p begin="0:26:38.900" dur="0:00:02.800">Now it has weight.</p>
460
+ <p begin="0:26:41.700" dur="0:00:03.000">Now the weight is even higher<br />because I am accelerating it</p>
461
+ <p begin="0:26:44.700" dur="0:00:01.800">and now it has no weight.</p>
462
+ <p begin="0:26:46.500" dur="0:00:02.366">The tennis ball is weightless</p>
463
+ <p begin="0:26:48.866" dur="0:00:06.500">and I assume, for now,<br />that the air drag plays no role.</p>
464
+ <p begin="0:26:55.366" dur="0:00:03.534">If I jump off the table</p>
465
+ <p begin="0:26:58.900" dur="0:00:02.700">I will be weightless<br />for about half a second.</p>
466
+ <p begin="0:27:01.600" dur="0:00:01.966">This is about one meter.</p>
467
+ <p begin="0:27:03.566" dur="0:00:03.100">If I jump from a tower<br />which is 100 meters high</p>
468
+ <p begin="0:27:06.666" dur="0:00:02.600">I will be weightless<br />for 4� seconds</p>
469
+ <p begin="0:27:09.266" dur="0:00:02.067">ignoring air drag.</p>
470
+ <p begin="0:27:11.333" dur="0:00:06.167">I prefer today<br />the half a second.</p>
471
+ <p begin="0:27:17.500" dur="0:00:03.100">I am going to jump<br />off this table</p>
472
+ <p begin="0:27:20.600" dur="0:00:04.700">with this water in my hand.</p>
473
+ <p begin="0:27:25.300" dur="0:00:03.500">And I'm going to tell you<br />how I can convince you</p>
474
+ <p begin="0:27:28.800" dur="0:00:04.300">that as I jump, that I will,<br />indeed, be weightless.</p>
475
+ <p begin="0:27:33.100" dur="0:00:02.666">Here is the bottle.</p>
476
+ <p begin="0:27:35.766" dur="0:00:03.634">There is a gravitational force<br />on the bottle.</p>
477
+ <p begin="0:27:39.400" dur="0:00:03.833">My hands are pushing up<br />on this bottle.</p>
478
+ <p begin="0:27:43.233" dur="0:00:03.000">My hands are being<br />a bathroom scale.</p>
479
+ <p begin="0:27:46.233" dur="0:00:04.300">I feel, in my muscles,<br />the need to push up.</p>
480
+ <p begin="0:27:50.533" dur="0:00:03.200">In fact, I might even be able<br />to estimate the weight</p>
481
+ <p begin="0:27:53.733" dur="0:00:02.700">playing the role<br />of a bathroom scale.</p>
482
+ <p begin="0:27:56.433" dur="0:00:04.400">It's a gallon of water,<br />it's about nine pounds.</p>
483
+ <p begin="0:28:04.066" dur="0:00:03.567">Now my own body...<br />gravity is acting upon me</p>
484
+ <p begin="0:28:07.633" dur="0:00:05.433">but I am being pushed up,<br />right there.</p>
485
+ <p begin="0:28:13.066" dur="0:00:04.767">Suppose we jumped.</p>
486
+ <p begin="0:28:17.833" dur="0:00:03.500">There would be no pushing<br />from me on the bottle anymore</p>
487
+ <p begin="0:28:21.333" dur="0:00:04.267">no pushing there on me,<br />the table.</p>
488
+ <p begin="0:28:25.600" dur="0:00:04.966">Only gravitation would act upon<br />us and we would be weightless.</p>
489
+ <p begin="0:28:30.566" dur="0:00:02.267">How can I show you<br />that we are weightless?</p>
490
+ <p begin="0:28:32.833" dur="0:00:01.600">Well, if I don't have to use</p>
491
+ <p begin="0:28:34.433" dur="0:00:02.933">my muscles to push<br />on this bottle upwards</p>
492
+ <p begin="0:28:37.366" dur="0:00:02.434">I might as well<br />lower my hands a little bit</p>
493
+ <p begin="0:28:39.800" dur="0:00:02.100">during this free fall.</p>
494
+ <p begin="0:28:41.900" dur="0:00:03.566">And you will see that the bottle<br />will just stay above my hands</p>
495
+ <p begin="0:28:45.466" dur="0:00:02.067">without my having to push up.</p>
496
+ <p begin="0:28:47.533" dur="0:00:02.600">Therefore,<br />being the bathroom scale</p>
497
+ <p begin="0:28:50.133" dur="0:00:02.133">I no longer have to push on it.</p>
498
+ <p begin="0:28:52.266" dur="0:00:02.967">I no longer... my muscles<br />don't feel anything</p>
499
+ <p begin="0:28:55.233" dur="0:00:03.200">and the bottle is<br />therefore weightless.</p>
500
+ <p begin="0:28:58.433" dur="0:00:02.433">The bottle is weightless<br />when we jump;</p>
501
+ <p begin="0:29:00.866" dur="0:00:02.767">I am weightless and even<br />this bagel is weightless.</p>
502
+ <p begin="0:29:03.633" dur="0:00:03.967">We're all weightless<br />during half a second.</p>
503
+ <p begin="0:29:07.600" dur="0:00:04.500">There is no such thing<br />in physics as a free lunch.</p>
504
+ <p begin="0:29:12.100" dur="0:00:05.133">You have to pay a price for this<br />half a second of weightlessness.</p>
505
+ <p begin="0:29:17.233" dur="0:00:02.533">What happens<br />when I hit the floor?</p>
506
+ <p begin="0:29:19.766" dur="0:00:02.600">I hit the floor with a velocity<br />in this direction</p>
507
+ <p begin="0:29:22.366" dur="0:00:02.200">which is about<br />five meters per second.</p>
508
+ <p begin="0:29:24.566" dur="0:00:01.600">You can calculate that.</p>
509
+ <p begin="0:29:26.166" dur="0:00:02.934">But a little later,<br />I've come to a stop.</p>
510
+ <p begin="0:29:29.100" dur="0:00:01.866">That means during the impact</p>
511
+ <p begin="0:29:30.966" dur="0:00:02.934">there must be<br />an acceleration upwards.</p>
512
+ <p begin="0:29:33.900" dur="0:00:01.700">Otherwise my velocity<br />in this direction</p>
513
+ <p begin="0:29:35.600" dur="0:00:02.566">could never become zero.</p>
514
+ <p begin="0:29:38.166" dur="0:00:04.000">Therefore, I will weigh<i>more</i><br />during this impact--</p>
515
+ <p begin="0:29:42.166" dur="0:00:01.900">there is an acceleration<br />in this direction.</p>
516
+ <p begin="0:29:44.066" dur="0:00:05.200">The five meters<br />per second goes to zero.</p>
517
+ <p begin="0:29:49.266" dur="0:00:01.134">If I make the assumption</p>
518
+ <p begin="0:29:50.400" dur="0:00:01.600">that it takes<br />two-tenths of a second--</p>
519
+ <p begin="0:29:52.000" dur="0:00:01.933">that's a very rough guess,<br />this impact time--</p>
520
+ <p begin="0:29:53.933" dur="0:00:01.667">then the average acceleration</p>
521
+ <p begin="0:29:55.600" dur="0:00:03.233">will be five meters per second<br />divided by 0.2;</p>
522
+ <p begin="0:29:58.833" dur="0:00:02.900">that is 25 meters<br />per second squared.</p>
523
+ <p begin="0:30:01.733" dur="0:00:04.400">That means the acceleration<br />upwards is 2� g.</p>
524
+ <p begin="0:30:06.133" dur="0:00:03.533">That means I will weigh<br />3� times more.</p>
525
+ <p begin="0:30:09.666" dur="0:00:01.934">Remember it is a plus g,</p>
526
+ <p begin="0:30:11.600" dur="0:00:03.233">so a is 2� g up<br />plus the g that we already have;</p>
527
+ <p begin="0:30:14.833" dur="0:00:02.400">that makes it 3� g.</p>
528
+ <p begin="0:30:17.233" dur="0:00:02.600">So instead<br />of weighing 165 pounds</p>
529
+ <p begin="0:30:19.833" dur="0:00:03.867">I weigh close to 600 pounds<br />for two-tenths of a second.</p>
530
+ <p begin="0:30:23.700" dur="0:00:01.500">So we get four phases.</p>
531
+ <p begin="0:30:25.200" dur="0:00:02.100">Right now, I'm my normal weight</p>
532
+ <p begin="0:30:27.300" dur="0:00:02.133">if I stand<br />on a bathroom scale.</p>
533
+ <p begin="0:30:29.433" dur="0:00:02.500">I jump for half a second,<br />weightless</p>
534
+ <p begin="0:30:31.933" dur="0:00:02.800">hit the floor for about<br />two-tenths of a second</p>
535
+ <p begin="0:30:34.733" dur="0:00:02.500">maybe close to 600 pounds.</p>
536
+ <p begin="0:30:37.233" dur="0:00:03.700">And then after that I will have<br />my normal weight again.</p>
537
+ <p begin="0:30:40.933" dur="0:00:03.100">Now, you're going to have<br />only half a second to see</p>
538
+ <p begin="0:30:44.033" dur="0:00:04.367">that this bottle, as I jump,<br />is floating above my hands.</p>
539
+ <p begin="0:30:48.400" dur="0:00:02.000">I will pull my hands off</p>
540
+ <p begin="0:30:50.400" dur="0:00:03.633">so you will see that<br />I no longer have to push it.</p>
541
+ <p begin="0:30:54.033" dur="0:00:03.933">That means it's weightless.</p>
542
+ <p begin="0:30:57.966" dur="0:00:03.067">Are you ready? I'm ready.</p>
543
+ <p begin="0:31:01.033" dur="0:00:02.900">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
544
+ <p begin="0:31:03.933" dur="0:00:03.267">Did you see it floating<br />above my hands?</p>
545
+ <p begin="0:31:07.200" dur="0:00:02.733">We were both weightless.</p>
546
+ <p begin="0:31:09.933" dur="0:00:04.767">Now, I have been thinking<br />about this</p>
547
+ <p begin="0:31:14.700" dur="0:00:02.000">for a long, long time.</p>
548
+ <p begin="0:31:16.700" dur="0:00:01.300">I have been thinking whether</p>
549
+ <p begin="0:31:18.000" dur="0:00:05.966">perhaps this could not be shown<br />in a more dramatic way</p>
550
+ <p begin="0:31:23.966" dur="0:00:03.300">perhaps even<br />a more convincing way.</p>
551
+ <p begin="0:31:27.266" dur="0:00:01.634">And so I thought of the idea</p>
552
+ <p begin="0:31:28.900" dur="0:00:02.733">of putting a bathroom scale<br />under my feet</p>
553
+ <p begin="0:31:31.633" dur="0:00:03.667">tying it very loosely so that it<br />wouldn't fall off when I jump</p>
554
+ <p begin="0:31:35.300" dur="0:00:04.133">and then show you that while I<br />am half a second in free fall</p>
555
+ <p begin="0:31:39.433" dur="0:00:03.667">that the bathroom scale<br />indeed indicates zero.</p>
556
+ <p begin="0:31:43.100" dur="0:00:02.200">And don't think<br />that I haven't tried it.</p>
557
+ <p begin="0:31:45.300" dur="0:00:02.266">I've tried it many times<br />with many bathroom scales.</p>
558
+ <p begin="0:31:47.566" dur="0:00:01.700">I made many jumps.</p>
559
+ <p begin="0:31:49.266" dur="0:00:02.367">There is a problem,<br />and the problem is</p>
560
+ <p begin="0:31:51.633" dur="0:00:02.433">the bathroom scales<br />that you buy--</p>
561
+ <p begin="0:31:54.066" dur="0:00:02.067">that you normally<br />get commercially--</p>
562
+ <p begin="0:31:56.133" dur="0:00:02.467">they indeed want to go to zero.</p>
563
+ <p begin="0:31:58.600" dur="0:00:01.800">It takes them a long time.</p>
564
+ <p begin="0:32:00.400" dur="0:00:04.200">They have a lot of inertia,<br />their response time is slow.</p>
565
+ <p begin="0:32:04.600" dur="0:00:03.600">But even if they make it to zero<br />by the time you hit the floor</p>
566
+ <p begin="0:32:08.200" dur="0:00:03.800">then immediately<br />the weight increases</p>
567
+ <p begin="0:32:12.000" dur="0:00:01.100">because you hit the floor</p>
568
+ <p begin="0:32:13.100" dur="0:00:01.733">and your weight comes up<br />by 3� times.</p>
569
+ <p begin="0:32:14.833" dur="0:00:02.233">So it begins to swing<br />back and forth</p>
570
+ <p begin="0:32:17.066" dur="0:00:01.667">and it becomes<br />completely chaotic</p>
571
+ <p begin="0:32:18.733" dur="0:00:02.300">and you can no longer see<br />what's happening.</p>
572
+ <p begin="0:32:21.033" dur="0:00:03.833">And it just so happened that<br />about six months ago, Dave...</p>
573
+ <p begin="0:32:24.866" dur="0:00:02.467">I had dinner<br />with Professor Dave Trumper</p>
574
+ <p begin="0:32:27.333" dur="0:00:03.300">and I explained it to him<br />that it is just unfortunate</p>
575
+ <p begin="0:32:30.633" dur="0:00:02.000">that you can<br />never really show it</p>
576
+ <p begin="0:32:32.633" dur="0:00:02.867">that you jump off the table,<br />have a bathroom scale under you</p>
577
+ <p begin="0:32:35.500" dur="0:00:02.800">and see that weight go down to<br />zero when you are in free fall.</p>
578
+ <p begin="0:32:38.300" dur="0:00:03.300">And he said, "Duck soup--<br />I can do that."</p>
579
+ <p begin="0:32:41.600" dur="0:00:02.500">He says, "I can make you a scale</p>
580
+ <p begin="0:32:44.100" dur="0:00:03.966">"which has a response time<br />of maybe 10 milliseconds</p>
581
+ <p begin="0:32:48.066" dur="0:00:02.200">"so when you jump off the table</p>
582
+ <p begin="0:32:50.266" dur="0:00:04.634">in 10 milliseconds you will see<br />that thing go down to zero."</p>
583
+ <p begin="0:32:54.900" dur="0:00:04.166">And he delivered,<br />he came through.</p>
584
+ <p begin="0:32:59.066" dur="0:00:02.067">He built this wonderful device</p>
585
+ <p begin="0:33:01.133" dur="0:00:03.933">which he and I are going<br />to demonstrate to you.</p>
586
+ <p begin="0:33:05.066" dur="0:00:08.434">Let me first give you<br />some reasonable light for this.</p>
587
+ <p begin="0:33:13.500" dur="0:00:04.500">And I would like to show you<br />on the scale there</p>
588
+ <p begin="0:33:18.000" dur="0:00:03.933">what this scale that he built<br />is indicating.</p>
589
+ <p begin="0:33:21.933" dur="0:00:04.233">Here is the scale,<br />I have it in my hands.</p>
590
+ <p begin="0:33:26.166" dur="0:00:02.334">And on top of this scale<br />is a little platform</p>
591
+ <p begin="0:33:28.500" dur="0:00:01.933">just like on your scale.</p>
592
+ <p begin="0:33:30.433" dur="0:00:03.067">This platform weighs<br />4� pounds.</p>
593
+ <p begin="0:33:33.500" dur="0:00:05.000">And you can see that,<br />it says about 4�.</p>
594
+ <p begin="0:33:38.500" dur="0:00:01.100">Now, you will say</p>
595
+ <p begin="0:33:39.600" dur="0:00:02.700">"Hmm! I wouldn't want<br />that kind of a bathroom scale.</p>
596
+ <p begin="0:33:42.300" dur="0:00:02.033">"I mean, if I want to see<br />my bathroom scale</p>
597
+ <p begin="0:33:44.333" dur="0:00:02.167">"I want to see a zero<br />before I want to go up.</p>
598
+ <p begin="0:33:46.500" dur="0:00:01.600">"I'm heavy enough all by myself.</p>
599
+ <p begin="0:33:48.100" dur="0:00:02.233">I don't want to get<br />another 4� pounds."</p>
600
+ <p begin="0:33:50.333" dur="0:00:04.400">The manufacturer has simply<br />zeroed that scale for you</p>
601
+ <p begin="0:33:54.733" dur="0:00:03.833">but obviously also your bathroom<br />scale has a cover on it.</p>
602
+ <p begin="0:33:58.566" dur="0:00:02.600">Once you have seen<br />these demonstrations</p>
603
+ <p begin="0:34:01.166" dur="0:00:04.434">you will be able to answer for<br />yourself why we don't zero this</p>
604
+ <p begin="0:34:05.600" dur="0:00:02.433">why we really leave this<br />to be 4�.</p>
605
+ <p begin="0:34:08.033" dur="0:00:04.167">That's the actual mass which is<br />on top of the spring.</p>
606
+ <p begin="0:34:12.200" dur="0:00:01.833">But it's not really a spring--</p>
607
+ <p begin="0:34:14.033" dur="0:00:03.167">it is a pressure gauge,<br />but think of it as a spring.</p>
608
+ <p begin="0:34:17.200" dur="0:00:02.166">4� pounds.</p>
609
+ <p begin="0:34:19.366" dur="0:00:03.700">Here we have a weight</p>
610
+ <p begin="0:34:23.066" dur="0:00:06.634">which is a barbell weight,<br />which is 10 pounds.</p>
611
+ <p begin="0:34:29.700" dur="0:00:03.300">Is this from one<br />of your children, Dave</p>
612
+ <p begin="0:34:33.000" dur="0:00:02.633">or were you doing it yourself?</p>
613
+ <p begin="0:34:35.633" dur="0:00:04.733">10 pounds...<br />we put it on top here.</p>
614
+ <p begin="0:34:40.366" dur="0:00:04.100">What do you see?<br />Roughly 14� pounds.</p>
615
+ <p begin="0:34:44.466" dur="0:00:02.534">All right, we are going<br />to tape it down.</p>
616
+ <p begin="0:34:52.533" dur="0:00:01.200">There we go.</p>
617
+ <p begin="0:34:53.733" dur="0:00:02.667">And we're going to drop it</p>
618
+ <p begin="0:34:56.400" dur="0:00:02.933">from about 1�, two meters</p>
619
+ <p begin="0:34:59.333" dur="0:00:02.767">and we drop it in here,<br />well-cushioned</p>
620
+ <p begin="0:35:02.100" dur="0:00:02.366">because we don't want to break<br />this beautiful device.</p>
621
+ <p begin="0:35:07.933" dur="0:00:03.667">When we drop it,<br />the response is so fast</p>
622
+ <p begin="0:35:11.600" dur="0:00:03.366">that you will see, indeed,<br />that pointer go to zero.</p>
623
+ <p begin="0:35:14.966" dur="0:00:03.634">Now, keep in mind,<br />when it hits the cushion</p>
624
+ <p begin="0:35:18.600" dur="0:00:02.300">that the weight will go up.</p>
625
+ <p begin="0:35:20.900" dur="0:00:02.033">For now, I want you<br />to concentrate</p>
626
+ <p begin="0:35:22.933" dur="0:00:03.833">only on the thing going to zero<br />and not what comes later.</p>
627
+ <p begin="0:35:26.766" dur="0:00:01.867">We will deal with that<br />within a minute.</p>
628
+ <p begin="0:35:32.533" dur="0:00:06.967">Okay... 14� pounds.</p>
629
+ <p begin="0:35:39.500" dur="0:00:02.333">You know why the thing<br />is actually jiggling</p>
630
+ <p begin="0:35:41.833" dur="0:00:01.700">back and forth?</p>
631
+ <p begin="0:35:43.533" dur="0:00:01.633">I can't hold it exactly still</p>
632
+ <p begin="0:35:45.166" dur="0:00:03.000">and so I slightly accelerate it<br />upwards and downwards</p>
633
+ <p begin="0:35:48.166" dur="0:00:02.334">and when I accelerate it<br />slightly upwards</p>
634
+ <p begin="0:35:50.500" dur="0:00:01.333">it weighs a little more</p>
635
+ <p begin="0:35:51.833" dur="0:00:02.400">and when I accelerate it<br />downwards, it weighs less.</p>
636
+ <p begin="0:35:54.233" dur="0:00:00.900">It's interesting.</p>
637
+ <p begin="0:35:55.133" dur="0:00:01.500">You can see I'm nervous.</p>
638
+ <p begin="0:35:56.633" dur="0:00:03.733">That's my nervous<br />tension meter there.</p>
639
+ <p begin="0:36:00.366" dur="0:00:01.700">Okay, we're ready?</p>
640
+ <p begin="0:36:02.066" dur="0:00:04.234">Look and... don't look at me,<br />now, look at that pointer.</p>
641
+ <p begin="0:36:06.300" dur="0:00:03.300">Three, two, one, zero.</p>
642
+ <p begin="0:36:09.600" dur="0:00:04.700">Did you see it go to zero?<br />All the way to zero.</p>
643
+ <p begin="0:36:14.300" dur="0:00:04.300">Now comes something<br />even more remarkable.</p>
644
+ <p begin="0:36:18.600" dur="0:00:08.133">He said to me, "I can also make<br />the students see the response</p>
645
+ <p begin="0:36:26.733" dur="0:00:03.833">on a time scale of about<br />a fraction of a second."</p>
646
+ <p begin="0:36:30.566" dur="0:00:03.167">By the way, this is the hero<br />who made all this stuff.</p>
647
+ <p begin="0:36:33.733" dur="0:00:01.133">He's fantastic.</p>
648
+ <p begin="0:36:34.866" dur="0:00:06.334">(<i>class applauds</i>)</p>
649
+ <p begin="0:36:41.200" dur="0:00:07.533">LEWIN:<br />He can show you the weight<br />on an electronic scale</p>
650
+ <p begin="0:36:48.733" dur="0:00:06.000">and this weight you will see<br />as a function of time.</p>
651
+ <p begin="0:36:54.733" dur="0:00:04.067">I will put the ten pounds<br />back on again...</p>
652
+ <p begin="0:36:58.800" dur="0:00:05.700">tape it a little tighter</p>
653
+ <p begin="0:37:04.500" dur="0:00:05.533">and so the level that you see<br />now is 14� pounds.</p>
654
+ <p begin="0:37:10.033" dur="0:00:05.900">This is 14� pounds and this is<br />zero, this mark is zero.</p>
655
+ <p begin="0:37:15.933" dur="0:00:08.067">I'm going to hold it in my hand.</p>
656
+ <p begin="0:37:24.000" dur="0:00:01.633">And notice,<br />if I can hold it still</p>
657
+ <p begin="0:37:25.633" dur="0:00:02.067">you're back<br />to your 14� pounds.</p>
658
+ <p begin="0:37:28.733" dur="0:00:02.300">Now I'm going to drop it.</p>
659
+ <p begin="0:37:31.033" dur="0:00:02.967">You will see it go down to zero.</p>
660
+ <p begin="0:37:34.000" dur="0:00:03.166">It will hit the floor,<br />the cushion.</p>
661
+ <p begin="0:37:37.166" dur="0:00:01.834">It will get<br />an acceleration upwards.</p>
662
+ <p begin="0:37:39.000" dur="0:00:02.966">It will become way heavier<br />than it was before</p>
663
+ <p begin="0:37:41.966" dur="0:00:03.900">and then it will even be<br />bounced back up in the air</p>
664
+ <p begin="0:37:45.866" dur="0:00:01.967">and it goes again<br />into free fall.</p>
665
+ <p begin="0:37:47.833" dur="0:00:02.767">We will freeze that for you,<br />and you will be able...</p>
666
+ <p begin="0:37:50.600" dur="0:00:05.633">we will be able to analyze it,<br />then, after it all happens.</p>
667
+ <p begin="0:37:56.233" dur="0:00:06.433">So, 14� pounds...<br />three, two, one, zero.</p>
668
+ <p begin="0:38:05.066" dur="0:00:02.400">And now Professor Trumper<br />is freezing it for you.</p>
669
+ <p begin="0:38:07.466" dur="0:00:03.834">Now look at this, look<br />at this incredible picture.</p>
670
+ <p begin="0:38:11.300" dur="0:00:03.333">This is truly an eye-opener<br />for me, when I saw it.</p>
671
+ <p begin="0:38:14.633" dur="0:00:02.933">The physics in here<br />is unbelievable.</p>
672
+ <p begin="0:38:17.566" dur="0:00:02.600">Here is your 14� pounds.</p>
673
+ <p begin="0:38:20.166" dur="0:00:03.367">Tick marks from here to here<br />are half a second.</p>
674
+ <p begin="0:38:23.533" dur="0:00:02.233">It was half a second<br />in free fall</p>
675
+ <p begin="0:38:25.766" dur="0:00:02.867">and it goes to zero,<br />that's no weight.</p>
676
+ <p begin="0:38:28.633" dur="0:00:01.933">Now it hits the floor,<br />the cushion</p>
677
+ <p begin="0:38:30.566" dur="0:00:01.667">and its weight goes up</p>
678
+ <p begin="0:38:32.233" dur="0:00:02.400">in something<br />like a tenth of a second.</p>
679
+ <p begin="0:38:34.633" dur="0:00:01.967">Look, this is<br />about one, two, three...</p>
680
+ <p begin="0:38:36.600" dur="0:00:03.166">It's about 3� times<br />its weight now.</p>
681
+ <p begin="0:38:39.766" dur="0:00:02.267">So the 14�<br />has to be multiplied</p>
682
+ <p begin="0:38:42.033" dur="0:00:01.133">by 3� or four</p>
683
+ <p begin="0:38:43.166" dur="0:00:01.934">which is exactly<br />what we predicted--</p>
684
+ <p begin="0:38:45.100" dur="0:00:01.566">that it would be much higher.</p>
685
+ <p begin="0:38:46.666" dur="0:00:01.434">But now it's being...</p>
686
+ <p begin="0:38:48.100" dur="0:00:02.533">it bounces off, because<br />it's a very nice cushion.</p>
687
+ <p begin="0:38:50.633" dur="0:00:01.033">It throws it back up.</p>
688
+ <p begin="0:38:51.666" dur="0:00:01.334">So it goes back into the air</p>
689
+ <p begin="0:38:53.000" dur="0:00:02.300">so it goes immediately<br />to weightlessness again</p>
690
+ <p begin="0:38:55.300" dur="0:00:02.133">and then it oscillates<br />back and forth.</p>
691
+ <p begin="0:38:57.433" dur="0:00:02.233">And then here you would expect</p>
692
+ <p begin="0:38:59.666" dur="0:00:03.400">that this level, 14� pounds,<br />would be the same as this.</p>
693
+ <p begin="0:39:03.066" dur="0:00:02.734">And the only reason<br />why that's not the case is</p>
694
+ <p begin="0:39:05.800" dur="0:00:01.833">there's a little cable<br />that fell with it</p>
695
+ <p begin="0:39:07.633" dur="0:00:02.133">which is pushing a little bit up</p>
696
+ <p begin="0:39:09.766" dur="0:00:03.667">on the upper... on the upper<br />disc that is there</p>
697
+ <p begin="0:39:13.433" dur="0:00:01.533">so it's making it<br />a little lighter.</p>
698
+ <p begin="0:39:14.966" dur="0:00:01.300">Isn't it incredible?</p>
699
+ <p begin="0:39:16.266" dur="0:00:03.000">You see here in front of you<br />the weightlessness</p>
700
+ <p begin="0:39:19.266" dur="0:00:02.634">and you see the extra weight<br />when it hits</p>
701
+ <p begin="0:39:21.900" dur="0:00:03.166">and again followed<br />by weightlessness.</p>
702
+ <p begin="0:39:25.066" dur="0:00:02.400">Dave, A-plus,<br />you passed the course.</p>
703
+ <p begin="0:39:31.400" dur="0:00:02.500">There is a great interest</p>
704
+ <p begin="0:39:33.900" dur="0:00:04.066">in doing experiments<br />under weightless conditions.</p>
705
+ <p begin="0:39:37.966" dur="0:00:03.367">NASA was very interested in it.</p>
706
+ <p begin="0:39:41.333" dur="0:00:04.967">And if you would jump<br />100 meters up in the sky</p>
707
+ <p begin="0:39:46.300" dur="0:00:02.300">you would only be<br />nine seconds up.</p>
708
+ <p begin="0:39:48.600" dur="0:00:02.566">You wouldn't even be weightless<br />because of air drag.</p>
709
+ <p begin="0:39:51.166" dur="0:00:02.100">However, if you could jump up</p>
710
+ <p begin="0:39:53.266" dur="0:00:02.634">way near the top<br />of the atmosphere--</p>
711
+ <p begin="0:39:55.900" dur="0:00:02.166">where the air drag<br />is negligible--</p>
712
+ <p begin="0:39:58.066" dur="0:00:03.800">then you would be weightless<br />for quite some time.</p>
713
+ <p begin="0:40:01.866" dur="0:00:02.667">And that is<br />what people have been doing</p>
714
+ <p begin="0:40:04.533" dur="0:00:02.233">for the past few decades.</p>
715
+ <p begin="0:40:06.766" dur="0:00:01.800">Professor Young<br />and Professor Oman here</p>
716
+ <p begin="0:40:08.566" dur="0:00:02.300">at the Aeronautics Department</p>
717
+ <p begin="0:40:10.866" dur="0:00:04.034">have done what they call<br />"zero gravity experiments"</p>
718
+ <p begin="0:40:14.900" dur="0:00:02.833">from airplanes-- and I will<br />explain that in detail--</p>
719
+ <p begin="0:40:17.733" dur="0:00:01.933">but first I want you<br />to appreciate</p>
720
+ <p begin="0:40:19.666" dur="0:00:04.067">that "zero gravity"<br />is a complete misnomer.</p>
721
+ <p begin="0:40:23.733" dur="0:00:04.400">"Zero weight," yes--<br />"zero gravity," no.</p>
722
+ <p begin="0:40:28.133" dur="0:00:02.533">If you have an airplane<br />anywhere near Earth, flying</p>
723
+ <p begin="0:40:30.666" dur="0:00:02.667">whether the engines are on<br />or whether the engines are off</p>
724
+ <p begin="0:40:33.333" dur="0:00:02.000">or whether it is free-falling<br />doesn't matter.</p>
725
+ <p begin="0:40:35.333" dur="0:00:01.267">There is never zero gravity.</p>
726
+ <p begin="0:40:36.600" dur="0:00:02.800">There is always gravity--<br />thank goodness.</p>
727
+ <p begin="0:40:39.400" dur="0:00:04.600">But if you are in free fall,<br />indeed, there is no weight.</p>
728
+ <p begin="0:40:44.000" dur="0:00:04.666">Apart from that, they call them<br />"zero gravity experiments"</p>
729
+ <p begin="0:40:48.666" dur="0:00:01.300">and why not?</p>
730
+ <p begin="0:40:49.966" dur="0:00:01.500">Maybe it sells better.</p>
731
+ <p begin="0:40:53.633" dur="0:00:06.300">They fly an airplane,<br />which is the KC-135</p>
732
+ <p begin="0:40:59.933" dur="0:00:01.933">and they do these experiments</p>
733
+ <p begin="0:41:01.866" dur="0:00:05.867">at an altitude<br />of about 30,000 feet.</p>
734
+ <p begin="0:41:07.733" dur="0:00:02.333">If I could clean this<br />as best as I can...</p>
735
+ <p begin="0:41:12.433" dur="0:00:06.767">The plane comes in<br />at one point in time</p>
736
+ <p begin="0:41:19.200" dur="0:00:02.566">at an angle of about 45 degrees.</p>
737
+ <p begin="0:41:21.766" dur="0:00:03.100">There's nothing special<br />about that 45 degrees.</p>
738
+ <p begin="0:41:24.866" dur="0:00:01.934">It's just...<br />that's the way it's done.</p>
739
+ <p begin="0:41:26.800" dur="0:00:02.266">You have to also think<br />of the convenience--</p>
740
+ <p begin="0:41:29.066" dur="0:00:02.000">convenience for the passengers.</p>
741
+ <p begin="0:41:31.066" dur="0:00:09.000">The speed is then<br />about 425 miles per hour</p>
742
+ <p begin="0:41:40.066" dur="0:00:03.634">so the horizontal component<br />is about 300 miles per hour</p>
743
+ <p begin="0:41:43.700" dur="0:00:04.966">and the vertical component is<br />also 300.</p>
744
+ <p begin="0:41:48.666" dur="0:00:01.500">The air drag is very little.</p>
745
+ <p begin="0:41:50.166" dur="0:00:02.134">Let's assume, for the sake<br />of the argument</p>
746
+ <p begin="0:41:52.300" dur="0:00:03.133">that the engines are cut</p>
747
+ <p begin="0:41:55.433" dur="0:00:01.967">and the plane goes<br />into free fall.</p>
748
+ <p begin="0:41:57.400" dur="0:00:02.433">It's no different<br />from this tennis ball--</p>
749
+ <p begin="0:41:59.833" dur="0:00:01.867">(<i>makes whooshing sound</i>)</p>
750
+ <p begin="0:42:01.700" dur="0:00:01.066">the same thing.</p>
751
+ <p begin="0:42:02.766" dur="0:00:01.967">You're going to see a parabola.</p>
752
+ <p begin="0:42:04.733" dur="0:00:03.200">And so this plane<br />is going to free-fall</p>
753
+ <p begin="0:42:07.933" dur="0:00:04.067">and comes back to this level.</p>
754
+ <p begin="0:42:12.000" dur="0:00:03.733">And let's analyze this arc,<br />this parabola.</p>
755
+ <p begin="0:42:15.733" dur="0:00:03.000">Right here at the top, clearly</p>
756
+ <p begin="0:42:18.733" dur="0:00:02.367">there will still be<br />300 meters per second</p>
757
+ <p begin="0:42:21.100" dur="0:00:02.200">in the absence of any air drag.</p>
758
+ <p begin="0:42:23.300" dur="0:00:01.333">You should be able to calculate</p>
759
+ <p begin="0:42:24.633" dur="0:00:01.767">with all the tools<br />that you have available</p>
760
+ <p begin="0:42:26.400" dur="0:00:04.233">how high this goes<br />from this level.</p>
761
+ <p begin="0:42:30.633" dur="0:00:02.300">In other words, what is the time</p>
762
+ <p begin="0:42:32.933" dur="0:00:03.133">that the velocity in the y<br />direction comes to zero?</p>
763
+ <p begin="0:42:36.066" dur="0:00:01.500">You can calculate that</p>
764
+ <p begin="0:42:37.566" dur="0:00:02.200">and then you know<br />how much it has traveled.</p>
765
+ <p begin="0:42:39.766" dur="0:00:03.800">Very crude number,<br />this is about 900 meters.</p>
766
+ <p begin="0:42:43.566" dur="0:00:03.967">And it will take about 15<br />seconds to reach this point</p>
767
+ <p begin="0:42:47.533" dur="0:00:03.200">so it will take about 30 seconds<br />to go from here to here</p>
768
+ <p begin="0:42:50.733" dur="0:00:03.433">and in those 30 seconds</p>
769
+ <p begin="0:42:54.166" dur="0:00:04.667">the horizontal displacement<br />is about 3� kilometers.</p>
770
+ <p begin="0:42:58.833" dur="0:00:04.533">And all these numbers<br />you should be able to confirm.</p>
771
+ <p begin="0:43:03.366" dur="0:00:05.634">Right here,<br />the engines are restarted.</p>
772
+ <p begin="0:43:09.000" dur="0:00:04.000">During this free fall, everyone<br />in the airplane is weightless</p>
773
+ <p begin="0:43:13.000" dur="0:00:02.233">including the airplane itself.</p>
774
+ <p begin="0:43:15.233" dur="0:00:02.733">Now the engines start,<br />and the engine is sort of...</p>
775
+ <p begin="0:43:17.966" dur="0:00:03.300">The plane is going to pull up,<br />it goes into this phase</p>
776
+ <p begin="0:43:21.266" dur="0:00:02.834">and then the plane flies<br />horizontally for a while.</p>
777
+ <p begin="0:43:24.100" dur="0:00:02.633">During this phase,<br />as we just discussed</p>
778
+ <p begin="0:43:26.733" dur="0:00:02.067">it's like hitting the floor.</p>
779
+ <p begin="0:43:28.800" dur="0:00:02.400">You need an acceleration<br />in this direction.</p>
780
+ <p begin="0:43:31.200" dur="0:00:03.566">There will be weight increase</p>
781
+ <p begin="0:43:34.766" dur="0:00:03.100">so there is here<br />an acceleration upwards.</p>
782
+ <p begin="0:43:37.866" dur="0:00:02.400">And during this time,<br />very roughly</p>
783
+ <p begin="0:43:40.266" dur="0:00:03.634">people have<br />about twice their weight.</p>
784
+ <p begin="0:43:43.900" dur="0:00:02.766">And then here,<br />they have again normal weight.</p>
785
+ <p begin="0:43:46.666" dur="0:00:02.434">And then the plane<br />pulls up again</p>
786
+ <p begin="0:43:49.100" dur="0:00:03.600">and here it goes<br />and repeats the whole thing</p>
787
+ <p begin="0:43:52.700" dur="0:00:04.266">again going into free fall.</p>
788
+ <p begin="0:43:56.966" dur="0:00:05.567">So again here, people have<br />more than their normal weight.</p>
789
+ <p begin="0:44:02.533" dur="0:00:02.733">Zero weight,<br />more than normal weight</p>
790
+ <p begin="0:44:05.266" dur="0:00:02.834">normal weight, more<br />than normal weight, free fall.</p>
791
+ <p begin="0:44:08.100" dur="0:00:05.933">And the whole cycle takes<br />about 90 seconds.</p>
792
+ <p begin="0:44:14.033" dur="0:00:02.500">You can imagine<br />that it is very important</p>
793
+ <p begin="0:44:16.533" dur="0:00:03.167">when you are here in free fall,<br />when you have no weight</p>
794
+ <p begin="0:44:19.700" dur="0:00:03.633">that when your weight comes back<br />and your weight doubles--</p>
795
+ <p begin="0:44:23.333" dur="0:00:02.833">and Professor Oman told me<br />that this change from zero</p>
796
+ <p begin="0:44:26.166" dur="0:00:02.334">to twice your weight takes<br />less than a second--</p>
797
+ <p begin="0:44:28.500" dur="0:00:04.000">that you better know where your<br />feet are and where your head is</p>
798
+ <p begin="0:44:32.500" dur="0:00:01.900">because if your head is down</p>
799
+ <p begin="0:44:34.400" dur="0:00:02.500">and you all of a sudden<br />double your weight</p>
800
+ <p begin="0:44:36.900" dur="0:00:02.666">you crush your skull,<br />so you have to be sure</p>
801
+ <p begin="0:44:39.566" dur="0:00:02.667">that you are standing<br />straight up in the plane</p>
802
+ <p begin="0:44:42.233" dur="0:00:02.467">when your weight begins<br />to double</p>
803
+ <p begin="0:44:44.700" dur="0:00:04.133">and we will see that<br />very shortly, how that works.</p>
804
+ <p begin="0:44:48.833" dur="0:00:05.067">I want to show you first some<br />slides from these experiments.</p>
805
+ <p begin="0:44:53.900" dur="0:00:05.966">So here you see the situation<br />that we just described.</p>
806
+ <p begin="0:44:59.866" dur="0:00:04.134">Let us start here, that is<br />where I started with you.</p>
807
+ <p begin="0:45:04.000" dur="0:00:02.300">The plane turns the engines off.</p>
808
+ <p begin="0:45:06.300" dur="0:00:01.566">This is the parabola.</p>
809
+ <p begin="0:45:07.866" dur="0:00:02.234">Here the engines are restarted.</p>
810
+ <p begin="0:45:10.100" dur="0:00:02.500">This is the free-fall period.</p>
811
+ <p begin="0:45:12.600" dur="0:00:02.766">This is about 30 seconds.</p>
812
+ <p begin="0:45:15.366" dur="0:00:02.667">The engine is restarted,<br />and during this time</p>
813
+ <p begin="0:45:18.033" dur="0:00:04.333">there is an acceleration upwards<br />and they call it "2g peak."</p>
814
+ <p begin="0:45:22.366" dur="0:00:01.800">Well, they really mean 1g.</p>
815
+ <p begin="0:45:24.166" dur="0:00:03.167">What they really mean,<br />that my weight doubles.</p>
816
+ <p begin="0:45:27.333" dur="0:00:01.333">They call that "2g"</p>
817
+ <p begin="0:45:28.666" dur="0:00:02.367">but, of course,<br />they call this "0g"</p>
818
+ <p begin="0:45:31.033" dur="0:00:01.900">which is equally incorrect.</p>
819
+ <p begin="0:45:32.933" dur="0:00:02.267">It's not 0g--<br />you have no<i>weight.</i></p>
820
+ <p begin="0:45:35.200" dur="0:00:02.433">This is weightless,<br />here your weight is double</p>
821
+ <p begin="0:45:37.633" dur="0:00:02.800">here your weight is normal,<br />here your weight roughly doubles</p>
822
+ <p begin="0:45:40.433" dur="0:00:03.167">and you go into<br />another free-fall period</p>
823
+ <p begin="0:45:43.600" dur="0:00:05.000">and the cycle from here to here<br />is about 90 seconds.</p>
824
+ <p begin="0:45:48.600" dur="0:00:01.633">Now, the irony has it</p>
825
+ <p begin="0:45:50.233" dur="0:00:03.200">that the reason<br />why these flights are done</p>
826
+ <p begin="0:45:53.433" dur="0:00:04.300">is to study motion sickness<br />under weightless conditions.</p>
827
+ <p begin="0:45:57.733" dur="0:00:02.867">Astronauts were complaining<br />about motion sickness.</p>
828
+ <p begin="0:46:00.600" dur="0:00:02.533">And so Professor Young<br />and Oman have done</p>
829
+ <p begin="0:46:03.133" dur="0:00:02.400">lots and lots of experiments<br />with airplanes</p>
830
+ <p begin="0:46:05.533" dur="0:00:03.667">and later, also, in the shuttle<br />to study this motion sickness.</p>
831
+ <p begin="0:46:09.200" dur="0:00:01.666">I find it rather ironic</p>
832
+ <p begin="0:46:10.866" dur="0:00:04.467">because if you and I were<br />part of these experiments</p>
833
+ <p begin="0:46:15.333" dur="0:00:03.067">we would get terribly sick<br />because of the experiments.</p>
834
+ <p begin="0:46:18.400" dur="0:00:02.533">Just imagine that you go<br />from weightlessness</p>
835
+ <p begin="0:46:20.933" dur="0:00:02.567">into twice your weight,<br />back to weightlessness.</p>
836
+ <p begin="0:46:23.500" dur="0:00:02.366">We would be puking all day!</p>
837
+ <p begin="0:46:25.866" dur="0:00:03.300">How can you study people<br />who are sick?</p>
838
+ <p begin="0:46:29.166" dur="0:00:03.567">How can you study the sickness<br />due to weightlessness?</p>
839
+ <p begin="0:46:32.733" dur="0:00:02.533">Well, they must<br />have found a way.</p>
840
+ <p begin="0:46:35.266" dur="0:00:03.434">They do this<br />about 50 times per day.</p>
841
+ <p begin="0:46:38.700" dur="0:00:03.266">And now I want to show you<br />some real data</p>
842
+ <p begin="0:46:41.966" dur="0:00:05.667">which were kindly given to me<br />by Professor Young</p>
843
+ <p begin="0:46:47.633" dur="0:00:04.067">where you see them actually<br />in the plane.</p>
844
+ <p begin="0:46:51.700" dur="0:00:09.066">I believe I have to put this<br />on one and start the...</p>
845
+ <p begin="0:47:00.766" dur="0:00:02.100">Can you turn off<br />the slide projector?</p>
846
+ <p begin="0:47:06.300" dur="0:00:02.133">So here you see them<br />in the plane.</p>
847
+ <p begin="0:47:08.433" dur="0:00:02.967">They are not weightless,<br />they are climbing up.</p>
848
+ <p begin="0:47:20.000" dur="0:00:02.666">I think this is Professor Young.</p>
849
+ <p begin="0:47:22.666" dur="0:00:02.900">The guys lying on the floor<br />must be a bit tired.</p>
850
+ <p begin="0:47:25.566" dur="0:00:03.034">The light will shortly go on,<br />and when the light goes on</p>
851
+ <p begin="0:47:28.600" dur="0:00:04.466">that's an indication that<br />the weightlessness is coming up.</p>
852
+ <p begin="0:47:33.066" dur="0:00:04.234">It already went on, I must have<br />missed it, I wasn't looking.</p>
853
+ <p begin="0:47:37.300" dur="0:00:05.400">And there they go<br />into weightlessness.</p>
854
+ <p begin="0:47:42.700" dur="0:00:02.033">See, this person is<br />upside down here.</p>
855
+ <p begin="0:47:44.733" dur="0:00:03.000">You better get straight up<br />before your weight doubles</p>
856
+ <p begin="0:47:47.733" dur="0:00:03.000">because you'll crash<br />into the floor.</p>
857
+ <p begin="0:47:50.733" dur="0:00:03.033">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
858
+ <p begin="0:48:03.000" dur="0:00:03.233">LEWIN:<br />And now it takes 60 seconds</p>
859
+ <p begin="0:48:06.233" dur="0:00:02.933">because the whole cycle<br />is 90 seconds</p>
860
+ <p begin="0:48:09.166" dur="0:00:04.167">and in these 60 seconds</p>
861
+ <p begin="0:48:13.333" dur="0:00:03.933">they get ready<br />for the next free fall--</p>
862
+ <p begin="0:48:17.266" dur="0:00:01.500">for the next weightlessness.</p>
863
+ <p begin="0:48:18.766" dur="0:00:01.567">And you will see very shortly</p>
864
+ <p begin="0:48:20.333" dur="0:00:03.000">the light will go on again,<br />and that will tell them</p>
865
+ <p begin="0:48:23.333" dur="0:00:02.367">that the weightlessness<br />is coming up</p>
866
+ <p begin="0:48:25.700" dur="0:00:03.433">and then they will be weightless<br />for another 30 seconds.</p>
867
+ <p begin="0:48:33.500" dur="0:00:01.733">The sound that you hear is<br />obviously</p>
868
+ <p begin="0:48:35.233" dur="0:00:02.567">the engines of the plane.</p>
869
+ <p begin="0:48:42.600" dur="0:00:01.500">There you go-- light goes on,</p>
870
+ <p begin="0:48:44.100" dur="0:00:02.200">they get a warning, they<br />take their headphones off</p>
871
+ <p begin="0:48:46.300" dur="0:00:02.166">and everything<br />becomes weightless.</p>
872
+ <p begin="0:48:48.466" dur="0:00:01.634">They may not like that</p>
873
+ <p begin="0:48:50.100" dur="0:00:03.866">and so they put their headphones<br />in a secure place.</p>
874
+ <p begin="0:48:53.966" dur="0:00:03.767">You see that here<br />Professor Young takes his off.</p>
875
+ <p begin="0:48:57.733" dur="0:00:06.800">And there they go again...<br />swimming in mid-air.</p>
876
+ <p begin="0:49:04.533" dur="0:00:04.133">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
877
+ <p begin="0:49:08.666" dur="0:00:02.067">30 seconds weightless.</p>
878
+ <p begin="0:49:16.200" dur="0:00:01.400">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
879
+ <p begin="0:49:17.600" dur="0:00:02.033">LEWIN:<br />And the plane<br />in which this happens...</p>
880
+ <p begin="0:49:19.633" dur="0:00:04.467">(<i>class laughs</i>)</p>
881
+ <p begin="0:49:24.100" dur="0:00:02.800">LEWIN:<br />Yeah, these things happen.</p>
882
+ <p begin="0:49:26.900" dur="0:00:03.333">I'd like to show you<br />a last slide of the plane</p>
883
+ <p begin="0:49:30.233" dur="0:00:02.967">that they do<br />these experiments from.</p>
884
+ <p begin="0:49:33.200" dur="0:00:04.633">This is the plane<br />while it is in free fall.</p>
885
+ <p begin="0:49:37.833" dur="0:00:03.167">About 45-degree angle</p>
886
+ <p begin="0:49:41.000" dur="0:00:03.766">and these people have done<br />a tremendous job</p>
887
+ <p begin="0:49:44.766" dur="0:00:02.234">in indeed making<br />a major contribution</p>
888
+ <p begin="0:49:47.000" dur="0:00:05.533">to the airsickness due<br />to weightlessness.</p>
889
+ <p begin="0:49:52.533" dur="0:00:02.467">All right, see you Friday.</p>
890
+
891
+ </div>
892
+ </body>
893
+ </tt>