gosu 0.15.2 → 1.0.0.pre1

data/src/Constants.cpp

@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ unsigned Gosu_IF_TILEABLE_BOTTOM = Gosu::IF_TILEABLE_BOTTOM;
 unsigned Gosu_IF_TILEABLE = Gosu::IF_TILEABLE;
 unsigned Gosu_IF_RETRO = Gosu::IF_RETRO;
 
-unsigned Gosu_KB_RANGE_BEGIN = Gosu::KB_RANGE_BEGIN;
 unsigned Gosu_KB_ESCAPE = Gosu::KB_ESCAPE;
 unsigned Gosu_KB_F1 = Gosu::KB_F1;
 unsigned Gosu_KB_F2 = Gosu::KB_F2;
@@ -147,9 +146,7 @@ unsigned Gosu_KB_NUMPAD_PLUS = Gosu::KB_NUMPAD_PLUS;
 unsigned Gosu_KB_NUMPAD_MINUS = Gosu::KB_NUMPAD_MINUS;
 unsigned Gosu_KB_NUMPAD_MULTIPLY = Gosu::KB_NUMPAD_MULTIPLY;
 unsigned Gosu_KB_NUMPAD_DIVIDE = Gosu::KB_NUMPAD_DIVIDE;
-unsigned Gosu_KB_RANGE_END = Gosu::KB_RANGE_END;
 
-unsigned Gosu_MS_RANGE_BEGIN = Gosu::MS_RANGE_BEGIN;
 unsigned Gosu_MS_LEFT = Gosu::MS_LEFT;
 unsigned Gosu_MS_MIDDLE = Gosu::MS_MIDDLE;
 unsigned Gosu_MS_RIGHT = Gosu::MS_RIGHT;
@@ -163,13 +160,11 @@ unsigned Gosu_MS_OTHER_4 = Gosu::MS_OTHER_4;
 unsigned Gosu_MS_OTHER_5 = Gosu::MS_OTHER_5;
 unsigned Gosu_MS_OTHER_6 = Gosu::MS_OTHER_6;
 unsigned Gosu_MS_OTHER_7 = Gosu::MS_OTHER_7;
-unsigned Gosu_MS_RANGE_END = Gosu::MS_RANGE_END;
 
-unsigned Gosu_GP_RANGE_BEGIN = Gosu::GP_RANGE_BEGIN;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_LEFT = Gosu::GP_LEFT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_RIGHT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_UP = Gosu::GP_UP;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_DOWN = Gosu::GP_DOWN;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_DPAD_LEFT = Gosu::GP_DPAD_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_DPAD_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_DPAD_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_DPAD_UP = Gosu::GP_DPAD_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_DPAD_DOWN = Gosu::GP_DPAD_DOWN;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_BUTTON_0 = Gosu::GP_BUTTON_0;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_BUTTON_1 = Gosu::GP_BUTTON_1;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_BUTTON_2 = Gosu::GP_BUTTON_2;
@@ -187,10 +182,10 @@ unsigned Gosu_GP_BUTTON_13 = Gosu::GP_BUTTON_13;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_BUTTON_14 = Gosu::GP_BUTTON_14;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_BUTTON_15 = Gosu::GP_BUTTON_15;
 
-unsigned Gosu_GP_0_LEFT = Gosu::GP_0_LEFT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_0_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_0_RIGHT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_0_UP = Gosu::GP_0_UP;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_0_DOWN = Gosu::GP_0_DOWN;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_DPAD_LEFT = Gosu::GP_0_DPAD_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_DPAD_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_0_DPAD_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_DPAD_UP = Gosu::GP_0_DPAD_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_DPAD_DOWN = Gosu::GP_0_DPAD_DOWN;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_0_BUTTON_0 = Gosu::GP_0_BUTTON_0;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_0_BUTTON_1 = Gosu::GP_0_BUTTON_1;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_0_BUTTON_2 = Gosu::GP_0_BUTTON_2;
@@ -208,10 +203,10 @@ unsigned Gosu_GP_0_BUTTON_13 = Gosu::GP_0_BUTTON_13;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_0_BUTTON_14 = Gosu::GP_0_BUTTON_14;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_0_BUTTON_15 = Gosu::GP_0_BUTTON_15;
 
-unsigned Gosu_GP_1_LEFT = Gosu::GP_1_LEFT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_1_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_1_RIGHT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_1_UP = Gosu::GP_1_UP;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_1_DOWN = Gosu::GP_1_DOWN;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_DPAD_LEFT = Gosu::GP_1_DPAD_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_DPAD_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_1_DPAD_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_DPAD_UP = Gosu::GP_1_DPAD_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_DPAD_DOWN = Gosu::GP_1_DPAD_DOWN;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_1_BUTTON_0 = Gosu::GP_1_BUTTON_0;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_1_BUTTON_1 = Gosu::GP_1_BUTTON_1;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_1_BUTTON_2 = Gosu::GP_1_BUTTON_2;
@@ -229,10 +224,10 @@ unsigned Gosu_GP_1_BUTTON_13 = Gosu::GP_1_BUTTON_13;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_1_BUTTON_14 = Gosu::GP_1_BUTTON_14;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_1_BUTTON_15 = Gosu::GP_1_BUTTON_15;
 
-unsigned Gosu_GP_2_LEFT = Gosu::GP_2_LEFT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_2_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_2_RIGHT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_2_UP = Gosu::GP_2_UP;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_2_DOWN = Gosu::GP_2_DOWN;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_DPAD_LEFT = Gosu::GP_2_DPAD_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_DPAD_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_2_DPAD_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_DPAD_UP = Gosu::GP_2_DPAD_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_DPAD_DOWN = Gosu::GP_2_DPAD_DOWN;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_2_BUTTON_0 = Gosu::GP_2_BUTTON_0;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_2_BUTTON_1 = Gosu::GP_2_BUTTON_1;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_2_BUTTON_2 = Gosu::GP_2_BUTTON_2;
@@ -250,10 +245,10 @@ unsigned Gosu_GP_2_BUTTON_13 = Gosu::GP_2_BUTTON_13;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_2_BUTTON_14 = Gosu::GP_2_BUTTON_14;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_2_BUTTON_15 = Gosu::GP_2_BUTTON_15;
 
-unsigned Gosu_GP_3_LEFT = Gosu::GP_3_LEFT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_3_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_3_RIGHT;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_3_UP = Gosu::GP_3_UP;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_3_DOWN = Gosu::GP_3_DOWN;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_DPAD_LEFT = Gosu::GP_3_DPAD_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_DPAD_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_3_DPAD_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_DPAD_UP = Gosu::GP_3_DPAD_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_DPAD_DOWN = Gosu::GP_3_DPAD_DOWN;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_3_BUTTON_0 = Gosu::GP_3_BUTTON_0;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_3_BUTTON_1 = Gosu::GP_3_BUTTON_1;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_3_BUTTON_2 = Gosu::GP_3_BUTTON_2;
@@ -271,17 +266,69 @@ unsigned Gosu_GP_3_BUTTON_13 = Gosu::GP_3_BUTTON_13;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_3_BUTTON_14 = Gosu::GP_3_BUTTON_14;
 unsigned Gosu_GP_3_BUTTON_15 = Gosu::GP_3_BUTTON_15;
 
-unsigned Gosu_GP_RANGE_END = Gosu::GP_RANGE_END;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_LEFT = Gosu::GP_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_UP = Gosu::GP_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_DOWN = Gosu::GP_DOWN;
+
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_LEFT = Gosu::GP_0_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_0_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_UP = Gosu::GP_0_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_DOWN = Gosu::GP_0_DOWN;
+
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_LEFT = Gosu::GP_1_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_1_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_UP = Gosu::GP_1_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_DOWN = Gosu::GP_1_DOWN;
+
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_LEFT = Gosu::GP_2_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_2_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_UP = Gosu::GP_2_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_DOWN = Gosu::GP_2_DOWN;
+
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_LEFT = Gosu::GP_3_LEFT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_RIGHT = Gosu::GP_3_RIGHT;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_UP = Gosu::GP_3_UP;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_DOWN = Gosu::GP_3_DOWN;
+
+unsigned Gosu_GP_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
+
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_0_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_0_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_0_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_0_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_0_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_0_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_0_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
+
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_1_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_1_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_1_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_1_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_1_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_1_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_1_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
+
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_2_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_2_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_2_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_2_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_2_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_2_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_2_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
+
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_3_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_3_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS = Gosu::GP_3_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS = Gosu::GP_3_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_3_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
+unsigned Gosu_GP_3_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS = Gosu::GP_3_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS;
 
-unsigned Gosu_NUM_BUTTONS = Gosu::NUM_BUTTONS;
 unsigned Gosu_NUM_GAMEPADS = Gosu::NUM_GAMEPADS;
 unsigned Gosu_NO_BUTTON = Gosu::NO_BUTTON;
 
-unsigned Gosu_KB_NUM = Gosu::KB_NUM;
-unsigned Gosu_MS_NUM = Gosu::MS_NUM;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_NUM = Gosu::GP_NUM;
-unsigned Gosu_GP_NUM_PER_GAMEPAD = Gosu::GP_NUM_PER_GAMEPAD;
-
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
-#endif
+#endif

data/src/Font.cpp

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 #include <Gosu/Math.hpp>
 #include <Gosu/Text.hpp>
 #include <Gosu/Utility.hpp>
-#include "utf8proc.h"
+
+#include <utf8proc.h>
+
 #include <array>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <map>

data/src/GosuWrapper.cpp

@@ -203,6 +203,25 @@ unsigned Gosu_button_char_to_id(const char *btn)
     return Gosu::Input::char_to_id(btn).id();
 }
 
+const char *Gosu_button_name(int btn)
+{
+    static thread_local std::string name;
+    name = Gosu::Input::button_name((Gosu::ButtonName)btn);
+    return name.empty() ? nullptr : name.c_str();
+}
+
+const char *Gosu_gamepad_name(int id)
+{
+    static thread_local std::string name;
+    name = Gosu::Input::gamepad_name(id);
+    return name.empty() ? nullptr : name.c_str();
+}
+
+double Gosu_axis(int btn)
+{
+    return Gosu::Input::axis((Gosu::ButtonName)btn);
+}
+
 int Gosu_fps()
 {
     return Gosu::fps();

data/src/Graphics.cpp

@@ -287,7 +287,9 @@ Gosu::Image Gosu::Graphics::render(int width, int height, const function<void ()
 
     // This is the actual render-to-texture step.
     Image result = OffScreenTarget(width, height, image_flags).render([&] {
+#ifndef GOSU_IS_OPENGLES
         glPushAttrib(GL_ALL_ATTRIB_BITS);
+#endif
         glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
         glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
         glEnable(GL_BLEND);
@@ -296,7 +298,9 @@ Gosu::Image Gosu::Graphics::render(int width, int height, const function<void ()
         queues.back().perform_draw_ops_and_code();
         queues.pop_back();
         glFlush();
+#ifndef GOSU_IS_OPENGLES
         glPopAttrib();
+#endif
     });
     
     // Restore previous matrix and glViewport.
@@ -434,7 +438,7 @@ unique_ptr<Gosu::ImageData> Gosu::Graphics::create_image(const Bitmap& src,
         }
         else {
             Bitmap bmp(src_width, src_height);
-            bmp.insert(src, 0, 0, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height);
+            bmp.insert(0, 0, src, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height);
             data = texture->try_alloc(bmp, 0);
         }
         
@@ -445,14 +449,13 @@ unique_ptr<Gosu::ImageData> Gosu::Graphics::create_image(const Bitmap& src,
     // Too large to fit on a single texture.
     if (src_width > max_size - 2 || src_height > max_size - 2) {
         Bitmap bmp(src_width, src_height);
-        bmp.insert(src, 0, 0, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height);
+        bmp.insert(0, 0, src, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height);
         unique_ptr<ImageData> lidi;
         lidi.reset(new LargeImageData(bmp, max_size - 2, max_size - 2, flags));
         return lidi;
     }
     
-    Bitmap bmp;
-    apply_border_flags(bmp, src, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height, flags);
+    Bitmap bmp = apply_border_flags(flags, src, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height);
 
     // Try to put the bitmap into one of the already allocated textures.
     for (const auto& texture : textures) {

data/src/Image.cpp

@@ -13,32 +13,30 @@ Gosu::Image::Image()
 {
 }
 
-Gosu::Image::Image(const string& filename, unsigned flags)
+Gosu::Image::Image(const string& filename, unsigned image_flags)
 {
     // Forward.
-    Bitmap bmp;
-    load_image_file(bmp, filename);
-    Image(bmp, flags).data_.swap(data_);
+    Bitmap bitmap = load_image_file(filename);
+    Image{bitmap, image_flags}.data_.swap(data_);
 }
 
-Gosu::Image::Image(const string& filename, unsigned src_x, unsigned src_y,
-                   unsigned src_width, unsigned src_height, unsigned flags)
+Gosu::Image::Image(const string& filename, int src_x, int src_y, int src_width, int src_height,
+                   unsigned image_flags)
 {
     // Forward.
-    Bitmap bmp;
-    load_image_file(bmp, filename);
-    Image(bmp, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height, flags).data_.swap(data_);
+    Bitmap bitmap = load_image_file(filename);
+    Image{bitmap, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height, image_flags}.data_.swap(data_);
 }
 
-Gosu::Image::Image(const Bitmap& source, unsigned flags)
+Gosu::Image::Image(const Bitmap& source, unsigned image_flags)
 {
     // Forward.
-    Image(source, 0, 0, source.width(), source.height(), flags).data_.swap(data_);
+    Image{source, 0, 0, source.width(), source.height(), image_flags}.data_.swap(data_);
 }
 
-Gosu::Image::Image(const Bitmap& source, unsigned src_x, unsigned src_y,
-                   unsigned src_width, unsigned src_height, unsigned flags)
-: data_(Graphics::create_image(source, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height, flags))
+Gosu::Image::Image(const Bitmap& source, int src_x, int src_y, int src_width, int src_height,
+                   unsigned image_flags)
+: data_(Graphics::create_image(source, src_x, src_y, src_width, src_height, image_flags))
 {
 }
 
@@ -141,7 +139,6 @@ vector<Gosu::Image> Gosu::load_tiles(const Bitmap& bmp, int tile_width, int tile
 vector<Gosu::Image> Gosu::load_tiles(const string& filename, int tile_width, int tile_height,
                                      unsigned flags)
 {
-    Bitmap bmp;
-    load_image_file(bmp, filename);
+    Bitmap bmp = load_image_file(filename);
     return load_tiles(bmp, tile_width, tile_height, flags);
 }

data/src/Input.cpp

@@ -6,89 +6,80 @@
 #include <Gosu/Utility.hpp>
 
 #include <SDL.h>
-#include "utf8proc.h"
+#include <utf8proc.h>
 
 #include <cwctype>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
+#include <mutex>
 using namespace std;
 
-// Workaround for broken SDL_GetGlobalMouseState, see below.
-#ifdef GOSU_IS_MAC
-#import <CoreGraphics/CoreGraphics.h>
-#import <AppKit/AppKit.h>
-#endif
-
 static void require_sdl_video()
 {
-    static bool initialized = false;
-    if (!initialized) {
+    static std::once_flag initialized;
+
+    std::call_once(initialized, [] {
         SDL_InitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_VIDEO);
-        initialized = true;
-        atexit([] { SDL_QuitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_VIDEO); });
-    }
+    });
 }
 
-static array<bool, Gosu::NUM_BUTTONS> button_states = { { false } };
+static const unsigned NUM_BUTTONS_PER_GAMEPAD =
+    (Gosu::GP_RANGE_END - Gosu::GP_RANGE_BEGIN + 1 - 4) / (Gosu::NUM_GAMEPADS + 1) - 3;
+static const unsigned NUM_AXES_PER_GAMEPAD =
+    (Gosu::GP_AXES_RANGE_END - Gosu::GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN + 1) / (Gosu::NUM_GAMEPADS + 1);
+static const unsigned NUM_BUTTONS = Gosu::GP_RANGE_END + 1;
+
+static array<bool, NUM_BUTTONS> button_states = {false};
+static array<double, NUM_AXES_PER_GAMEPAD * (Gosu::NUM_GAMEPADS + 1)> axis_states = {0.0};
+static vector<shared_ptr<SDL_Joystick>> open_joysticks;
+static vector<shared_ptr<SDL_GameController>> open_game_controllers;
+// Stores joystick instance id or -1 if empty
+static array<int, Gosu::NUM_GAMEPADS> gamepad_slots = {-1, -1, -1, -1};
 
 struct Gosu::Input::Impl
 {
+    struct InputEvent
+    {
+        enum {
+            ButtonUp,
+            ButtonDown,
+            GamepadConnected,
+            GamepadDisconnected
+        } type;
+        int id = -1;
+        int gamepad_instance_id = -1;
+    };
+
     Input& input;
     SDL_Window* window;
-    
+
     TextInput* text_input = nullptr;
     double mouse_x, mouse_y;
     double mouse_scale_x = 1;
     double mouse_scale_y = 1;
     double mouse_offset_x = 0;
     double mouse_offset_y = 0;
-    
+
     Impl(Input& input, SDL_Window* window)
     : input(input), window(window)
     {
         require_sdl_video();
-        
+
         SDL_InitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_GAMECONTROLLER);
-        
-        int num_gamepads = min<int>(Gosu::NUM_GAMEPADS, SDL_NumJoysticks());
-        
-        for (int i = 0; i < num_gamepads; ++i) {
-            // Prefer the SDL_GameController API...
-            if (SDL_IsGameController(i)) {
-                if (SDL_GameController* game_controller = SDL_GameControllerOpen(i)) {
-                    game_controllers.push_back(game_controller);
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-            // ...but fall back on the good, old SDL_Joystick API.
-            if (SDL_Joystick* joystick = SDL_JoystickOpen(i)) {
-                joysticks.push_back(joystick);
-            }
-        }
     }
-    
+
     ~Impl()
     {
-        for_each(joysticks.begin(), joysticks.end(), &SDL_JoystickClose);
-        joysticks.clear();
-        for_each(game_controllers.begin(), game_controllers.end(), &SDL_GameControllerClose);
-        game_controllers.clear();
-        
+        open_joysticks.clear();
+        open_game_controllers.clear();
+
         SDL_QuitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_GAMECONTROLLER);
     }
-    
+
     void update_mouse_position()
     {
-    #if defined(GOSU_IS_MAC)
-        // Avoid SDL_GetGlobalMouseState on macOS until this bug is fixed:
-        // https://bugzilla.libsdl.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4255
-        int window_x, window_y;
-        SDL_GetWindowPosition(window, &window_x, &window_y);
-        auto mouse_position = NSEvent.mouseLocation;
-        mouse_x = mouse_position.x - window_x;
-        mouse_y = (CGDisplayPixelsHigh(kCGDirectMainDisplay) - mouse_position.y) - window_y;
-    #elif SDL_VERSION_ATLEAST(2, 0, 5)
+    #if SDL_VERSION_ATLEAST(2, 0, 5)
         // SDL_GetGlobalMouseState was added in SDL 2.0.4, but it only started using the same
         // coordinate system as SDL_GetWindowPosition on X11 in 2.0.5.
         int x, y, window_x, window_y;
@@ -103,7 +94,7 @@ struct Gosu::Input::Impl
         mouse_y = y;
     #endif
     }
-    
+
     void set_mouse_position(double x, double y)
     {
         SDL_WarpMouseInWindow(window,
@@ -120,13 +111,13 @@ struct Gosu::Input::Impl
         mouse_x = x, mouse_y = y;
     #endif
     }
-    
+
     bool feed_sdl_event(const SDL_Event* e)
     {
         switch (e->type) {
             case SDL_KEYDOWN:
             case SDL_KEYUP: {
-                if (e->key.repeat == 0 && e->key.keysym.scancode <= KB_RANGE_END) {
+                if (e->key.repeat == 0 && e->key.keysym.scancode <= static_cast<int>(KB_RANGE_END)) {
                     enqueue_event(e->key.keysym.scancode, e->type == SDL_KEYDOWN);
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -153,160 +144,377 @@ struct Gosu::Input::Impl
                 }
                 break;
             }
+            case SDL_JOYDEVICEADDED: {
+                if (available_gamepad_slot_index() == -1) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                int gamepad_slot = -1;
+                int joystick_instance_id = -1;
+
+                // Loop through attached gamepads as e->jdevice.which cannot be trusted (always 0)
+                for (int i = 0; i < SDL_NumJoysticks(); i++) {
+                    // Prefer the SDL_GameController API...
+                    if (SDL_IsGameController(i)) {
+                        if (SDL_GameController *game_controller = SDL_GameControllerOpen(i)) {
+                            gamepad_slot = available_gamepad_slot_index();
+                            joystick_instance_id = SDL_JoystickInstanceID(SDL_GameControllerGetJoystick(game_controller));
+                            if (gamepad_instance_id_is_known(joystick_instance_id)) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            open_game_controllers.emplace_back(
+                                shared_ptr<SDL_GameController>(game_controller, SDL_GameControllerClose)
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // ...but fall back on the good, old SDL_Joystick API.
+                    else if (SDL_Joystick *joystick = SDL_JoystickOpen(i)) {
+                        gamepad_slot = available_gamepad_slot_index();
+                        joystick_instance_id = SDL_JoystickInstanceID(joystick);
+                        if (gamepad_instance_id_is_known(joystick_instance_id)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        open_joysticks.emplace_back(
+                            shared_ptr<SDL_Joystick>(joystick, SDL_JoystickClose)
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    // Reserve gamepad slot and issue gamepad connection event
+                    if (gamepad_slot >= 0 && joystick_instance_id >= 0) {
+                        gamepad_slots[gamepad_slot] = joystick_instance_id;
+                        enqueue_gamepad_connection_event(gamepad_slot, true, -1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case SDL_JOYDEVICEREMOVED: {
+                int gamepad_slot = gamepad_slot_index(e->jdevice.which);
+                if (gamepad_slot >= 0) {
+                    enqueue_gamepad_connection_event(gamepad_slot, false, e->jdevice.which);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
         }
         return false;
     }
-    
-    typedef array<bool, GP_NUM_PER_GAMEPAD> GamepadBuffer;
-    
+
+    double scale_axis(double value)
+    {
+        return value >= 0 ? value / SDL_JOYSTICK_AXIS_MAX : -value / SDL_JOYSTICK_AXIS_MIN;
+    }
+
+    // returns the gamepad slot index (0..NUM_GAMEPADS - 1) for the joystick instance id or -1 if not found
+    int gamepad_slot_index(int joystick_instance_id) const
+    {
+        for (int i = 0; i < gamepad_slots.size(); i++) {
+            if (gamepad_slots[i] == joystick_instance_id) {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // returns first available gamepad slot or -1 if non are available
+    int available_gamepad_slot_index() const
+    {
+        for (int i = 0; i < gamepad_slots.size(); i++) {
+            if (gamepad_slots[i] == -1) {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // returns whether the gamepad using the joystick instance id is known
+    bool gamepad_instance_id_is_known(int id)
+    {
+        for (int j = 0; j < gamepad_slots.size(); j++) {
+            if (gamepad_slots[j] == id) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // frees the gamepad slot associated with this joystick instance id
+    // and frees the SDL_GameController/SDL_Joystick
+    void free_gamepad_slot(int instance_id)
+    {
+        int index = gamepad_slot_index(instance_id);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < open_game_controllers.size(); i++) {
+            SDL_Joystick* joystick = SDL_GameControllerGetJoystick(open_game_controllers[i].get());
+            if (SDL_JoystickInstanceID(joystick) == instance_id) {
+                open_game_controllers.erase(open_game_controllers.begin() + i);
+                gamepad_slots[index] = -1;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < open_joysticks.size(); i++) {
+            if (SDL_JoystickInstanceID(open_joysticks[i].get()) == instance_id) {
+                open_joysticks.erase(open_joysticks.begin() + i);
+                gamepad_slots[index] = -1;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct GamepadBuffer
+    {
+        array<bool, NUM_BUTTONS_PER_GAMEPAD> buttons = { false };
+        array<bool, 4> directions = { false };
+        array<double, NUM_AXES_PER_GAMEPAD> axes = { 0.0 };
+    };
+
     void poll_gamepads()
     {
-        // This gamepad is an OR-ed version of all the other gamepads. If button
-        // 3 is pressed on any attached gamepad, down(GP_BUTTON_3) will return
-        // true. This is handy for singleplayer games.
-        GamepadBuffer any_gamepad = { false };
-        
-        size_t available_gamepads = game_controllers.size() + joysticks.size();
-        
-        for (int i = 0; i < available_gamepads; ++i) {
-            GamepadBuffer current_gamepad = { false };
-            
+        // This gamepad is an OR-ed version of all the other gamepads.
+        // If button3 is pressed on any attached gamepad, down(GP_BUTTON_3) will return true.
+        // This is handy for singleplayer games where you don't care which gamepad that player uses.
+        GamepadBuffer any_gamepad;
+
+        // Reset all axes values, they will be recalculated below.
+        axis_states.fill(0.0);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < gamepad_slots.size(); ++i) {
+            if (gamepad_slots[i] == -1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             // Poll data from SDL, using either of two API interfaces.
-            if (i < game_controllers.size()) {
-                SDL_GameController* game_controller = game_controllers[i];
-                poll_game_controller(game_controller, current_gamepad);
+            GamepadBuffer current_gamepad;
+            if (SDL_GameController* game_controller = SDL_GameControllerFromInstanceID(gamepad_slots[i])) {
+                current_gamepad = poll_game_controller(game_controller);
             }
             else {
-                SDL_Joystick* joystick = joysticks[i - game_controllers.size()];
-                poll_joystick(joystick, current_gamepad);
+                current_gamepad = poll_joystick(SDL_JoystickFromInstanceID(gamepad_slots[i]));
+            }
+
+            int axis_offset = NUM_AXES_PER_GAMEPAD * (i + 1);
+            for (int a = 0; a < NUM_AXES_PER_GAMEPAD; ++a) {
+                // Transfer the axes values into the global axis_state array..
+                axis_states[a + axis_offset] = current_gamepad.axes[a];
+                // Also transfer the gamepad-specific axes values into the "any gamepad" slots.
+                // (Values with a higher amplitude override smaller ones.)
+                if (abs(current_gamepad.axes[a]) > abs(axis_states[a])) {
+                    axis_states[a] = current_gamepad.axes[a];
+                }
             }
-            
+
             // Now at the same time, enqueue all events for this particular
             // gamepad, and OR the keyboard state into any_gamepad.
-            int offset = GP_RANGE_BEGIN + GP_NUM_PER_GAMEPAD * (i + 1);
-            for (int j = 0; j < current_gamepad.size(); ++j) {
-                any_gamepad[j] = any_gamepad[j] || current_gamepad[j];
-                
-                if (current_gamepad[j] && !button_states[j + offset]) {
+            int offset = GP_RANGE_BEGIN + NUM_BUTTONS_PER_GAMEPAD * (i + 1);
+            for (int j = 0; j < current_gamepad.buttons.size(); ++j) {
+                any_gamepad.buttons[j] = any_gamepad.buttons[j] || current_gamepad.buttons[j];
+
+                if (current_gamepad.buttons[j] && !button_states[j + offset]) {
                     button_states[j + offset] = true;
                     enqueue_event(j + offset, true);
                 }
-                else if (!current_gamepad[j] && button_states[j + offset]) {
+                else if (!current_gamepad.buttons[j] && button_states[j + offset]) {
                     button_states[j + offset] = false;
                     enqueue_event(j + offset, false);
                 }
             }
+            int direction_offset = GP_LEFT + 4 * (i + 1);
+            for (int d = 0; d < 4; ++d) {
+                any_gamepad.directions[d] = any_gamepad.directions[d] || current_gamepad.directions[d];
+
+                if (current_gamepad.directions[d] && !button_states[d + direction_offset]) {
+                    button_states[d + direction_offset] = true;
+                    enqueue_event(d + direction_offset, true);
+                }
+                else if (!current_gamepad.directions[d] && button_states[d + direction_offset]) {
+                    button_states[d + direction_offset] = false;
+                    enqueue_event(d + direction_offset, false);
+                }
+            }
         }
-        
+
         // And lastly, enqueue events for the virtual "any" gamepad.
-        for (int j = 0; j < any_gamepad.size(); ++j) {
-            if (any_gamepad[j] && !button_states[j + GP_RANGE_BEGIN]) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < any_gamepad.buttons.size(); ++j) {
+            if (any_gamepad.buttons[j] && !button_states[j + GP_RANGE_BEGIN]) {
                 button_states[j + GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
                 enqueue_event(j + GP_RANGE_BEGIN, true);
             }
-            else if (!any_gamepad[j] && button_states[j + GP_RANGE_BEGIN]) {
+            else if (!any_gamepad.buttons[j] && button_states[j + GP_RANGE_BEGIN]) {
                 button_states[j + GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = false;
                 enqueue_event(j + GP_RANGE_BEGIN, false);
             }
         }
+        for (int d = 0; d < 4; ++d) {
+            if (any_gamepad.directions[d] && !button_states[d + GP_LEFT]) {
+                button_states[d + GP_LEFT] = true;
+                enqueue_event(d + GP_LEFT, true);
+            }
+            else if (!any_gamepad.directions[d] && button_states[d + GP_LEFT]) {
+                button_states[d + GP_LEFT] = false;
+                enqueue_event(d + GP_LEFT, false);
+            }
+        }
     }
-    
+
     void dispatch_enqueued_events()
     {
-        for (int event : event_queue) {
-            bool down = (event >= 0);
-            Button button(down ? event : ~event);
-            
-            button_states[button.id()] = down;
-            if (down && input.on_button_down) {
-                input.on_button_down(button);
-            }
-            else if (!down && input.on_button_up) {
-                input.on_button_up(button);
+        for (const InputEvent& event : event_queue) {
+            switch (event.type) {
+                case InputEvent::ButtonDown:
+                    button_states[event.id] = true;
+                    if (input.on_button_down) {
+                        input.on_button_down(Button(event.id));
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case InputEvent::ButtonUp:
+                    button_states[event.id] = false;
+                    if (input.on_button_up) {
+                        input.on_button_up(Button(event.id));
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case InputEvent::GamepadConnected:
+                    if (input.on_gamepad_connected) {
+                        input.on_gamepad_connected(event.id);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case InputEvent::GamepadDisconnected:
+                    if (input.on_gamepad_disconnected) {
+                        input.on_gamepad_disconnected(event.id);
+                    }
+                    free_gamepad_slot(event.gamepad_instance_id);
+                    break;
             }
         }
         event_queue.clear();
     }
-    
+
 private:
     // For button down event: Button name value (>= 0)
     // For button up event: ~Button name value (< 0)
-    vector<int> event_queue;
+    vector<InputEvent> event_queue;
 
-    void enqueue_event(int id, bool down)
+    void enqueue_event(unsigned id, bool down)
     {
-        event_queue.push_back(down ? id : ~id);
+        InputEvent event;
+        event.type = down ? InputEvent::ButtonDown : InputEvent::ButtonUp;
+        event.id = id;
+        event_queue.push_back(event);
     }
-    
-    vector<SDL_Joystick*> joysticks;
-    vector<SDL_GameController*> game_controllers;
-    
-    // SDL returns axis values in the range -2^15 through 2^15-1, so we consider -2^14 through
-    // 2^14 (half of that range) the dead zone.
-    enum { DEAD_ZONE = (1 << 14) };
-    
-    void poll_game_controller(SDL_GameController* controller, GamepadBuffer& gamepad)
+
+    void enqueue_gamepad_connection_event(int gamepad_index_id, bool connected, int instance_id)
+    {
+        InputEvent event;
+        event.type = connected ? InputEvent::GamepadConnected : InputEvent::GamepadDisconnected;
+        event.id = gamepad_index_id;
+        event.gamepad_instance_id = instance_id;
+        event_queue.push_back(event);
+    }
+
+    GamepadBuffer poll_game_controller(SDL_GameController* controller)
     {
-        gamepad[GP_LEFT - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
-            SDL_GameControllerGetButton(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_BUTTON_DPAD_LEFT) ||
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_LEFTX) < -DEAD_ZONE ||
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_RIGHTX) < -DEAD_ZONE;
-        
-        gamepad[GP_RIGHT - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
-            SDL_GameControllerGetButton(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_BUTTON_DPAD_RIGHT) ||
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_LEFTX) > +DEAD_ZONE ||
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_RIGHTX) > +DEAD_ZONE;
-        
-        gamepad[GP_UP - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
-            SDL_GameControllerGetButton(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_BUTTON_DPAD_UP) ||
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_LEFTY) < -DEAD_ZONE ||
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_RIGHTY) < -DEAD_ZONE;
-        
-        gamepad[GP_DOWN - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
-            SDL_GameControllerGetButton(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_BUTTON_DPAD_DOWN) ||
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_LEFTY) > +DEAD_ZONE ||
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_RIGHTY) > +DEAD_ZONE;
-        
+        GamepadBuffer gamepad;
+
+        // Poll axes first.
+        gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            scale_axis(SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_LEFTX));
+        gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            scale_axis(SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_LEFTY));
+        gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            scale_axis(SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_RIGHTX));
+        gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            scale_axis(SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_RIGHTY));
+        gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            scale_axis(SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_TRIGGERLEFT));
+        gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            scale_axis(SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_TRIGGERRIGHT));
+
+        gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_LEFT - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            SDL_GameControllerGetButton(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_BUTTON_DPAD_LEFT);
+        gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_RIGHT - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            SDL_GameControllerGetButton(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_BUTTON_DPAD_RIGHT);
+        gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_UP - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            SDL_GameControllerGetButton(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_BUTTON_DPAD_UP);
+        gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_DOWN - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            SDL_GameControllerGetButton(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_BUTTON_DPAD_DOWN);
+
         int button = 0;
         for (; button < SDL_CONTROLLER_BUTTON_DPAD_UP; ++button) {
-            gamepad[GP_BUTTON_0 + button - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            gamepad.buttons[GP_BUTTON_0 + button - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
                 SDL_GameControllerGetButton(controller, (SDL_GameControllerButton) button);
         }
-        gamepad[GP_BUTTON_0 + button++ - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_TRIGGERLEFT) > +DEAD_ZONE;
-        gamepad[GP_BUTTON_0 + button++ - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
-            SDL_GameControllerGetAxis(controller, SDL_CONTROLLER_AXIS_TRIGGERRIGHT) > +DEAD_ZONE;
+        // Represent the triggers as buttons in addition to them being axes.
+        gamepad.buttons[GP_BUTTON_0 + button++ - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_TRIGGER_AXIS] >= 0.5;
+        gamepad.buttons[GP_BUTTON_0 + button++ - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+            gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_TRIGGER_AXIS] >= 0.5;
+
+        merge_directions(gamepad);
+        return gamepad;
     }
-    
-    void poll_joystick(SDL_Joystick* joystick, GamepadBuffer& gamepad)
+
+    GamepadBuffer poll_joystick(SDL_Joystick* joystick)
     {
+        GamepadBuffer gamepad;
+
+        // Just guess that the first four axes are equivalent to two analog sticks.
         int axes = SDL_JoystickNumAxes(joystick);
-        for (int axis = 0; axis < axes; ++axis) {
-            Sint16 value = SDL_JoystickGetAxis(joystick, axis);
-            
-            if (value < -DEAD_ZONE) {
-                gamepad[(axis % 2 ? GP_UP   : GP_LEFT)  - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
-            }
-            else if (value > +DEAD_ZONE) {
-                gamepad[(axis % 2 ? GP_DOWN : GP_RIGHT) - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
-            }
+        if (axes > 0) {
+            gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+                scale_axis(SDL_JoystickGetAxis(joystick, 0));
+        }
+        if (axes > 1) {
+            gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+                scale_axis(SDL_JoystickGetAxis(joystick, 1));
         }
-        
+        if (axes > 2) {
+            gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+                scale_axis(SDL_JoystickGetAxis(joystick, 2));
+        }
+        if (axes > 3) {
+            gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] =
+                scale_axis(SDL_JoystickGetAxis(joystick, 3));
+        }
+
+        // All hats are merged into the DPad.
         int hats = SDL_JoystickNumHats(joystick);
         for (int hat = 0; hat < hats; ++hat) {
             Uint8 value = SDL_JoystickGetHat(joystick, hat);
-            if (value & SDL_HAT_LEFT)  gamepad[GP_LEFT  - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
-            if (value & SDL_HAT_RIGHT) gamepad[GP_RIGHT - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
-            if (value & SDL_HAT_UP)    gamepad[GP_UP    - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
-            if (value & SDL_HAT_DOWN)  gamepad[GP_DOWN  - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
+            if (value & SDL_HAT_LEFT)  gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_LEFT  - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
+            if (value & SDL_HAT_RIGHT) gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_RIGHT - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
+            if (value & SDL_HAT_UP)    gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_UP    - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
+            if (value & SDL_HAT_DOWN)  gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_DOWN  - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
         }
-        
-        int buttons = min<int>(GP_NUM_PER_GAMEPAD - 4, SDL_JoystickNumButtons(joystick));
+
+        int buttons = min<int>(NUM_BUTTONS_PER_GAMEPAD - 4, SDL_JoystickNumButtons(joystick));
         for (int button = 0; button < buttons; ++button) {
             if (SDL_JoystickGetButton(joystick, button)) {
-                gamepad[GP_BUTTON_0 + button - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
+                gamepad.buttons[GP_BUTTON_0 + button - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] = true;
             }
         }
+
+        merge_directions(gamepad);
+        return gamepad;
+    }
+
+    void merge_directions(GamepadBuffer& gamepad)
+    {
+        gamepad.directions[0] =
+            gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_LEFT - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] ||
+            gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] <= -0.5 ||
+            gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] <= -0.5;
+        gamepad.directions[1] =
+            gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_RIGHT - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] ||
+            gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] >= +0.5 ||
+            gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_STICK_X_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] >= +0.5;
+        gamepad.directions[2] =
+            gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_UP - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] ||
+            gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] <= -0.5 ||
+            gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] <= -0.5;
+        gamepad.directions[3] =
+            gamepad.buttons[GP_DPAD_DOWN - GP_RANGE_BEGIN] ||
+            gamepad.axes[GP_LEFT_STICK_Y_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] >= +0.5 ||
+            gamepad.axes[GP_RIGHT_STICK_Y_AXIS - GP_AXES_RANGE_BEGIN] >= +0.5;
     }
 };
 
@@ -328,23 +536,23 @@ bool Gosu::Input::feed_sdl_event(void* event)
 string Gosu::Input::id_to_char(Button btn)
 {
     require_sdl_video();
-    
+
     if (btn.id() > KB_RANGE_END) return "";
-    
+
     // SDL_GetKeyName returns "Space" for this value, but we want the character value.
     if (btn.id() == KB_SPACE) return " ";
-    
+
     SDL_Keycode keycode = SDL_GetKeyFromScancode(static_cast<SDL_Scancode>(btn.id()));
     if (keycode == SDLK_UNKNOWN) return "";
-    
+
     const char* name = SDL_GetKeyName(keycode);
     if (name == nullptr) return "";
-    
+
     u32string codepoints = utf8_to_composed_utc4(name);
-    
+
     // Filter out names that are more than one logical character.
     if (codepoints.length() != 1) return "";
-    
+
     // Always return lower case to be consistent with previous versions of Gosu.
     codepoints[0] = utf8proc_tolower(codepoints[0]);
     // Convert back to UTF-8.
@@ -356,18 +564,59 @@ string Gosu::Input::id_to_char(Button btn)
 Gosu::Button Gosu::Input::char_to_id(string ch)
 {
     require_sdl_video();
-    
+
     SDL_Keycode keycode = SDL_GetKeyFromName(ch.c_str());
     return keycode == SDLK_UNKNOWN ? NO_BUTTON : Button(SDL_GetScancodeFromKey(keycode));
 }
 
+std::string Gosu::Input::button_name(Button btn)
+{
+    require_sdl_video();
+
+    SDL_Keycode keycode = SDL_GetKeyFromScancode(static_cast<SDL_Scancode>(btn.id()));
+    return SDL_GetKeyName(keycode);
+}
+
+std::string Gosu::Input::gamepad_name(int index)
+{
+    if (index < 0 || index > gamepad_slots.size() - 1) {
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    int instance_id = gamepad_slots[index];
+
+    if (instance_id == -1) {
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    if (SDL_GameController* game_controller = SDL_GameControllerFromInstanceID(instance_id)) {
+        return SDL_GameControllerName(game_controller);
+    }
+    else if (SDL_Joystick* joystick = SDL_JoystickFromInstanceID(instance_id)) {
+        return SDL_JoystickName(joystick);
+    }
+
+    return "";
+}
+
 bool Gosu::Input::down(Gosu::Button btn)
 {
     if (btn == NO_BUTTON || btn.id() >= NUM_BUTTONS) return false;
-    
+
     return button_states[btn.id()];
 }
 
+double Gosu::Input::axis(Gosu::Button btn)
+{
+    unsigned axis_id = btn.id() - GP_LEFT_STICK_X_AXIS;
+
+    if (axis_id >= axis_states.size()) {
+        throw std::out_of_range("Invalid axis ID: " + std::to_string(btn.id()));
+    }
+
+    return axis_states[axis_id];
+}
+
 double Gosu::Input::mouse_x() const
 {
     return pimpl->mouse_x * pimpl->mouse_scale_x + pimpl->mouse_offset_x;
@@ -395,7 +644,7 @@ void Gosu::Input::set_mouse_factors(double scale_x, double scale_y,
 const Gosu::Touches& Gosu::Input::current_touches() const
 {
     // We could use the SDL 2 touch API to implement this.
-    
+
     static Gosu::Touches none;
     return none;
 }
@@ -435,7 +684,7 @@ void Gosu::Input::set_text_input(TextInput* text_input)
     else if (pimpl->text_input == nullptr && text_input) {
         SDL_StartTextInput();
     }
-    
+
     pimpl->text_input = text_input;
 }