llama_cpp 0.16.2 → 0.17.0

data/vendor/tmp/llama.cpp/ggml-backend.c

@@ -1,2225 +0,0 @@
-#include "ggml-backend-impl.h"
-#include "ggml-alloc.h"
-#include "ggml-impl.h"
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-
-#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
-
-// backend buffer type
-
-const char * ggml_backend_buft_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    return buft->iface.get_name(buft);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
-    return buft->iface.alloc_buffer(buft, size);
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_buft_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    return buft->iface.get_alignment(buft);
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_buft_get_max_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    // get_max_size is optional, defaults to SIZE_MAX
-    if (buft->iface.get_max_size) {
-        return buft->iface.get_max_size(buft);
-    }
-    return SIZE_MAX;
-}
-
-GGML_CALL size_t ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
-    // get_alloc_size is optional, defaults to ggml_nbytes
-    if (buft->iface.get_alloc_size) {
-        size_t size = buft->iface.get_alloc_size(buft, tensor);
-        assert(size >= ggml_nbytes(tensor));
-        return size;
-    }
-    return ggml_nbytes(tensor);
-}
-
-bool ggml_backend_buft_is_host(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    if (buft->iface.is_host) {
-        return buft->iface.is_host(buft);
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-// backend buffer
-
-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_buffer_init(
-               ggml_backend_buffer_type_t      buft,
-        struct ggml_backend_buffer_i           iface,
-               ggml_backend_buffer_context_t   context,
-               size_t                          size) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = malloc(sizeof(struct ggml_backend_buffer));
-
-    (*buffer) = (struct ggml_backend_buffer) {
-        /* .interface = */ iface,
-        /* .buft      = */ buft,
-        /* .context   = */ context,
-        /* .size      = */ size,
-        /* .usage     = */ GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_ANY
-    };
-
-    return buffer;
-}
-
-const char * ggml_backend_buffer_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    return buffer->iface.get_name(buffer);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_buffer_free(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    if (buffer == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (buffer->iface.free_buffer != NULL) {
-        buffer->iface.free_buffer(buffer);
-    }
-    free(buffer);
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    return buffer->size;
-}
-
-void * ggml_backend_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    void * base = buffer->iface.get_base(buffer);
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(base != NULL && "backend buffer base cannot be NULL");
-
-    return base;
-}
-
-GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_buffer_init_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
-    // init_tensor is optional
-    if (buffer->iface.init_tensor) {
-        buffer->iface.init_tensor(buffer, tensor);
-    }
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_alignment (ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    return ggml_backend_buft_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_get_type(buffer));
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_max_size(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    return ggml_backend_buft_get_max_size(ggml_backend_buffer_get_type(buffer));
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
-    return ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_get_type(buffer), tensor);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
-    buffer->iface.clear(buffer, value);
-}
-
-bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    return ggml_backend_buft_is_host(ggml_backend_buffer_get_type(buffer));
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_buffer_set_usage(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage usage) {
-    buffer->usage = usage;
-
-    // FIXME: add a generic callback to the buffer interface
-    if (ggml_backend_buffer_is_multi_buffer(buffer)) {
-        ggml_backend_multi_buffer_set_usage(buffer, usage);
-    }
-}
-
-ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_buffer_get_type(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    return buffer->buft;
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_buffer_reset(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    if (buffer->iface.reset) {
-        buffer->iface.reset(buffer);
-    }
-}
-
-bool ggml_backend_buffer_copy_tensor(const struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t dst_buf = dst->view_src ? dst->view_src->buffer : dst->buffer;
-    if (dst_buf->iface.cpy_tensor) {
-        return dst_buf->iface.cpy_tensor(dst_buf, src, dst);
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-// backend
-
-ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_guid(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    if (backend == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return backend->guid;
-}
-
-const char * ggml_backend_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    if (backend == NULL) {
-        return "NULL";
-    }
-    return backend->iface.get_name(backend);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    if (backend == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    backend->iface.free(backend);
-}
-
-ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    return backend->iface.get_default_buffer_type(backend);
-}
-
-ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_t backend, size_t size) {
-    return ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backend), size);
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_get_alignment(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    return ggml_backend_buft_get_alignment(ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backend));
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_get_max_size(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    return ggml_backend_buft_get_max_size(ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backend));
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_tensor_set_async(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->data != NULL && "tensor not allocated");
-    GGML_ASSERT(offset + size <= ggml_nbytes(tensor) && "tensor write out of bounds");
-
-    if (backend->iface.set_tensor_async == NULL) {
-        ggml_backend_tensor_set(tensor, data, offset, size);
-    } else {
-        backend->iface.set_tensor_async(backend, tensor, data, offset, size);
-    }
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->data != NULL && "tensor not allocated");
-    GGML_ASSERT(offset + size <= ggml_nbytes(tensor) && "tensor read out of bounds");
-
-    if (backend->iface.get_tensor_async == NULL) {
-        ggml_backend_tensor_get(tensor, data, offset, size);
-    } else {
-        backend->iface.get_tensor_async(backend, tensor, data, offset, size);
-    }
-}
-
-GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_tensor_set(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t buf = tensor->view_src ? tensor->view_src->buffer : tensor->buffer;
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(buf != NULL && "tensor buffer not set");
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->data != NULL && "tensor not allocated");
-    GGML_ASSERT(offset + size <= ggml_nbytes(tensor) && "tensor write out of bounds");
-
-    if (!size) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    buf->iface.set_tensor(buf, tensor, data, offset, size);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_tensor_get(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t buf = tensor->view_src ? tensor->view_src->buffer : tensor->buffer;
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(buf != NULL && "tensor buffer not set");
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->data != NULL && "tensor not allocated");
-    GGML_ASSERT(offset + size <= ggml_nbytes(tensor) && "tensor read out of bounds");
-
-    if (!size) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    buf->iface.get_tensor(buf, tensor, data, offset, size);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_synchronize(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    if (backend->iface.synchronize == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    backend->iface.synchronize(backend);
-}
-
-ggml_backend_graph_plan_t ggml_backend_graph_plan_create(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(backend->iface.graph_plan_create != NULL);
-
-    return backend->iface.graph_plan_create(backend, cgraph);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_graph_plan_free(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(backend->iface.graph_plan_free != NULL);
-
-    backend->iface.graph_plan_free(backend, plan);
-}
-
-enum ggml_status ggml_backend_graph_plan_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(backend->iface.graph_plan_compute != NULL);
-
-    return backend->iface.graph_plan_compute(backend, plan);
-}
-
-enum ggml_status ggml_backend_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
-    enum ggml_status err = ggml_backend_graph_compute_async(backend, cgraph);
-    ggml_backend_synchronize(backend);
-    return err;
-}
-
-enum ggml_status ggml_backend_graph_compute_async(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
-    return backend->iface.graph_compute(backend, cgraph);
-}
-
-bool ggml_backend_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op) {
-    return backend->iface.supports_op(backend, op);
-}
-
-bool ggml_backend_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    return backend->iface.supports_buft(backend, buft);
-}
-
-bool ggml_backend_offload_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op) {
-    if (backend->iface.offload_op != NULL) {
-        return backend->iface.offload_op(backend, op);
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-// backend copy
-
-static bool ggml_are_same_layout(const struct ggml_tensor * a, const struct ggml_tensor * b) {
-    if (a->type != b->type) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_DIMS; i++) {
-        if (a->ne[i] != b->ne[i]) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (a->nb[i] != b->nb[i]) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_tensor_copy(struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_are_same_layout(src, dst) && "cannot copy tensors with different layouts");
-
-    if (src == dst) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(src->buffer)) {
-        ggml_backend_tensor_set(dst, src->data, 0, ggml_nbytes(src));
-    } else if (ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(dst->buffer)) {
-        ggml_backend_tensor_get(src, dst->data, 0, ggml_nbytes(src));
-    } else if (!ggml_backend_buffer_copy_tensor(src, dst)) {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: slow copy from %s to %s\n", __func__, ggml_backend_buffer_name(src->buffer), ggml_backend_buffer_name(dst->buffer));
-#endif
-        size_t nbytes = ggml_nbytes(src);
-        void * data = malloc(nbytes);
-        ggml_backend_tensor_get(src, data, 0, nbytes);
-        ggml_backend_tensor_set(dst, data, 0, nbytes);
-        free(data);
-    }
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_tensor_copy_async(ggml_backend_t backend_src, ggml_backend_t backend_dst, struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_are_same_layout(src, dst) && "cannot copy tensors with different layouts");
-
-    if (src == dst) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (backend_dst->iface.cpy_tensor_async != NULL) {
-        if (backend_dst->iface.cpy_tensor_async(backend_src, backend_dst, src, dst)) {
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // an async copy would normally happen after all the queued operations on both backends are completed
-    // sync src, set_async dst
-    if (ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(src->buffer)) {
-        ggml_backend_synchronize(backend_src);
-        ggml_backend_tensor_set_async(backend_dst, dst, src->data, 0, ggml_nbytes(src));
-    } else {
-        ggml_backend_synchronize(backend_src);
-        ggml_backend_tensor_copy(src, dst);
-        ggml_backend_synchronize(backend_dst);
-    }
-}
-
-// events
-
-ggml_backend_event_t ggml_backend_event_new(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    if (backend->iface.event_new == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return backend->iface.event_new(backend);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_event_free(ggml_backend_event_t event) {
-    if (event == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-    event->backend->iface.event_free(event);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_event_record(ggml_backend_event_t event) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(event->backend->iface.event_record != NULL);
-
-    event->backend->iface.event_record(event);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_event_synchronize(ggml_backend_event_t event) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(event->backend->iface.event_synchronize != NULL);
-
-    event->backend->iface.event_synchronize(event);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_event_wait(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_event_t event) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(backend->iface.event_wait != NULL);
-
-    backend->iface.event_wait(backend, event);
-}
-
-// backend registry
-
-#define GGML_REG_MAX_BACKENDS 16
-
-struct ggml_backend_reg {
-    char name[128];
-    ggml_backend_init_fn init_fn;
-    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t default_buffer_type;
-    void * user_data;
-};
-
-static struct ggml_backend_reg ggml_backend_registry[GGML_REG_MAX_BACKENDS];
-static size_t ggml_backend_registry_count = 0;
-
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_reg_cpu_init(const char * params, void * user_data);
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_registry_init(void) {
-    static bool initialized = false;
-
-    if (initialized) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    initialized = true;
-
-    ggml_backend_register("CPU", ggml_backend_reg_cpu_init, ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type(), NULL);
-
-    // add forward decls here to avoid including the backend headers
-#ifdef GGML_USE_CUDA
-    extern GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_cuda_reg_devices(void);
-    ggml_backend_cuda_reg_devices();
-#endif
-
-#ifdef GGML_USE_SYCL
-    extern void ggml_backend_sycl_reg_devices(void);
-    ggml_backend_sycl_reg_devices();
-#endif
-
-#ifdef GGML_USE_METAL
-    extern GGML_CALL ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_reg_metal_init(const char * params, void * user_data);
-    extern GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_metal_buffer_type(void);
-    ggml_backend_register("Metal", ggml_backend_reg_metal_init, ggml_backend_metal_buffer_type(), NULL);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef GGML_USE_VULKAN
-    extern GGML_CALL int ggml_backend_vk_reg_devices(void);
-    ggml_backend_vk_reg_devices();
-#endif
-
-#ifdef GGML_USE_KOMPUTE
-    extern GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_kompute_reg_devices(void);
-    ggml_backend_kompute_reg_devices();
-#endif
-}
-
-GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_register(const char * name, ggml_backend_init_fn init_fn, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t default_buffer_type, void * user_data) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_registry_count < GGML_REG_MAX_BACKENDS);
-
-    size_t id = ggml_backend_registry_count;
-
-    ggml_backend_registry[id] = (struct ggml_backend_reg) {
-        /* .name                = */ {0},
-        /* .fn                  = */ init_fn,
-        /* .default_buffer_type = */ default_buffer_type,
-        /* .user_data           = */ user_data,
-    };
-
-    snprintf(ggml_backend_registry[id].name, sizeof(ggml_backend_registry[id].name), "%s", name);
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s: registered backend %s\n", __func__, name);
-#endif
-
-    ggml_backend_registry_count++;
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_reg_get_count(void) {
-    ggml_backend_registry_init();
-
-    return ggml_backend_registry_count;
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_reg_find_by_name(const char * name) {
-    ggml_backend_registry_init();
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < ggml_backend_registry_count; i++) {
-        // TODO: case insensitive in a portable way
-        if (strcmp(ggml_backend_registry[i].name, name) == 0) {
-            return i;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // not found
-    return SIZE_MAX;
-}
-
-// init from backend:params string
-ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_reg_init_backend_from_str(const char * backend_str) {
-    ggml_backend_registry_init();
-
-    const char * params = strchr(backend_str, ':');
-    char backend_name[128];
-    if (params == NULL) {
-        snprintf(backend_name, sizeof(backend_name), "%s", backend_str);
-        params = "";
-    } else {
-        snprintf(backend_name, sizeof(backend_name), "%.*s", (int)(params - backend_str), backend_str);
-        params++;
-    }
-
-    size_t backend_i = ggml_backend_reg_find_by_name(backend_name);
-
-    if (backend_i == SIZE_MAX) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: backend %s not found\n", __func__, backend_name);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return ggml_backend_reg_init_backend(backend_i, params);
-}
-
-const char * ggml_backend_reg_get_name(size_t i) {
-    ggml_backend_registry_init();
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(i < ggml_backend_registry_count);
-    return ggml_backend_registry[i].name;
-}
-
-ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_reg_init_backend(size_t i, const char * params) {
-    ggml_backend_registry_init();
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(i < ggml_backend_registry_count);
-    return ggml_backend_registry[i].init_fn(params, ggml_backend_registry[i].user_data);
-}
-
-ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_reg_get_default_buffer_type(size_t i) {
-    ggml_backend_registry_init();
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(i < ggml_backend_registry_count);
-    return ggml_backend_registry[i].default_buffer_type;
-}
-
-ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_reg_alloc_buffer(size_t i, size_t size) {
-    ggml_backend_registry_init();
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(i < ggml_backend_registry_count);
-    return ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_registry[i].default_buffer_type, size);
-}
-
-// backend CPU
-
-static const size_t TENSOR_ALIGNMENT = 32; // required for mmap as gguf only guarantees 32-byte alignment
-
-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    return "CPU";
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(buffer);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void * ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    uintptr_t data = (uintptr_t)buffer->context;
-
-    // align the buffer
-    if (data % TENSOR_ALIGNMENT != 0) {
-        data = GGML_PAD(data, TENSOR_ALIGNMENT);
-    }
-
-    return (void *)data;
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    free(buffer->context);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
-    memcpy((char *)tensor->data + offset, data, size);
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(buffer);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
-    memcpy(data, (const char *)tensor->data + offset, size);
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(buffer);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_cpy_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const struct ggml_tensor * src, struct ggml_tensor * dst) {
-    if (ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(src->buffer)) {
-        memcpy(dst->data, src->data, ggml_nbytes(src));
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(buffer);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
-    memset(buffer->context, value, buffer->size);
-}
-
-static struct ggml_backend_buffer_i cpu_backend_buffer_i = {
-    /* .get_name        = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_name,
-    /* .free_buffer     = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_free_buffer,
-    /* .get_base        = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_get_base,
-    /* .init_tensor     = */ NULL, // no initialization required
-    /* .set_tensor      = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_set_tensor,
-    /* .get_tensor      = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_get_tensor,
-    /* .cpy_tensor      = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_cpy_tensor,
-    /* .clear           = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_clear,
-    /* .reset           = */ NULL,
-};
-
-// for buffers from ptr, free is not called
-static struct ggml_backend_buffer_i cpu_backend_buffer_i_from_ptr = {
-    /* .get_name        = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_name,
-    /* .free_buffer     = */ NULL, // ptr is not owned by the buffer, so it does not need to be freed
-    /* .get_base        = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_get_base,
-    /* .init_tensor     = */ NULL, // no initialization required
-    /* .set_tensor      = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_set_tensor,
-    /* .get_tensor      = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_get_tensor,
-    /* .cpy_tensor      = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_cpy_tensor,
-    /* .clear           = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_clear,
-    /* .reset           = */ NULL,
-};
-
-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    return "CPU";
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(buft);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
-    size += TENSOR_ALIGNMENT;   // malloc may return an address that is not aligned
-    void * data = malloc(size); // TODO: use GGML_ALIGNED_MALLOC (move to ggml-impl.h)
-    if (data == NULL) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate buffer of size %zu\n", __func__, size);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return ggml_backend_buffer_init(buft, cpu_backend_buffer_i, data, size);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static size_t ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    return TENSOR_ALIGNMENT;
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(buft);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_is_host(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    return true;
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(buft);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type(void) {
-    static struct ggml_backend_buffer_type ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type = {
-        /* .iface = */ {
-            /* .get_name         = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_get_name,
-            /* .alloc_buffer     = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_alloc_buffer,
-            /* .get_alignment    = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_get_alignment,
-            /* .get_max_size     = */ NULL, // defaults to SIZE_MAX
-            /* .get_alloc_size   = */ NULL, // defaults to ggml_nbytes
-            /* .is_host          = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_is_host,
-        },
-        /* .context = */ NULL,
-    };
-
-    return &ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type;
-}
-
-#ifdef GGML_USE_CPU_HBM
-
-// buffer type HBM
-
-#include <hbwmalloc.h>
-
-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_type_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    return "CPU_HBM";
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(buft);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buf) {
-    return "CPU_HBM";
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(buf);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    hbw_free(buffer->context);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
-    //void * ptr = hbw_malloc(size);
-    void * ptr;
-    int result = hbw_posix_memalign(&ptr, ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_get_alignment(buft), size);
-    if (result != 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "failed to allocate HBM buffer of size %zu\n", size);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_from_ptr(ptr, size);
-    buffer->buft = buft;
-    buffer->iface.get_name = ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_get_name;
-    buffer->iface.free_buffer = ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_free_buffer;
-
-    return buffer;
-}
-
-ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_type(void) {
-    static struct ggml_backend_buffer_type ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_hbm = {
-        /* .iface    = */ {
-            /* .get_name         = */ ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_type_get_name,
-            /* .alloc_buffer     = */ ggml_backend_cpu_hbm_buffer_type_alloc_buffer,
-            /* .get_alignment    = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_get_alignment,
-            /* .get_max_size     = */ NULL, // defaults to SIZE_MAX
-            /* .get_alloc_size   = */ NULL, // defaults to ggml_nbytes
-            /* .is_host          = */ ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_is_host,
-        },
-        /* .context  = */ NULL,
-    };
-
-    return &ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type_hbm;
-}
-#endif
-
-struct ggml_backend_cpu_context {
-    int n_threads;
-    void * work_data;
-    size_t work_size;
-
-    ggml_abort_callback abort_callback;
-    void *              abort_callback_data;
-};
-
-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_cpu_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    return "CPU";
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cpu_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    struct ggml_backend_cpu_context * cpu_ctx = (struct ggml_backend_cpu_context *)backend->context;
-    free(cpu_ctx->work_data);
-    free(cpu_ctx);
-    free(backend);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_cpu_get_default_buffer_type(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    return ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type();
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
-}
-
-struct ggml_backend_plan_cpu {
-    struct ggml_cplan cplan;
-    struct ggml_cgraph cgraph;
-};
-
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_graph_plan_t ggml_backend_cpu_graph_plan_create(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
-    struct ggml_backend_cpu_context * cpu_ctx = (struct ggml_backend_cpu_context *)backend->context;
-
-    struct ggml_backend_plan_cpu * cpu_plan = malloc(sizeof(struct ggml_backend_plan_cpu));
-
-    cpu_plan->cplan = ggml_graph_plan(cgraph, cpu_ctx->n_threads);
-    cpu_plan->cgraph = *cgraph; // FIXME: deep copy
-
-    if (cpu_plan->cplan.work_size > 0) {
-        cpu_plan->cplan.work_data = malloc(cpu_plan->cplan.work_size);
-        if (cpu_plan->cplan.work_data == NULL) {
-            free(cpu_plan);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-
-    cpu_plan->cplan.abort_callback      = cpu_ctx->abort_callback;
-    cpu_plan->cplan.abort_callback_data = cpu_ctx->abort_callback_data;
-
-    return cpu_plan;
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_cpu_graph_plan_free(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan) {
-    struct ggml_backend_plan_cpu * cpu_plan = (struct ggml_backend_plan_cpu *)plan;
-
-    free(cpu_plan->cplan.work_data);
-    free(cpu_plan);
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_cpu_graph_plan_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_graph_plan_t plan) {
-    struct ggml_backend_plan_cpu * cpu_plan = (struct ggml_backend_plan_cpu *)plan;
-
-    return ggml_graph_compute(&cpu_plan->cgraph, &cpu_plan->cplan);
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_cpu_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
-    struct ggml_backend_cpu_context * cpu_ctx = (struct ggml_backend_cpu_context *)backend->context;
-
-    struct ggml_cplan cplan = ggml_graph_plan(cgraph, cpu_ctx->n_threads);
-
-    if (cpu_ctx->work_size < cplan.work_size) {
-        free(cpu_ctx->work_data);
-        cpu_ctx->work_data = malloc(cplan.work_size);
-        if (cpu_ctx->work_data == NULL) {
-            cpu_ctx->work_size = 0;
-            return GGML_STATUS_ALLOC_FAILED;
-        }
-        cpu_ctx->work_size = cplan.work_size;
-    }
-    cplan.work_data = cpu_ctx->work_data;
-
-    cplan.abort_callback      = cpu_ctx->abort_callback;
-    cplan.abort_callback_data = cpu_ctx->abort_callback_data;
-
-    return ggml_graph_compute(cgraph, &cplan);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cpu_supports_op(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor * op) {
-    switch (op->op) {
-        case GGML_OP_CPY:
-            return
-                op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XXS &&
-                op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XS  &&
-                op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ1_S   &&
-                op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ1_M; // missing type_traits.from_float
-        case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT:
-            return op->src[1]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 || op->src[1]->type == ggml_internal_get_type_traits(op->src[0]->type).vec_dot_type;
-        default:
-            return true;
-    }
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static bool ggml_backend_cpu_supports_buft(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
-    return ggml_backend_buft_is_host(buft);
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(backend);
-}
-
-static struct ggml_backend_i cpu_backend_i = {
-    /* .get_name                = */ ggml_backend_cpu_name,
-    /* .free                    = */ ggml_backend_cpu_free,
-    /* .get_default_buffer_type = */ ggml_backend_cpu_get_default_buffer_type,
-    /* .set_tensor_async        = */ NULL,
-    /* .get_tensor_async        = */ NULL,
-    /* .cpy_tensor_async        = */ NULL,
-    /* .synchronize             = */ NULL,
-    /* .graph_plan_create       = */ ggml_backend_cpu_graph_plan_create,
-    /* .graph_plan_free         = */ ggml_backend_cpu_graph_plan_free,
-    /* .graph_plan_update       = */ NULL,
-    /* .graph_plan_compute      = */ ggml_backend_cpu_graph_plan_compute,
-    /* .graph_compute           = */ ggml_backend_cpu_graph_compute,
-    /* .supports_op             = */ ggml_backend_cpu_supports_op,
-    /* .supports_buft           = */ ggml_backend_cpu_supports_buft,
-    /* .offload_op              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_new               = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_free              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_record            = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_wait              = */ NULL,
-    /* .event_synchronize       = */ NULL,
-};
-
-static ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_cpu_guid(void) {
-    static ggml_guid guid = { 0xaa, 0x67, 0xc7, 0x43, 0x96, 0xe6, 0xa3, 0x8a, 0xe3, 0xaf, 0xea, 0x92, 0x36, 0xbc, 0xfc, 0x89 };
-    return &guid;
-}
-
-ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_cpu_init(void) {
-    struct ggml_backend_cpu_context * ctx = malloc(sizeof(struct ggml_backend_cpu_context));
-    if (ctx == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    ctx->n_threads           = GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS;
-    ctx->work_data           = NULL;
-    ctx->work_size           = 0;
-    ctx->abort_callback      = NULL;
-    ctx->abort_callback_data = NULL;
-
-    ggml_backend_t cpu_backend = malloc(sizeof(struct ggml_backend));
-    if (cpu_backend == NULL) {
-        free(ctx);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    *cpu_backend = (struct ggml_backend) {
-        /* .guid      = */ ggml_backend_cpu_guid(),
-        /* .interface = */ cpu_backend_i,
-        /* .context   = */ ctx
-    };
-    return cpu_backend;
-}
-
-GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_is_cpu(ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    return backend != NULL && ggml_guid_matches(backend->guid, ggml_backend_cpu_guid());
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_cpu_set_n_threads(ggml_backend_t backend_cpu, int n_threads) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_is_cpu(backend_cpu));
-
-    struct ggml_backend_cpu_context * ctx = (struct ggml_backend_cpu_context *)backend_cpu->context;
-    ctx->n_threads = n_threads;
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_cpu_set_abort_callback(ggml_backend_t backend_cpu, ggml_abort_callback abort_callback, void * abort_callback_data) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_is_cpu(backend_cpu));
-
-    struct ggml_backend_cpu_context * ctx = (struct ggml_backend_cpu_context *)backend_cpu->context;
-    ctx->abort_callback = abort_callback;
-    ctx->abort_callback_data = abort_callback_data;
-}
-
-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_from_ptr(void * ptr, size_t size) {
-    GGML_ASSERT((uintptr_t)ptr % TENSOR_ALIGNMENT == 0 && "buffer pointer must be aligned");
-    return ggml_backend_buffer_init(ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type(), cpu_backend_buffer_i_from_ptr, ptr, size);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_reg_cpu_init(const char * params, void * user_data) {
-    return ggml_backend_cpu_init();
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(params);
-    GGML_UNUSED(user_data);
-}
-
-// multi-buffer buffer
-
-struct ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t * buffers;
-    size_t n_buffers;
-};
-
-typedef struct ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context * ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t;
-
-GGML_CALL static const char * ggml_backend_multi_buffer_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t ctx = (ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t) buffer->context;
-
-    return ctx->buffers[0]->iface.get_name(ctx->buffers[0]);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_multi_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t ctx = (ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t) buffer->context;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < ctx->n_buffers; i++) {
-        ggml_backend_buffer_free(ctx->buffers[i]);
-    }
-
-    free(ctx->buffers);
-    free(ctx);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL static void ggml_backend_multi_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
-    ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t ctx = (ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t) buffer->context;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < ctx->n_buffers; i++) {
-        ggml_backend_buffer_clear(ctx->buffers[i], value);
-    }
-}
-
-static struct ggml_backend_buffer_i ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_interface(void) {
-    static struct ggml_backend_buffer_i multi_backend_buffer_i = {
-        /* .get_name        = */ ggml_backend_multi_buffer_get_name,
-        /* .free_buffer     = */ ggml_backend_multi_buffer_free_buffer,
-        /* .get_base        = */ NULL,
-        /* .init_tensor     = */ NULL,
-        /* .set_tensor      = */ NULL,
-        /* .get_tensor      = */ NULL,
-        /* .cpy_tensor      = */ NULL,
-        /* .clear           = */ ggml_backend_multi_buffer_clear,
-        /* .reset           = */ NULL,
-    };
-
-    return multi_backend_buffer_i;
-}
-
-GGML_CALL ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_multi_buffer_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t * buffers, size_t n_buffers) {
-    ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t ctx = (ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t) malloc(sizeof(struct ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context));
-    ctx->n_buffers = n_buffers;
-    ctx->buffers = (ggml_backend_buffer_t *) malloc(n_buffers * sizeof(ggml_backend_buffer_t));
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(ctx->buffers != NULL);
-
-    size_t total_size = 0;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_buffers; i++) {
-        ctx->buffers[i] = buffers[i];
-        total_size += ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(buffers[i]);
-    }
-
-    return ggml_backend_buffer_init(buffers[0]->buft, ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_interface(), ctx, total_size);
-}
-
-GGML_CALL bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_multi_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
-    return buffer->iface.get_name == ggml_backend_multi_buffer_get_name;
-}
-
-GGML_CALL void ggml_backend_multi_buffer_set_usage(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, enum ggml_backend_buffer_usage usage) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_buffer_is_multi_buffer(buffer));
-    ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t ctx = (ggml_backend_multi_buffer_context_t) buffer->context;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < ctx->n_buffers; i++) {
-        ggml_backend_buffer_set_usage(ctx->buffers[i], usage);
-    }
-}
-
-// creates a copy of the tensor with the same memory layout
-static struct ggml_tensor * ggml_dup_tensor_layout(struct ggml_context * ctx, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
-    struct ggml_tensor * dup = ggml_dup_tensor(ctx, tensor);
-    for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_DIMS; i++) {
-        dup->nb[i] = tensor->nb[i];
-    }
-    return dup;
-}
-
-static bool ggml_is_view_op(enum ggml_op op) {
-    return op == GGML_OP_VIEW || op == GGML_OP_RESHAPE || op == GGML_OP_PERMUTE || op == GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE;
-}
-
-// scheduler
-
-#ifndef GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS
-#define GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS 16
-#endif
-
-#ifndef GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLITS
-#define GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLITS 2048
-#endif
-
-#ifndef GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS
-#define GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS GGML_MAX_SRC
-#endif
-
-#ifndef GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES
-#define GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES 4
-#endif
-
-struct ggml_backend_sched_split {
-    int backend_id;
-    int i_start;
-    int i_end;
-    struct ggml_tensor * inputs[GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS];
-    int n_inputs;
-    // graph view of this split
-    struct ggml_cgraph graph;
-};
-
-struct ggml_backend_sched {
-    bool is_reset; // true if the scheduler has been reset since the last graph split
-    bool is_alloc;
-
-    int n_backends;
-
-    ggml_backend_t backends[GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS];
-    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t bufts[GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS];
-    ggml_gallocr_t galloc;
-
-    // hash keys of the nodes in the graph
-    struct ggml_hash_set    hash_set;
-    // hash values
-    int * tensor_backend_id;
-    struct ggml_tensor * (* tensor_copies)[GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS][GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES];
-
-    int * node_backend_ids; // [graph_size]
-    int * leaf_backend_ids; // [graph_size]
-
-    int * prev_node_backend_ids; // [graph_size]
-    int * prev_leaf_backend_ids; // [graph_size]
-
-    // copy of the graph with modified inputs
-    struct ggml_cgraph * graph;
-
-    // graph splits
-    struct ggml_backend_sched_split * splits;
-    int n_splits;
-    int splits_capacity;
-
-    // pipeline parallelism support
-    int n_copies;
-    int cur_copy;
-    ggml_backend_event_t events[GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS][GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES];
-    struct ggml_tensor * graph_inputs[GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS];
-    int n_graph_inputs;
-
-    struct ggml_context * ctx;
-
-    ggml_backend_sched_eval_callback callback_eval;
-    void * callback_eval_user_data;
-
-    bool debug;
-
-    // align context_buffer to GGML_MEM_ALIGN
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-    __declspec(align(GGML_MEM_ALIGN))
-#else
-    __attribute__((aligned(GGML_MEM_ALIGN)))
-#endif
-    char context_buffer[GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLITS*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS*2*sizeof(struct ggml_tensor) + sizeof(struct ggml_cgraph)];
-};
-
-#define hash_id(tensor) ggml_hash_find_or_insert(sched->hash_set, tensor)
-#define tensor_backend_id(tensor) sched->tensor_backend_id[hash_id(tensor)]
-
-// returns the priority of the backend, lower id is higher priority
-static int ggml_backend_sched_backend_id(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_backends; i++) {
-        if (sched->backends[i] == backend) {
-            return i;
-        }
-    }
-    return -1;
-}
-
-static int ggml_backend_sched_backend_from_buffer(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const struct ggml_tensor * op) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = tensor->buffer;
-    if (buffer == NULL) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    // find highest prio backend that supports the buffer type and the op
-    for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_backends; i++) {
-        if (ggml_backend_supports_buft(sched->backends[i], buffer->buft) &&
-            ggml_backend_supports_op(sched->backends[i], op)) {
-            return i;
-        }
-    }
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: no backend supports op %s with a weight with buffer type %s used in tensor %s, the weight will need to be copied\n",
-        __func__, ggml_op_desc(tensor), ggml_backend_buffer_name(buffer), tensor->name);
-#endif
-
-    return -1;
-}
-
-#if 0
-static char causes[GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE*16 + GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLITS*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS][128]; // debug only
-#define SET_CAUSE(node, ...) sprintf(causes[hash_id(node)], __VA_ARGS__)
-#define GET_CAUSE(node) causes[hash_id(node)]
-#else
-#define SET_CAUSE(node, ...)
-#define GET_CAUSE(node) ""
-#endif
-
-// returns the backend that should be used for the node based on the current locations
-static int ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
-    // TODO: use supports_op to check if the backend supports the op
-
-    // assign pre-allocated nodes to their backend
-    int cur_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_from_buffer(sched, tensor, tensor);
-    if (cur_backend_id != -1) {
-        SET_CAUSE(tensor, "1.dst");
-        return cur_backend_id;
-    }
-
-    // view_src
-    if (tensor->view_src != NULL) {
-        cur_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_from_buffer(sched, tensor->view_src, tensor);
-        if (cur_backend_id != -1) {
-            SET_CAUSE(tensor, "1.vsrc");
-            return cur_backend_id;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // graph input
-    if (tensor->flags & GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_INPUT) {
-        cur_backend_id = sched->n_backends - 1; // last backend (assumed CPU)
-        SET_CAUSE(tensor, "1.inp");
-        return cur_backend_id;
-    }
-
-    // assign nodes that use weights to the backend of the weights
-    // operations with weights are preferably run on the same backend as the weights
-    for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_SRC; i++) {
-        const struct ggml_tensor * src = tensor->src[i];
-        if (src == NULL) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (src->buffer != NULL && src->buffer->usage == GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_WEIGHTS) {
-            int src_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_from_buffer(sched, src, tensor);
-            // check if a backend with higher prio wants to offload the op
-            if (src_backend_id == sched->n_backends - 1) {
-                for (int b = 0; b < src_backend_id; b++) {
-                    if (ggml_backend_supports_op(sched->backends[b], tensor) && ggml_backend_offload_op(sched->backends[b], tensor)) {
-                        SET_CAUSE(tensor, "1.off");
-                        return b;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            SET_CAUSE(tensor, "1.wgt%d", i);
-            return src_backend_id;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return -1;
-}
-
-static char * fmt_size(size_t size) {
-    static char buffer[128];
-    if (size >= 1024*1024) {
-        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%zuM", size/1024/1024);
-    } else {
-        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%zuK", size/1024);
-    }
-    return buffer;
-}
-
-static void ggml_backend_sched_print_assignments(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph) {
-    int cur_split = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-        if (cur_split < sched->n_splits && i == sched->splits[cur_split].i_start) {
-            ggml_backend_t split_backend = sched->backends[sched->splits[cur_split].backend_id];
-            fprintf(stderr, "\n## SPLIT #%d: %s # %d inputs: ", cur_split, ggml_backend_name(split_backend),
-                sched->splits[cur_split].n_inputs);
-            for (int j = 0; j < sched->splits[cur_split].n_inputs; j++) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "[%s (%5.5s)] ", sched->splits[cur_split].inputs[j]->name,
-                    fmt_size(ggml_nbytes(sched->splits[cur_split].inputs[j])));
-            }
-            fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-            cur_split++;
-        }
-        struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-        if (ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        ggml_backend_t tensor_backend = ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(sched, node);
-        fprintf(stderr, "node #%3d (%10.10s): %20.20s (%5.5s) [%5.5s %8.8s]:", i, ggml_op_name(node->op), node->name,
-            fmt_size(ggml_nbytes(node)), tensor_backend ? ggml_backend_name(tensor_backend) : "NULL", GET_CAUSE(node));
-        for (int j = 0; j < GGML_MAX_SRC; j++) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * src = node->src[j];
-            if (src == NULL) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            ggml_backend_t src_backend = ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(sched, src);
-            fprintf(stderr, " %20.20s (%5.5s) [%5.5s %8.8s]", src->name,
-                fmt_size(ggml_nbytes(src)), src_backend ? ggml_backend_name(src_backend) : "NULL", GET_CAUSE(src));
-        }
-        fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-    }
-}
-
-static bool ggml_backend_sched_buffer_supported(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_tensor * t, int backend_id) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t buf = t->view_src ? t->view_src->buffer : t->buffer;
-    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = NULL;
-
-    if (buf) {
-        // the tensor is already allocated
-        buft = buf->buft;
-    } else {
-        // see if the tensor already has a backend assigned, and use the buffer type of that backend
-        int tensor_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(t);
-        if (tensor_backend_id == -1 && t->view_src) {
-            tensor_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(t->view_src);
-        }
-        if (tensor_backend_id != -1) {
-            buft = sched->bufts[tensor_backend_id];
-        }
-    }
-
-    return buft != NULL && ggml_backend_supports_buft(sched->backends[backend_id], buft);
-}
-
-static void ggml_backend_sched_set_if_supported(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_tensor * node, int cur_backend_id, int * node_backend_id) {
-    if (ggml_backend_supports_op(sched->backends[cur_backend_id], node)) {
-        *node_backend_id = cur_backend_id;
-        SET_CAUSE(node, "2.sup");
-    }
-}
-
-// assigns backends to ops and splits the graph into subgraphs that can be computed on the same backend
-static void ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph) {
-    // reset splits
-    sched->n_splits = 0;
-    sched->n_graph_inputs = 0;
-    sched->is_reset = false;
-
-    struct ggml_init_params params = {
-        /* .mem_size =   */ sizeof(sched->context_buffer),
-        /* .mem_buffer = */ sched->context_buffer,
-        /* .no_alloc =   */ true
-    };
-
-    ggml_free(sched->ctx);
-
-    sched->ctx = ggml_init(params);
-    if (sched->ctx == NULL) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to initialize context\n", __func__);
-        GGML_ASSERT(false);
-    }
-
-    // pass 1: assign backends to ops with pre-allocated inputs
-    for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_leafs; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * leaf = graph->leafs[i];
-        int * leaf_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(leaf);
-        if (*leaf_backend_id != -1) {
-            // do not overwrite user assignments
-            continue;
-        }
-        *leaf_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(sched, leaf);
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-        int * node_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(node);
-        if (*node_backend_id != -1) {
-            // do not overwrite user assignments
-            continue;
-        }
-        *node_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(sched, node);
-        // src
-        for (int j = 0; j < GGML_MAX_SRC; j++) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * src = node->src[j];
-            if (src == NULL) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            int * src_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(src);
-            if (*src_backend_id == -1) {
-                *src_backend_id = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id_from_cur(sched, src);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // pass 2: expand current backend assignments
-    // assign the same backend to adjacent nodes
-    // expand gpu backends (i.e. non last prio) up and down, ignoring cpu (the lowest priority backend)
-    // thus, cpu will never be used unless weights are on cpu, or there are no gpu ops between cpu ops
-    // ops unsupported by the backend being expanded will be left unassigned so that they can be assigned later when the locations of its inputs are known
-    // expand gpu down
-    {
-        int cur_backend_id = -1;
-        for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-            if (ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            int * node_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(node);
-            if (*node_backend_id != -1) {
-                if (*node_backend_id == sched->n_backends - 1) {
-                    // skip cpu (lowest prio backend)
-                    cur_backend_id = -1;
-                } else {
-                    cur_backend_id = *node_backend_id;
-                }
-            } else if (cur_backend_id != -1) {
-                ggml_backend_sched_set_if_supported(sched, node, cur_backend_id, node_backend_id);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    // expand gpu up
-    {
-        int cur_backend_id = -1;
-        for (int i = graph->n_nodes - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-            if (ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            int * node_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(node);
-            if (*node_backend_id != -1) {
-                if (*node_backend_id == sched->n_backends - 1) {
-                    // skip cpu (lowest prio backend)
-                    cur_backend_id = -1;
-                } else {
-                    cur_backend_id = *node_backend_id;
-                }
-            } else if (cur_backend_id != -1) {
-                ggml_backend_sched_set_if_supported(sched, node, cur_backend_id, node_backend_id);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    // expand rest down
-    {
-        int cur_backend_id = -1;
-        for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-            if (ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            int * node_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(node);
-            if (*node_backend_id != -1) {
-                cur_backend_id = *node_backend_id;
-            } else if (cur_backend_id != -1) {
-                ggml_backend_sched_set_if_supported(sched, node, cur_backend_id, node_backend_id);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    // expand rest up
-    {
-        int cur_backend_id = -1;
-        for (int i = graph->n_nodes - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-            if (ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            int * node_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(node);
-            if (*node_backend_id != -1) {
-                cur_backend_id = *node_backend_id;
-            } else if (cur_backend_id != -1) {
-                ggml_backend_sched_set_if_supported(sched, node, cur_backend_id, node_backend_id);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // pass 3: upgrade nodes to higher prio backends with compatible buffer types
-    // if the tensor is already in the same buffer type (*) as another higher priority backend, we should move it there
-    // however, we also need to verify that the sources are in compatible buffer types
-    // (*) the actual requirement is more relaxed, the buffer type of the backend should be supported by all the users of this tensor further down the graph
-    // however, this is slow to verify, so we have a more strict requirement that the buffer type is the same
-    // this is not uncommon since multiple backends can use host memory, with the same buffer type (eg. BLAS and CPU)
-    // additionally, set remaining unassigned nodes to the backend with the most supported inputs
-    // only nodes that could not be assigned during expansion due to the backend not supporting the op should be unassigned at this point
-    for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-        if (ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        int * node_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(node);
-        if (*node_backend_id == -1) {
-            // unassigned node: find the backend with the most supported inputs
-            int n_supported_best = -1;
-            for (int b = 0; b < sched->n_backends; b++) {
-                if (ggml_backend_supports_op(sched->backends[b], node)) {
-                    int n_supported = 0;
-                    for (int j = 0; j < GGML_MAX_SRC; j++) {
-                        struct ggml_tensor * src = node->src[j];
-                        if (src == NULL) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        if ((tensor_backend_id(src) != -1 || tensor_backend_id(src->view_src) != -1) && ggml_backend_sched_buffer_supported(sched, src, b)) {
-                            n_supported++;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (n_supported > n_supported_best) {
-                        n_supported_best = n_supported;
-                        *node_backend_id = b;
-                        SET_CAUSE(node, "3.best");
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            // assigned node: upgrade to higher prio backend if possible
-            for (int b = 0; b < *node_backend_id; b++) {
-                if (sched->bufts[b] == sched->bufts[*node_backend_id] && ggml_backend_supports_op(sched->backends[b], node)) {
-                    bool supported = true;
-                    for (int j = 0; j < GGML_MAX_SRC; j++) {
-                        struct ggml_tensor * src = node->src[j];
-                        if (src == NULL) {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        if (!ggml_backend_sched_buffer_supported(sched, src, b)) {
-                            supported = false;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (supported) {
-                        *node_backend_id = b;
-                        SET_CAUSE(node, "3.upg");
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // pass 4: assign backends to remaining src from dst and view_src
-    for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-        int * cur_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(node);
-        if (node->view_src != NULL && *cur_backend_id == -1) {
-            *cur_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(node->view_src);
-            SET_CAUSE(node, "4.vsrc");
-        }
-        for (int j = 0; j < GGML_MAX_SRC; j++) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * src = node->src[j];
-            if (src == NULL) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            int * src_backend_id = &tensor_backend_id(src);
-            if (*src_backend_id == -1) {
-                if (src->view_src != NULL) {
-                    // views are always on the same backend as the source
-                    *src_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(src->view_src);
-                    SET_CAUSE(src, "4.vsrc");
-                } else {
-                    *src_backend_id = *cur_backend_id;
-                    SET_CAUSE(src, "4.cur");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // pass 4: split graph, find tensors that need to be copied
-    {
-        int i_split = 0;
-        struct ggml_backend_sched_split * split = &sched->splits[0];
-        // find the backend of the first split, skipping view ops
-        for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-            if (!ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
-                split->backend_id = tensor_backend_id(node);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        split->i_start = 0;
-        split->n_inputs = 0;
-        memset(split->inputs, 0, sizeof(split->inputs)); //HACK
-        int cur_backend_id = split->backend_id;
-        for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-
-            if (ggml_is_view_op(node->op)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            const int node_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(node);
-
-            GGML_ASSERT(node_backend_id != -1); // all nodes should be assigned by now
-
-            // check if we should start a new split based on the sources of the current node
-            bool need_new_split = false;
-            if (node_backend_id == cur_backend_id && split->n_inputs > 0) {
-                for (int j = 0; j < GGML_MAX_SRC; j++) {
-                    struct ggml_tensor * src = node->src[j];
-                    if (src == NULL) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    // check if a weight is on a different backend
-                    // by starting a new split, the memory of the previously offloaded weights can be reused
-                    if (src->buffer != NULL && src->buffer->usage == GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_WEIGHTS) {
-                        int src_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(src);
-                        if (src_backend_id != -1 && src_backend_id != cur_backend_id) {
-                            need_new_split = true;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    // check if the split has too many inputs
-                    // FIXME: count the number of inputs instead of only checking when full
-                    if (split->n_inputs == GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS) {
-                        const size_t id = hash_id(src);
-                        int src_backend_id = sched->tensor_backend_id[id];
-                        bool supported = ggml_backend_sched_buffer_supported(sched, src, cur_backend_id);
-                        if (src_backend_id != cur_backend_id && sched->tensor_copies[hash_id(src)][cur_backend_id][0] == NULL && !supported) {
-                            //printf("starting new split because of too many inputs: node %s, input %s\n", node->name, src->name);
-                            need_new_split = true;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (node_backend_id != cur_backend_id || need_new_split) {
-                split->i_end = i;
-                i_split++;
-                if (i_split >= sched->splits_capacity) {
-                    sched->splits_capacity *= 2;
-                    sched->splits = realloc(sched->splits, sched->splits_capacity * sizeof(struct ggml_backend_sched_split));
-                    GGML_ASSERT(sched->splits != NULL);
-                }
-                GGML_ASSERT(i_split < GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLITS);
-                split = &sched->splits[i_split];
-                split->backend_id = node_backend_id;
-                split->i_start = i;
-                split->n_inputs = 0;
-                cur_backend_id = node_backend_id;
-            }
-
-            // find inputs that are not on the same backend
-            for (int j = 0; j < GGML_MAX_SRC; j++) {
-                struct ggml_tensor * src = node->src[j];
-                if (src == NULL) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                const int src_backend_id = tensor_backend_id(src);
-                assert(src_backend_id != -1); // all inputs should be assigned by now
-
-                if (src->flags & GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_INPUT && sched->n_copies > 1) {
-                    size_t id = hash_id(src);
-                    if (sched->tensor_copies[id][src_backend_id][0] == NULL) {
-                        ggml_backend_t backend = sched->backends[src_backend_id];
-                        for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
-                            struct ggml_tensor * tensor_copy;
-                            if (c == sched->cur_copy) {
-                                tensor_copy = src; // use the original tensor as the current copy
-                            } else {
-                                tensor_copy = ggml_dup_tensor_layout(sched->ctx, src);
-                                ggml_format_name(tensor_copy, "%s#%s#%d", ggml_backend_name(backend), src->name, c);
-                            }
-                            if (sched->n_copies > 1) {
-                                ggml_set_input(tensor_copy);
-                                ggml_set_output(tensor_copy); // prevent ggml-alloc from overwriting the tensor
-                            }
-                            sched->tensor_copies[id][src_backend_id][c] = tensor_copy;
-                            SET_CAUSE(tensor_copy, "4.cpy");
-                        }
-                        int n_graph_inputs = sched->n_graph_inputs++;
-                        GGML_ASSERT(n_graph_inputs < GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS);
-                        sched->graph_inputs[n_graph_inputs] = src;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                bool supported = ggml_backend_sched_buffer_supported(sched, src, cur_backend_id);
-                if (src_backend_id != cur_backend_id && !supported) {
-                    // create a copy of the input in the split's backend
-                    const size_t id = hash_id(src);
-                    if (sched->tensor_copies[id][cur_backend_id][0] == NULL) {
-                        ggml_backend_t backend = sched->backends[cur_backend_id];
-                        for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
-                            struct ggml_tensor * tensor_copy = ggml_dup_tensor_layout(sched->ctx, src);
-                            ggml_format_name(tensor_copy, "%s#%s#%d", ggml_backend_name(backend), src->name, c);
-                            if (sched->n_copies > 1) {
-                                ggml_set_input(tensor_copy);
-                                ggml_set_output(tensor_copy); // prevent ggml-alloc from overwriting the tensor
-                            }
-                            sched->tensor_copies[id][cur_backend_id][c] = tensor_copy;
-                            SET_CAUSE(tensor_copy, "4.cpy");
-                        }
-                        int n_inputs = split->n_inputs++;
-                        GGML_ASSERT(n_inputs < GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS);
-                        split->inputs[n_inputs] = src;
-                    }
-                    node->src[j] = sched->tensor_copies[id][cur_backend_id][sched->cur_copy];
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        split->i_end = graph->n_nodes;
-        sched->n_splits = i_split + 1;
-    }
-
-    if (sched->debug) {
-        ggml_backend_sched_print_assignments(sched, graph);
-    }
-
-    // swap node_backend_ids and leaf_backend_ids and prevs
-    {
-        int * tmp = sched->node_backend_ids;
-        sched->node_backend_ids = sched->prev_node_backend_ids;
-        sched->prev_node_backend_ids = tmp;
-
-        tmp = sched->leaf_backend_ids;
-        sched->leaf_backend_ids = sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids;
-        sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids = tmp;
-    }
-
-    // create copies of the graph for each split
-    // TODO: avoid this copy
-    struct ggml_cgraph * graph_copy = ggml_new_graph_custom(sched->ctx, graph->n_nodes + sched->n_splits*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS*2, false);
-    for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_splits; i++) {
-        struct ggml_backend_sched_split * split = &sched->splits[i];
-        split->graph = ggml_graph_view(graph, split->i_start, split->i_end);
-
-        // add inputs to the graph copy so that they are allocated by ggml-alloc at the start of the split
-        for (int j = 0; j < split->n_inputs; j++) {
-            assert(graph_copy->size > (graph_copy->n_nodes + 1));
-
-            struct ggml_tensor * input = split->inputs[j];
-            const size_t input_id = hash_id(input);
-            struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = sched->tensor_copies[input_id][split->backend_id][sched->cur_copy];
-
-            // add a dependency to the input source so that it is not freed before the copy is done
-            struct ggml_tensor * input_dep = ggml_view_tensor(sched->ctx, input);
-            input_dep->src[0] = input;
-            sched->node_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_nodes] = sched->tensor_backend_id[input_id];
-            graph_copy->nodes[graph_copy->n_nodes++] = input_dep;
-
-            // add a dependency to the input copy so that it is allocated at the start of the split
-            sched->node_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_nodes] = split->backend_id;
-            graph_copy->nodes[graph_copy->n_nodes++] = input_cpy;
-        }
-
-        for (int j = split->i_start; j < split->i_end; j++) {
-            assert(graph_copy->size > graph_copy->n_nodes);
-            sched->node_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_nodes] = tensor_backend_id(graph->nodes[j]);
-            graph_copy->nodes[graph_copy->n_nodes++] = graph->nodes[j];
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (sched->n_copies > 1) {
-        // add input copies as leafs so that they are allocated first
-        for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_graph_inputs; i++) {
-            struct ggml_tensor * input = sched->graph_inputs[i];
-            size_t id = hash_id(input);
-            int backend_id = tensor_backend_id(input);
-            for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
-                struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = sched->tensor_copies[id][backend_id][c];
-                sched->leaf_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_leafs] = backend_id;
-                graph_copy->leafs[graph_copy->n_leafs++] = input_cpy;
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_splits; i++) {
-            struct ggml_backend_sched_split * split = &sched->splits[i];
-            int backend_id = split->backend_id;
-            for (int j = 0; j < split->n_inputs; j++) {
-                struct ggml_tensor * input = split->inputs[j];
-                size_t id = hash_id(input);
-                for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
-                    struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = sched->tensor_copies[id][backend_id][c];
-                    sched->leaf_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_leafs] = backend_id;
-                    graph_copy->leafs[graph_copy->n_leafs++] = input_cpy;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // add leafs from the original graph
-    for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_leafs; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * leaf = graph->leafs[i];
-        sched->leaf_backend_ids[graph_copy->n_leafs] = tensor_backend_id(leaf);
-        graph_copy->leafs[graph_copy->n_leafs++] = leaf;
-    }
-
-    sched->graph = graph_copy;
-}
-
-static bool ggml_backend_sched_alloc_splits(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
-    bool backend_ids_changed = false;
-    for (int i = 0; i < sched->graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-        if (sched->node_backend_ids[i] != sched->prev_node_backend_ids[i] &&
-            sched->bufts[sched->node_backend_ids[i]] != sched->bufts[sched->prev_node_backend_ids[i]]) {
-            backend_ids_changed = true;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    if (!backend_ids_changed) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < sched->graph->n_leafs; i++) {
-            if (sched->leaf_backend_ids[i] != sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids[i] &&
-                sched->bufts[sched->leaf_backend_ids[i]] != sched->bufts[sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids[i]]) {
-                backend_ids_changed = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // allocate graph
-    if (backend_ids_changed || !ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph(sched->galloc, sched->graph)) {
-        // the re-allocation may cause the split inputs to be moved to a different address
-        ggml_backend_sched_synchronize(sched);
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate graph, reserving\n", __func__);
-#endif
-        ggml_gallocr_reserve_n(sched->galloc, sched->graph, sched->node_backend_ids, sched->leaf_backend_ids);
-        if (!ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph(sched->galloc, sched->graph)) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate graph\n", __func__);
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_sched_compute_splits(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
-    struct ggml_backend_sched_split * splits = sched->splits;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_splits; i++) {
-        struct ggml_backend_sched_split * split = &splits[i];
-        int split_backend_id = split->backend_id;
-        ggml_backend_t split_backend = sched->backends[split_backend_id];
-
-        // copy the input tensors to the split backend
-        for (int j = 0; j < split->n_inputs; j++) {
-            ggml_backend_t input_backend = ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(sched, split->inputs[j]);
-            struct ggml_tensor * input = split->inputs[j];
-            struct ggml_tensor * input_cpy = sched->tensor_copies[hash_id(input)][split_backend_id][sched->cur_copy];
-
-            if (input->flags & GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_INPUT) {
-                // inputs from the user must be copied immediately to prevent the user overwriting the data before the copy is done
-                if (sched->events[split_backend_id][sched->cur_copy] != NULL) {
-                    ggml_backend_event_synchronize(sched->events[split_backend_id][sched->cur_copy]);
-                } else {
-                    ggml_backend_synchronize(split_backend);
-                }
-                ggml_backend_tensor_copy(input, input_cpy);
-            } else {
-                // wait for the split backend to finish using the input before overwriting it
-                if (sched->events[split_backend_id][sched->cur_copy] != NULL) {
-                    ggml_backend_event_wait(split_backend, sched->events[split_backend_id][sched->cur_copy]);
-                } else {
-                    ggml_backend_synchronize(split_backend);
-                }
-                ggml_backend_tensor_copy_async(input_backend, split_backend, input, input_cpy);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!sched->callback_eval) {
-            enum ggml_status ec = ggml_backend_graph_compute_async(split_backend, &split->graph);
-            if (ec != GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
-                return ec;
-            }
-        } else {
-            // similar to ggml_backend_compare_graph_backend
-            for (int j0 = 0; j0 < split->graph.n_nodes; j0++) {
-                struct ggml_tensor * t = split->graph.nodes[j0];
-
-                // check if the user needs data from this node
-                bool need = sched->callback_eval(t, true, sched->callback_eval_user_data);
-
-                int j1 = j0;
-
-                // determine the range [j0, j1] of nodes that can be computed together
-                while (!need && j1 < split->graph.n_nodes - 1) {
-                    t = split->graph.nodes[++j1];
-                    need = sched->callback_eval(t, true, sched->callback_eval_user_data);
-                }
-
-                struct ggml_cgraph gv = ggml_graph_view(&split->graph, j0, j1 + 1);
-
-                enum ggml_status ec = ggml_backend_graph_compute_async(split_backend, &gv);
-                if (ec != GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
-                    return ec;
-                }
-
-                // TODO: pass backend to the callback, then the user can decide if they want to synchronize
-                ggml_backend_synchronize(split_backend);
-
-                if (need && !sched->callback_eval(t, false, sched->callback_eval_user_data)) {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                j0 = j1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // record the event of this copy
-        if (split->n_inputs > 0) {
-            if (sched->events[split_backend_id][sched->cur_copy] != NULL) {
-                ggml_backend_event_record(sched->events[split_backend_id][sched->cur_copy]);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    sched->cur_copy = (sched->cur_copy + 1) % sched->n_copies;
-
-    return GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-ggml_backend_sched_t ggml_backend_sched_new(
-        ggml_backend_t * backends,
-        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t * bufts,
-        int n_backends,
-        size_t graph_size,
-        bool parallel) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(n_backends > 0);
-    GGML_ASSERT(n_backends <= GGML_SCHED_MAX_BACKENDS);
-    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_is_cpu(backends[n_backends - 1])); // last backend must be CPU
-
-    struct ggml_backend_sched * sched = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ggml_backend_sched));
-
-    sched->debug = getenv("GGML_SCHED_DEBUG") != NULL;
-
-    // initialize hash table
-    sched->hash_set          = ggml_hash_set_new(graph_size);
-    sched->tensor_backend_id = calloc(sched->hash_set.size, sizeof(sched->tensor_backend_id[0]));
-    sched->tensor_copies     = calloc(sched->hash_set.size, sizeof(sched->tensor_copies[0]));
-
-    const size_t nodes_size = graph_size + GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLITS*GGML_SCHED_MAX_SPLIT_INPUTS*2;
-    sched->node_backend_ids  = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->node_backend_ids[0]));
-    sched->leaf_backend_ids  = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->leaf_backend_ids[0]));
-    sched->prev_node_backend_ids = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->prev_node_backend_ids[0]));
-    sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids = calloc(nodes_size, sizeof(sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids[0]));
-
-    sched->n_backends = n_backends;
-
-    sched->n_copies = parallel ? GGML_SCHED_MAX_COPIES : 1;
-
-    const int initial_splits_capacity = 16;
-    sched->splits = calloc(initial_splits_capacity, sizeof(sched->splits[0]));
-    sched->splits_capacity = initial_splits_capacity;
-
-    for (int b = 0; b < n_backends; b++) {
-        sched->backends[b] = backends[b];
-        sched->bufts[b] = bufts ? bufts[b] : ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backends[b]);
-        GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_supports_buft(backends[b], sched->bufts[b]));
-        if (sched->n_copies > 1) {
-            for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
-                sched->events[b][c] = ggml_backend_event_new(backends[b]);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    sched->galloc = ggml_gallocr_new_n(sched->bufts, n_backends);
-
-    ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched);
-
-    return sched;
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_sched_free(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
-    if (sched == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-    for (int b = 0; b < sched->n_backends; b++) {
-        for (int c = 0; c < sched->n_copies; c++) {
-            ggml_backend_event_free(sched->events[b][c]);
-        }
-    }
-    ggml_gallocr_free(sched->galloc);
-    ggml_free(sched->ctx);
-    free(sched->splits);
-    free(sched->hash_set.keys);
-    free(sched->tensor_backend_id);
-    free(sched->tensor_copies);
-    free(sched->node_backend_ids);
-    free(sched->leaf_backend_ids);
-    free(sched->prev_node_backend_ids);
-    free(sched->prev_leaf_backend_ids);
-    free(sched);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_sched_reset(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
-    // reset state for the next run
-    if (!sched->is_reset) {
-        size_t hash_size = sched->hash_set.size;
-        memset(sched->hash_set.keys,      0, sizeof(sched->hash_set.keys[0])     * hash_size); // NOLINT
-        memset(sched->tensor_backend_id, -1, sizeof(sched->tensor_backend_id[0]) * hash_size);
-        memset(sched->tensor_copies,      0, sizeof(sched->tensor_copies[0])     * hash_size);
-
-        sched->is_reset = true;
-    }
-    sched->is_alloc = false;
-}
-
-bool ggml_backend_sched_reserve(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * measure_graph) {
-    GGML_ASSERT((int)sched->hash_set.size >= measure_graph->n_nodes);
-
-    ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(sched, measure_graph);
-
-    // TODO: extract this to a separate function
-    if (!ggml_gallocr_reserve_n(sched->galloc, sched->graph, sched->node_backend_ids, sched->leaf_backend_ids)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched);
-    ggml_backend_sched_synchronize(sched);
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph) {
-    GGML_ASSERT((int)sched->hash_set.size >= graph->n_nodes);
-
-    ggml_backend_sched_split_graph(sched, graph);
-
-    if (!ggml_backend_sched_alloc_splits(sched)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    sched->is_alloc = true;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-enum ggml_status ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph) {
-    enum ggml_status err = ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute_async(sched, graph);
-    ggml_backend_sched_synchronize(sched);
-    return err;
-}
-
-enum ggml_status ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute_async(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_cgraph * graph) {
-    if (!sched->is_reset && !sched->is_alloc) {
-        ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched);
-    }
-
-    if (!sched->is_alloc) {
-        if (!ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(sched, graph)) {
-            return GGML_STATUS_ALLOC_FAILED;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return ggml_backend_sched_compute_splits(sched);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_sched_synchronize(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < sched->n_backends; i++) {
-        ggml_backend_synchronize(sched->backends[i]);
-    }
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_sched_set_eval_callback(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, ggml_backend_sched_eval_callback callback, void * user_data) {
-    sched->callback_eval = callback;
-    sched->callback_eval_user_data = user_data;
-}
-
-int ggml_backend_sched_get_n_splits(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
-    return sched->n_splits;
-}
-
-int ggml_backend_sched_get_n_copies(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
-    return sched->n_copies;
-}
-
-int ggml_backend_sched_get_n_backends(ggml_backend_sched_t sched) {
-    return sched->n_backends;
-}
-
-ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_sched_get_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, int i) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(i >= 0 && i < sched->n_backends);
-    return sched->backends[i];
-}
-
-size_t ggml_backend_sched_get_buffer_size(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    int backend_index = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id(sched, backend);
-    GGML_ASSERT(backend_index >= 0 && backend_index < sched->n_backends);
-
-    return ggml_gallocr_get_buffer_size(sched->galloc, backend_index);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_sched_set_tensor_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_tensor * node, ggml_backend_t backend) {
-    int backend_index = ggml_backend_sched_backend_id(sched, backend);
-    GGML_ASSERT(backend_index >= 0 && backend_index < sched->n_backends);
-    tensor_backend_id(node) = backend_index;
-    SET_CAUSE(node, "usr");
-}
-
-ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(ggml_backend_sched_t sched, struct ggml_tensor * node) {
-    int backend_index = tensor_backend_id(node);
-    if (backend_index == -1) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return sched->backends[backend_index];
-}
-
-// utils
-
-void ggml_backend_view_init(struct ggml_tensor * tensor) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->buffer == NULL);
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->view_src != NULL);
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->view_src->buffer != NULL);
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->view_src->data != NULL);
-
-    tensor->buffer = tensor->view_src->buffer;
-    tensor->data = (char *)tensor->view_src->data + tensor->view_offs;
-    ggml_backend_buffer_init_tensor(tensor->buffer, tensor);
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_tensor_alloc(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * addr) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->buffer == NULL);
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->data == NULL);
-    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->view_src == NULL);
-    GGML_ASSERT(addr >= ggml_backend_buffer_get_base(buffer));
-    GGML_ASSERT((char *)addr + ggml_backend_buffer_get_alloc_size(buffer, tensor) <=
-                (char *)ggml_backend_buffer_get_base(buffer) + ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(buffer));
-
-    tensor->buffer = buffer;
-    tensor->data = addr;
-    ggml_backend_buffer_init_tensor(buffer, tensor);
-}
-
-static struct ggml_tensor * graph_copy_dup_tensor(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor ** node_copies,
-    struct ggml_context * ctx_allocated, struct ggml_context * ctx_unallocated, struct ggml_tensor * src) {
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(src != NULL);
-    GGML_ASSERT(src->data && "graph must be allocated");
-
-    size_t id = ggml_hash_insert(hash_set, src);
-    if (id == GGML_HASHTABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
-        return node_copies[ggml_hash_find(hash_set, src)];
-    }
-
-    struct ggml_tensor * dst = ggml_dup_tensor_layout(src->data && !src->view_src ? ctx_allocated : ctx_unallocated, src);
-    if (src->view_src != NULL) {
-        dst->view_src = graph_copy_dup_tensor(hash_set, node_copies, ctx_allocated, ctx_unallocated, src->view_src);
-        dst->view_offs = src->view_offs;
-    }
-    dst->op = src->op;
-    memcpy(dst->op_params, src->op_params, sizeof(dst->op_params));
-    ggml_set_name(dst, src->name);
-
-    // copy src
-    for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_SRC; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * s = src->src[i];
-        if (s == NULL) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        dst->src[i] = graph_copy_dup_tensor(hash_set, node_copies, ctx_allocated, ctx_unallocated, s);
-    }
-
-    node_copies[id] = dst;
-    return dst;
-}
-
-static void graph_copy_init_tensor(struct ggml_hash_set hash_set, struct ggml_tensor ** node_copies, bool * node_init, struct ggml_tensor * src) {
-    size_t id = ggml_hash_find(hash_set, src);
-    if (node_init[id]) {
-        return;
-    }
-    node_init[id] = true;
-
-    struct ggml_tensor * dst = node_copies[id];
-    if (dst->view_src != NULL) {
-        graph_copy_init_tensor(hash_set, node_copies, node_init, src->view_src);
-        ggml_backend_view_init(dst);
-    }
-    else {
-        ggml_backend_tensor_copy(src, dst);
-    }
-
-    // init src
-    for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_SRC; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * s = src->src[i];
-        if (s == NULL) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        graph_copy_init_tensor(hash_set, node_copies, node_init, s);
-    }
-}
-
-struct ggml_backend_graph_copy ggml_backend_graph_copy(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * graph) {
-    struct ggml_hash_set hash_set = {
-        /* .size = */ graph->visited_hash_table.size,
-        /* .keys = */ calloc(graph->visited_hash_table.size, sizeof(hash_set.keys[0])) // NOLINT
-    };
-    struct ggml_tensor ** node_copies = calloc(hash_set.size, sizeof(node_copies[0])); // NOLINT
-    bool * node_init = calloc(hash_set.size, sizeof(node_init[0]));
-
-    struct ggml_init_params params = {
-        /* .mem_size   = */ ggml_tensor_overhead()*hash_set.size + ggml_graph_overhead_custom(graph->size, false),
-        /* .mem_buffer = */ NULL,
-        /* .no_alloc   = */ true
-    };
-
-    struct ggml_context * ctx_allocated = ggml_init(params);
-    struct ggml_context * ctx_unallocated = ggml_init(params);
-
-    if (ctx_allocated == NULL || ctx_unallocated == NULL) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "failed to allocate context for graph copy\n");
-        free(hash_set.keys);
-        free(node_copies);
-        free(node_init);
-        ggml_free(ctx_allocated);
-        ggml_free(ctx_unallocated);
-        return (struct ggml_backend_graph_copy) {
-            /* .buffer           = */ NULL,
-            /* .ctx_allocated    = */ NULL,
-            /* .ctx_unallocated  = */ NULL,
-            /* .graph            = */ NULL,
-        };
-    }
-
-    // dup nodes
-    for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-        graph_copy_dup_tensor(hash_set, node_copies, ctx_allocated, ctx_unallocated, node);
-    }
-
-    // allocate nodes
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors(ctx_allocated, backend);
-    if (buffer == NULL) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "failed to allocate buffer for graph copy\n");
-        free(hash_set.keys);
-        free(node_copies);
-        free(node_init);
-        ggml_free(ctx_allocated);
-        ggml_free(ctx_unallocated);
-        return (struct ggml_backend_graph_copy) {
-            /* .buffer           = */ NULL,
-            /* .ctx_allocated    = */ NULL,
-            /* .ctx_unallocated  = */ NULL,
-            /* .graph            = */ NULL,
-        };
-    }
-
-    //printf("copy buffer size: %zu MB\n", ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(buffer) / 1024 / 1024);
-
-    // copy data and init views
-    for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-        graph_copy_init_tensor(hash_set, node_copies, node_init, node);
-    }
-
-    // build graph copy
-    struct ggml_cgraph * graph_copy = ggml_new_graph_custom(ctx_allocated, graph->size, false);
-    for (int i = 0; i < graph->n_nodes; i++) {
-        struct ggml_tensor * node = graph->nodes[i];
-        struct ggml_tensor * node_copy = node_copies[ggml_hash_find(hash_set, node)];
-        graph_copy->nodes[i] = node_copy;
-    }
-    graph_copy->n_nodes = graph->n_nodes;
-
-    free(hash_set.keys);
-    free(node_copies);
-    free(node_init);
-
-    return (struct ggml_backend_graph_copy) {
-        /* .buffer           = */ buffer,
-        /* .ctx_allocated    = */ ctx_allocated,
-        /* .ctx_unallocated  = */ ctx_unallocated,
-        /* .graph            = */ graph_copy,
-    };
-}
-
-void ggml_backend_graph_copy_free(struct ggml_backend_graph_copy copy) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_free(copy.buffer);
-    ggml_free(copy.ctx_allocated);
-    ggml_free(copy.ctx_unallocated);
-}
-
-bool ggml_backend_compare_graph_backend(ggml_backend_t backend1, ggml_backend_t backend2, struct ggml_cgraph * graph, ggml_backend_eval_callback callback, void * user_data) {
-    struct ggml_backend_graph_copy copy = ggml_backend_graph_copy(backend2, graph);
-    if (copy.buffer == NULL) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    struct ggml_cgraph * g1 = graph;
-    struct ggml_cgraph * g2 = copy.graph;
-
-    assert(g1->n_nodes == g2->n_nodes);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < g1->n_nodes; i++) {
-        //printf("eval %d/%d\n", i, g1->n_nodes);
-        struct ggml_tensor * t1 = g1->nodes[i];
-        struct ggml_tensor * t2 = g2->nodes[i];
-
-        assert(t1->op == t2->op && ggml_are_same_layout(t1, t2));
-
-        struct ggml_cgraph g1v = ggml_graph_view(g1, i, i + 1);
-        struct ggml_cgraph g2v = ggml_graph_view(g2, i, i + 1);
-
-        ggml_backend_graph_compute(backend1, &g1v);
-        ggml_backend_graph_compute(backend2, &g2v);
-
-        if (ggml_is_view_op(t1->op)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // compare results, calculate rms etc
-        if (!callback(i, t1, t2, user_data)) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    ggml_backend_graph_copy_free(copy);
-
-    return true;
-}