exiftool_vendored 9.78.0 → 9.99.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-9.99/lib/Image/ExifTool/CanonVRD.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,2228 @@
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# File:         CanonVRD.pm
+#
+# Description:  Read/write Canon VRD and DR4 information
+#
+# Revisions:    2006/10/30 - P. Harvey Created
+#               2007/10/23 - PH Added new VRD 3.0 tags
+#               2008/08/29 - PH Added new VRD 3.4 tags
+#               2008/12/02 - PH Added new VRD 3.5 tags
+#               2010/06/18 - PH Support variable-length CustomPictureStyle data
+#               2010/09/14 - PH Added r/w support for XMP in VRD
+#               2015/05/16 - PH Added DR4 support (DPP 4.1.50.0)
+#
+# References:   1) Bogdan private communication (Canon DPP v3.4.1.1)
+#               2) Gert Kello private communiation (DPP 3.8)
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+package Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD;
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw($VERSION);
+use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);
+use Image::ExifTool::Canon;
+
+$VERSION = '1.25';
+
+sub ProcessCanonVRD($$;$);
+sub WriteCanonVRD($$;$);
+sub ProcessEditData($$$);
+sub ProcessIHL($$$);
+sub ProcessIHLExif($$$);
+sub ProcessDR4($$;$);
+sub SortDR4($$);
+
+# map for adding directories to VRD
+my %vrdMap = (
+    XMP      => 'CanonVRD',
+    CanonVRD => 'VRD',
+);
+
+my %noYes = (
+    PrintConvColumns => 2,
+    PrintConv => { 0 => 'No', 1 => 'Yes' },
+);
+
+# DR4 format codes
+my %vrdFormat = (
+    1 => 'int32u',
+    2 => 'string',
+    8 => 'int32u',
+    9 => 'int32s',
+    13 => 'double',
+    33 => 'int32u', # (array)
+    38 => 'double', # (array)
+    # 254 => 'undef', ?
+    255 => 'undef',
+);
+
+# empty VRD header/footer for creating VRD from scratch
+my $blankHeader = "CANON OPTIONAL DATA\0\0\x01\0\0\0\0\0\0";
+my $blankFooter = "CANON OPTIONAL DATA\0" . ("\0" x 42) . "\xff\xd9";
+
+# main tag table blocks in CanonVRD trailer (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Main = (
+    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteCanonVRD,
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessCanonVRD,
+    NOTES => q{
+        Canon Digital Photo Professional writes VRD (Recipe Data) information as a
+        trailer record to JPEG, TIFF, CRW and CR2 images, or as stand-alone VRD or
+        DR4 files.  The tags listed below represent information found in these
+        records.  The complete VRD/DR4 data record may be accessed as a block using
+        the Extra 'CanonVRD' or 'CanonDR4' tag, but this tag is not extracted or
+        copied unless specified explicitly.
+    },
+    0xffff00f4 => {
+        Name => 'EditData',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Edit' },
+    },
+    0xffff00f5 => {
+        Name => 'IHLData',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::IHL' },
+    },
+    0xffff00f6 => {
+        Name => 'XMP',
+        Flags => [ 'Binary', 'Protected' ],
+        Writable => 'undef',    # allow writing/deleting as a block
+        SubDirectory => {
+            DirName => 'XMP',
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main',
+        },
+    },
+    0xffff00f7 => {
+        Name => 'Edit4Data',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Edit4' },
+    },
+);
+
+# the VRD edit information is divided into sections
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Edit = (
+    WRITE_PROC => \&ProcessEditData,
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessEditData,
+    VARS => { ID_LABEL => 'Index' }, # change TagID label in documentation
+    NOTES => 'Canon VRD edit information.',
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'VRD1',
+        Size => 0x272,  # size of version 1.0 edit information in bytes
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Ver1' },
+    },
+    1 => {
+        Name => 'VRDStampTool',
+        Size => 0,      # size is variable, and obtained from int32u at directory start
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::StampTool' },
+    },
+    2 => {
+        Name => 'VRD2',
+        Size => undef,  # size is the remaining edit data
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Ver2' },
+    },
+);
+
+# Canon DPP version 4 edit information
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Edit4 = (
+    WRITE_PROC => \&ProcessEditData,
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessEditData,
+    VARS => { ID_LABEL => 'Index' }, # change TagID label in documentation
+    NOTES => 'Canon DPP version 4 edit information.',
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'DR4',
+        Size => undef,  # size is the remaining edit data
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::DR4' },
+    },
+);
+
+# "IHL Created Optional Item Data" tags (not yet writable)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::IHL = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessIHL,
+    TAG_PREFIX => 'VRD_IHL',
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    1 => [
+        # this contains edited TIFF-format data, with an original IFD at 0x0008
+        # and an edited IFD with offset given in the TIFF header.
+        {
+            Name => 'IHL_EXIF',
+            Condition => '$self->Options("ExtractEmbedded")',
+            SubDirectory => {
+                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main',
+                ProcessProc => \&ProcessIHLExif,
+            },
+        },{
+            Name => 'IHL_EXIF',
+            Notes => q{
+                extracted as a block if the Unknown option is used, or processed as the
+                first sub-document with the ExtractEmbedded option
+            },
+            Binary => 1,
+            Unknown => 1,
+        },
+    ],
+    # 2 - written by DPP 3.0.2.6, and it looks something like edit data,
+    #     but I haven't decoded it yet - PH
+    3 => {
+        # (same size as the PreviewImage with DPP 3.0.2.6)
+        Name => 'ThumbnailImage',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
+        Binary => 1,
+    },
+    4 => {
+        Name => 'PreviewImage',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
+        Binary => 1,
+    },
+    5 => {
+        Name => 'RawCodecVersion',
+        ValueConv => '$val =~ s/\0.*//s; $val',  # truncate string at null
+    },
+    6 => {
+        Name => 'CRCDevelParams',
+        Binary => 1,
+        Unknown => 1,
+    },
+);
+
+# VRD version 1 tags (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Ver1 = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    CHECK_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::CheckBinaryData,
+    WRITABLE => 1,
+    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    DATAMEMBER => [ 0x002 ],   # necessary for writing
+#
+# RAW image adjustment
+#
+    0x002 => {
+        Name => 'VRDVersion',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        Writable => 0,
+        DataMember => 'VRDVersion',
+        RawConv => '$$self{VRDVersion} = $val',
+        PrintConv => '$val =~ s/^(\d)(\d*)(\d)$/$1.$2.$3/; $val',
+    },
+    0x006 => {
+        Name => 'WBAdjRGGBLevels',
+        Format => 'int16u[4]',
+    },
+    0x018 => {
+        Name => 'WhiteBalanceAdj',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Auto',
+            1 => 'Daylight',
+            2 => 'Cloudy',
+            3 => 'Tungsten',
+            4 => 'Fluorescent',
+            5 => 'Flash',
+            8 => 'Shade',
+            9 => 'Kelvin',
+            30 => 'Manual (Click)',
+            31 => 'Shot Settings',
+        },
+    },
+    0x01a => {
+        Name => 'WBAdjColorTemp',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    # 0x01c similar to 0x006
+    0x024 => {
+        Name => 'WBFineTuneActive',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        %noYes,
+    },
+    0x028 => {
+        Name => 'WBFineTuneSaturation',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    0x02c => {
+        Name => 'WBFineTuneTone',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    0x02e => {
+        Name => 'RawColorAdj',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Shot Settings',
+            1 => 'Faithful',
+            2 => 'Custom',
+        },
+    },
+    0x030 => {
+        Name => 'RawCustomSaturation',
+        Format => 'int32s',
+    },
+    0x034 => {
+        Name => 'RawCustomTone',
+        Format => 'int32s',
+    },
+    0x038 => {
+        Name => 'RawBrightnessAdj',
+        Format => 'int32s',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 6000',
+        ValueConvInv => 'int($val * 6000 + ($val < 0 ? -0.5 : 0.5))',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.2f",$val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    0x03c => {
+        Name => 'ToneCurveProperty',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Shot Settings',
+            1 => 'Linear',
+            2 => 'Custom 1',
+            3 => 'Custom 2',
+            4 => 'Custom 3',
+            5 => 'Custom 4',
+            6 => 'Custom 5',
+        },
+    },
+    # 0x040 usually "10 9 2"
+    0x07a => {
+        Name => 'DynamicRangeMin',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    0x07c => {
+        Name => 'DynamicRangeMax',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    # 0x0c6 usually "10 9 2"
+#
+# RGB image adjustment
+#
+    0x110 => {
+        Name => 'ToneCurveActive',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        %noYes,
+    },
+    0x113 => {
+        Name => 'ToneCurveMode',
+        PrintConv => { 0 => 'RGB', 1 => 'Luminance' },
+    },
+    0x114 => {
+        Name => 'BrightnessAdj',
+        Format => 'int8s',
+    },
+    0x115 => {
+        Name => 'ContrastAdj',
+        Format => 'int8s',
+    },
+    0x116 => {
+        Name => 'SaturationAdj',
+        Format => 'int16s',
+    },
+    0x11e => {
+        Name => 'ColorToneAdj',
+        Notes => 'in degrees, so -1 is the same as 359',
+        Format => 'int32s',
+    },
+    0x126 => {
+        Name => 'LuminanceCurvePoints',
+        Format => 'int16u[21]',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrint($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrintInv($val)',
+    },
+    0x150 => {
+        Name => 'LuminanceCurveLimits',
+        Notes => '4 numbers: input and output highlight and shadow points',
+        Format => 'int16u[4]',
+    },
+    0x159 => {
+        Name => 'ToneCurveInterpolation',
+        PrintConv => { 0 => 'Curve', 1 => 'Straight' },
+    },
+    0x160 => {
+        Name => 'RedCurvePoints',
+        Format => 'int16u[21]',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrint($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrintInv($val)',
+    },
+    # 0x193 same as 0x159
+    0x19a => {
+        Name => 'GreenCurvePoints',
+        Format => 'int16u[21]',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrint($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrintInv($val)',
+    },
+    # 0x1cd same as 0x159
+    0x1d4 => {
+        Name => 'BlueCurvePoints',
+        Format => 'int16u[21]',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrint($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrintInv($val)',
+    },
+    0x18a => {
+        Name => 'RedCurveLimits',
+        Format => 'int16u[4]',
+    },
+    0x1c4 => {
+        Name => 'GreenCurveLimits',
+        Format => 'int16u[4]',
+    },
+    0x1fe => {
+        Name => 'BlueCurveLimits',
+        Format => 'int16u[4]',
+    },
+    # 0x207 same as 0x159
+    0x20e => {
+        Name => 'RGBCurvePoints',
+        Format => 'int16u[21]',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrint($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrintInv($val)',
+    },
+    0x238 => {
+        Name => 'RGBCurveLimits',
+        Format => 'int16u[4]',
+    },
+    # 0x241 same as 0x159
+    0x244 => {
+        Name => 'CropActive',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        %noYes,
+    },
+    0x246 => {
+        Name => 'CropLeft',
+        Notes => 'crop coordinates in original unrotated image',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    0x248 => {
+        Name => 'CropTop',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    0x24a => {
+        Name => 'CropWidth',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    0x24c => {
+        Name => 'CropHeight',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    0x25a => {
+        Name => 'SharpnessAdj',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+    },
+    0x260 => {
+        Name => 'CropAspectRatio',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Free',
+            1 => '3:2',
+            2 => '2:3',
+            3 => '4:3',
+            4 => '3:4',
+            5 => 'A-size Landscape',
+            6 => 'A-size Portrait',
+            7 => 'Letter-size Landscape',
+            8 => 'Letter-size Portrait',
+            9 => '4:5',
+            10 => '5:4',
+            11 => '1:1',
+            12 => 'Circle',
+            65535 => 'Custom',
+        },
+    },
+    0x262 => {
+        Name => 'ConstrainedCropWidth',
+        Format => 'float',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.7g",$val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    0x266 => {
+        Name => 'ConstrainedCropHeight',
+        Format => 'float',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.7g",$val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    0x26a => {
+        Name => 'CheckMark',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Clear',
+            1 => 1,
+            2 => 2,
+            3 => 3,
+        },
+    },
+    0x26e => {
+        Name => 'Rotation',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 0,
+            1 => 90,
+            2 => 180,
+            3 => 270,
+        },
+    },
+    0x270 => {
+        Name => 'WorkColorSpace',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'sRGB',
+            1 => 'Adobe RGB',
+            2 => 'Wide Gamut RGB',
+            3 => 'Apple RGB',
+            4 => 'ColorMatch RGB',
+        },
+    },
+    # (VRD 1.0.0 edit data ends here -- 0x272 bytes)
+);
+
+# VRD Stamp Tool tags (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::StampTool = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    0x00 => {
+        Name => 'StampToolCount',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+    },
+);
+
+# VRD version 2 and 3 tags (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Ver2 = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    CHECK_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::CheckBinaryData,
+    WRITABLE => 1,
+    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
+    FORMAT => 'int16s',
+    DATAMEMBER => [ 0x58, 0xdf, 0xea ], # (required for DataMember and var-format tags)
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    NOTES => 'Tags added in DPP version 2.0 and later.',
+    0x02 => {
+        Name => 'PictureStyle',
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Standard',
+            1 => 'Portrait',
+            2 => 'Landscape',
+            3 => 'Neutral',
+            4 => 'Faithful',
+            5 => 'Monochrome',
+            6 => 'Unknown?', # PH (maybe in-camera custom picture style?)
+            7 => 'Custom',
+        },
+    },
+    0x03 => { Name => 'IsCustomPictureStyle', %noYes },
+    # 0x08: 3
+    # 0x09: 4095
+    # 0x0a: 0
+    # 0x0b: 4095
+    # 0x0c: 0
+    0x0d => 'StandardRawColorTone',
+    0x0e => 'StandardRawSaturation',
+    0x0f => 'StandardRawContrast',
+    0x10 => { Name => 'StandardRawLinear', %noYes },
+    0x11 => 'StandardRawSharpness',
+    0x12 => 'StandardRawHighlightPoint',
+    0x13 => 'StandardRawShadowPoint',
+    0x14 => 'StandardOutputHighlightPoint', #2
+    0x15 => 'StandardOutputShadowPoint', #2
+    0x16 => 'PortraitRawColorTone',
+    0x17 => 'PortraitRawSaturation',
+    0x18 => 'PortraitRawContrast',
+    0x19 => { Name => 'PortraitRawLinear', %noYes },
+    0x1a => 'PortraitRawSharpness',
+    0x1b => 'PortraitRawHighlightPoint',
+    0x1c => 'PortraitRawShadowPoint',
+    0x1d => 'PortraitOutputHighlightPoint',
+    0x1e => 'PortraitOutputShadowPoint',
+    0x1f => 'LandscapeRawColorTone',
+    0x20 => 'LandscapeRawSaturation',
+    0x21 => 'LandscapeRawContrast',
+    0x22 => { Name => 'LandscapeRawLinear', %noYes },
+    0x23 => 'LandscapeRawSharpness',
+    0x24 => 'LandscapeRawHighlightPoint',
+    0x25 => 'LandscapeRawShadowPoint',
+    0x26 => 'LandscapeOutputHighlightPoint',
+    0x27 => 'LandscapeOutputShadowPoint',
+    0x28 => 'NeutralRawColorTone',
+    0x29 => 'NeutralRawSaturation',
+    0x2a => 'NeutralRawContrast',
+    0x2b => { Name => 'NeutralRawLinear', %noYes },
+    0x2c => 'NeutralRawSharpness',
+    0x2d => 'NeutralRawHighlightPoint',
+    0x2e => 'NeutralRawShadowPoint',
+    0x2f => 'NeutralOutputHighlightPoint',
+    0x30 => 'NeutralOutputShadowPoint',
+    0x31 => 'FaithfulRawColorTone',
+    0x32 => 'FaithfulRawSaturation',
+    0x33 => 'FaithfulRawContrast',
+    0x34 => { Name => 'FaithfulRawLinear', %noYes },
+    0x35 => 'FaithfulRawSharpness',
+    0x36 => 'FaithfulRawHighlightPoint',
+    0x37 => 'FaithfulRawShadowPoint',
+    0x38 => 'FaithfulOutputHighlightPoint',
+    0x39 => 'FaithfulOutputShadowPoint',
+    0x3a => {
+        Name => 'MonochromeFilterEffect',
+        PrintConv => {
+            -2 => 'None',
+            -1 => 'Yellow',
+            0 => 'Orange',
+            1 => 'Red',
+            2 => 'Green',
+        },
+    },
+    0x3b => {
+        Name => 'MonochromeToningEffect',
+        PrintConv => {
+            -2 => 'None',
+            -1 => 'Sepia',
+            0 => 'Blue',
+            1 => 'Purple',
+            2 => 'Green',
+        },
+    },
+    0x3c => 'MonochromeContrast',
+    0x3d => { Name => 'MonochromeLinear', %noYes },
+    0x3e => 'MonochromeSharpness',
+    0x3f => 'MonochromeRawHighlightPoint',
+    0x40 => 'MonochromeRawShadowPoint',
+    0x41 => 'MonochromeOutputHighlightPoint',
+    0x42 => 'MonochromeOutputShadowPoint',
+    0x45 => { Name => 'UnknownContrast',            Unknown => 1 },
+    0x46 => { Name => 'UnknownLinear', %noYes,      Unknown => 1 },
+    0x47 => { Name => 'UnknownSharpness',           Unknown => 1 },
+    0x48 => { Name => 'UnknownRawHighlightPoint',   Unknown => 1 },
+    0x49 => { Name => 'UnknownRawShadowPoint',      Unknown => 1 },
+    0x4a => { Name => 'UnknownOutputHighlightPoint',Unknown => 1 },
+    0x4b => { Name => 'UnknownOutputShadowPoint',   Unknown => 1 },
+    0x4c => 'CustomColorTone',
+    0x4d => 'CustomSaturation',
+    0x4e => 'CustomContrast',
+    0x4f => { Name => 'CustomLinear', %noYes },
+    0x50 => 'CustomSharpness',
+    0x51 => 'CustomRawHighlightPoint',
+    0x52 => 'CustomRawShadowPoint',
+    0x53 => 'CustomOutputHighlightPoint',
+    0x54 => 'CustomOutputShadowPoint',
+    0x58 => {
+        Name => 'CustomPictureStyleData',
+        Format => 'var_int16u',
+        Binary => 1,
+        Notes => 'variable-length data structure',
+        Writable => 0,
+        RawConv => 'length($val) == 2 ? undef : $val', # ignore if no data
+    },
+    # (VRD 2.0.0 edit data ends here: 178 bytes, index 0x59)
+    0x5e => [{
+        Name => 'ChrominanceNoiseReduction',
+        Condition => '$$self{VRDVersion} < 330',
+        Notes => 'VRDVersion prior to 3.3.0',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0   => 'Off',
+            58  => 'Low',
+            100 => 'High',
+        },
+    },{ #1
+        Name => 'ChrominanceNoiseReduction',
+        Notes => 'VRDVersion 3.3.0 or later',
+        PrintHex => 1,
+        PrintConvColumns => 4,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0x00 => 0,
+            0x10 => 1,
+            0x21 => 2,
+            0x32 => 3,
+            0x42 => 4,
+            0x53 => 5,
+            0x64 => 6,
+            0x74 => 7,
+            0x85 => 8,
+            0x96 => 9,
+            0xa6 => 10,
+            0xa7 => 11,
+            0xa8 => 12,
+            0xa9 => 13,
+            0xaa => 14,
+            0xab => 15,
+            0xac => 16,
+            0xad => 17,
+            0xae => 18,
+            0xaf => 19,
+            0xb0 => 20,
+        },
+    }],
+    0x5f => [{
+        Name => 'LuminanceNoiseReduction',
+        Condition => '$$self{VRDVersion} < 330',
+        Notes => 'VRDVersion prior to 3.3.0',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0   => 'Off',
+            65  => 'Low',
+            100 => 'High',
+        },
+    },{ #1
+        Name => 'LuminanceNoiseReduction',
+        Notes => 'VRDVersion 3.3.0 or later',
+        PrintHex => 1,
+        PrintConvColumns => 4,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0x00 => 0,
+            0x41 => 1,
+            0x64 => 2,
+            0x6e => 3,
+            0x78 => 4,
+            0x82 => 5,
+            0x8c => 6,
+            0x96 => 7,
+            0xa0 => 8,
+            0xaa => 9,
+            0xb4 => 10,
+            0xb5 => 11,
+            0xb6 => 12,
+            0xb7 => 13,
+            0xb8 => 14,
+            0xb9 => 15,
+            0xba => 16,
+            0xbb => 17,
+            0xbc => 18,
+            0xbd => 19,
+            0xbe => 20,
+        },
+    }],
+    0x60 => [{
+        Name => 'ChrominanceNR_TIFF_JPEG',
+        Condition => '$$self{VRDVersion} < 330',
+        Notes => 'VRDVersion prior to 3.3.0',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0   => 'Off',
+            33  => 'Low',
+            100 => 'High',
+        },
+    },{ #1
+        Name => 'ChrominanceNR_TIFF_JPEG',
+        Notes => 'VRDVersion 3.3.0 or later',
+        PrintHex => 1,
+        PrintConvColumns => 4,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0x00 => 0,
+            0x10 => 1,
+            0x21 => 2,
+            0x32 => 3,
+            0x42 => 4,
+            0x53 => 5,
+            0x64 => 6,
+            0x74 => 7,
+            0x85 => 8,
+            0x96 => 9,
+            0xa6 => 10,
+            0xa7 => 11,
+            0xa8 => 12,
+            0xa9 => 13,
+            0xaa => 14,
+            0xab => 15,
+            0xac => 16,
+            0xad => 17,
+            0xae => 18,
+            0xaf => 19,
+            0xb0 => 20,
+        },
+    }],
+    # 0x61: 1
+    # (VRD 3.0.0 edit data ends here: 196 bytes, index 0x62)
+    0x62 => { Name => 'ChromaticAberrationOn',      %noYes },
+    0x63 => { Name => 'DistortionCorrectionOn',     %noYes },
+    0x64 => { Name => 'PeripheralIlluminationOn',   %noYes },
+    0x65 => { Name => 'ColorBlur',                  %noYes },
+    0x66 => {
+        Name => 'ChromaticAberration',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 0x400',
+        ValueConvInv => 'int($val * 0x400 + 0.5)',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.0f%%", $val * 100)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'ToFloat($val) / 100',
+    },
+    0x67 => {
+        Name => 'DistortionCorrection',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 0x400',
+        ValueConvInv => 'int($val * 0x400 + 0.5)',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.0f%%", $val * 100)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'ToFloat($val) / 100',
+    },
+    0x68 => {
+        Name => 'PeripheralIllumination',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 0x400',
+        ValueConvInv => 'int($val * 0x400 + 0.5)',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.0f%%", $val * 100)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'ToFloat($val) / 100',
+    },
+    0x69 => {
+        Name => 'AberrationCorrectionDistance',
+        Notes => '100% = infinity',
+        RawConv => '$val == 0x7fff ? undef : $val',
+        ValueConv => '1 - $val / 0x400',
+        ValueConvInv => 'int((1 - $val) * 0x400 + 0.5)',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.0f%%", $val * 100)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'ToFloat($val) / 100',
+    },
+    0x6a => 'ChromaticAberrationRed',
+    0x6b => 'ChromaticAberrationBlue',
+    0x6d => { #1
+        Name => 'LuminanceNR_TIFF_JPEG',
+        Notes => 'val = raw / 10',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => 'int($val * 10 + 0.5)',
+    },
+    # (VRD 3.4.0 edit data ends here: 220 bytes, index 0x6e)
+    0x6e => { Name => 'AutoLightingOptimizerOn', %noYes },
+    0x6f => {
+        Name => 'AutoLightingOptimizer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            100 => 'Low',
+            200 => 'Standard',
+            300 => 'Strong',
+            0x7fff => 'n/a', #1
+        },
+    },
+    # 0x71: 200
+    # 0x73: 100
+    # (VRD 3.5.0 edit data ends here: 232 bytes, index 0x74)
+    0x75 => {
+        Name => 'StandardRawHighlight',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x76 => {
+        Name => 'PortraitRawHighlight',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x77 => {
+        Name => 'LandscapeRawHighlight',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x78 => {
+        Name => 'NeutralRawHighlight',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x79 => {
+        Name => 'FaithfulRawHighlight',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x7a => {
+        Name => 'MonochromeRawHighlight',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x7b => {
+        Name => 'UnknownRawHighlight',
+        Unknown => 1,
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x7c => {
+        Name => 'CustomRawHighlight',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x7e => {
+        Name => 'StandardRawShadow',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x7f => {
+        Name => 'PortraitRawShadow',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x80 => {
+        Name => 'LandscapeRawShadow',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x81 => {
+        Name => 'NeutralRawShadow',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x82 => {
+        Name => 'FaithfulRawShadow',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x83 => {
+        Name => 'MonochromeRawShadow',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x84 => {
+        Name => 'UnknownRawShadow',
+        Unknown => 1,
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x85 => {
+        Name => 'CustomRawShadow',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+    },
+    0x8b => { #2
+        Name => 'AngleAdj',
+        Format => 'int32s',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 100',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 100',
+    },
+    0x8e => {
+        Name => 'CheckMark2',
+        Format => 'int16u',
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Clear',
+            1 => 1,
+            2 => 2,
+            3 => 3,
+            4 => 4,
+            5 => 5,
+        },
+    },
+    # (VRD 3.8.0 edit data ends here: 286 bytes, index 0x8f)
+    0x90 => {
+        Name => 'UnsharpMask',
+        PrintConv => { 0 => 'Off', 1 => 'On' },
+    },
+    0x92 => 'StandardUnsharpMaskStrength',
+    0x94 => 'StandardUnsharpMaskFineness',
+    0x96 => 'StandardUnsharpMaskThreshold',
+    0x98 => 'PortraitUnsharpMaskStrength',
+    0x9a => 'PortraitUnsharpMaskFineness',
+    0x9c => 'PortraitUnsharpMaskThreshold',
+    0x9e => 'LandscapeUnsharpMaskStrength',
+    0xa0 => 'LandscapeUnsharpMaskFineness',
+    0xa2 => 'LandscapeUnsharpMaskThreshold',
+    0xa4 => 'NeutraUnsharpMaskStrength',
+    0xa6 => 'NeutralUnsharpMaskFineness',
+    0xa8 => 'NeutralUnsharpMaskThreshold',
+    0xaa => 'FaithfulUnsharpMaskStrength',
+    0xac => 'FaithfulUnsharpMaskFineness',
+    0xae => 'FaithfulUnsharpMaskThreshold',
+    0xb0 => 'MonochromeUnsharpMaskStrength',
+    0xb2 => 'MonochromeUnsharpMaskFineness',
+    0xb4 => 'MonochromeUnsharpMaskThreshold',
+    0xb6 => 'CustomUnsharpMaskStrength',
+    0xb8 => 'CustomUnsharpMaskFineness',
+    0xba => 'CustomUnsharpMaskThreshold',
+    0xbc => 'CustomDefaultUnsharpStrength',
+    0xbe => 'CustomDefaultUnsharpFineness',
+    0xc0 => 'CustomDefaultUnsharpThreshold',
+    # (VRD 3.9.1 edit data ends here: 392 bytes, index 0xc4)
+    # 0xc9: 3    - some RawSharpness
+    # 0xca: 4095 - some RawHighlightPoint
+    # 0xcb: 0    - some RawShadowPoint
+    # 0xcc: 4095 - some OutputHighlightPoint
+    # 0xcd: 0    - some OutputShadowPoint
+    # 0xd1: 3    - some UnsharpMaskStrength
+    # 0xd3: 7    - some UnsharpMaskFineness
+    # 0xd5: 3,4  - some UnsharpMaskThreshold
+    0xd6 => { Name => 'CropCircleActive', %noYes },
+    0xd7 => 'CropCircleX',
+    0xd8 => 'CropCircleY',
+    0xd9 => 'CropCircleRadius',
+    # 0xda: 0, 1
+    # 0xdb: 100
+    0xdc => { Name => 'DLOOn', %noYes },
+    0xdd => 'DLOSetting',
+    # (VRD 3.11.0 edit data ends here: 444 bytes, index 0xde)
+    0xde => {
+        Name => 'DLOShootingDistance',
+        Notes => '100% = infinity',
+        RawConv => '$val == 0x7fff ? undef : $val',
+        ValueConv => '1 - $val / 0x400',
+        ValueConvInv => 'int((1 - $val) * 0x400 + 0.5)',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.0f%%", $val * 100)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'ToFloat($val) / 100',
+    },
+    0xdf => {
+        Name => 'DLODataLength',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        Writable => 0,
+        # - have seen 65536 when DLO is Off
+        #   --> this is my only sample where 0xda is 1 -- coincidence?
+    },
+    # 0xe1 - 0 without DLO, seen 3112 with DLO
+    # (VRD 3.11.2 edit data ends here: 452 bytes, index 0xe2, unless DLO is on)
+    0xe4 => 'DLOSettingApplied',
+    0xe5 => {
+        Name => 'DLOVersion', #(NC)
+        Format => 'string[10]',
+    },
+    0xea => {
+        Name => 'DLOData',
+        LargeTag => 1, # large tag, so avoid storing unnecessarily
+        Notes => 'variable-length Digital Lens Optimizer data, stored in JPEG-like format',
+        Format => 'var_undef[$val{0xdf}]',
+        Writable => 0,
+        Binary => 1,
+        RawConv => 'length($val) ? \$val : undef', # (don't extract if zero length)
+    },
+);
+
+# VRD version 4 tags (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::DR4 = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessDR4,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&ProcessDR4,
+    WRITABLE => 1,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    VARS => { HEX_ID => 1, SORT_PROC => \&SortDR4 },
+    NOTES => q{
+        Tags written by Canon DPP version 4 in CanonVRD trailers and DR4 files. Each
+        tag has three associated flag words which are stored with the directory
+        entry, some of which are extracted as a separate tag, indicated in the table
+        below by a decimal appended to the tag ID (.0, .1 or .2).
+    },
+    header => {
+        Name => 'DR4Header',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::DR4Header' },
+    },
+    0x10002 => 'Rotation', # left/right rotation 90,180,270
+    0x10003 => 'AngleAdj', # crop angle
+    # 0x10018 - fmt=8: 0
+    # 0x10020 - fmt=2: ''
+    0x10021 => 'CustomPictureStyle', # (string)
+    0x10101 => {
+        Name => 'CheckMark',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Clear',
+            1 => 1,
+            2 => 2,
+            3 => 3,
+            4 => 4,
+            5 => 5,
+        },
+    },
+    0x10200 => {
+        Name => 'WorkColorSpace',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'sRGB',
+            2 => 'Adobe RGB',
+            3 => 'Wide Gamut RGB',
+            4 => 'Apple RGB',
+            5 => 'ColorMatch RGB',
+        },
+    },
+    # 0x10201 - fmt=9: 0
+    # 0x10f20 - fmt=9: 350
+    0x20001 => 'RawBrightnessAdj',
+    0x20101 => {
+        Name => 'WhiteBalanceAdj',
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => {
+            -1 => 'Manual (Click)',
+            0 => 'Auto',
+            1 => 'Daylight',
+            2 => 'Cloudy',
+            3 => 'Tungsten',
+            4 => 'Fluorescent',
+            5 => 'Flash',
+            8 => 'Shade',
+            9 => 'Kelvin',
+            255 => 'Shot Settings',
+        },
+    },
+    0x20102 => 'WBAdjColorTemp',
+    0x20105 => 'WBAdjMagentaGreen',
+    0x20106 => 'WBAdjBlueAmber',
+    0x20125 => {
+        Name => 'WBAdjRGGBLevels',
+        PrintConv => '$val =~ s/^\d+ //; $val',  # remove first integer (14: what is this for?)
+        PrintConvInv => '"14 $val"',
+    },
+    0x20200 => { Name => 'GammaLinear', %noYes },
+    0x20301 => {
+        Name => 'PictureStyle',
+        PrintHex => 1,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0x81 => 'Standard',
+            0x82 => 'Portrait',
+            0x83 => 'Landscape',
+            0x84 => 'Neutral',
+            0x85 => 'Faithful',
+            0x86 => 'Monochrome',
+            0x87 => 'Auto',
+            0x88 => 'Fine Detail',
+            0xf0 => 'Shot Settings',
+            0xff => 'Custom',
+        },
+    },
+    # 0x20302 - Gamma curve data
+    0x20303 => 'ContrastAdj',
+    0x20304 => 'ColorToneAdj',
+    0x20305 => 'ColorSaturationAdj',
+    0x20306 => {
+        Name => 'MonochromeToningEffect',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'None',
+            1 => 'Sepia',
+            2 => 'Blue',
+            3 => 'Purple',
+            4 => 'Green',
+        },
+    },
+    0x20307 => {
+        Name => 'MonochromeFilterEffect',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'None',
+            1 => 'Yellow',
+            2 => 'Orange',
+            3 => 'Red',
+            4 => 'Green',
+        },
+    },
+    0x20308 => 'UnsharpMaskStrength',
+    0x20309 => 'UnsharpMaskFineness',
+    0x2030a => 'UnsharpMaskThreshold',
+    0x2030b => 'ShadowAdj',
+    0x2030c => 'HighlightAdj',
+    0x20310 => {
+        Name => 'SharpnessAdj',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Sharpness',
+            1 => 'Unsharp Mask',
+        },
+    },
+   '0x20310.0' => { Name => 'SharpnessAdjOn', %noYes },
+    0x20311 => 'SharpnessStrength',
+    0x20400 => {
+        Name => 'ToneCurve',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurve' },
+    },
+   '0x20400.1' => { Name => 'ToneCurveOriginal', %noYes },
+    # 0x20401 - fmt=33 (312 bytes)
+    0x20410 => 'ToneCurveBrightness',
+    0x20411 => 'ToneCurveContrast',
+    0x20500 => {
+        Name => 'AutoLightingOptimizer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Low',
+            1 => 'Standard',
+            2 => 'Strong',
+        },
+    },
+   '0x20500.0' => {
+        Name => 'AutoLightingOptimizerOn',
+        Notes => 'ignored if gamma is linear',
+        %noYes,
+    },
+    # 0x20501 - fmt=13: 0
+    # 0x20502 - fmt=13: 0
+    0x20600 => 'LuminanceNoiseReduction',
+    0x20601 => 'ChrominanceNoiseReduction',
+    # 0x20650 - fmt=9: 0 (JPG images)
+    0x20701 => {
+        Name => 'ShootingDistance',
+        Notes => '100% = infinity',
+        ValueConv => '$val / 10',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val * 10',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.0f%%", $val * 100)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'ToFloat($val) / 100',
+    },
+    0x20702 => {
+        Name => 'PeripheralIllumination',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf "%g", $val',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+   '0x20702.0' => { Name => 'PeripheralIlluminationOn', %noYes },
+    0x20703 => {
+        Name => 'ChromaticAberration',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf "%g", $val',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+   '0x20703.0' => { Name => 'ChromaticAberrationOn', %noYes },
+    0x20704 => { Name => 'ColorBlurOn', %noYes },
+    0x20705 => {
+        Name => 'DistortionCorrection',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf "%g", $val',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+   '0x20705.0' => { Name => 'DistortionCorrectionOn', %noYes },
+    0x20706 => 'DLOSetting',
+   '0x20706.0' => { Name => 'DLOOn', %noYes },
+    0x20707 => {
+        Name => 'ChromaticAberrationRed',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf "%g", $val',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    0x20708 => {
+        Name => 'ChromaticAberrationBlue',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf "%g", $val',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    0x20709 => {
+        Name => 'DistortionEffect',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Shot Settings',
+            1 => 'Emphasize Linearity',
+            2 => 'Emphasize Distance',
+            3 => 'Emphasize Periphery',
+            4 => 'Emphasize Center',
+        },
+    },
+    # 0x20800 - fmt=1: 0
+    # 0x20801 - fmt=1: 0
+    0x20900 => 'ColorHue',
+    0x20901 => 'SaturationAdj',
+    0x20910 => 'RedHSL',
+    0x20911 => 'OrangeHSL',
+    0x20912 => 'GreenHSL',
+    0x20913 => 'AquaHSL',
+    0x20914 => 'BlueHSL',
+    0x20915 => 'BlueHSL',
+    0x20916 => 'PurpleHSL',
+    0x20917 => 'MagentaHSL',
+    0x20a00 => {
+        Name => 'GammaInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::GammaInfo' },
+    },
+    # 0x20a01 - Auto picture style settings
+    # 0x20a02 - Standard picture style settings
+    # 0x20a03 - Portrait picture style settings
+    # 0x20a04 - Landscape picture style settings
+    # 0x20a05 - Neutral picture style settings
+    # 0x20a06 - Faithful picture style settings
+    # 0x20a07 - Monochrome picture style settings
+    # 0x20a08 - (unknown picture style settings)
+    # 0x20a09 - Custom picture style settings
+    # 0x20a20 - Fine Detail picture style settings
+    0x30101 => {
+        Name => 'CropAspectRatio',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Free',
+            1 => 'Custom',
+            2 => '1:1',
+            3 => '3:2',
+            4 => '2:3',
+            5 => '4:3',
+            6 => '3:4',
+            7 => '5:4',
+            8 => '4:5',
+            9 => '16:9',
+            10 => '9:16',
+        },
+    },
+    0x30102 => 'CropAspectRatioCustom',
+    # 0x30103 - fmt=33: "0 0 8"
+    0xf0100 => {
+        Name => 'CropInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::CropInfo' },
+    },
+    0xf0500 => {
+        Name => 'CustomPictureStyleData',
+        Binary => 1,
+    },
+    0xf0510 => {
+        Name => 'StampInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::StampInfo' },
+    },
+    0xf0511 => {
+        Name => 'DustInfo',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::DustInfo' },
+    },
+    0xf0512 => 'LensFocalLength',
+    # 0xf0521 - DLO data
+    # 0xf0520 - DLO data
+    # 0xf0530 - created when dust delete data applied (4 bytes, all zero)
+    # 0xf0600 - fmt=253 (2308 bytes, JPG images)
+    # 0xf0601 - fmt=253 (2308 bytes, JPG images)
+    # 0x1ff52c - values: 129,130,132 (related to custom picture style somehow)
+    # to do:
+    # - find 8-15mm CR2 sample and decode linear distortion effect fine-tune
+);
+
+# Version 4 header information (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::DR4Header = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    CHECK_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::CheckBinaryData,
+    WRITABLE => 1,
+    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    # 0 - value: 'IIII' (presumably byte order)
+    # 1 - value: 0x00040004 (currently use this for magic number)
+    # 2 - value: 6
+    3 => {
+        Name => 'DR4CameraModel',
+        Writable => 'int32u',
+        PrintHex => 1,
+        SeparateTable => 'Canon CameraModelID',
+        PrintConv => \%Image::ExifTool::Canon::canonModelID,
+    },
+    # 4 - value: 3
+    # 5 - value: 4
+    # 6 - value: 5
+    # 7 - DR4 directory entry count
+);
+
+# Version 4 RGB tone curve information (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurve = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    CHECK_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::CheckBinaryData,
+    WRITABLE => 1,
+    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    0x00 => {
+        Name => 'ToneCurveColorSpace',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'RGB',
+            1 => 'Luminance',
+        },
+    },
+    0x01 => {
+        Name => 'ToneCurveShape',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Curve',
+            1 => 'Straight',
+        },
+    },
+    0x03 => { Name => 'ToneCurveInputRange',  Format => 'int32u[2]', Notes => '255 max' },
+    0x05 => { Name => 'ToneCurveOutputRange', Format => 'int32u[2]', Notes => '255 max' },
+    0x07 => {
+        Name => 'RGBCurvePoints',
+        Format => 'int32u[21]',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrint($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrintInv($val)',
+    },
+    0x0a => 'ToneCurveX',
+    0x0b => 'ToneCurveY',
+    0x2d => {
+        Name => 'RedCurvePoints',
+        Format => 'int32u[21]',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrint($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrintInv($val)',
+    },
+    0x53 => {
+        Name => 'GreenCurvePoints',
+        Format => 'int32u[21]',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrint($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrintInv($val)',
+    },
+    0x79 => {
+        Name => 'BlueCurvePoints',
+        Format => 'int32u[21]',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrint($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ToneCurvePrintInv($val)',
+    },
+);
+
+# Version 4 gamma curve information (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::GammaInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    CHECK_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::CheckBinaryData,
+    WRITABLE => 1,
+    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
+    FORMAT => 'double',
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    0x02 => 'GammaContrast',
+    0x03 => 'GammaColorTone',
+    0x04 => 'GammaSaturation',
+    0x05 => 'GammaUnsharpMaskStrength',
+    0x06 => 'GammaUnsharpMaskFineness',
+    0x07 => 'GammaUnsharpMaskThreshold',
+    0x08 => 'GammaSharpnessStrength',
+    0x09 => 'GammaShadow',
+    0x0a => 'GammaHighlight',
+    # 0x0b-0x10 are the same as first 6 doubles of tag DR4_0x20302
+    # 0x0b - value: 14
+    0x0c => {
+        Name => 'GammaBlackPoint',
+        ValueConv => '$val > 0 ? log($val / 4.6875) / log(2) + 1 : 0',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val ? exp(($val - 1) * log(2)) * 4.6876 : 0',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%+.3f", $val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    0x0d => {
+        Name => 'GammeWhitePoint',
+        ValueConv => '$val > 0 ? log($val / 4.6875) / log(2) - 11.77109325169954 : $val',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val ? exp(($val + 11.77109325169954) * log(2)) * 4.6875 : 0',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%+.3f", $val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    0x0e => {
+        Name => 'GammaMidPoint',
+        ValueConv => '$val > 0 ? log($val / 4.6875) / log(2) - 8 : $val',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val ? exp(($val + 8) * log(2)) * 4.6876 : 0',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%+.3f", $val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    0x0f => { Name => 'GammaCurveOutputRange', Format => 'double[2]', Notes => '16393 max' },
+);
+
+# Version 4 crop information (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::CropInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteBinaryData,
+    CHECK_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::CheckBinaryData,
+    WRITABLE => 1,
+    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
+    FORMAT => 'int32s',
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    0 => { Name => 'CropActive', %noYes },
+    1 => 'CropRotatedOriginalWidth',
+    2 => 'CropRotatedOriginalHeight',
+    3 => 'CropX',
+    4 => 'CropY',
+    5 => 'CropWidth',
+    6 => 'CropHeight',
+    8 => {
+        Name => 'CropRotation',
+        Format => 'double',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.7g",$val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    0x0a => 'CropOriginalWidth',
+    0x0b => 'CropOriginalHeight',
+    # 0x0c double - value: 100
+);
+
+# DR4 Stamp Tool tags (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::StampInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
+    0x02 => 'StampToolCount',
+);
+
+# DR4 dust delete information (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::DustInfo = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
+    FORMAT => 'int32u',
+    FIRST_ENTRY => 0,
+    0x02 => { Name => 'DustDeleteApplied', %noYes },
+);
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# sort DR4 tag ID's for the documentation
+sub SortDR4($$)
+{
+    my ($a, $b) = @_;
+    my ($aHex, $aDec, $bHex, $bDec);
+    ($aHex, $aDec) = ($1, $2) if $a =~ /^(0x[0-9a-f]+)?\.?(\d*?)$/;
+    ($bHex, $bDec) = ($1, $2) if $b =~ /^(0x[0-9a-f]+)?\.?(\d*?)$/;
+    if ($aHex) {
+        return 1 unless defined $bDec;  # $b is 'header';
+        return hex($aHex) <=> hex($bHex) || $aDec <=> $bDec if $bHex;
+        return hex($aHex) <=> $bDec || 1;
+    } elsif ($bHex) {
+        return -1 unless defined $aDec;
+        return $aDec <=> hex($bHex) || -1;
+    } else {
+        return 1 unless defined $bDec;
+        return -1 unless defined $aDec;
+        return $aDec <=> $bDec;
+    }
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Tone curve print conversion
+sub ToneCurvePrint($)
+{
+    my $val = shift;
+    my @vals = split ' ', $val;
+    return $val unless @vals == 21;
+    my $n = shift @vals;
+    return $val unless $n >= 2 and $n <= 10;
+    $val = '';
+    while ($n--) {
+        $val and $val .= ' ';
+        $val .= '(' . shift(@vals) . ',' . shift(@vals) . ')';
+    }
+    return $val;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Inverse print conversion for tone curve
+sub ToneCurvePrintInv($)
+{
+    my $val = shift;
+    my @vals = ($val =~ /\((\d+),(\d+)\)/g);
+    return undef unless @vals >= 4 and @vals <= 20 and not @vals & 0x01;
+    unshift @vals, scalar(@vals) / 2;
+    while (@vals < 21) { push @vals, 0 }
+    return join(' ',@vals);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Read/Write VRD edit data
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: Reading: 1 on success; Writing: modified edit data, or undef if nothing changed
+sub ProcessEditData($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    $et or return 1;    # allow dummy access
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $pos = $$dirInfo{DirStart};
+    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos};
+    my $outfile = $$dirInfo{OutFile};
+    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
+    my $oldChanged = $$et{CHANGED};
+
+    $et->VerboseDir('VRD Edit Data', 0, $dirLen) unless $outfile;
+
+    if ($outfile) {
+        # make a copy for editing in place
+        my $buff = substr($$dataPt, $pos, $dirLen);
+        $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt} = \$buff;
+        $pos = $$dirInfo{DirStart} = 0;
+    }
+    my $dirEnd = $pos + $dirLen;
+
+    # loop through all records in the edit data
+    my ($recNum, $recLen, $err);
+    for ($recNum=0;; ++$recNum, $pos+=$recLen) {
+        if ($pos + 4 > $dirEnd) {
+            last if $pos == $dirEnd;    # all done if we arrived at end
+            $recLen = 0;    # just reset record size (will exit loop on test below)
+        } else {
+            $recLen = Get32u($dataPt, $pos);
+            # (DR4 has a null terminator)
+            last if $recLen == 0 and $pos + 4 == $dirEnd;
+        }
+        $pos += 4;          # move to start of record
+        if ($pos + $recLen > $dirEnd) {
+            $et->Warn('Possibly corrupt CanonVRD Edit record');
+            $err = 1;
+            last;
+        }
+        my $saveRecLen = $recLen;
+        if ($verbose > 1 and not $outfile) {
+            printf $out "$$et{INDENT}CanonVRD Edit record ($recLen bytes at offset 0x%x)\n",
+                   $pos + $dataPos;
+            if ($recNum and $verbose > 2) {
+                my %parms = (
+                    Start  => $pos,
+                    Addr   => $pos + $dataPos,
+                    Out    => $out,
+                    Prefix => $$et{INDENT},
+                );
+                $parms{MaxLen} = $verbose == 3 ? 96 : 2048 if $verbose < 5;
+                HexDump($dataPt, $recLen, %parms);
+            }
+        }
+
+        # our edit information is the 0th record, so don't process the others
+        next if $recNum;
+
+        # process VRD edit information
+        my $subTablePtr = $tagTablePtr;
+        my $index;
+        my %subdirInfo = (
+            DataPt   => $dataPt,
+            DataPos  => $dataPos,
+            DirStart => $pos,
+            DirLen   => $recLen,
+            OutFile  => $outfile,
+        );
+        my $subStart = 0;
+        # loop through various sections of the VRD edit data
+        for ($index=0; ; ++$index) {
+            my $tagInfo = $$subTablePtr{$index} or last;
+            my $subLen;
+            my $maxLen = $recLen - $subStart;
+            if ($$tagInfo{Size}) {
+                $subLen = $$tagInfo{Size};
+            } elsif (defined $$tagInfo{Size}) {
+                # get size from int32u at $subStart
+                last unless $subStart + 4 <= $recLen;
+                $subLen = Get32u($dataPt, $subStart + $pos);
+                $subStart += 4; # skip the length word
+            } else {
+                $subLen = $maxLen;
+            }
+            $subLen > $maxLen and $subLen = $maxLen;
+            if ($subLen) {
+                my $subTable = GetTagTable($$tagInfo{SubDirectory}{TagTable});
+                my $subName = $$tagInfo{Name};
+                $subdirInfo{DirStart} = $subStart + $pos;
+                $subdirInfo{DirLen} = $subLen;
+                $subdirInfo{DirName} = $subName;
+                if ($outfile) {
+                    # rewrite this section of the VRD edit information
+                    $verbose and print $out "  Rewriting Canon $subName\n";
+                    my $newVal = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTable);
+                    if ($newVal) {
+                        my $sizeDiff = length($newVal) - $subLen;
+                        substr($$dataPt, $pos+$subStart, $subLen) = $newVal;
+                        if ($sizeDiff) {
+                            $subLen = length $newVal;
+                            $recLen += $sizeDiff;
+                            $dirEnd += $sizeDiff;
+                            $dirLen += $sizeDiff;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    $et->VPrint(0, "$$et{INDENT}$subName (SubDirectory) -->\n");
+                    $et->VerboseDump($dataPt,
+                        Start => $pos + $subStart,
+                        Addr  => $dataPos + $pos + $subStart,
+                        Len   => $subLen,
+                    );
+                    # extract tags from this section of the VRD edit information
+                    $et->ProcessDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTable);
+                }
+            }
+            # next section starts at the end of this one
+            $subStart += $subLen;
+        }
+        if ($outfile and $saveRecLen ne $recLen) {
+            # update record length if necessary
+            Set32u($recLen, $dataPt, $pos - 4)
+        }
+    }
+    if ($outfile) {
+        return undef if $oldChanged == $$et{CHANGED};
+        return substr($$dataPt, $$dirInfo{DirStart}, $dirLen);
+    }
+    return $err ? 0 : 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process VRD IHL data
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessIHL($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos};
+    my $pos = $$dirInfo{DirStart};
+    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
+    my $dirEnd = $pos + $dirLen;
+
+    $et->VerboseDir('VRD IHL', 0, $dirLen);
+
+    SetByteOrder('II'); # (make up your mind, Canon!)
+    while ($pos + 48 <= $dirEnd) {
+        my $hdr = substr($$dataPt, $pos, 48);
+        unless ($hdr =~ /^IHL Created Optional Item Data\0\0/) {
+            $et->Warn('Possibly corrupted VRD IHL data');
+            last;
+        }
+        my $tag  = Get32u($dataPt, $pos + 36);
+        my $size = Get32u($dataPt, $pos + 40); # size of data in IHL record
+        my $next = Get32u($dataPt, $pos + 44); # size of complete IHL record
+        if ($size > $next or $pos + 48 + $next > $dirEnd) {
+            $et->Warn(sprintf('Bad size for VRD IHL tag 0x%.4x', $tag));
+            last;
+        }
+        $pos += 48;
+        $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $tag, substr($$dataPt, $pos, $size),
+            DataPt  => $dataPt,
+            DataPos => $dataPos,
+            Start   => $pos,
+            Size    => $size
+        );
+        $pos += $next;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process VRD IHL EXIF data
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessIHLExif($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    $$et{DOC_NUM} = 1;
+    # the IHL-edited maker notes may look messed up, but the offsets should be OK
+    my $oldFix = $et->Options(FixBase => 0);
+    my $rtnVal = $et->ProcessTIFF($dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+    $et->Options(FixBase => $oldFix);
+    delete $$et{DOC_NUM};
+    return $rtnVal;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Wrap DR4 data with the VRD header/footer and edit record
+# Inputs: 0) DR4 record
+# Returns: VRD[Edit[DR4]] data
+sub WrapDR4($)
+{
+    my $val = shift;
+    my $n = length $val;
+    my $oldOrder = GetByteOrder();
+    SetByteOrder('MM');
+    $val = $blankHeader . "\xff\xff\0\xf7" . Set32u($n+8) . Set32u($n) .
+                $val . "\0\0\0\0" . $blankFooter;
+    # update the new VRD length in the header/footer
+    Set32u($n + 16, \$val, 0x18);  # (extra 16 bytes for the edit record wrapper)
+    Set32u($n + 16, \$val, length($val) - 0x2c);
+    SetByteOrder($oldOrder);
+    return $val;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Read/Write DPP version 4 edit data or DR4 file
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns:
+#   Reading from memory (not RAF and not IsWriting): 1 on success
+#   Editing from memory (not RAF and IsWriting): modified edit data, or undef if nothing changed
+#   Reading file (RAF and not OutFile): 1 if a valid DR4 file, 0 if not
+#   Writing file (RAF and OutFile): 1 if valid DR4 file, 0 if not, -1 on write error
+# (serves me right for not having a consistent interface for the various modes of operation)
+sub ProcessDR4($$;$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    $et or return 1;    # allow dummy access
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
+    my $outfile = $$dirInfo{OutFile};
+    my $isWriting = $outfile || $$dirInfo{IsWriting};
+    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos} || 0;
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    my $unknown = $et->Options('Unknown');
+    my ($pos, $dirLen, $numEntries, $err, $newTags);
+
+    # write CanonDR4 as a block if specified
+    if ($isWriting) {
+        my $nvHash;
+        my $newVal = $et->GetNewValues('CanonDR4', \$nvHash);
+        if ($newVal) {
+            $et->VPrint(0, "  Writing CanonDR4 as a block\n");
+            $$et{DidCanonVRD} = 1;  # set flag so we don't add this twice
+            ++$$et{CHANGED};
+            if ($outfile) {
+                Write($$dirInfo{OutFile}, $newVal) or return -1;
+                return 1;
+            } else {
+                return $newVal;
+            }
+        } elsif (not $dataPt and ($nvHash or $$et{DEL_GROUP}{CanonVRD})) {
+            $et->Error("Can't delete all CanonDR4 information from a DR4 file");
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    if ($dataPt) {
+        $pos = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
+        $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen} || length($$dataPt) - $pos;
+    } else {
+        # load DR4 file into memory
+        my $buff;
+        $raf->Read($buff, 8) == 8 and $buff eq "IIII\x04\0\x04\0" or return 0;
+        $et->SetFileType();
+        $raf->Seek(0, 2) or return $err = 1;
+        $dirLen = $raf->Tell();
+        $raf->Seek(0, 0) or return $err = 1;
+        $raf->Read($buff, $dirLen) == $dirLen or $err = 1;
+        $err and $et->Warn('Error reading DR4 file'), return 1;
+        $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::DR4');
+        $dataPt = \$buff;
+        $pos = 0;
+    }
+    my $dirEnd = $pos + $dirLen;
+
+    if (($$et{TAGS_FROM_FILE} and
+        not $$et{EXCL_TAG_LOOKUP}{canondr4}) or $$et{REQ_TAG_LOOKUP}{canondr4})
+    {
+        # extract CanonDR4 block if copying tags, or if requested
+        $et->FoundTag('CanonDR4', substr($$dataPt, $pos, $dirLen));
+    }
+
+    # version 4 header is 32 bytes (int32u[8])
+    if ($dirLen < 32) {
+        $err = 1;
+    } else {
+        SetByteOrder(substr($$dataPt, $pos, 2)) or $err = 1;
+        # process the DR4 header
+        my %hdrInfo = (
+            DataPt   => $dataPt,
+            DirStart => $pos,
+            DirLen   => 32,
+            DirName  => 'DR4Header',
+        );
+        my $hdrTable = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::DR4Header');
+        if ($outfile) {
+            my $hdr = $et->WriteDirectory(\%hdrInfo, $hdrTable);
+            substr($$dataPt, $pos, 32) = $hdr if $hdr and length $hdr == 32;
+        } else {
+            $et->VerboseDir('DR4Header', undef, 32);
+            $et->ProcessDirectory(\%hdrInfo, $hdrTable);
+        }
+        # number of entries in the DR4 directory
+        $numEntries = Get32u($dataPt, $pos + 28);
+        $err = 1 if $dirLen < 36 + 28 * $numEntries;
+    }
+    $err and $et->Warn('Invalid DR4 directory'), return $outfile ? undef : 0;
+
+    if ($outfile) {
+        $newTags = $et->GetNewTagInfoHash($tagTablePtr);
+    } else {
+        $et->VerboseDir('DR4', $numEntries, $dirLen);
+    }
+
+    my $index;
+    for ($index=0; $index<$numEntries; ++$index) {
+        my ($val, @flg, $i);
+        my $entry = $pos + 36 + 28 * $index;
+        last if $entry + 28 > $dirEnd;
+        my $tag = Get32u($dataPt, $entry);
+        my $fmt = Get32u($dataPt, $entry + 4);
+        $flg[0] = Get32u($dataPt, $entry + 8);
+        $flg[1] = Get32u($dataPt, $entry + 12);
+        $flg[2] = Get32u($dataPt, $entry + 16);
+        my $off = Get32u($dataPt, $entry + 20) + $pos;
+        my $len = Get32u($dataPt, $entry + 24);
+        next if $off + $len >= $dirEnd;
+        my $format = $vrdFormat{$fmt};
+        if (not $format) {
+            $val = unpack 'H*', substr($$dataPt, $off, $len);
+            $format = 'undef';
+        } elsif ($format eq 'double' and $len eq 8) {
+            # avoid teeny weeny values
+            $val = ReadValue($dataPt, $off, $format, undef, $len);
+            $val = 0 if abs($val) < 1e-100;
+        }
+        if ($outfile) {
+            # write (binary data) subdirectory if it exists
+            my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
+            if ($tagInfo and $$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
+                my %subdirInfo = (
+                    DataPt   => $dataPt,
+                    DirStart => $off,
+                    DirLen   => $len,
+                    DirName  => $$tagInfo{Name},
+                );
+                my $subTablePtr = GetTagTable($$tagInfo{SubDirectory}{TagTable});
+                my $saveChanged = $$et{CHANGED};
+                my $dat = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTablePtr);
+                if (defined $dat and length($dat) == $len) {
+                    substr($$dataPt, $off, $len) = $dat;
+                } else {
+                    $$et{CHANGED} = $saveChanged;   # didn't change anything after all
+                }
+            } else {
+                # loop through main tag and flags (don't yet consider flag 2)
+                for ($i=-1; $i<2; ++$i) {
+                    $tagInfo = $$newTags{$i>=0 ? sprintf('0x%x.%d',$tag,$i) : $tag};
+                    next unless $tagInfo;
+                    if ($i >= 0) {
+                        $off = $entry + 8 + 4 * $i;
+                        $format = 'int32u';
+                        $len = 4;
+                        undef $val;
+                    }
+                    $val = ReadValue($dataPt, $off, $format, undef, $len) unless defined $val;
+                    my $nvHash;
+                    my $newVal = $et->GetNewValues($tagInfo, \$nvHash);
+                    if ($et->IsOverwriting($nvHash, $val) and defined $newVal) {
+                        my $count = int($len / Image::ExifTool::FormatSize($format));
+                        my $rtnVal = WriteValue($newVal, $format, $count, $dataPt, $off);
+                        if (defined $rtnVal) {
+                            $et->VerboseValue("- CanonVRD:$$tagInfo{Name}", $val);
+                            $et->VerboseValue("+ CanonVRD:$$tagInfo{Name}", $newVal);
+                            ++$$et{CHANGED};
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            next;
+        }
+        $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $tag, $val,
+            DataPt  => $dataPt,
+            DataPos => $dataPos,
+            Start   => $off,
+            Size    => $len,
+            Index   => $index,
+            Format  => $format,
+            # $flg[0] is on/off flag
+            # $flg[1] "is default" flag?
+            # $flg[2] changed to 0 when some unsharp mask settings were changed
+            Extra   => ", fmt=$fmt flags=" . join(',', @flg),
+        );
+        foreach $i (0..2) {
+            my $flagID = sprintf('0x%x.%d', $tag, $i);
+            $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $flagID, $flg[$i]) if $$tagTablePtr{$flagID};
+        }
+    }
+    return 1 unless $isWriting;
+    return substr($$dataPt, $pos, $dirLen) unless $raf;
+    return 1 if Write($outfile, substr($$dataPt, $pos, $dirLen));
+    return -1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Read/write Canon VRD file
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) dirInfo reference
+# Returns: 1 if this was a Canon VRD file, 0 otherwise, -1 on write error
+sub ProcessVRD($$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
+    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
+    my $buff;
+    my $num = $raf->Read($buff, 0x1c);
+
+    # initialize write directories if necessary
+    $et->InitWriteDirs(\%vrdMap, 'XMP') if $$dirInfo{OutFile};
+
+    if (not $num and $$dirInfo{OutFile}) {
+        # create new VRD file from scratch
+        my $newVal = $et->GetNewValues('CanonVRD');
+        if ($newVal) {
+            $et->VPrint(0, "  Writing CanonVRD as a block\n");
+            Write($$dirInfo{OutFile}, $newVal) or return -1;
+            $$et{DidCanonVRD} = 1;
+            ++$$et{CHANGED};
+        } else {
+            # allow VRD to be created from individual tags
+            if ($$et{ADD_DIRS}{CanonVRD}) {
+                my $newVal = '';
+                if (ProcessCanonVRD($et, { OutFile => \$newVal }) > 0) {
+                    Write($$dirInfo{OutFile}, $newVal) or return -1;
+                    ++$$et{CHANGED};
+                    return 1;
+                }
+            }
+            $et->Error('No CanonVRD information to write');
+        }
+    } else {
+        $num == 0x1c or return 0;
+        $buff =~ /^CANON OPTIONAL DATA\0/ or return 0;
+        $et->SetFileType();
+        $$dirInfo{DirName} = 'CanonVRD';    # set directory name for verbose output
+        my $result = ProcessCanonVRD($et, $dirInfo);
+        return $result if $result < 0;
+        $result or $et->Warn('Format error in VRD file');
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Write VRD data record as a block
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: VRD data block (may be empty if no VRD data)
+# Notes: Increments ExifTool CHANGED flag if changed
+sub WriteCanonVRD($$;$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    $et or return 1;    # allow dummy access
+    my $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($Image::ExifTool::Extra{CanonVRD});
+    my $val = $et->GetNewValues($nvHash);
+    $val = '' unless defined $val;
+    return undef unless $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash, $val);
+    ++$$et{CHANGED};
+    return $val;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Read/write CanonVRD information (from VRD file or VRD trailer)
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) dirInfo reference
+# Returns: 1 on success, 0 not valid VRD, or -1 error writing
+# - updates DataPos to point to start of CanonVRD information
+# - updates DirLen to existing trailer length
+sub ProcessCanonVRD($$;$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
+    my $offset = $$dirInfo{Offset} || 0;
+    my $outfile = $$dirInfo{OutFile};
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
+    my ($buff, $created, $err, $blockLen, $blockType, %didDir, $fromFile);
+#
+# The CanonVRD trailer has a 0x1c-byte header and a 0x40-byte footer,
+# each beginning with "CANON OPTIONAL DATA\0" and containing an int32u
+# giving the size of the contained data (at byte 0x18 and 0x14 respectively)
+#
+    if ($raf) {
+        $fromFile = 1;
+    } else {
+        unless ($dataPt) {
+            return 1 unless $outfile;
+            # create blank VRD data from scratch
+            my $blank = $blankHeader . $blankFooter;
+            $dataPt = \$blank;
+            $verbose and printf $out "  Creating CanonVRD trailer\n";
+            $created = 1;
+        }
+        $raf = new File::RandomAccess($dataPt);
+    }
+    # read and validate the footer
+    $raf->Seek(-0x40-$offset, 2)    or return 0;
+    $raf->Read($buff, 0x40) == 0x40 or return 0;
+    $buff =~ /^CANON OPTIONAL DATA\0(.{4})/s or return 0;
+    my $dirLen = unpack('N', $1) + 0x5c;  # size including header+footer
+
+    # read and validate the header
+    unless ($dirLen < 0x80000000 and
+            $raf->Seek(-$dirLen, 1) and
+            $raf->Read($buff, 0x1c) == 0x1c and
+            $buff =~ /^CANON OPTIONAL DATA\0/ and
+            $raf->Seek(-0x1c, 1))
+    {
+        $et->Warn('Bad CanonVRD trailer');
+        return 0;
+    }
+    # set variables returned in dirInfo hash
+    $$dirInfo{DataPos} = $raf->Tell();
+    $$dirInfo{DirLen} = $dirLen;
+
+    if ($outfile and ref $outfile eq 'SCALAR' and not length $$outfile) {
+        # write directly to outfile to avoid duplicating data in memory
+        $$outfile = $$dataPt unless $fromFile;
+        # TRICKY! -- copy to outfile memory buffer and edit in place
+        # (so we must disable all Write() calls for this case)
+        $dataPt = $outfile;
+    }
+    if ($fromFile) {
+        $dataPt = \$buff unless $dataPt;
+        # read VRD data into memory if necessary
+        unless ($raf->Read($$dataPt, $dirLen) == $dirLen) {
+            $$dataPt = '' if $outfile and $outfile eq $dataPt;
+            $et->Warn('Error reading CanonVRD data');
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    # exit quickly if writing and no CanonVRD tags are being edited
+    if ($outfile and not exists $$et{EDIT_DIRS}{CanonVRD}) {
+        print $out "$$et{INDENT}  [nothing changed]\n" if $verbose;
+        return 1 if $outfile eq $dataPt;
+        return Write($outfile, $$dataPt) ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+
+    my $vrdType = 'VRD';
+
+    if ($outfile) {
+        $verbose and not $created and printf $out "  Rewriting CanonVRD trailer\n";
+        # delete CanonVRD information if specified
+        my $doDel = $$et{DEL_GROUP}{CanonVRD};
+        unless ($doDel) {
+            $doDel = 1 if $$et{DEL_GROUP}{Trailer} and $$et{FILE_TYPE} ne 'VRD';
+            unless ($doDel) {
+                # also delete if writing as a block (will get added back again later)
+                if ($$et{NEW_VALUE}{$Image::ExifTool::Extra{CanonVRD}}) {
+                    # delete if this isn't version 4
+                    $doDel = 1 unless $$dataPt =~ /^.{28}\xff\xff\0\xf7/s;
+                }
+                if ($$et{NEW_VALUE}{$Image::ExifTool::Extra{CanonDR4}} and not $doDel) {
+                    # delete if this is version 4
+                    $doDel = 1 if $$dataPt =~ /^.{28}\xff\xff\0\xf7/s;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if ($doDel) {
+            if ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'VRD') {
+                my $newVal = $et->GetNewValues('CanonVRD');
+                if ($newVal) {
+                    $verbose and printf $out "  Writing CanonVRD as a block\n";
+                    if ($outfile eq $dataPt) {
+                        $$outfile = $newVal;
+                    } else {
+                        Write($outfile, $newVal) or return -1;
+                    }
+                    $$et{DidCanonVRD} = 1;
+                    ++$$et{CHANGED};
+                } else {
+                    $et->Error("Can't delete all CanonVRD information from a VRD file");
+                }
+            } else {
+                $verbose and printf $out "  Deleting CanonVRD trailer\n";
+                $$outfile = '' if $outfile eq $dataPt;
+                ++$$et{CHANGED};
+            }
+            return 1;
+        }
+        # write now and return if CanonVRD was set as a block
+        my $val = $et->GetNewValues('CanonVRD');
+        unless ($val) {
+            $val = $et->GetNewValues('CanonDR4');
+            $vrdType = 'DR4' if $val;
+        }
+        if ($val) {
+            $verbose and print $out "  Writing Canon$vrdType as a block\n";
+            # must wrap DR4 data with the VRD header/footer and edit record
+            $val = WrapDR4($val) if $vrdType eq 'DR4';
+            if ($outfile eq $dataPt) {
+                $$outfile = $val;
+            } else {
+                Write($outfile, $val) or return -1;
+            }
+            $$et{DidCanonVRD} = 1;
+            ++$$et{CHANGED};
+            return 1;
+        }
+    } elsif ($verbose or $$et{HTML_DUMP}) {
+        $et->DumpTrailer($dirInfo) if $$dirInfo{RAF};
+    }
+
+    $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Main');
+
+    # validate VRD trailer and get position and length of edit record
+    SetByteOrder('MM'); # VRD header/footer is big-endian
+    my $pos = 0x1c;     # start at end of header
+ 
+    # loop through the VRD blocks
+    for (;;) {
+        my $end = $dirLen - 0x40;   # end of last VRD block (and start of footer)
+        if ($pos + 8 > $end) {
+            last if $pos == $end;
+            $blockLen = $end;       # mark as invalid
+        } else {
+            $blockType = Get32u($dataPt, $pos);
+            $blockLen = Get32u($dataPt, $pos + 4);
+        }
+        $vrdType = 'DR4' if $blockType eq 0xffff00f7;
+        $pos += 8;  # move to start of block
+        if ($pos + $blockLen > $end) {
+            $et->Warn('Possibly corrupt CanonVRD block');
+            last;
+        }
+        if ($verbose > 1 and not $outfile) {
+            printf $out "  CanonVRD block 0x%.8x ($blockLen bytes at offset 0x%x)\n",
+                $blockType, $pos + $$dirInfo{DataPos};
+            if ($verbose > 2) {
+                my %parms = (
+                    Start  => $pos,
+                    Addr   => $pos + $$dirInfo{DataPos},
+                    Out    => $out,
+                    Prefix => $$et{INDENT},
+                );
+                $parms{MaxLen} = $verbose == 3 ? 96 : 2048 if $verbose < 5;
+                HexDump($dataPt, $blockLen, %parms);
+            }
+        }
+        my $tagInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$blockType};
+        unless ($tagInfo) {
+            unless ($et->Options('Unknown')) {
+                $pos += $blockLen;  # step to next block
+                next;
+            }
+            my $name = sprintf('CanonVRD_0x%.8x', $blockType);
+            my $desc = $name;
+            $desc =~ tr/_/ /;
+            $tagInfo = {
+                Name        => $name,
+                Description => $desc,
+                Binary      => 1,
+            };
+            AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $blockType, $tagInfo);
+        }
+        if ($$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
+            my $subTablePtr = GetTagTable($$tagInfo{SubDirectory}{TagTable});
+            my %subdirInfo = (
+                DataPt   => $dataPt,
+                DataLen  => length $$dataPt,
+                DataPos  => $$dirInfo{DataPos},
+                DirStart => $pos,
+                DirLen   => $blockLen,
+                DirName  => $$tagInfo{Name},
+                Parent   => 'CanonVRD',
+                OutFile  => $outfile,
+            );
+            if ($outfile) {
+                # set flag indicating we did this directory
+                $didDir{$$tagInfo{Name}} = 1;
+                my ($dat, $diff);
+                if ($$et{NEW_VALUE}{$tagInfo}) {
+                    # write as a block
+                    $et->VPrint(0, "Writing $$tagInfo{Name} as a block\n");
+                    $dat = $et->GetNewValues($tagInfo);
+                    $dat = '' unless defined $dat;
+                    ++$$et{CHANGED};
+                } else {
+                    $dat = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTablePtr);
+                }
+                # update data with new directory
+                if (defined $dat) {
+                    if (length $dat or $$et{FILE_TYPE} !~ /^(CRW|VRD)$/) {
+                        # replace with new block (updating the block length word)
+                        substr($$dataPt, $pos-4, $blockLen+4) = Set32u(length $dat) . $dat;
+                    } else {
+                        # remove block totally (CRW/VRD files only)
+                        substr($$dataPt, $pos-8, $blockLen+8) = '';
+                    }
+                    # make necessary adjustments if block changes length
+                    if (($diff = length($$dataPt) - $dirLen) != 0) {
+                        $pos += $diff;
+                        $dirLen += $diff;
+                        # update the new VRD length in the header/footer
+                        Set32u($dirLen - 0x5c, $dataPt, 0x18);
+                        Set32u($dirLen - 0x5c, $dataPt, $dirLen - 0x2c);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                # extract as a block if requested
+                $et->ProcessDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTablePtr);
+            }
+        } else {
+            $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $blockType, substr($$dataPt, $pos, $blockLen));
+        }
+        $pos += $blockLen;  # step to next block
+    }
+    if ($outfile) {
+        # create XMP block if necessary (CRW/VRD files only)
+        if ($$et{ADD_DIRS}{CanonVRD} and not $didDir{XMP}) {
+            my $subTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main');
+            my $dat = $et->WriteDirectory({ Parent => 'CanonVRD' }, $subTablePtr);
+            if ($dat) {
+                my $blockLen = length $dat;
+                substr($$dataPt, -0x40, 0) = Set32u(0xffff00f6) . Set32u(length $dat) . $dat;
+                $dirLen = length $$dataPt;
+                # update the new VRD length in the header/footer
+                Set32u($dirLen - 0x5c, $dataPt, 0x18);
+                Set32u($dirLen - 0x5c, $dataPt, $dirLen - 0x2c);
+            }
+        }
+        # write CanonVRD trailer unless it is empty
+        if (length $$dataPt) {
+            Write($outfile, $$dataPt) or $err = 1 unless $outfile eq $dataPt;
+        } else {
+            $verbose and printf $out "  Deleting CanonVRD trailer\n";
+        }
+    } elsif ($vrdType eq 'VRD' and (($$et{TAGS_FROM_FILE} and
+        not $$et{EXCL_TAG_LOOKUP}{canonvrd}) or $$et{REQ_TAG_LOOKUP}{canonvrd}))
+    {
+        # extract CanonVRD block if copying tags, or if requested (and not DR4 info)
+        $et->FoundTag('CanonVRD', $buff);
+    }
+    undef $buff;
+    return $err ? -1 : 1;
+}
+
+1;  # end
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD - Read/write Canon VRD and DR4 information
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+This module is used by Image::ExifTool
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This module contains definitions required by Image::ExifTool to read and
+write VRD and DR4 Recipe Data information as written by the Canon Digital
+Photo Professional software.  This information is written to VRD and DR4
+files, and as a trailer in JPEG, CRW, CR2 and TIFF images.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Copyright 2003-2015, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+Thanks to Bogdan and Gert Kello for decoding some tags.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/CanonVRD Tags>,
+L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
+
+=cut
+