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exiftool_vendored 9.78.0 → 9.99.0

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-<head>
-<title>exiftool Application Documentation</title>
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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-<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3">
-<tr><td class="block" style="background-color: #cccccc" valign="middle">
-<big><strong><span class="block">&nbsp;exiftool Application Documentation</span></strong></big>
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-<!-- INDEX BEGIN -->
-<div name="index">
-<p><a name="__index__"></a></p>
-<ul>
-	<li><a href="#name">NAME</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#description">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#options">OPTIONS</a></li>
-	<ul>
-		<li><a href="#option_summary">Option Summary</a></li>
-		<li><a href="#option_details">Option Details</a></li>
-		<ul>
-			<li><a href="#tag_operations">Tag operations</a></li>
-			<li><a href="#input_output_text_formatting">Input-output text formatting</a></li>
-			<li><a href="#processing_control">Processing control</a></li>
-			<li><a href="#special_features">Special features</a></li>
-			<li><a href="#utilities">Utilities</a></li>
-			<li><a href="#other_options">Other options</a></li>
-			<li><a href="#advanced_options">Advanced options</a></li>
-		</ul>
-	</ul>
-	<li><a href="#reading_examples">READING EXAMPLES</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#writing_examples">WRITING EXAMPLES</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#copying_examples">COPYING EXAMPLES</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#renaming_examples">RENAMING EXAMPLES</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#geotagging_examples">GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#piping_examples">PIPING EXAMPLES</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#diagnostics">DIAGNOSTICS</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#author">AUTHOR</a></li>
-	<li><a href="#see_also">SEE ALSO</a></li>
-</ul>
-<hr name="index" />
-</div>
-<!-- INDEX END -->
-<p>
-</p>
-<h1><a name="name">NAME</a></h1>
-<p>exiftool - Read and write meta information in files</p>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_options_tag_tag_file" class="item"><strong>exiftool</strong> [<em>OPTIONS</em>] [-<em>TAG</em>...] [--<em>TAG</em>...] <em>FILE</em>...</a></strong></dt>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_options_tag_value_file" class="item"><strong>exiftool</strong> [<em>OPTIONS</em>] -<em>TAG</em>[+-&lt;]=[<em>VALUE</em>]... <em>FILE</em>...</a></strong></dt>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_options_tagsfromfile_srcfile_srctag_dsttag_file" class="item"><strong>exiftool</strong> [<em>OPTIONS</em>] <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> <em>SRCFILE</em>
-[-<em>SRCTAG</em>[&gt;<em>DSTTAG</em>]...] <em>FILE</em>...</a></strong></dt>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_ver_list_w_f_r_wf_g_num_d_x" class="item"><strong>exiftool</strong> [ <strong>-ver</strong> |
-<strong>-list</strong>[<strong>w</strong>|<strong>f</strong>|<strong>r</strong>|<strong>wf</strong>|<strong>g</strong>[<em>NUM</em>]|<strong>d</strong>|<strong>x</strong>] ]</a></strong></dt>
-</dl>
-<p>For specific examples, see the <a href="#reading_examples">EXAMPLES</a> sections below.</p>
-<p>This documentation is displayed if exiftool is run without an input <em>FILE</em>
-when one is expected.</p>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="description">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
-<p>A command-line interface to <a href="ExifTool.html">Image::ExifTool</a>, used for
-reading and writing meta information in a variety of file types.  <em>FILE</em> is
-one or more source file names, directory names, or <code>-</code> for the standard
-input.  Metadata is read from source files and printed in readable form
-to the console (or written to output text files with <strong>-w</strong>).</p>
-<p>To write or delete metadata, tag values are assigned using the
--<em>TAG</em>=[<em>VALUE</em>] syntax, or the <strong>-geotag</strong> option.  To copy or move
-metadata, the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> feature is used.  By default the original
-files are preserved with <code>_original</code> appended to their names -- be sure to
-verify that the new files are OK before erasing the originals.  Once in
-write mode, exiftool will ignore any read-specific options.</p>
-<p>Note:  If <em>FILE</em> is a directory name then only supported file types in the
-directory are processed (in write mode only writable types are processed).
-However, files may be specified by name, or the <strong>-ext</strong> option may be used
-to force processing of files with any extension.</p>
-<p>Below is a list of file types and meta information formats currently
-supported by ExifTool (r = read, w = write, c = create):</p>
-<pre>
-  File Types
-  ------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
-  3FR   r     | EIP   r     | LA    r     | ORF   r/w   | RTF   r
-  3G2   r/w   | EPS   r/w   | LFP   r     | OTF   r     | RW2   r/w
-  3GP   r/w   | EPUB  r     | LNK   r     | PAC   r     | RWL   r/w
-  ACR   r     | ERF   r/w   | M2TS  r     | PAGES r     | RWZ   r
-  AFM   r     | EXE   r     | M4A/V r/w   | PBM   r/w   | RM    r
-  AI    r/w   | EXIF  r/w/c | MEF   r/w   | PCD   r     | SEQ   r
-  AIFF  r     | EXR   r     | MIE   r/w/c | PDB   r     | SO    r
-  APE   r     | EXV   r/w/c | MIFF  r     | PDF   r/w   | SR2   r/w
-  ARW   r/w   | F4A/V r/w   | MKA   r     | PEF   r/w   | SRF   r
-  ASF   r     | FFF   r/w   | MKS   r     | PFA   r     | SRW   r/w
-  AVI   r     | FLA   r     | MKV   r     | PFB   r     | SVG   r
-  AZW   r     | FLAC  r     | MNG   r/w   | PFM   r     | SWF   r
-  BMP   r     | FLV   r     | MOBI  r     | PGF   r     | THM   r/w
-  BTF   r     | FPF   r     | MODD  r     | PGM   r/w   | TIFF  r/w
-  CHM   r     | FPX   r     | MOS   r/w   | PLIST r     | TORRENT r
-  COS   r     | GIF   r/w   | MOV   r/w   | PICT  r     | TTC   r
-  CR2   r/w   | GZ    r     | MP3   r     | PMP   r     | TTF   r
-  CRW   r/w   | HDP   r/w   | MP4   r/w   | PNG   r/w   | VRD   r/w/c
-  CS1   r/w   | HDR   r     | MPC   r     | PPM   r/w   | VSD   r
-  DCM   r     | HTML  r     | MPG   r     | PPT   r     | WAV   r
-  DCP   r/w   | ICC   r/w/c | MPO   r/w   | PPTX  r     | WDP   r/w
-  DCR   r     | IDML  r     | MQV   r/w   | PS    r/w   | WEBP  r
-  DFONT r     | IIQ   r/w   | MRW   r/w   | PSB   r/w   | WEBM  r
-  DIVX  r     | IND   r/w   | MXF   r     | PSD   r/w   | WMA   r
-  DJVU  r     | INX   r     | NEF   r/w   | PSP   r     | WMV   r
-  DLL   r     | ITC   r     | NRW   r/w   | QTIF  r/w   | WV    r
-  DNG   r/w   | J2C   r     | NUMBERS r   | RA    r     | X3F   r/w
-  DOC   r     | JNG   r/w   | ODP   r     | RAF   r/w   | XCF   r
-  DOCX  r     | JP2   r/w   | ODS   r     | RAM   r     | XLS   r
-  DPX   r     | JPEG  r/w   | ODT   r     | RAR   r     | XLSX  r
-  DV    r     | K25   r     | OFR   r     | RAW   r/w   | XMP   r/w/c
-  DVB   r/w   | KDC   r     | OGG   r     | RIFF  r     | ZIP   r
-  DYLIB r     | KEY   r     | OGV   r     | RSRC  r     |</pre>
-<pre>
-  Meta Information
-  ----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
-  EXIF           r/w/c  |  CIFF           r/w  |  Ricoh RMETA    r
-  GPS            r/w/c  |  AFCP           r/w  |  Picture Info   r
-  IPTC           r/w/c  |  Kodak Meta     r/w  |  Adobe APP14    r
-  XMP            r/w/c  |  FotoStation    r/w  |  MPF            r
-  MakerNotes     r/w/c  |  PhotoMechanic  r/w  |  Stim           r
-  Photoshop IRB  r/w/c  |  JPEG 2000      r    |  DPX            r
-  ICC Profile    r/w/c  |  DICOM          r    |  APE            r
-  MIE            r/w/c  |  Flash          r    |  Vorbis         r
-  JFIF           r/w/c  |  FlashPix       r    |  SPIFF          r
-  Ducky APP12    r/w/c  |  QuickTime      r    |  DjVu           r
-  PDF            r/w/c  |  Matroska       r    |  M2TS           r
-  PNG            r/w/c  |  MXF            r    |  PE/COFF        r
-  Canon VRD      r/w/c  |  PrintIM        r    |  AVCHD          r
-  Nikon Capture  r/w/c  |  FLAC           r    |  ZIP            r
-  GeoTIFF        r/w/c  |  ID3            r    |  (and more)</pre>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="options">OPTIONS</a></h1>
-<p>Case is not significant for any command-line option (including tag and group
-names), except for single-character options when the corresponding
-upper-case option exists.  Many single-character options have equivalent
-long-name versions (shown in brackets), and some options have inverses which
-are invoked with a leading double-dash.  Unrecognized options are
-interpreted as tag names (for this reason, multiple single-character options
-may NOT be combined into one argument).  Contrary to standard practice,
-options may appear after source file names on the exiftool command line.</p>
-<p>
-</p>
-<h2><a name="option_summary">Option Summary</a></h2>
-<p><a href="#tag_operations">Tag operations</a></p>
-<pre>
-  -TAG or --TAG                    Extract or exclude specified tag
-  -TAG[+-]=[VALUE]                 Write new value for tag
-  -TAG[+-]&lt;=DATFILE                Write tag value from contents of file
-  -TAG[+-]&lt;SRCTAG                  Copy tag value (see -tagsFromFile)</pre>
-<pre>
-  -tagsFromFile SRCFILE            Copy tag values from file
-  -x TAG      (-exclude)           Exclude specified tag</pre>
-<p><a href="#input_output_text_formatting">Input-output text formatting</a></p>
-<pre>
-  -args       (-argFormat)         Format metadata as exiftool arguments
-  -b          (-binary)            Output metadata in binary format
-  -c FMT      (-coordFormat)       Set format for GPS coordinates
-  -charset [[TYPE=]CHARSET]        Specify encoding for special characters
-  -csv[=CSVFILE]                   Export/import tags in CSV format
-  -d FMT      (-dateFormat)        Set format for date/time values
-  -D          (-decimal)           Show tag ID numbers in decimal
-  -E, -ex     (-escape(HTML|XML))  Escape values for HTML (-E) or XML (-ex)
-  -f          (-forcePrint)        Force printing of all specified tags
-  -g[NUM...]  (-groupHeadings)     Organize output by tag group
-  -G[NUM...]  (-groupNames)        Print group name for each tag
-  -h          (-htmlFormat)        Use HMTL formatting for output
-  -H          (-hex)               Show tag ID number in hexadecimal
-  -htmlDump[OFFSET]                Generate HTML-format binary dump
-  -j[=JSONFILE] (-json)            Export/import tags in JSON format
-  -l          (-long)              Use long 2-line output format
-  -L          (-latin)             Use Windows Latin1 encoding
-  -lang [LANG]                     Set current language
-  -listItem INDEX                  Extract specific item from a list
-  -n          (--printConv)        Read/write numerical tag values
-  -p FMTFILE  (-printFormat)       Print output in specified format
-  -php                             Export tags as a PHP Array
-  -s[NUM]     (-short)             Short output format
-  -S          (-veryShort)         Very short output format
-  -sep STR    (-separator)         Set separator string for list items
-  -sort                            Sort output alphabetically
-  -struct                          Enable output of structured information
-  -t          (-tab)               Output in tab-delimited list format
-  -T          (-table)             Output in tabular format
-  -v[NUM]     (-verbose)           Print verbose messages
-  -w[+|!] EXT (-textOut)           Write (or overwrite!) output text files
-  -W[+|!] FMT (-tagOut)            Write output text file for each tag
-  -Wext EXT   (-tagOutExt)         Write only specified file types with -W
-  -X          (-xmlFormat)         Use RDF/XML output format</pre>
-<p><a href="#processing_control">Processing control</a></p>
-<pre>
-  -a          (-duplicates)        Allow duplicate tags to be extracted
-  -e          (--composite)        Do not calculate composite tags
-  -ee         (-extractEmbedded)   Extract information from embedded files
-  -ext EXT    (-extension)         Process files with specified extension
-  -F[OFFSET]  (-fixBase)           Fix the base for maker notes offsets
-  -fast[NUM]                       Increase speed for slow devices
-  -fileOrder [-]TAG                Set file processing order
-  -i DIR      (-ignore)            Ignore specified directory name
-  -if EXPR                         Conditionally process files
-  -m          (-ignoreMinorErrors) Ignore minor errors and warnings
-  -o OUTFILE  (-out)               Set output file or directory name
-  -overwrite_original              Overwrite original by renaming tmp file
-  -overwrite_original_in_place     Overwrite original by copying tmp file
-  -P          (-preserve)          Preserve date/time of original file
-  -password PASSWD                 Password for processing protected files
-  -progress                        Show file progress count
-  -q          (-quiet)             Quiet processing
-  -r          (-recurse)           Recursively process subdirectories
-  -scanForXMP                      Brute force XMP scan
-  -u          (-unknown)           Extract unknown tags
-  -U          (-unknown2)          Extract unknown binary tags too
-  -wm MODE    (-writeMode)         Set mode for writing/creating tags
-  -z          (-zip)               Read/write compressed information</pre>
-<p><a href="#special_features">Special features</a></p>
-<pre>
-  -geotag TRKFILE                  Geotag images from specified GPS log
-  -globalTimeShift SHIFT           Shift all formatted date/time values
-  -use MODULE                      Add features from plug-in module</pre>
-<p><a href="#utilities">Utilities</a></p>
-<pre>
-  -delete_original[!]              Delete &quot;_original&quot; backups
-  -restore_original                Restore from &quot;_original&quot; backups</pre>
-<p><a href="#other_options">Other options</a></p>
-<pre>
-  -@ ARGFILE                       Read command-line arguments from file
-  -k          (-pause)             Pause before terminating
-  -list[w|f|wf|g[NUM]|d|x]         List various exiftool capabilities
-  -ver                             Print exiftool version number</pre>
-<p><a href="#advanced_options">Advanced options</a></p>
-<pre>
-  -api OPT[=VAL]                   Set ExifTool API option
-  -common_args                     Define common arguments
-  -config CFGFILE                  Specify configuration file name
-  -echo[NUM] TEXT                  Echo text to stdout or stderr
-  -execute[NUM]                    Execute multiple commands on one line
-  -srcfile FMT                     Set different source file name
-  -stay_open FLAG                  Keep reading -@ argfile even after EOF</pre>
-<p>
-</p>
-<h2><a name="option_details">Option Details</a></h2>
-<p>
-</p>
-<h3><a name="tag_operations">Tag operations</a></h3>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="tag" class="item"><strong>-</strong><em>TAG</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract information for the specified tag (eg. <code>-CreateDate</code>).  Multiple
-tags may be specified in a single command.  A tag name is the handle by
-which a piece of information is referenced.  See
-<a href="TagNames/index.html">Image::ExifTool::TagNames</a> for documentation on
-available tag names.  A tag name may include leading group names separated
-by colons (eg. <code>-EXIF:CreateDate</code>, or <code>-Doc1:XMP:Creator</code>), and each group
-name may be prefixed by a digit to specify family number (eg.
-<code>-1IPTC:City</code>).  Use the <strong>-listg</strong> option to list available group names by
-family.</p>
-<p>A special tag name of <code>All</code> may be used to indicate all meta information.
-This is particularly useful when a group name is specified to extract all
-information in a group (but beware that unless the <strong>-a</strong> option is also
-used, some tags in the group may be suppressed by same-named tags in other
-groups).  The wildcard characters <code>?</code> and <code>*</code> may be used in a tag name to
-match any single character and zero or more characters respectively.  These
-may not be used in a group name, with the exception that a group name of
-<code>*</code> (or <code>All</code>) may be used to extract all instances of a tag (as if <strong>-a</strong>
-was used).  Note that arguments containing wildcards must be quoted on the
-command line of most systems to prevent shell globbing.</p>
-<p>A <code>#</code> may be appended to the tag name to disable the print conversion on a
-per-tag basis (see the <strong>-n</strong> option).  This may also be used when writing or
-copying tags.</p>
-<p>If no tags are specified, all available information is extracted (as if
-<code>-All</code> had been specified).</p>
-<p>Note:  Descriptions, not tag names, are shown by default when extracting
-information.  Use the <strong>-s</strong> option to see the tag names instead.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="tag2" class="item"><strong>--</strong><em>TAG</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Exclude specified tag from extracted information.  Same as the <strong>-x</strong> option.
-Group names and wildcards are permitted as described above for <strong>-TAG</strong>.
-Once excluded from the output, a tag may not be re-included by a subsequent
-option.  May also be used following a <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option to exclude
-tags from being copied (when redirecting to another tag, it is the source
-tag that should be excluded), or to exclude groups from being deleted when
-deleting all information (eg. <code>-all= --exif:all</code> deletes all but EXIF
-information).  But note that this will not exclude individual tags from a
-group delete (unless a family 2 group is specified, see note 4 below).
-Instead, individual tags may be recovered using the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option
-(eg. <code>-all= -tagsfromfile @ -artist</code>).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="tag_value" class="item"><strong>-</strong><em>TAG</em>[+-]<strong>=</strong>[<em>VALUE</em>]</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Write a new value for the specified tag (eg. <code>-comment=wow</code>), or delete the
-tag if no <em>VALUE</em> is given (eg. <code>-comment=</code>).  <code>+=</code> and <code>-=</code> are used to
-add or remove existing entries from a list, or to shift date/time values
-(see <a href="Shift.html">Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl</a> for details).
-<code>+=</code> may also be used to increment numerical values, and <code>-=</code> may be used
-to conditionally delete or replace a tag (see <a href="#writing_examples">WRITING EXAMPLES</a> for
-examples).</p>
-<p><em>TAG</em> may contain one or more leading family 0, 1 or 2 group names,
-prefixed by optional family numbers, and separated colons.  If no group name
-is specified, the tag is created in the preferred group, and updated in any
-other location where a same-named tag already exists.  The preferred group
-is the first group in the following list where <em>TAG</em> is valid: 1) EXIF, 2)
-IPTC, 3) XMP.</p>
-<p>The wildcards <code>*</code> and <code>?</code> may be used in tag names to assign the same
-value to multiple tags.  When specified with wildcards, &quot;unsafe&quot; tags are
-not written.  A tag name of <code>All</code> is eqivalent to <code>*</code> (except that it
-doesn't require quoting, while arguments with wildcards do on systems with
-shell globbing), and is often used when deleting all metadata (ie. <code>-All=</code>)
-or an entire group (eg. <code>-GROUP:All=</code>, see note 4 below).  Note that not
-all groups are deletable, and that the JPEG APP14 &quot;Adobe&quot; group is not
-removed by default with <code>-All=</code> because it may affect the appearance of the
-image.  However, this will remove color space information, so the colors may
-be affected (but this may be avoided by copying back the tags defined by the
-ColorSpaceTags shortcut).  Use the <strong>-listd</strong> option for a complete list of
-deletable groups, and see note 5 below regarding the &quot;APP&quot; groups.  Also,
-within an image some groups may be contained within others, and these groups
-are removed if the containing group is deleted:</p>
-<pre>
-  JPEG Image:
-  - Deleting EXIF or IFD0 also deletes ExifIFD, GlobParamIFD,
-    GPS, IFD1, InteropIFD, MakerNotes, PrintIM and SubIFD.
-  - Deleting ExifIFD also deletes InteropIFD and MakerNotes.
-  - Deleting Photoshop also deletes IPTC.</pre>
-<pre>
-  TIFF Image:
-  - Deleting EXIF only removes ExifIFD which also deletes
-    InteropIFD and MakerNotes.</pre>
-<p>Notes:</p>
-<p>1) <strong>Many tag values may be assigned in a single command</strong>.  If two
-assignments affect the same tag, the latter takes precedence (except for
-list-type tags, where both values are written).</p>
-<p>2) In general, MakerNotes tags are considered &quot;Permanent&quot;, and may be edited
-but not created or deleted individually.  This avoids many potential
-problems including the inevitable compatibility problems with OEM software
-which may be very inflexible about the information it expects to find in the
-maker notes.</p>
-<p>3) Changes to PDF files are reversible because the original information is
-never actually deleted from the file.  So ExifTool alone may not be used to
-securely edit metadata in PDF files.</p>
-<p>4) Specifying <code>-GROUP:all=</code> deletes the entire group as a block only if a
-single family 0 or 1 group is specified.  Otherwise all deletable tags in
-the specified group(s) are removed individually, and in this case is it
-possible to exclude individual tags from a mass delete.  For example,
-<code>-time:all --Exif:Time:All</code> removes all deletable Time tags except those in
-the EXIF.  This difference also applies if family 2 is specified when
-deleting all groups. For example, <code>-2all:all=</code> deletes tags individually,
-while <code>-all:all=</code> deletes entire blocks.</p>
-<p>5) The &quot;APP&quot; group names (&quot;APP0&quot; through &quot;APP15&quot;) are used to delete JPEG
-application segments which are not associated with another deletable group.
-For example, specifying <code>-APP14:All=</code> will NOT delete the APP14 &quot;Adobe&quot;
-segment because this is accomplished with <code>-Adobe:All</code>.</p>
-<p>Special feature:  Integer values may be specified in hexadecimal with a
-leading <code>0x</code>, and simple rational values may be specified as fractions.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="tag_datfile_or_tag_fmt" class="item"><strong>-</strong><em>TAG</em>&lt;=<em>DATFILE</em> or <strong>-</strong><em>TAG</em>&lt;=<em>FMT</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set the value of a tag from the contents of file <em>DATFILE</em>.  The file name
-may also be given by a <em>FMT</em> string where %d, %f and %e represent the
-directory, file name and extension of the original <em>FILE</em> (see the <strong>-w</strong>
-option for more details).  Note that quotes are required around this
-argument to prevent shell redirection since it contains a <code>&lt;</code> symbol.
-If <em>DATFILE</em>/<em>FMT</em> is not provided, the effect is the same as <a href="#tag"><code>-TAG=</code></a>,
-and the tag is simply deleted.  <code>+&lt;=</code> or <code>-&lt;=</code> may also be used to
-add or delete specific list entries, or to shift date/time values.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="tagsfromfile_srcfile_or_fmt" class="item"><strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> <em>SRCFILE</em> or <em>FMT</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy tag values from <em>SRCFILE</em> to <em>FILE</em>.  Tag names on the command line
-after this option specify the tags to be copied, or excluded from the copy.
-Wildcards are permitted in these tag names.  If no tags are specified, then
-all possible tags (see note 1 below) from the source file are copied to
-same-named tags in the preferred location of the output file (the same as
-specifying <code>-all</code>).  More than one <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option may be used to
-copy tags from multiple files.</p>
-<p>By default, this option will update any existing and writable same-named
-tags in the output <em>FILE</em>, but will create new tags only in their preferred
-groups.  This allows some information to be automatically transferred to the
-appropriate group when copying between images of different formats. However,
-if a group name is specified for a tag then the information is written only
-to this group (unless redirected to another group, see below).  If <code>All</code> is
-used as a group name, then each tag is written to the same family 1 group it
-had in the source file (ie. the same specific location in the metadata), but
-a different family may be specified by adding a leading family number to the
-group name (eg. <code>-0All:all</code>).</p>
-<p><em>SRCFILE</em> may be the same as <em>FILE</em> to move information around within a
-single file.  In this case, <code>@</code> may be used to represent the source file
-(ie. <code>-tagsFromFile @</code>), permitting this feature to be used for batch
-processing multiple files.  Specified tags are then copied from each file in
-turn as it is rewritten.  For advanced batch use, the source file name may
-also be specified using a <em>FMT</em> string in which %d, %f and %e represent the
-directory, file name and extension of <em>FILE</em>. See <strong>-w</strong> option for <em>FMT</em>
-string examples.</p>
-<p>A powerful redirection feature allows a destination tag to be specified for
-each copied tag.  With this feature, information may be written to a tag
-with a different name or group.  This is done using
-&quot;'-<em>SRCTAG</em>&gt;<em>DSTTAG</em>'&quot; or
-&quot;'-<em>DSTTAG</em>&lt;<em>SRCTAG</em>'&quot; on the command line after
-<strong>-tagsFromFile</strong>, and causes the value of <em>SRCTAG</em> to be copied from
-<em>SRCFILE</em> and written to <em>DSTTAG</em> in <em>FILE</em>.  Note that this argument
-must be quoted to prevent shell redirection, and there is no <code>=</code> sign as
-when assigning new values.  Source and/or destination tags may be prefixed
-by a group name and/or suffixed by <code>#</code>.  Wildcards are allowed in both the
-source and destination tag names.  A destination group and/or tag name of
-<code>All</code> or <code>*</code> writes to the same family 1 group and/or tag name as the
-source.  If no destination group is specified, the information is written to
-the preferred group.  Whitespace around the <code>&gt;</code> or <code>&lt;</code> is ignored.
-As a convenience, <code>-tagsFromFile @</code> is assumed for any redirected tags
-which are specified without a prior <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option.  Copied tags
-may also be added or deleted from a list with arguments of the form
-&quot;'-<em>SRCTAG</em>+&gt;<em>DSTTAG</em>'&quot; or
-&quot;'-<em>SRCTAG</em>-&gt;<em>DSTTAG</em>'&quot;.</p>
-<p>An extension of the redirection feature allows strings involving tag names
-to be used on the right hand side of the <code>&lt;</code> symbol with the syntax
-&quot;'-<em>DSTTAG</em>&lt;<em>STR</em>'&quot;, where tag names in <em>STR</em> are
-prefixed with a <code>$</code> symbol.  See the <strong>-p</strong> option for more details about
-this syntax.  Strings starting with a <code>=</code> sign must insert a single space
-after the <code>&lt;</code> to avoid confusion with the <code>&lt;=</code> operator which sets
-the tag value from the contents of a file.  A single space at the start of
-the string is removed if it exists, but all other whitespace in the string
-is preserved.  See note 8 below about using shortcuts or wildcards with the
-redirection feature.</p>
-<p>See <a href="#copying_examples">COPYING EXAMPLES</a> for examples using <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong>.</p>
-<p>Notes:</p>
-<p>1) Some tags (generally tags which may affect the appearance of the image)
-are considered &quot;unsafe&quot; to write, and are only copied if specified
-explicitly (ie. no wildcards).  See the
-<a href="TagNames/index.html">tag name documentation</a> for more details about
-&quot;unsafe&quot; tags.</p>
-<p>2) Be aware of the difference between excluding a tag from being copied
-(--<em>TAG</em>), and deleting a tag (-<em>TAG</em>=).  Excluding a tag prevents it from
-being copied to the destination image, but deleting will remove a
-pre-existing tag from the image.</p>
-<p>3) The maker note information is copied as a block, so it isn't affected
-like other information by subsequent tag assignments on the command line.
-Also, since the PreviewImage referenced from the maker notes may be rather
-large, it is not copied, and must be transferred separately if desired.</p>
-<p>4) The order of operations is to copy all specified tags at the point of the
-<strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option in the command line.  Any tag assignment to the
-right of the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option is made after all tags are copied.  For
-example, new tag values are set in the order One, Two, Three then Four with
-this command:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -One=1 -tagsFromFile s.jpg -Two -Four=4 -Three d.jpg</pre>
-<p>This is significant in the case where an overlap exists between the copied
-and assigned tags because later operations may override earlier ones.</p>
-<p>5) The normal behaviour of copied tags differs subtly from that of assigned
-tags for list-type tags.  When copying to a list, each copied tag overrides
-any previous operations on the list.  While this avoids duplicate list items
-when copying groups of tags from a file containing redundant information, it
-also prevents values of different tags from being copied into the same list
-when this is the intent.  So a <strong>-addTagsFromFile</strong> option is provided which
-allows copying of multiple tags into the same list.  eg)</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -addtagsfromfile @ '-subject&lt;make' '-subject&lt;model' ...</pre>
-<p>Other than this difference, the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> and <strong>-addTagsFromFile</strong>
-options are equivalent.</p>
-<p>6) The <strong>-a</strong> option (allow duplicate tags) is always in effect when copying
-tags from <em>SRCFILE</em>.</p>
-<p>7) Structured tags are copied by default when copying tags.  See the
-<strong>-struct</strong> option for details.</p>
-<p>8) With the redirection feature, copying a tag directly (ie.
-&quot;'-<em>DSTTAG</em>&lt;<em>SRCTAG</em>'&quot;) is not the same as interpolating
-its value inside a string (ie. &quot;'-<em>DSTTAG</em>&lt;$<em>SRCTAG</em>'&quot;)
-for <a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/Image-ExifTool/lib/Image/ExifTool/Shortcuts.pm">shortcut tags</a> or tag names containing
-wildcards.  When copying directly, the values of each matching source tag
-are copied individually to the destination tag (as if multiple redirection
-arguments were used).  However, when interpolated inside a string, the
-values of shortcut tags are concatenated, and wildcards are not allowed.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><strong>-x</strong> <em>TAG</em> (<strong>-exclude</strong>)</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Exclude the specified tag.  There may be multiple <strong>-x</strong> options.  This has
-the same effect as --<em>TAG</em> on the command line.  See the --<em>TAG</em>
-documentation above for a complete description.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<h3><a name="input_output_text_formatting">Input-output text formatting</a></h3>
-<p>Note that trailing spaces are removed from extracted values for most output
-text formats.  The exceptions are <a href="#b"><code>-b</code></a>, <code>-csv</code>, <code>-j</code> and <a href="#x"><code>-X</code></a>.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="args" class="item"><strong>-args</strong> (<strong>-argFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Output information in the form of exiftool arguments, suitable for use with
-the <strong>-@</strong> option when writing.  May be combined with the <strong>-G</strong> option to
-include group names.  This feature may be used to effectively copy tags
-between images, but allows the metadata to be altered by editing the
-intermediate file (<code>out.args</code> in this example):</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -args -G1 --filename --directory src.jpg &gt; out.args
-    exiftool -@ out.args dst.jpg</pre>
-<p>Note:  Be careful when copying information with this technique since it is
-easy to write tags which are normally considered &quot;unsafe&quot;.  For instance,
-the FileName and Directory tags are excluded in the example above to avoid
-renaming and moving the destination file.  Also note that the second command
-above will produce warning messages for any tags which are not writable.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="b" class="item"><strong>-b</strong> (<strong>-binary</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Output requested metadata in binary format without tag names or
-descriptions.  This option is mainly used for extracting embedded images or
-other binary data, but it may also be useful for some text strings since
-control characters (such as newlines) are not replaced by '.' as they are in
-the default output.  List items are separated by a newline when extracted
-with the <strong>-b</strong> option.  May be combined with <code>-j</code>, <a href="#php"><code>-php</code></a> or <a href="#x"><code>-X</code></a> to
-extract binary data in JSON, PHP or XML format.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="fmt" class="item"><strong>-c</strong> <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-coordFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set the print format for GPS coordinates.  <em>FMT</em> uses the same syntax as
-the <code>printf</code> format string.  The specifiers correspond to degrees, minutes
-and seconds in that order, but minutes and seconds are optional.  For
-example, the following table gives the output for the same coordinate using
-various formats:</p>
-<pre>
-            FMT                  Output
-    -------------------    ------------------
-    &quot;%d deg %d' %.2f&quot;\&quot;    54 deg 59' 22.80&quot;  (default for reading)
-    &quot;%d %d %.8f&quot;           54 59 22.80000000  (default for copying)
-    &quot;%d deg %.4f min&quot;      54 deg 59.3800 min
-    &quot;%.6f degrees&quot;         54.989667 degrees</pre>
-<p>Notes:</p>
-<p>1) To avoid loss of precision, the default coordinate format is different
-when copying tags using the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option.</p>
-<p>2) If the hemisphere is known, a reference direction (N, S, E or W) is
-appended to each printed coordinate, but adding a <code>+</code> to the format
-specifier (eg. <code>%+.6f</code>) prints a signed coordinate instead.</p>
-<p>3) This print formatting may be disabled with the <strong>-n</strong> option to extract
-coordinates as signed decimal degrees.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="charset_type_charset" class="item"><strong>-charset</strong> [[<em>TYPE</em>=]<em>CHARSET</em>]</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>If <em>TYPE</em> is <code>ExifTool</code> or not specified, this option sets the ExifTool
-character encoding for output tag values when reading and input values when
-writing.  The default ExifTool encoding is <code>UTF8</code>.  If no <em>CHARSET</em> is
-given, a list of available character sets is returned.  Valid <em>CHARSET</em>
-values are:</p>
-<pre>
-    CHARSET     Alias(es)        Description
-    ----------  ---------------  ----------------------------------
-    UTF8        cp65001, UTF-8   UTF-8 characters (default)
-    Latin       cp1252, Latin1   Windows Latin1 (West European)
-    Latin2      cp1250           Windows Latin2 (Central European)
-    Cyrillic    cp1251, Russian  Windows Cyrillic
-    Greek       cp1253           Windows Greek
-    Turkish     cp1254           Windows Turkish
-    Hebrew      cp1255           Windows Hebrew
-    Arabic      cp1256           Windows Arabic
-    Baltic      cp1257           Windows Baltic
-    Vietnam     cp1258           Windows Vietnamese
-    Thai        cp874            Windows Thai
-    MacRoman    cp10000, Roman   Macintosh Roman
-    MacLatin2   cp10029          Macintosh Latin2 (Central Europe)
-    MacCyrillic cp10007          Macintosh Cyrillic
-    MacGreek    cp10006          Macintosh Greek
-    MacTurkish  cp10081          Macintosh Turkish
-    MacRomanian cp10010          Macintosh Romanian
-    MacIceland  cp10079          Macintosh Icelandic
-    MacCroatian cp10082          Macintosh Croatian</pre>
-<p>Other values of <em>TYPE</em> listed below are used to specify the internal
-encoding of various meta information formats.</p>
-<pre>
-    TYPE       Description                                  Default
-    ---------  -------------------------------------------  -------
-    EXIF       Internal encoding of EXIF &quot;ASCII&quot; strings    (none)
-    ID3        Internal encoding of ID3v1 information       Latin
-    IPTC       Internal IPTC encoding to assume when        Latin
-                IPTC:CodedCharacterSet is not defined
-    Photoshop  Internal encoding of Photoshop IRB strings   Latin
-    QuickTime  Internal encoding of QuickTime strings       MacRoman</pre>
-<p>See <a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/faq.html#Q10">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/faq.html#Q10</a> for more
-information about coded character sets.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="csv_csvfile" class="item"><strong>-csv</strong>[=<em>CSVFILE</em>]</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Export information in CSV format, or import information if <em>CSVFILE</em> is
-specified.  When importing, the CSV file must be in exactly the same format
-as the exported file.  The first row of the <em>CSVFILE</em> must be the ExifTool
-tag names (with optional group names) for each column of the file, and
-values must be separated by commas.  A special &quot;SourceFile&quot; column specifies
-the files associated with each row of information (a SourceFile of &quot;*&quot; may
-be used to match any source file name).  The following examples demonstrate
-basic use of this option:</p>
-<pre>
-    # generate CSV file with common tags from all images in a directory
-    exiftool -common -csv dir &gt; out.csv</pre>
-<pre>
-    # update metadata for all images in a directory from CSV file
-    exiftool -csv=a.csv dir</pre>
-<p>Empty values are ignored when importing.  Also, FileName and Directory
-columns are ignored if they exist (ie. ExifTool will not attempt to write
-these tags with a CSV import).  To force a tag to be deleted, use the <strong>-f</strong>
-option and set the value to &quot;-&quot; in the CSV file (or to the MissingTagValue
-if this API option was used).  Multiple databases may be imported in a
-single command.</p>
-<p>When exporting a CSV file, the <strong>-g</strong> or <strong>-G</strong> option to add group names to
-the tag headings.  If the <strong>-a</strong> option is used to allow duplicate tag names,
-the duplicate tags are only included in the CSV output if the column
-headings are unique.  Adding the <strong>-G4</strong> option ensures a unique column
-heading for each tag.  When exporting specific tags, the CSV columns are
-arranged in the same order as the specified tags provided the column
-headings exactly match the specified tag names, otherwise the columns are
-sorted in alphabetical order.</p>
-<p>When importing from a CSV file, only files specified on the command line are
-processed.  Any extra entries in the CSV file are ignored.</p>
-<p>List-type tags are stored as simple strings in a CSV file, but the <strong>-sep</strong>
-option may be used to split them back into separate items when importing.</p>
-<p>Special feature:  <strong>-csv</strong>+=<em>CSVFILE</em> may be used to add items to existing
-lists. This affects only list-type tags.  Also applies to the <strong>-j</strong> option.</p>
-<p>Note that this option is fundamentally different than all other output
-format options because it requires information from all input files to be
-buffered in memory before the output is written.  This may result in
-excessive memory usage when processing a very large number of files with a
-single command.  Also, it makes this option incompatible with the <strong>-w</strong>
-option.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><strong>-d</strong> <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-dateFormat</strong>)</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set the format for date/time tag values.  The specifics of the <em>FMT</em> syntax
-are system dependent -- consult the <code>strftime</code> man page on your system for
-details.  The default format is equivalent to &quot;%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S&quot;.  This
-option has no effect on date-only or time-only tags and ignores timezone
-information if present.  Only one <strong>-d</strong> option may be used per command.  The
-inverse operation (ie. un-formatting a date/time value) is currently not
-applied when writing a date/time tag.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="d" class="item"><strong>-D</strong> (<strong>-decimal</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Show tag ID number in decimal when extracting information.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="ex" class="item"><strong>-E</strong>, <strong>-ex</strong> (<strong>-escapeHTML</strong>, <strong>-escapeXML</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Escape characters in output values for HTML (<strong>-E</strong>) or XML (<strong>-ex</strong>).  For
-HTML, all characters with Unicode code points above U+007F are escaped as
-well as the following 5 characters: &amp; (&amp;amp;) &#39; (&amp;#39;) &quot; (&amp;quot;)
-&gt; (&amp;gt;) and &lt; (&amp;lt;).  For XML, only these 5 characters are
-escaped.  The <strong>-E</strong> option is implied with <strong>-h</strong>, and <strong>-ex</strong> is implied with
-<strong>-X</strong>.  The inverse conversion is applied when writing tags.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="f" class="item"><strong>-f</strong> (<strong>-forcePrint</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Force printing of tags even if their values are not found.  This option only
-applies when tag names are specified.  With this option, a dash (<code>-</code>) is
-printed for the value of any missing tag (but this may be configured via the
-API MissingTagValue option).  May also be used to add a 'flags' attribute to
-the <strong>-listx</strong> output, or to allow tags to be deleted when writing with the
-<strong>-csv</strong>=<em>CSVFILE</em> feature.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="g_num_num_groupheadings" class="item"><strong>-g</strong>[<em>NUM</em>][:<em>NUM</em>...] (<strong>-groupHeadings</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Organize output by tag group.  <em>NUM</em> specifies a group family number, and
-may be 0 (general location), 1 (specific location), 2 (category), 3
-(document number) or 4 (instance number).  Multiple families may be
-specified by separating them with colons.  By default the resulting group
-name is simplified by removing any leading <code>Main:</code> and collapsing adjacent
-identical group names, but this can be avoided by placing a colon before the
-first family number (eg. <strong>-g:3:1</strong>).  If <em>NUM</em> is not specified, <strong>-g0</strong> is
-assumed.  Use the <strong>-listg</strong> option to list group names for a specified
-family.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="g_num_num_groupnames" class="item"><strong>-G</strong>[<em>NUM</em>][:<em>NUM</em>...] (<strong>-groupNames</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Same as <strong>-g</strong> but print group name for each tag.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="h" class="item"><strong>-h</strong> (<strong>-htmlFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Use HTML table formatting for output.  Implies the <strong>-E</strong> option.  The
-formatting options <strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong>, <strong>-g</strong>, <strong>-G</strong>, <strong>-l</strong> and <strong>-s</strong> may be used
-in combination with <strong>-h</strong> to influence the HTML format.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="h" class="item"><strong>-H</strong> (<strong>-hex</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Show tag ID number in hexadecimal when extracting information.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="htmldump_offset" class="item"><strong>-htmlDump</strong>[<em>OFFSET</em>]</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Generate a dynamic web page containing a hex dump of the EXIF information.
-This can be a very powerful tool for low-level analysis of EXIF information.
-The <strong>-htmlDump</strong> option is also invoked if the <strong>-v</strong> and <strong>-h</strong> options are
-used together.  The verbose level controls the maximum length of the blocks
-dumped.  An <em>OFFSET</em> may be given to specify the base for displayed
-offsets.  If not provided, the EXIF/TIFF base offset is used.  Use
-<strong>-htmlDump0</strong> for absolute offsets.  Currently only EXIF/TIFF and JPEG
-information is dumped, but the -u option can be used to give a raw hex dump
-of other file formats.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="j_jsonfile_json" class="item"><strong>-j</strong>[=<em>JSONFILE</em>] (<strong>-json</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) formatting for console output, or
-import JSON file if <em>JSONFILE</em> is specified.  This option may be combined
-with <strong>-g</strong> to organize the output into objects by group, or <strong>-G</strong> to add
-group names to each tag.  List-type tags with multiple items are output as
-JSON arrays unless <strong>-sep</strong> is used.  By default XMP structures are flattened
-into individual tags in the JSON output, but the original structure may be
-preserved with the <strong>-struct</strong> option (this also causes all list-type XMP
-tags to be output as JSON arrays, otherwise single-item lists are output as
-simple strings).  The <strong>-a</strong> option is implied if the <strong>-g</strong> or <strong>-G</strong> options
-are used, otherwise it is ignored and duplicate tags are suppressed.  Adding
-the <strong>-D</strong> or <strong>-H</strong> option changes tag values to JSON objects with &quot;val&quot; and
-&quot;id&quot; fields, and adding <strong>-l</strong> adds a &quot;desc&quot; field, and a &quot;num&quot; field if the
-numerical value is different from the converted &quot;val&quot;.  The <strong>-b</strong> option may
-be added to output binary data, encoded in base64 if necessary (indicated by
-&quot;base64:&quot; as the first 7 bytes of the value).  The JSON output is UTF-8
-regardless of any <strong>-L</strong> or <strong>-charset</strong> option setting, but the UTF-8
-validation is disabled if a character set other than UTF-8 is specified.</p>
-<p>If <em>JSONFILE</em> is specified, the file is imported and the tag definitions
-from the file are used to set tag values on a per-file basis.  The special
-&quot;SourceFile&quot; entry in each JSON object associates the information with a
-specific target file (see the <strong>-csv</strong> option for details).  The imported
-JSON file must have the same format as the exported JSON files with the
-exception that the <strong>-g</strong> option is not compatible with the import file
-format (use <strong>-G</strong> instead).  Additionally, tag names in the input JSON file
-may be suffixed with a <code>#</code> to disable print conversion.  Unlike CSV import,
-empty values are not ignored, and will cause an empty value to be written if
-supported by the specific metadata type.  Tags are deleted by using the
-<strong>-f</strong> option and setting the tag value to &quot;-&quot; (or to the MissingTagValue
-setting if this API option was used).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="l" class="item"><strong>-l</strong> (<strong>-long</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Use long 2-line Canon-style output format.  Adds a description and
-unconverted value (if it is different from the converted value) to the XML,
-JSON or PHP output when <strong>-X</strong>, <strong>-j</strong> or <strong>-php</strong> is used.  May also be
-combined with <strong>-listf</strong>, <strong>-listr</strong> or <strong>-listwf</strong> to add descriptions of the
-file types.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="l" class="item"><strong>-L</strong> (<strong>-latin</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Use Windows Latin1 encoding (cp1252) for output tag values instead of the
-default UTF-8.  When writing, <strong>-L</strong> specifies that input text values are
-Latin1 instead of UTF-8.  Equivalent to <code>-charset latin</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="lang_lang" class="item"><strong>-lang</strong> [<em>LANG</em>]</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set current language for tag descriptions and converted values.  <em>LANG</em> is
-<code>de</code>, <code>fr</code>, <code>ja</code>, etc.  Use <strong>-lang</strong> with no other arguments to get a
-list of available languages.  The default language is <code>en</code> if <strong>-lang</strong> is
-not specified.  Note that tag/group names are always English, independent of
-the <strong>-lang</strong> setting, and translation of warning/error messages has not yet
-been implemented.  May also be combined with <strong>-listx</strong> to output
-descriptions in one language only.</p>
-<p>By default, ExifTool uses UTF-8 encoding for special characters, but the
-the <strong>-L</strong> or <strong>-charset</strong> option may be used to invoke other encodings.</p>
-<p>Currently, the language support is not complete, but users are welcome to
-help improve this by submitting their own translations.  To submit a set of
-translations, first use the <strong>-listx</strong> option and redirect the output to a
-file to generate an XML tag database, then add entries for other languages,
-zip this file, and email it to phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca for inclusion in
-ExifTool.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="listitem_index" class="item"><strong>-listItem</strong> <em>INDEX</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>For list-type tags, this causes only the item with the specified index to be
-extracted.  <em>INDEX</em> is 0 for the first item in the list.  Negative indices
-may also be used to reference items from the end of the list.  Has no effect
-on single-valued tags, when writing or copying, or in a <strong>-if</strong> condition.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="n" class="item"><strong>-n</strong> (<strong>--printConv</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Read and write values as numbers instead of words.  By default, extracted
-values are converted to a more human-readable format for printing, but the
-<strong>-n</strong> option disables this print conversion for all tags.  For example:</p>
-<pre>
-    &gt; exiftool -Orientation -S a.jpg
-    Orientation: Rotate 90 CW
-    &gt; exiftool -Orientation -S -n a.jpg
-    Orientation: 6</pre>
-<p>The print conversion may also be disabled on a per-tag basis by suffixing
-the tag name with a <code>#</code> character:</p>
-<pre>
-    &gt; exiftool -Orientation# -Orientation -S a.jpg
-    Orientation: 6
-    Orientation: Rotate 90 CW</pre>
-<p>These techniques may also be used to disable the inverse print conversion
-when writing.  For example, the following commands all have the same effect:</p>
-<pre>
-    &gt; exiftool -Orientation='Rotate 90 CW' a.jpg
-    &gt; exiftool -Orientation=6 -n a.jpg
-    &gt; exiftool -Orientation#=6 a.jpg</pre>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="str" class="item"><strong>-p</strong> <em>FMTFILE</em> or <em>STR</em> (<strong>-printFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print output in the format specified by the given file or string (and ignore
-other format options).  Tag names in the format file or string begin with a
-<code>$</code> symbol and may contain a leading group names and/or a trailing <code>#</code>.
-Case is not significant.  Braces <code>{}</code> may be used around the tag name to
-separate it from subsequent text.  Use <code>$$</code> to represent a <code>$</code> symbol, and
-<code>$/</code> for a newline.  Multiple <strong>-p</strong> options may be used, each contributing
-a line of text to the output.  Lines beginning with <code>#[HEAD]</code> and
-<code>#[TAIL]</code> are output only for the first and last processed files
-respectively.  Lines beginning with <code>#[BODY]</code> and lines not beginning with
-<code>#</code> are output for each processed file.  Other lines beginning with <code>#</code>
-are ignored.  For example, this format file:</p>
-<pre>
-    # this is a comment line
-    #[HEAD]-- Generated by ExifTool $exifToolVersion --
-    File: $FileName - $DateTimeOriginal
-    (f/$Aperture, ${ShutterSpeed}s, ISO $EXIF:ISO)
-    #[TAIL]-- end --</pre>
-<p>with this command:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -p test.fmt a.jpg b.jpg</pre>
-<p>produces output like this:</p>
-<pre>
-    -- Generated by ExifTool 9.78 --
-    File: a.jpg - 2003:10:31 15:44:19
-    (f/5.6, 1/60s, ISO 100)
-    File: b.jpg - 2006:05:23 11:57:38
-    (f/8.0, 1/13s, ISO 100)
-    -- end --</pre>
-<p>When <strong>-ee</strong> (<strong>-extractEmbedded</strong>) is combined with <strong>-p</strong>, embedded documents
-are effectively processed as separate input files.</p>
-<p>If a specified tag does not exist, a minor warning is issued and the line
-with the missing tag is not printed.  However, the <strong>-f</strong> option may be used
-to set the value of missing tags to '-' (but this may be configured via the
-MissingTagValue API option), or the <strong>-m</strong> option may be used to ignore minor
-warnings and leave the missing values empty.</p>
-<p>An advanced formatting feature allows an arbitrary Perl expression to be
-applied to the value of any tag by placing it inside the braces after a
-semicolon following the tag name.  The expression has access to the value of
-this tag through the default input variable (<code>$_</code>), and the full API
-through the current ExifTool object (<code>$self</code>).  It may contain any valid
-Perl code, including translation (<code>tr///</code>) and substitution (<code>s///</code>)
-operations, but note that braces within the expression must be balanced.
-The example below prints the camera Make with spaces translated to
-underlines, and multiple consecutive underlines replaced by a single
-underline:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -p '${make;tr/ /_/;s/__+/_/g}' image.jpg</pre>
-<p>A default expression of <code>tr(/\\?*:|&quot;&lt;&gt;\0)()d</code> is assumed if the
-expression is empty, which removes the characters / \ ? * : | &lt; &gt;
-and null from the printed value.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="php" class="item"><strong>-php</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Format output as a PHP Array.  The <strong>-g</strong>, <strong>-G</strong>, <strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong>, <strong>-l</strong>,
-<strong>-sep</strong> and <strong>-struct</strong> options combine with <strong>-php</strong>, and duplicate tags are
-handled in the same way as with the <strong>-json</strong> option.  As well, the <strong>-b</strong>
-option may be added to output binary data.  Here is a simple example showing
-how this could be used in a PHP script:</p>
-<pre>
-    &lt;?php
-    eval('$array=' . `exiftool -php -q image.jpg`);
-    print_r($array);
-    ?&gt;</pre>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="s_num_short" class="item"><strong>-s</strong>[<em>NUM</em>] (<strong>-short</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Short output format.  Prints tag names instead of descriptions.  Add <em>NUM</em>
-or up to 3 <strong>-s</strong> options for even shorter formats:</p>
-<pre>
-    -s1 or -s        - print tag names instead of descriptions
-    -s2 or -s -s     - no extra spaces to column-align values
-    -s3 or -s -s -s  - print values only (no tag names)</pre>
-<p>Also effective when combined with <strong>-t</strong>, <strong>-h</strong>, <strong>-X</strong> or <strong>-listx</strong> options.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="s" class="item"><strong>-S</strong> (<strong>-veryShort</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Very short format.  The same as <strong>-s2</strong> (or two <strong>-s</strong> options).  Tag names
-are printed instead of descriptions, and no extra spaces are added to
-column-align values.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><strong>-sep</strong> <em>STR</em> (<strong>-separator</strong>)</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Specify separator string for items in list-type tags.  When reading, the
-default is to join list items with &quot;, &quot;.  When writing, this option causes
-values assigned to list-type tags to be split into individual items at each
-substring matching <em>STR</em> (otherwise they are not split by default).  Space
-characters in <em>STR</em> match zero or more whitespace characters in the value.</p>
-<p>Note that an empty separator (&quot;&quot;) is allowed, and will join items with no
-separator when reading, or split the value into individual characters when
-writing.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="sort" class="item"><strong>-sort</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Sort output by tag description, or by tag name if the <strong>-s</strong> option is used.
-Tags are sorted within each group when combined with the <strong>-g</strong> or <strong>-G</strong>
-option.  When sorting by description, the sort order will depend on the
-<strong>-lang</strong> option setting.  Without the <strong>-sort</strong> option, tags appear in the
-order they were specified on the command line, or if not specified, the
-order they were extracted from the file.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="struct_struct" class="item"><strong>-struct</strong>, <strong>--struct</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Output structured XMP information instead of flattening to individual tags.
-This option works well when combined with the XML (<strong>-X</strong>) and JSON (<strong>-j</strong>)
-output formats.  For other output formats, the structures are serialized
-into the same format as when writing structured information (see
-<a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html</a> for details).  When
-copying, structured tags are copied by default unless <strong>--struct</strong> is used to
-disable this feature (although flattened tags may still be copied by
-specifying them individually unless <strong>-struct</strong> is used).  These options have
-no effect when assigning new values since both flattened and structured tags
-may always be used when writing.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="t" class="item"><strong>-t</strong> (<strong>-tab</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Output a tab-delimited list of description/values (useful for database
-import).  May be combined with <strong>-s</strong> to print tag names instead of
-descriptions, or <strong>-S</strong> to print tag values only, tab-delimited on a single
-line.  The <strong>-t</strong> option may also be used to add tag table information to the
-<strong>-X</strong> option output.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="t" class="item"><strong>-T</strong> (<strong>-table</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Output tag values in table form.  Equivalent to <strong>-t -S -q -f</strong>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="v_num_verbose" class="item"><strong>-v</strong>[<em>NUM</em>] (<strong>-verbose</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print verbose messages.  <em>NUM</em> specifies the level of verbosity in the
-range 0-5, with higher numbers being more verbose.  If <em>NUM</em> is not given,
-then each <strong>-v</strong> option increases the level of verbosity by 1.  With any
-level greater than 0, most other options are ignored and normal console
-output is suppressed unless specific tags are extracted.  Using <strong>-v0</strong>
-causes the console output buffer to be flushed after each line (which may be
-useful to avoid delays when piping exiftool output), and prints the name of
-each processed file when writing.  Also see the <strong>-progress</strong> option.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><strong>-w</strong>[+|!] <em>EXT</em> or <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-textOut</strong>)</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Write console output to files with names ending in <em>EXT</em>, one for each
-source file.  The output file name is obtained by replacing the source file
-extension (including the '.') with the specified extension (and a '.' is
-added to the start of <em>EXT</em> if it doesn't already contain one).
-Alternatively, a <em>FMT</em> string may be used to give more control over the
-output file name and directory.  In the format string, %d, %f and %e
-represent the directory, filename and extension of the source file, and %c
-represents a copy number which is automatically incremented if the file
-already exists.  %d includes the trailing '/' if necessary, but %e does not
-include the leading '.'.  For example:</p>
-<pre>
-    -w %d%f.txt       # same effect as &quot;-w txt&quot;
-    -w dir/%f_%e.out  # write files to &quot;dir&quot; as &quot;FILE_EXT.out&quot;
-    -w dir2/%d%f.txt  # write to &quot;dir2&quot;, keeping dir structure
-    -w a%c.txt        # write to &quot;a.txt&quot; or &quot;a1.txt&quot; or &quot;a2.txt&quot;...</pre>
-<p>Existing files will not be overwritten unless an exclamation point is added
-to the option name (ie. <strong>-w!</strong> or <strong>-textOut!</strong>), or a plus sign to append to
-the existing file (ie. <strong>-w+</strong> or <strong>-textOut+</strong>).  Both may be used (ie.
-<strong>-w+!</strong> or <strong>-textOut+!</strong>) to overwrite output files that didn't exist before
-the command was run, and append the output from multiple source files.  For
-example, to write one output file for all source files in each directory:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -filename -createdate -T -w+! %d/out.txt -r DIR</pre>
-<p>Notes:</p>
-<p>1) In a Windows BAT file the <code>%</code> character is represented by <code>%%</code>, so an
-argument like <code>%d%f.txt</code> is written as <code>%%d%%f.txt</code>.</p>
-<p>2) If the argument for <strong>-w</strong> does not contain a format code (%d, %f or %e),
-then it is interpreted as a file extension.  Therefore it is not possible to
-specify a simple filename as an argument, so creating a single output file
-from multiple source files is typically done by shell redirection, ie)</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool FILE1 FILE2 ... &gt; out.txt</pre>
-<p>But if necessary, an empty format code may be used to force the argument to
-be interpreted as a format string, and the same result may be obtained
-without the use of shell redirection:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -w+! %0fout.txt FILE1 FILE2 ...</pre>
-<p>Advanced features:</p>
-<p>A substring of the original file name, directory or extension may be taken
-by specifying a field width immediately following the '%' character.  If the
-width is negative, the substring is taken from the end.  The substring
-position (characters to ignore at the start or end of the string) may be
-given by a second optional value after a decimal point.  For example:</p>
-<pre>
-    Input File Name     Format Specifier    Output File Name
-    ----------------    ----------------    ----------------
-    Picture-123.jpg     %7f.txt             Picture.txt
-    Picture-123.jpg     %-.4f.out           Picture.out
-    Picture-123.jpg     %7f.%-3f            Picture.123
-    Picture-123a.jpg    Meta%-3.1f.txt      Meta123.txt</pre>
-<p>For %d, the field width/position specifiers may be applied to the directory
-levels instead of substring position by using a colon instead of a decimal
-point in the format specifier.  For example:</p>
-<pre>
-    Source Dir     Format   Result       Notes
-    ------------   ------   ----------   ------------------
-    pics/2012/02   %2:d     pics/2012/   take top 2 levels
-    pics/2012/02   %-:1d    pics/2012/   up one directory level
-    pics/2012/02   %:1d     2012/02/     ignore top level
-    pics/2012/02   %1:1d    2012/        take 1 level after top
-    /Users/phil    %:2d     phil/        ignore top 2 levels</pre>
-<p>(Note that the root directory counts as one level when an absolute path is
-used as in the last example above.)</p>
-<p>For %c, these modifiers have a different effects.  If a field width is
-given, the copy number is padded with zeros to the specified width.  A
-leading '-' adds a dash before the copy number, and a '+' adds an underline.
-By default, the copy number is omitted from the first file of a given name,
-but this can be changed by adding a decimal point to the modifier.  For
-example:</p>
-<pre>
-    -w A%-cZ.txt      # AZ.txt, A-1Z.txt, A-2Z.txt ...
-    -w B%5c.txt       # B.txt, B00001.txt, B00002.txt ...
-    -w C%.c.txt       # C0.txt, C1.txt, C2.txt ...
-    -w D%-.c.txt      # D-0.txt, D-1.txt, D-2.txt ...
-    -w E%-.4c.txt     # E-0000.txt, E-0001.txt, E-0002.txt ...
-    -w F%-.4nc.txt    # F-0001.txt, F-0002.txt, F-0003.txt ...
-    -w G%+c.txt       # G.txt, G_1.txt G_2.txt ...
-    -w H%-lc.txt      # H.txt, H-b.txt, H-c.txt ...</pre>
-<p>A special feature allows the copy number to be incremented for each
-processed file by using %C (upper case) instead of %c.  This allows a
-sequential number to be added to output file names, even if the names are
-different.  For %C, a copy number of zero is not omitted as it is with %c.
-The number before the decimal place gives the starting index, the number
-after the decimal place gives the field width.  The following examples show
-the output filenames when used with the command
-<code>exiftool rose.jpg star.jpg jet.jpg ...</code>:</p>
-<pre>
-    -w %C%f.txt       # 0rose.txt, 1star.txt, 2jet.txt
-    -w %f-%10C.txt    # rose-10.txt, star-11.txt, jet-12.txt
-    -w %.3C-%f.txt    # 000-rose.txt, 001-star.txt, 002-jet.txt
-    -w %57.4C%f.txt   # 0057rose.txt, 0058star.txt, 0059jet.txt</pre>
-<p>All format codes may be modified by 'l' or 'u' to specify lower or upper
-case respectively (ie. <code>%le</code> for a lower case file extension).  When used
-to modify %c or %C, the numbers are changed to an alphabetical base (see
-example H above).  Also, %c may be modified by 'n' to count using natural
-numbers starting from 1, instead of 0 (see example F above).</p>
-<p>This same <em>FMT</em> syntax is used with the <strong>-o</strong> and <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> options,
-although %c is only valid for output file names.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><strong>-W</strong>[!|+] <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-tagOut</strong>)</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>This enhanced version of the <strong>-w</strong> option allows a separate output file to
-be created for each extracted tag.  The differences between <strong>-W</strong> and <strong>-w</strong>
-are as follows:</p>
-<p>1) With <strong>-W</strong>, a new output file is created for each extracted tag.</p>
-<p>2) <strong>-W</strong> supports three additional format codes:  %t, %g and %s represent
-the tag name, group name, and suggested extension for the output file (based
-on the format of the data).  The %g code may be followed by a single digit
-to specify the group family number (eg. %g1), otherwise family 0 is assumed.
-The substring width/position/case specifiers may be used with these format
-codes in exactly the same way as with %f and %e.</p>
-<p>3) The argument for <strong>-W</strong> is interpreted as a file name if it contains no
-format codes.  (For <strong>-w</strong>, this would be a file extension.)  This change
-allows a simple file name to be specified, which, when combined with the
-append feature, provides a method to write metadata from multiple source
-files to a single output file without the need for shell redirection.</p>
-<p>4) Adding the <strong>-v</strong> option to <strong>-W</strong> generates a list of the tags and output
-file names instead of giving a verbose dump of the entire file.  (Unless
-appending all output to one file for each source file by using <strong>-W+</strong> with
-an output file <em>FMT</em> that does not contain %t, $g or %s.)</p>
-<p>5) Individual list items are stored in separate files when <strong>-W</strong> is combined
-with <strong>-b</strong>, but note that for separate files to be created %c must be used
-in <em>FMT</em> to give the files unique names.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="ext" class="item"><strong>-Wext</strong> <em>EXT</em>, <strong>--Wext</strong> <em>EXT</em> (<strong>-tagOutExt</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>This option is used to specify the type of output file(s) written by the
-<strong>-W</strong> option.  An output file is written only if the suggested extension
-matches <em>EXT</em>.  Multiple <strong>-Wext</strong> options may be used to write more than
-one type of file.  Use <strong>--Wext</strong> to write all but the specified type(s).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="x" class="item"><strong>-X</strong> (<strong>-xmlFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Use ExifTool-specific RDF/XML formatting for console output.  Implies the
-<strong>-a</strong> option, so duplicate tags are extracted.  The formatting options
-<strong>-b</strong>, <strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong>, <strong>-l</strong>, <strong>-s</strong>, <strong>-sep</strong>, <strong>-struct</strong> and <strong>-t</strong> may be used
-in combination with <strong>-X</strong> to affect the output, but note that the tag ID
-(<strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong> and <strong>-t</strong>), binary data (<strong>-b</strong>) and structured output
-(<strong>-struct</strong>) options are not effective for the short output (<strong>-s</strong>).
-Another restriction of <strong>-s</strong> is that only one tag with a given group and
-name may appear in the output.  Note that the tag ID options (<strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong>
-and <strong>-t</strong>) will produce non-standard RDF/XML unless the <strong>-l</strong> option is also
-used.  By default, list-type tags with multiple values are formatted as an
-RDF Bag, but they are combined into a single string when <strong>-s</strong> or <strong>-sep</strong> is
-used.  Using <strong>-L</strong> changes the XML encoding from &quot;UTF-8&quot; to &quot;windows-1252&quot;.
-Other <strong>-charset</strong> settings change the encoding only if there is a
-corresponding standard XML character set.  The <strong>-b</strong> option causes binary
-data values to be written, encoded in base64 if necessary.  The <strong>-t</strong> option
-adds tag table information to the output (table <code>name</code>, decimal tag <code>id</code>,
-and <code>index</code> for cases where multiple conditional tags exist with the same
-ID).</p>
-<p>Note: This output is NOT the same as XMP because it uses
-dynamically-generated property names corresponding to the ExifTool tag
-names, and not the standard XMP properties.  To write XMP instead, use the
-<strong>-o</strong> option with an XMP extension for the output file.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<h3><a name="processing_control">Processing control</a></h3>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="a" class="item"><strong>-a</strong>, <strong>--a</strong> (<strong>-duplicates</strong>, <strong>--duplicates</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Allow (<strong>-a</strong>) or suppress (<strong>--a</strong>) duplicate tag names to be extracted.  By
-default, duplicate tags are suppressed unless the <strong>-ee</strong> or <strong>-X</strong> options
-are used or the Duplicates option is enabled in the configuration file.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="e" class="item"><strong>-e</strong> (<strong>--composite</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract existing tags only -- don't calculate composite tags.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="ee" class="item"><strong>-ee</strong> (<strong>-extractEmbedded</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract information from embedded documents in EPS files, embedded EPS
-information and JPEG and Jpeg2000 images in PDF files, embedded MPF images
-in JPEG and MPO files, streaming metadata in AVCHD videos, and the resource
-fork of Mac OS files.  Implies the <strong>-a</strong> option.  Use <strong>-g3</strong> or <strong>-G3</strong> to
-identify the originating document for extracted information. Embedded
-documents containing sub-documents are indicated with dashes in the family 3
-group name.  (eg. <code>Doc2-3</code> is the 3rd sub-document of the 2nd embedded
-document.) Note that this option may increase processing time substantially,
-especially for PDF files with many embedded images.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><strong>-ext</strong> <em>EXT</em>, <strong>--ext</strong> <em>EXT</em> (<strong>-extension</strong>)</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Process only files with (<strong>-ext</strong>) or without (<strong>--ext</strong>) a specified
-extension.  There may be multiple <strong>-ext</strong> and <strong>--ext</strong> options.  Extensions
-may begin with a leading '.', and case is not significant.  For example:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -ext .JPG DIR            # process only JPG files
-    exiftool --ext cr2 --ext dng DIR  # supported files but CR2/DNG
-    exiftool --ext . DIR              # ignore if no extension
-    exiftool -ext &quot;*&quot; DIR             # process all files
-    exiftool -ext &quot;*&quot; --ext xml DIR   # process all but XML files</pre>
-<p>The extension may be <code>&quot;*&quot;</code> as in the last two examples above to force
-processing files with any extension (not just supported files).</p>
-<p>Using this option has two main advantages over specifying <code>*.EXT</code> on the
-command line:  1) It applies to files in subdirectories when combined with
-the <strong>-r</strong> option.  2) The <strong>-ext</strong> option is case-insensitive, which is
-useful when processing files on case-sensitive filesystems.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="f_offset_fixbase" class="item"><strong>-F</strong>[<em>OFFSET</em>] (<strong>-fixBase</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Fix the base for maker notes offsets.  A common problem with some image
-editors is that offsets in the maker notes are not adjusted properly when
-the file is modified.  This may cause the wrong values to be extracted for
-some maker note entries when reading the edited file.  This option allows an
-integer <em>OFFSET</em> to be specified for adjusting the maker notes base offset.
-If no <em>OFFSET</em> is given, ExifTool takes its best guess at the correct base.
-Note that exiftool will automatically fix the offsets for images which store
-original offset information (eg. newer Canon models).  Offsets are fixed
-permanently if <strong>-F</strong> is used when writing EXIF to an image. eg)</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -F -exif:resolutionunit=inches image.jpg</pre>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="fast_num" class="item"><strong>-fast</strong>[<em>NUM</em>]</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Increase speed of extracting information from JPEG images.  With this
-option, ExifTool will not scan to the end of a JPEG image to check for an
-AFCP or PreviewImage trailer, or past the first comment in GIF images or the
-audio/video data in WAV/AVI files to search for additional metadata.  These
-speed benefits are small when reading images directly from disk, but can be
-substantial if piping images through a network connection.  For more
-substantial speed benefits, <strong>-fast2</strong> also causes exiftool to avoid
-extracting any EXIF MakerNote information.  <strong>-fast3</strong> avoids processing the
-file entirely, and returns only an initial guess at FileType and the pseudo
-System tags.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="fileorder_tag" class="item"><strong>-fileOrder</strong> [-]<em>TAG</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set file processing order according to the sorted value of the specified
-<em>TAG</em>.  For example, to process files in order of date:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -fileOrder DateTimeOriginal DIR</pre>
-<p>Additional <strong>-fileOrder</strong> options may be added for secondary sort keys.
-Floating point values are sorted numerically, and all other values are
-sorted alphabetically.  The sort order may be reversed by prefixing the tag
-name with a <code>-</code> (eg. <code>-fileOrder -createdate</code>).  Print conversion of the
-sorted values is disabled with the <strong>-n</strong> option, or a <code>#</code> appended to the
-tag name.  Other formatting options (eg. <strong>-d</strong>) have no effect on the sorted
-values.  Note that the <strong>-fileOrder</strong> option has a large performance impact
-since it involves an additional processing pass of each file.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="dir" class="item"><strong>-i</strong> <em>DIR</em> (<strong>-ignore</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Ignore specified directory name.  Use multiple <strong>-i</strong> options to ignore more
-than one directory name.  A special <em>DIR</em> value of <code>SYMLINKS</code> (case
-sensitive) may be specified to ignore symbolic links when the <strong>-r</strong> option
-is used.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="if_expr" class="item"><strong>-if</strong> <em>EXPR</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Specify a condition to be evaluated before processing each <em>FILE</em>.  <em>EXPR</em>
-is a Perl-like logic expression containing tag names prefixed by <code>$</code>
-symbols.  It is evaluated with the tags from each <em>FILE</em> in turn, and the
-file is processed only if the expression returns true.  Unlike Perl variable
-names, tag names are not case sensitive and may contain a hyphen.  As well,
-tag names may have a leading group names separated by colons, and/or a
-trailing <code>#</code> character to disable print conversion.  The expression
-<code>$GROUP:all</code> evaluates to 1 if any tag exists in the specified <code>GROUP</code>, or
-0 otherwise (see note 2 below).  When multiple <strong>-if</strong> options are used, all
-conditions must be satisfied to process the file.  Returns an exit status of
-1 if all files fail the condition.  Below are a few examples:</p>
-<pre>
-    # extract shutterspeed from all Canon images in a directory
-    exiftool -shutterspeed -if '$make eq &quot;Canon&quot;' dir</pre>
-<pre>
-    # add one hour to all images created on or after Apr. 2, 2006
-    exiftool -alldates+=1 -if '$CreateDate ge &quot;2006:04:02&quot;' dir</pre>
-<pre>
-    # set EXIF ISO value if possible, unless it is set already
-    exiftool '-exif:iso&lt;iso' -if 'not $exif:iso' dir</pre>
-<pre>
-    # find images containing a specific keyword (case insensitive)
-    exiftool -if '$keywords =~ /harvey/i' -filename dir</pre>
-<p>Notes:</p>
-<p>1) The <strong>-n</strong> and <strong>-b</strong> options also apply to tags used in <em>EXPR</em>.</p>
-<p>2) Some binary data blocks are not extracted unless specified explicitly.
-These tags are not available for use in the <strong>-if</strong> condition unless they are
-also specified on the command line.  The alternative is to use the
-<code>$GROUP:all</code> syntax. (eg. Use <code>$exif:all</code> instead of <code>$exif</code> in <em>EXPR</em>
-to test for the existence of EXIF tags.)</p>
-<p>3) Tags in the string are interpolated the same way as with <strong>-p</strong> before the
-expression is evaluated.  In this interpolation, <code>$/</code> is converted to a
-newline and <code>$$</code> represents a single <code>$</code> symbol (so Perl variables, if
-used, require a double <code>$</code>).</p>
-<p>4) The condition may only test tags from the file being processed.  To
-process one file based on tags from another, two steps are required.  For
-example, to process XMP sidecar files in directory <a href="#dir"><code>DIR</code></a> based on tags from
-the associated NEF:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -if EXPR -p '$directory/$filename' -ext nef DIR &gt; nef.txt
-    exiftool -@ nef.txt -srcfile %d%f.xmp ...</pre>
-<p>5) The <strong>-a</strong> option has no effect on the evaluation of the expression, and
-the values of duplicate tags are accessible only by specifying a group name
-(such as a family 4 instance number, eg. <code>$Copy1:TAG</code>, <code>$Copy2:TAG</code>, etc).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="m" class="item"><strong>-m</strong> (<strong>-ignoreMinorErrors</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Ignore minor errors and warnings.  This enables writing to files with minor
-errors and disables some validation checks which could result in minor
-warnings.  Generally, minor errors/warnings indicate a problem which usually
-won't result in loss of metadata if ignored.  However, there are exceptions,
-so ExifTool leaves it up to you to make the final decision.  Minor errors
-and warnings are indicated by &quot;[minor]&quot; at the start of the message.
-Warnings which affect processing when ignored are indicated by &quot;[Minor]&quot;
-(with a capital &quot;M&quot;).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><strong>-o</strong> <em>OUTFILE</em> or <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-out</strong>)</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set the output file or directory name when writing information.  Without
-this option, when any &quot;real&quot; tags are written the original file is renamed
-to <code>FILE_original</code> and output is written to <em>FILE</em>.  When writing only
-FileName and/or Directory &quot;pseudo&quot; tags, <strong>-o</strong> causes the file to be copied
-instead of moved, but directories specified for either of these tags take
-precedence over that specified by the <strong>-o</strong> option.</p>
-<p><em>OUTFILE</em> may be <code>-</code> to write to stdout.  The output file name may also be
-specified using a <em>FMT</em> string in which %d, %f and %e represent the
-directory, file name and extension of <em>FILE</em>.  Also, %c may be used to add
-a copy number. See the <strong>-w</strong> option for <em>FMT</em> string examples.</p>
-<p>The output file is taken to be a directory name if it already exists as a
-directory or if the name ends with '/'.  Output directories are created if
-necessary.  Existing files will not be overwritten.  Combining the
-<strong>-overwrite_original</strong> option with <strong>-o</strong> causes the original source file to
-be erased after the output file is successfully written.</p>
-<p>A special feature of this option allows the creation of certain types of
-files from scratch, or with the metadata from another type of file.  The
-following file types may be created using this technique:</p>
-<pre>
-    XMP, ICC/ICM, MIE, VRD, EXIF</pre>
-<p>The output file type is determined by the extension of <em>OUTFILE</em> (specified
-as <a href="#ext"><code>-.EXT</code></a> when writing to stdout).  The output file is then created from a
-combination of information in <em>FILE</em> (as if the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option was
-used), and tag values assigned on the command line.  If no <em>FILE</em> is
-specified, the output file may be created from scratch using only tags
-assigned on the command line.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="overwrite_original" class="item"><strong>-overwrite_original</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Overwrite the original <em>FILE</em> (instead of preserving it by adding
-<code>_original</code> to the file name) when writing information to an image.
-Caution: This option should only be used if you already have separate backup
-copies of your image files.  The overwrite is implemented by renaming a
-temporary file to replace the original.  This deletes the original file and
-replaces it with the edited version in a single operation.  When combined
-with <strong>-o</strong>, this option causes the original file to be deleted if the output
-file was successfully written (ie. the file is moved instead of copied).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="overwrite_original_in_place" class="item"><strong>-overwrite_original_in_place</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Similar to <strong>-overwrite_original</strong> except that an extra step is added to
-allow the original file attributes to be preserved.  For example, on a Mac
-this causes the original file creation date, type, creator, label color,
-icon, Finder tags and hard links to the file to be preserved (but note that
-the Mac OS resource fork is always preserved unless specifically deleted
-with <code>-rsrc:all=</code>).  This is implemented by opening the original file in
-update mode and replacing its data with a copy of a temporary file before
-deleting the temporary.  The extra step results in slower performance, so
-the <strong>-overwrite_original</strong> option should be used instead unless necessary.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="p" class="item"><strong>-P</strong> (<strong>-preserve</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Preserve the filesystem modification date/time of the original file
-(<code>FileModifyDate</code>) when writing.  Note that some filesystems store a
-creation date which is not preserved by this option, with the exception of
-Windows systems where Win32API::File::Time is available.  For other systems,
-the <strong>-overwrite_original_in_place</strong> option may be used if necessary to
-preserve the creation date.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="password_passwd" class="item"><strong>-password</strong> <em>PASSWD</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Specify password to allow processing of password-protected PDF documents.
-If a password is required but not given, a warning is issued and the
-document is not processed.  Ignored if a password is not required.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="progress" class="item"><strong>-progress</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Show file progress count in messages.  The progress count appears in
-brackets after then name of each processed file, and gives the current file
-number and the total number of files to be processed.  Implies the <strong>-v0</strong>
-option, which prints the name of each processed file when writing.  When
-combined with the <strong>-if</strong> option, the total count includes all files before
-the condition is applied, but files that fail the condition will not have
-their names printed.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="q" class="item"><strong>-q</strong> (<strong>-quiet</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Quiet processing.  One <strong>-q</strong> suppresses normal informational messages, and a
-second <strong>-q</strong> suppresses warnings as well.  Error messages can not be
-suppressed, although minor errors may be downgraded to warnings with the
-<strong>-m</strong> option, which may then be suppressed with <code>-q -q</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="r" class="item"><strong>-r</strong> (<strong>-recurse</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Recursively process files in subdirectories.  Only meaningful if <em>FILE</em> is
-a directory name.  By default, exiftool will also follow symbolic links to
-directories if supported by the system, but this may be disabled with
-<code>-i SYMLINKS</code> (see the <strong>-i</strong> option for details).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="scanforxmp" class="item"><strong>-scanForXMP</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Scan all files (even unsupported formats) for XMP information unless found
-already.  When combined with the <strong>-fast</strong> option, only unsupported file
-types are scanned.  Warning: It can be time consuming to scan large files.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="u" class="item"><strong>-u</strong> (<strong>-unknown</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract values of unknown tags.  Add another <strong>-u</strong> to also extract unknown
-information from binary data blocks.  This option applies to tags with
-numerical tag ID's, and causes tag names like &quot;Exif_0xc5d9&quot; to be generated
-for unknown information.  It has no effect on information types which have
-human-readable tag ID's (such as XMP), since unknown tags are extracted
-automatically from these formats.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="u" class="item"><strong>-U</strong> (<strong>-unknown2</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract values of unknown tags as well as unknown information from some
-binary data blocks.  This is the same as two <strong>-u</strong> options.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="mode" class="item"><strong>-wm</strong> <em>MODE</em> (<strong>-writeMode</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set mode for writing/creating tags.  <em>MODE</em> is a string of one or more
-characters from the list below.  Write mode is <code>wcg</code> unless otherwise
-specified.</p>
-<pre>
-    w - Write existing tags
-    c - Create new tags
-    g - create new Groups as necessary</pre>
-<p>The level of the group is the SubDirectory level in the metadata structure.
-For XMP or IPTC this is the full XMP/IPTC block (the family 0 group), but
-for EXIF this is the individual IFD (the family 1 group).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="z" class="item"><strong>-z</strong> (<strong>-zip</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>When reading, causes information to be extracted from .gz and .bz2
-compressed images.  (Only one image per archive.  Requires gzip and bzip2 to
-be installed on the system.)  When writing, causes compressed information to
-be written if supported by the image format.  (eg. The PNG format supports
-compressed text.)  This option also disables the recommended padding in
-embedded XMP, saving 2424 bytes when writing XMP in a file.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<h3><a name="special_features">Special features</a></h3>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="geotag_trkfile" class="item"><strong>-geotag</strong> <em>TRKFILE</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Geotag images from the specified GPS track log file.  Using the <strong>-geotag</strong>
-option is equivalent to writing a value to the <code>Geotag</code> tag.  After the
-<strong>-geotag</strong> option has been specified, the value of the <code>Geotime</code> tag is
-written to define a date/time for the position interpolation.  If <code>Geotime</code>
-is not specified, the value is copied from <code>DateTimeOriginal</code>.  For
-example, the following two commands are equivalent:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -geotag track.log image.jpg
-    exiftool -geotag &quot;-Geotime&lt;DateTimeOriginal&quot; image.jpg</pre>
-<p>When the <code>Geotime</code> value is converted to UTC, the local system timezone is
-assumed unless the date/time value contains a timezone.  Writing <code>Geotime</code>
-causes the following tags to be written (provided they can be calculated
-from the track log, and they are supported by the destination metadata
-format):  GPSLatitude, GPSLatitudeRef, GPSLongitude, GPSLongitudeRef,
-GPSAltitude, GPSAltitudeRef, GPSDateStamp, GPSTimeStamp, GPSDateTime,
-GPSTrack, GPSTrackRef, GPSSpeed, GPSSpeedRef, GPSImgDirection,
-GPSImgDirectionRef, GPSPitch and GPSRoll.  By default, tags are created in
-EXIF, and updated in XMP only if they already exist.  However,
-<code>EXIF:Geotime</code> or <code>XMP:Geotime</code> may be specified to write only EXIF or XMP
-tags respectively.  Note that GPSPitch and GPSRoll are non-standard, and
-require user-defined tags in order to be written.</p>
-<p>The <code>Geosync</code> tag may be used to specify a time correction which is applied
-to each <code>Geotime</code> value for synchronization with GPS time.  For example,
-the following command compensates for image times which are 1 minute and 20
-seconds behind GPS:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -geosync=+1:20 -geotag a.log DIR</pre>
-<p><code>Geosync</code> must be set before <code>Geotime</code> (if specified) to be effective.
-Advanced <code>Geosync</code> features allow a linear time drift correction and
-synchronization from previously geotagged images.  See &quot;geotag.html&quot; in the
-full ExifTool distribution for more information.</p>
-<p>Multiple <strong>-geotag</strong> options may be used to concatinate GPS track log data.
-Also, a single <strong>-geotag</strong> option may be used to load multiple track log
-files by using wildcards in the <em>TRKFILE</em> name, but note that in this case
-<em>TRKFILE</em> must be quoted on most systems (with the notable exception of
-Windows) to prevent filename expansion.  For example:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -geotag &quot;TRACKDIR/*.log&quot; IMAGEDIR</pre>
-<p>Currently supported track file formats are GPX, NMEA RMC/GGA/GLL, KML, IGC,
-Garmin XML and TCX, Magellan PMGNTRK, Honeywell PTNTHPR, and Winplus Beacon
-text files.  See <a href="#geotagging_examples">GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES</a> for examples.  Also see
-&quot;geotag.html&quot; in the full ExifTool distribution and the
-<a href="ExifTool.html#options">Image::ExifTool Options</a> for more details and for
-information about geotag configuration options.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="globaltimeshift_shift" class="item"><strong>-globalTimeShift</strong> <em>SHIFT</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Shift all formatted date/time values by the specified amount when reading.
-Does not apply to unformatted (<strong>-n</strong>) output.  <em>SHIFT</em> takes the same form
-as the date/time shift when writing (see
-<a href="Shift.html">Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl</a> for details), with a
-negative shift being indicated with a minus sign (<code>-</code>) at the start of the
-<em>SHIFT</em> string.  For example:</p>
-<pre>
-    # return all date/times, shifted back by 1 hour
-    exiftool -globalTimeShift -1 -time:all a.jpg</pre>
-<pre>
-    # set the file name from the shifted CreateDate (-1 day) for
-    # all images in a directory
-    exiftool &quot;-filename&lt;createdate&quot; -globaltimeshift &quot;-0:0:1 0:0:0&quot; \
-        -d %Y%m%d-%H%M%S.%%e dir</pre>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="use_module" class="item"><strong>-use</strong> <em>MODULE</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Add features from specified plug-in <em>MODULE</em>.  Currently, the MWG module is
-the only plug-in module distributed with exiftool.  This module adds
-read/write support for tags as recommended by the Metadata Working Group.
-To save typing, <code>-use MWG</code> is assumed if the <code>MWG</code> group is specified for
-any tag on the command line.  See the
-<a href="TagNames/MWG.html">MWG Tags documentation</a> for more
-details.  Note that this option is not reversible, and remains in effect
-until the application terminates, even across the <code>-execute</code> option.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<h3><a name="utilities">Utilities</a></h3>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="restore_original" class="item"><strong>-restore_original</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dt><strong><a name="delete_original" class="item"><strong>-delete_original</strong>[!]</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>These utility options automate the maintenance of the <code>_original</code> files
-created by exiftool.  They have no effect on files without an <code>_original</code>
-copy.  The <strong>-restore_original</strong> option restores the specified files from
-their original copies by renaming the <code>_original</code> files to replace the
-edited versions.  For example, the following command restores the originals
-of all JPG images in directory <a href="#dir"><code>DIR</code></a>:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -restore_original -ext jpg DIR</pre>
-<p>The <strong>-delete_original</strong> option deletes the <code>_original</code> copies of all files
-specified on the command line.  Without a trailing <code>!</code> this option prompts
-for confirmation before continuing.  For example, the following command
-deletes <code>a.jpg_original</code> if it exists, after asking &quot;Are you sure?&quot;:</p>
-<pre>
-    exiftool -delete_original a.jpg</pre>
-<p>These options may not be used with other options to read or write tag values
-in the same command, but may be combined with options such <strong>-ext</strong>, <strong>-if</strong>,
-<strong>-r</strong>, <strong>-q</strong> and <strong>-v</strong>.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<h3><a name="other_options">Other options</a></h3>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="argfile" class="item"><strong>-@</strong> <em>ARGFILE</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Read command-line arguments from the specified file.  The file contains one
-argument per line (NOT one option per line -- some options require
-additional arguments, and all arguments must be placed on separate lines).
-Blank lines and lines beginning with <code>#</code> and are ignored.  Normal shell
-processing of arguments is not performed, which among other things means
-that arguments should not be quoted and spaces are treated as any other
-character.  <em>ARGFILE</em> may exist relative to either the current directory or
-the exiftool directory unless an absolute pathname is given.</p>
-<p>For example, the following <em>ARGFILE</em> will set the value of Copyright to
-&quot;Copyright YYYY, Phil Harvey&quot;, where &quot;YYYY&quot; is the year of CreateDate:</p>
-<pre>
-    -d
-    %Y
-    -copyright&lt;Copyright $createdate, Phil Harvey</pre>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="k" class="item"><strong>-k</strong> (<strong>-pause</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Pause with the message <code>-- press any key --</code> or <code>-- press RETURN --</code>
-(depending on your system) before terminating.  This option is used to
-prevent the command window from closing when run as a Windows drag and drop
-application.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="list_listw_listf_listr_listwf_listg_num_listd_listx" class="item"><strong>-list</strong>, <strong>-listw</strong>, <strong>-listf</strong>, <strong>-listr</strong>, <strong>-listwf</strong>,
-<strong>-listg</strong>[<em>NUM</em>], <strong>-listd</strong>, <strong>-listx</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print a list of all valid tag names (<strong>-list</strong>), all writable tag names
-(<strong>-listw</strong>), all supported file extensions (<strong>-listf</strong>), all recognized file
-extensions (<strong>-listr</strong>), all writable file extensions (<strong>-listwf</strong>), all tag
-groups [in a specified family] (<strong>-listg</strong>[<em>NUM</em>]), all deletable tag groups
-(<strong>-listd</strong>), or an XML database of tag details including language
-translations (<strong>-listx</strong>).  The <strong>-list</strong>, <strong>-listw</strong> and <strong>-listx</strong> options may
-be followed by an additional argument of the form <code>-GROUP:All</code> to list only
-tags in a specific group, where <code>GROUP</code> is one or more family 0-2 group
-names (excepting EXIF IFD groups) separated by colons.  With <strong>-listg</strong>,
-<em>NUM</em> may be given to specify the group family, otherwise family 0 is
-assumed.  The <strong>-l</strong> option may be combined with <strong>-listf</strong>, <strong>-listr</strong> or
-<strong>-listwf</strong> to add file descriptions to the list.  The <strong>-lang</strong> option may be
-combined with <strong>-listx</strong> to output descriptions in a single language.  Here
-are some examples:</p>
-<pre>
-    -list               # list all tag names
-    -list -EXIF:All     # list all EXIF tags
-    -list -xmp:time:all # list all XMP tags relating to time
-    -listw -XMP-dc:All  # list all writable XMP-dc tags
-    -listf              # list all supported file extensions
-    -listr              # list all recognized file extensions
-    -listwf             # list all writable file extensions
-    -listg1             # list all groups in family 1
-    -listd              # list all deletable groups
-    -listx -EXIF:All    # list database of EXIF tags in XML format
-    -listx -XMP:All -s  # list short XML database of XMP tags</pre>
-<p>When combined with <strong>-listx</strong>, the <strong>-s</strong> option shortens the output by
-omitting the descriptions and values (as in the last example above), and
-<strong>-f</strong> adds a 'flags' attribute if applicable.  The flags are formatted as a
-comma-separated list of the following possible values:  Avoid, Binary, List,
-Mandatory, Permanent, Protected, Unknown and Unsafe (see the <a href="TagNames/index.html">Tag Name documentation</a>).  For XMP List tags, the list type
-(Alt, Bag or Seq) is added to the flags, and flattened structure tags are
-indicated by a Flattened flag.</p>
-<p>Note that none of the <strong>-list</strong> options require an input <em>FILE</em>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="ver" class="item"><strong>-ver</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print exiftool version number.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<h3><a name="advanced_options">Advanced options</a></h3>
-<p>Among other things, the advanced options allow complex processing to be
-performed from a single command without the need for additional scripting.
-This may be particularly useful for implementations such as Windows
-drag-and-drop applications.  These options may also be used to improve
-performance in multi-pass processing by reducing the overhead required to
-load exiftool for each invocation.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="api_opt_val" class="item"><strong>-api</strong> <em>OPT[=VAL]</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set ExifTool API option.  <em>OPT</em> is an API option name.  The option value is
-set to 1 if <em>=VAL</em> is omitted, or undef if just <em>VAL</em> is omitted.  An
-option may not be set to an empty string (&quot;&quot;) via the command line, but the
-config file may be used to accomplish this if necessary.  See
-<a href="ExifTool.html#options">Image::ExifTool Options</a> for a list of available
-API options.  This overrides API options set via the config file.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="common_args" class="item"><strong>-common_args</strong></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Specifies that all arguments following this option are common to all
-executed commands when <strong>-execute</strong> is used.  This and the <strong>-config</strong> option
-are the only options that may not be used inside a <strong>-@</strong> <em>ARGFILE</em>.  Note
-that by definition this option and its arguments MUST come after all other
-options on the command line.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="config_cfgfile" class="item"><strong>-config</strong> <em>CFGFILE</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Load specified configuration file instead of the default &quot;.ExifTool_config&quot;.
-If used, this option must come before all other arguments on the command
-line.  The <em>CFGFILE</em> name may contain a directory specification (otherwise
-the file must exist in the current directory), or may be set to an empty
-string (&quot;&quot;) to disable loading of the config file.  See the sample
-configuration file and &quot;config.html&quot; in the full ExifTool distribution for
-more information about the ExifTool configuration file.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="echo_num_text" class="item"><strong>-echo</strong>[<em>NUM</em>] <em>TEXT</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Echo text to stdout (<strong>-echo</strong> or <strong>-echo1</strong>) or stderr (<strong>-echo2</strong>).  Text is
-output as the command line is parsed, before the processing of any input
-files.  <em>NUM</em> may also be 3 or 4 to output text (to stdout or stderr
-respectively) after processing is complete.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="execute_num" class="item"><strong>-execute</strong>[<em>NUM</em>]</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Execute command for all arguments up to this point on the command line (plus
-any arguments specified by <strong>-common_args</strong>).  Allows multiple commands to be
-executed from a single command line.  <em>NUM</em> is an optional number that is
-echoed in the &quot;{ready}&quot; message when using the <strong>-stay_open</strong> feature.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="srcfile_fmt" class="item"><strong>-srcfile</strong> <em>FMT</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Specify a different source file to be processed based on the name of the
-original <em>FILE</em>.  This may be useful in some special situations for
-processing related preview images or sidecar files.  See the <strong>-w</strong> option
-for a description of the <em>FMT</em> syntax.  Note that file name <em>FMT</em> strings
-for all options are based on the original <em>FILE</em> specified from the command
-line, not the name of the source file specified by <strong>-srcfile</strong>.</p>
-<p>If than one <strong>-srcfile</strong> option is specified, the files are tested in order
-and the first existing source file is processed.  If none of the source
-files already exist, then exiftool uses the first <strong>-srcfile</strong> specified.</p>
-<p>A <em>FMT</em> of <code>@</code> may be used to represent the original <em>FILE</em>, which may be
-useful when specifying multiple <strong>-srcfile</strong> options (eg. to fall back to
-processing the original <em>FILE</em> if no sidecar exists).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="stay_open_flag" class="item"><strong>-stay_open</strong> <em>FLAG</em></a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>If <em>FLAG</em> is <code>1</code> or <code>True</code>, causes exiftool keep reading from the <strong>-@</strong>
-<em>ARGFILE</em> even after reaching the end of file.  This feature allows calling
-applications to pre-load exiftool, thus avoiding the overhead of loading
-exiftool for each command.  The procedure is as follows:</p>
-<p>1) Execute <code>exiftool -stay_open True -@ ARGFILE</code>, where <em>ARGFILE</em> is the
-name of an existing (possibly empty) argument file or <code>-</code> to pipe arguments
-from the standard input.</p>
-<p>2) Write exiftool command-line arguments to <em>ARGFILE</em>, one argument per
-line (see the <strong>-@</strong> option for details).</p>
-<p>3) Write <code>-execute\n</code> to <em>ARGFILE</em>, where <a href="#n"><code>\n</code></a> represents a newline
-sequence.  (Note: You may need to flush your write buffers here if using
-buffered output.)  Exiftool will then execute the command with the arguments
-received up to this point, send a &quot;{ready}&quot; message to stdout when done
-(unless the <strong>-q</strong> or <strong>-T</strong> option is used), and continue trying to read
-arguments for the next command from <em>ARGFILE</em>.  To aid in command/response
-synchronization, any number appended to the <code>-execute</code> option is echoed in
-the &quot;{ready}&quot; message.  For example, <code>-execute613</code> results in &quot;{ready613}&quot;.</p>
-<p>4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each command.</p>
-<p>5) Write <code>-stay_open\nFalse\n</code> to <em>ARGFILE</em> when done.  This will cause
-exiftool to process any remaining command-line arguments then exit normally.</p>
-<p>The input <em>ARGFILE</em> may be changed at any time before step 5 above by
-writing the following lines to the currently open <em>ARGFILE</em>:</p>
-<pre>
-    -stay_open
-    True
-    -@
-    NEWARGFILE</pre>
-<p>This causes <em>ARGFILE</em> to be closed, and <em>NEWARGFILE</em> to be kept open.
-(Without the <strong>-stay_open</strong> here, exiftool would have returned to reading
-arguments from <em>ARGFILE</em> after reaching the end of <em>NEWARGFILE</em>.)</p>
-<p>Note:  When writing arguments to a disk file there is a delay of up to 0.01
-seconds after writing <code>-execute\n</code> before exiftool starts processing the
-command.  This delay may be avoided by sending a CONT signal to the exiftool
-process immediately after writing <code>-execute\n</code>.  (There is no associated
-delay when writing arguments via a pipe with <code>-@ -</code>, so the signal is not
-necessary when using this technique.)</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="reading_examples">READING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
-<p><strong>Note</strong>: Beware when cutting and pasting these examples into your terminal!
-Some characters such as single and double quotes and hyphens may have been
-changed into similar-looking yet functionally-different characters by the
-text formatter used to display this documentation.  Also note that Windows
-users must use double quotes instead of single quotes as below around
-arguments containing special characters.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_a_u_g1_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -a -u -g1 a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print all meta information in an image, including duplicate and unknown
-tags, sorted by group (for family 1).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_common_dir" class="item">exiftool -common dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print common meta information for all images in <code>dir</code>.  <code>-common</code> is a
-<a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/Image-ExifTool/lib/Image/ExifTool/Shortcuts.pm">shortcut tag</a> representing common EXIF meta
-information.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_t_createdate_aperture_shutterspeed_iso_dir_out_txt" class="item">exiftool -T -createdate -aperture -shutterspeed -iso dir &gt; out.txt</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>List specified meta information in tab-delimited column form for all images
-in <code>dir</code> to an output text file named &quot;out.txt&quot;.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_s_imagesize_exposuretime_b_jpg" class="item">exiftool -s -ImageSize -ExposureTime b.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print ImageSize and ExposureTime tag names and values.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_l_canon_c_jpg_d_jpg" class="item">exiftool -l -canon c.jpg d.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print standard Canon information from two image files.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_r_w_txt_common_pictures" class="item">exiftool -r -w .txt -common pictures</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Recursively extract common meta information from files in <code>pictures</code>
-directory, writing text output to <code>.txt</code> files with the same names.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_b_thumbnailimage_image_jpg_thumbnail_jpg" class="item">exiftool -b -ThumbnailImage image.jpg &gt; thumbnail.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Save thumbnail image from <code>image.jpg</code> to a file called <code>thumbnail.jpg</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_b_jpgfromraw_w_jfr_jpg_ext_nef_r" class="item">exiftool -b -JpgFromRaw -w _JFR.JPG -ext NEF -r .</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Recursively extract JPG image from all Nikon NEF files in the current
-directory, adding <code>_JFR.JPG</code> for the name of the output JPG files.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_d_r_a_b_e_y_datetimeoriginal_s_s_ext_jpg" class="item">exiftool -d '%r %a, %B %e, %Y' -DateTimeOriginal -S -s -ext jpg .</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print formatted date/time for all JPG files in the current directory.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_ifd1_xresolution_ifd1_yresolution_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool -IFD1:XResolution -IFD1:YResolution image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract image resolution from EXIF IFD1 information (thumbnail image IFD).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_resolution_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-*resolution*' image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract all tags with names containing the word &quot;Resolution&quot; from an image.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_author_all_a_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool -xmp:author:all -a image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract all author-related XMP information from an image.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_b_a_jpg_out_xmp" class="item">exiftool -xmp -b a.jpg &gt; out.xmp</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract complete XMP data record intact from <code>a.jpg</code> and write it to
-<code>out.xmp</code> using the special <code>XMP</code> tag (see the Extra tags in
-<a href="TagNames/index.html">Image::ExifTool::TagNames</a>).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_p_filename_has_date_datetimeoriginal_q_f_dir" class="item">exiftool -p '$filename has date $dateTimeOriginal' -q -f dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Print one line of output containing the file name and DateTimeOriginal for
-each image in directory <code>dir</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_ee_p_gpslatitude_gpslongitude_gpstimestamp_a_m2ts" class="item">exiftool -ee -p '$gpslatitude, $gpslongitude, $gpstimestamp' a.m2ts</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract all GPS positions from an AVCHD video.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_icc_profile_b_w_icc_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool -icc_profile -b -w icc image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Save complete ICC_Profile from an image to an output file with the same name
-and an extension of <code>.icc</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_htmldump_w_tmp_f_e_html_t_images" class="item">exiftool -htmldump -w tmp/%f_%e.html t/images</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Generate HTML pages from a hex dump of EXIF information in all images from
-the <code>t/images</code> directory.  The output HTML files are written to the <code>tmp</code>
-directory (which is created if it didn't exist), with names of the form
-'FILENAME_EXT.html'.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_a_b_ee_embeddedimage_w_image_3g3_s_file_pdf" class="item">exiftool -a -b -ee -embeddedimage -W Image_%.3g3.%s file.pdf</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract embedded JPG and JP2 images from a PDF file.  The output images will
-have file names like &quot;Image_#.jpg&quot; or &quot;Image_#.jp2&quot;, where &quot;#&quot; is the
-ExifTool family 3 embedded document number for the image.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="writing_examples">WRITING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
-<p>Note that quotes are necessary around arguments which contain certain
-special characters such as <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;</code> or any white space.  These
-quoting techniques are shell dependent, but the examples below will work for
-most Unix shells.  With the Windows cmd shell however, double quotes should
-be used (eg. -Comment=&#34;This is a new comment&#34;).</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_comment_this_is_a_new_comment_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -Comment='This is a new comment' dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Write new comment to a JPG image (replaces any existing comment).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_comment_o_newdir_ext_jpg" class="item">exiftool -comment= -o newdir -ext jpg .</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Remove comment from all JPG images in the current directory, writing the
-modified images to a new directory.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_keywords_exif_keywords_editor_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -keywords=EXIF -keywords=editor dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Replace existing keyword list with two new keywords (<code>EXIF</code> and <code>editor</code>).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_keywords_word_o_newfile_jpg_src_jpg" class="item">exiftool -Keywords+=word -o newfile.jpg src.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy a source image to a new file, and add a keyword (<code>word</code>) to the
-current list of keywords.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_exposurecompensation_0_5_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -exposurecompensation+=-0.5 a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Decrement the value of ExposureCompensation by 0.5 EV.  Note that += with a
-negative value is used for decrementing because the -= operator is used for
-conditional deletion (see next example).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_credit_xxx_dir" class="item">exiftool -credit-=xxx dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Delete Credit information from all files in a directory where the Credit
-value was (<code>xxx</code>).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_description_de_k_uuml_hl_e_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -xmp:description-de='k&amp;uuml;hl' -E dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Write alternate language for XMP:Description, using HTML character escaping
-to input special characters.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -all= dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Delete all meta information from an image.  Note: You should NOT do this to
-RAW images (except DNG) since proprietary RAW image formats often contain
-information in the makernotes that is necessary for converting the image.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_all_comment_lonely_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -all= -comment='lonely' dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Delete all meta information from an image and add a comment back in.  (Note
-that the order is important: <code>-comment='lonely' -all=</code> would also delete
-the new comment.)</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_all_jfif_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -all= --jfif:all dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Delete all meta information except JFIF group from an image.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_photoshop_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -Photoshop:All= dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Delete Photoshop meta information from an image (note that the Photoshop
-information also includes IPTC).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_r_xmp_crss_all_dir" class="item">exiftool -r -XMP-crss:all= DIR</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Recursively delete all XMP-crss information from images in a directory.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_thumbnailimage_thumb_jpg_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-ThumbnailImage&lt;=thumb.jpg' dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set the thumbnail image from specified file (Note: The quotes are necessary
-to prevent shell redirection).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_jpgfromraw_d_f_jfr_jpg_ext_nef_r" class="item">exiftool '-JpgFromRaw&lt;=%d%f_JFR.JPG' -ext NEF -r .</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Recursively write JPEG images with filenames ending in <code>_JFR.JPG</code> to the
-JpgFromRaw tag of like-named files with extension <code>.NEF</code> in the current
-directory.  (This is the inverse of the <code>-JpgFromRaw</code> command of the
-<a href="#reading_examples">READING EXAMPLES</a> section above.)</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_datetimeoriginal_0_0_0_1_30_0_dir" class="item">exiftool -DateTimeOriginal-='0:0:0 1:30:0' dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Adjust original date/time of all images in directory <code>dir</code> by subtracting
-one hour and 30 minutes.  (This is equivalent to <code>-DateTimeOriginal-=1.5</code>.
-See <a href="Shift.html">Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl</a> for details.)</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_createdate_3_modifydate_3_a_jpg_b_jpg" class="item">exiftool -createdate+=3 -modifydate+=3 a.jpg b.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Add 3 hours to the CreateDate and ModifyDate timestamps of two images.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_alldates_1_30_if_make_eq_canon_dir" class="item">exiftool -AllDates+=1:30 -if '$make eq &#34;Canon&#34;' dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Shift the values of DateTimeOriginal, CreateDate and ModifyDate forward by 1
-hour and 30 minutes for all Canon images in a directory.  (The AllDates tag
-is provided as a shortcut for these three tags, allowing them to be accessed
-via a single tag.)</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_city_kingston_image1_jpg_image2_nef" class="item">exiftool -xmp:city=Kingston image1.jpg image2.nef</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Write a tag to the XMP group of two images.  (Without the <code>xmp:</code> this tag
-would get written to the IPTC group since <code>City</code> exists in both, and IPTC
-is preferred by default.)</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="unknown" class="item">exiftool -LightSource-='Unknown (0)' dst.tiff</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Delete <code>LightSource</code> tag only if it is unknown with a value of 0.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_whitebalance_auto_whitebalance_tung_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -whitebalance-=auto -WhiteBalance=tung dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set <code>WhiteBalance</code> to <code>Tungsten</code> only if it was previously <code>Auto</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_comment_comment_new_comment_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -comment-= -comment='new comment' a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Write a new comment only if the image doesn't have one already.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_o_d_f_xmp_dir" class="item">exiftool -o %d%f.xmp dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Create XMP meta information data files for all images in <code>dir</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_o_test_xmp_owner_phil_title_xmp_file" class="item">exiftool -o test.xmp -owner=Phil -title='XMP File'</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Create an XMP data file only from tags defined on the command line.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_icc_profile_d_f_icc_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-ICC_Profile&lt;=%d%f.icc' image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Write ICC_Profile to an image from a <code>.icc</code> file of the same name.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_hierarchicalkeywords_keyword_one_children_keyword_b" class="item">exiftool -hierarchicalkeywords='{keyword=one,children={keyword=B}}'</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Write structured XMP information.  See
-<a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html</a> for more details.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_trailer_all_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool -trailer:all= image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Delete any trailer found after the end of image (EOI) in a JPEG file.  A
-number of digital cameras store a large PreviewImage after the JPEG EOI, and
-the file size may be reduced significantly by deleting this trailer.  See
-the <a href="TagNames/JPEG.html">JPEG Tags documentation</a> for a
-list of recognized JPEG trailers.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="copying_examples">COPYING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
-<p>These examples demonstrate the ability to copy tag values between files.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_cr2_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -tagsFromFile src.cr2 dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy the values of all writable tags from <code>src.cr2</code> to <code>dst.jpg</code>, writing
-the information to same-named tags in the preferred groups.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_all_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy the values of all writable tags from <code>src.jpg</code> to <code>dst.jpg</code>,
-preserving the original tag groups.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_all_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_exif_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -all= -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Erase all meta information from <code>dst.jpg</code> image, then copy EXIF tags from
-<code>src.jpg</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_exif_all_tagsfromfile_all_all_unsafe_bad_jpg" class="item">exiftool -exif:all= -tagsfromfile @ -all:all -unsafe bad.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Rebuild all EXIF meta information from scratch in an image.  This technique
-can be used in JPEG images to repair corrupted EXIF information which
-otherwise could not be written due to errors.  The <code>Unsafe</code> tag is a
-shortcut for unsafe EXIF tags in JPEG images which are not normally copied.
-See the <a href="TagNames/index.html">tag name documentation</a> for more details
-about unsafe tags.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_a_jpg_out_xmp" class="item">exiftool -Tagsfromfile a.jpg out.xmp</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy meta information from <code>a.jpg</code> to an XMP data file.  If the XMP data
-file <code>out.xmp</code> already exists, it will be updated with the new information.
-Otherwise the XMP data file will be created.  Only XMP, ICC and MIE files
-may be created like this (other file types may be edited but not created).
-See <a href="#writing_examples">WRITING EXAMPLES</a> above for another technique to generate XMP files.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_a_jpg_xmp_all_thumbnailimage_m_b_jpg" class="item">exiftool -tagsFromFile a.jpg -XMP:All= -ThumbnailImage= -m b.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy all meta information from <code>a.jpg</code> to <code>b.jpg</code>, deleting all XMP
-information and the thumbnail image from the destination.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_title_author_phil_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -title -author=Phil dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy title from one image to another and set a new author name.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_a_jpg_iso_tagsfromfile_b_jpg_comment_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile a.jpg -ISO -TagsFromFile b.jpg -comment
-dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy ISO from one image and Comment from another image to a destination
-image.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_exif_all_subifd_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all --subifd:all dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy only the EXIF information from one image to another, excluding SubIFD
-tags.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filemodifydate_datetimeoriginal_dir" class="item">exiftool '-FileModifyDate&lt;DateTimeOriginal' dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Use the original date from the meta information to set the same file's
-filesystem modification date for all images in a directory.  (Note that
-<code>-TagsFromFile @</code> is assumed if no other <strong>-TagsFromFile</strong> is specified when
-redirecting information as in this example.)</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_xmp_all_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg '-xmp:all&lt;all' dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy all possible information from <code>src.jpg</code> and write in XMP format to
-<code>dst.jpg</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_iptc2xmp_args_iptc_all_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -@ iptc2xmp.args -iptc:all= a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Translate IPTC information to XMP with appropriate tag name conversions, and
-delete the original IPTC information from an image.  This example uses
-iptc2xmp.args, which is a file included with the ExifTool distribution that
-contains the required arguments to convert IPTC information to XMP format.
-Also included with the distribution are xmp2iptc.args (which performs the
-inverse conversion) and a few more .args files for other conversions between
-EXIF, IPTC and XMP.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_d_f_cr2_r_ext_jpg_dir" class="item">exiftool -tagsfromfile %d%f.CR2 -r -ext JPG dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Recursively rewrite all <code>JPG</code> images in <code>dir</code> with information copied from
-the corresponding <code>CR2</code> images in the same directories.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_keywords_make_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-keywords+&lt;make' image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Add camera make to list of keywords.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_comment_iso_exif_iso_exposure_shutterspeed_dir" class="item">exiftool '-comment&lt;ISO=$exif:iso Exposure=${shutterspeed}' dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set the Comment tag of all images in <code>dir</code> from the values of the EXIF:ISO
-and ShutterSpeed tags.  The resulting comment will be in the form &quot;ISO=100
-Exposure=1/60&quot;.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_icc_profile_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -icc_profile dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy ICC_Profile from one image to another.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_all_all_dst_mie" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.mie</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Copy all meta information in its original form from a JPEG image to a MIE
-file.  The MIE file will be created if it doesn't exist.  This technique can
-be used to store the metadata of an image so it can be inserted back into
-the image (with the inverse command) later in a workflow.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_o_dst_mie_all_all_src_jpg" class="item">exiftool -o dst.mie -all:all src.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>This command performs exactly the same task as the command above, except
-that the <strong>-o</strong> option will not write to an output file that already exists.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_if_jpgfromraw_b_jpgfromraw_w_d_f_ue_jpg_execute_if_previewimage_b_previewimage_w_d_f_ue_jpg_execute_tagsfromfile_srcfile_d_f_ue_jpg_overwrite_original_common_args_ext_jpg_dir" class="item">exiftool -if '$jpgfromraw' -b -jpgfromraw -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute
--if '$previewimage' -b -previewimage -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute
--tagsfromfile @ -srcfile %d%f_%ue.jpg -overwrite_original
--common_args --ext jpg DIR</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>[Advanced] Extract JpgFromRaw or PreviewImage from all but JPG files in DIR,
-saving them with file names like <code>image_EXT.jpg</code>, then add all meta
-information from the original files to the extracted images.  Here, the
-command line is broken into three sections (separated by <strong>-execute</strong>
-options), and each is executed as if it were a separate command.  The
-<strong>-common_args</strong> option causes the <code>--ext jpg DIR</code> arguments to be applied
-to all three commands, and the <strong>-srcfile</strong> option allows the extracted JPG
-image to be the source file for the third command (whereas the RAW files are
-the source files for the other two commands).</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="renaming_examples">RENAMING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
-<p>By writing the <code>FileName</code> and <code>Directory</code> tags, files are renamed and/or
-moved to new directories.  This can be particularly useful and powerful for
-organizing files by date when combined with the <strong>-d</strong> option.  New
-directories are created as necessary, but existing files will not be
-overwritten.  The format codes %d, %f and %e may be used in the new file
-name to represent the directory, name and extension of the original file,
-and %c may be used to add a copy number if the file already exists (see the
-<strong>-w</strong> option for details).  Note that if used within a date format string,
-an extra '%' must be added to pass these codes through the date/time parser.
-(And further note that in a Windows batch file, all '%' characters must also
-be escaped, so in this extreme case '%%%%f' is necessary to pass a simple
-'%f' through the two levels of parsing.)  See
-<a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/filename.html">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/filename.html</a> for additional
-documentation and examples.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filename_new_jpg_dir_old_jpg" class="item">exiftool -filename=new.jpg dir/old.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Rename <code>old.jpg</code> to <code>new.jpg</code> in directory <code>dir</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_directory_e_dir" class="item">exiftool -directory=%e dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Move all files from directory <code>dir</code> into directories named by the original
-file extensions.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_directory_datetimeoriginal_d_y_m_d_dir" class="item">exiftool '-Directory&lt;DateTimeOriginal' -d %Y/%m/%d dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Move all files in <code>dir</code> into a directory hierarchy based on year, month and
-day of <code>DateTimeOriginal</code>.  eg) This command would move the file
-<code>dir/image.jpg</code> with a <code>DateTimeOriginal</code> of <code>2005:10:12 16:05:56</code> to
-<code>2005/10/12/image.jpg</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_o_directory_datetimeoriginal_d_y_m_d_dir" class="item">exiftool -o . '-Directory&lt;DateTimeOriginal' -d %Y/%m/%d dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Same effect as above except files are copied instead of moved.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filename_f_model_e_dir" class="item">exiftool '-filename&lt;%f_${model;}.%e' dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Rename all files in <code>dir</code> by adding the camera model name to the file name.
-The semicolon after the tag name inside the braces causes characters which
-are invalid in Windows file names to be deleted from the tag value (see the
-<strong>-p</strong> option documentation for an explanation).</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filename_createdate_d_y_m_d_h_m_s_c_e_dir" class="item">exiftool '-FileName&lt;CreateDate' -d %Y%m%d_%H%M%S%%-c.%%e dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Rename all images in <code>dir</code> according to the <code>CreateDate</code> date and time,
-adding a copy number with leading '-' if the file already exists (<code>%-c</code>),
-and preserving the original file extension (<code>%e</code>).  Note the extra '%'
-necessary to escape the filename codes (<code>%c</code> and <code>%e</code>) in the date format
-string.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_r_filename_createdate_d_y_m_d_h_m_f_e_dir" class="item">exiftool -r '-FileName&lt;CreateDate' -d %Y-%m-%d/%H%M_%%f.%%e dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Both the directory and the filename may be changed together via the
-<code>FileName</code> tag if the new <code>FileName</code> contains a '/'.  The example above
-recursively renames all images in a directory by adding a <code>CreateDate</code>
-timestamp to the start of the filename, then moves them into new directories
-named by date.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filename_createdate_filenumber_jpg_d_y_m_d_ext_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-FileName&lt;${CreateDate}_$filenumber.jpg' -d %Y%m%d -ext jpg .</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Set the filename of all JPG images in the current directory from the
-CreateDate and FileNumber tags, in the form &quot;20060507_118-1861.jpg&quot;.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="geotagging_examples">GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
-<p>ExifTool implements geotagging via 3 special tags: Geotag (which for
-convenience is also implemented as an exiftool option), Geosync and Geotime.
-The examples below highlight some geotagging features.  See
-<a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/geotag.html">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/geotag.html</a> for additional
-documentation.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_track_log_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -geotag track.log a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Geotag an image (<code>a.jpg</code>) from position information in a GPS track log
-(<code>track.log</code>).  Since the <code>Geotime</code> tag is not specified, the value of
-DateTimeOriginal is used for geotagging.  Local system time is assumed
-unless DateTimeOriginal contains a timezone.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_t_log_geotime_2009_04_02_13_41_12_05_00_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -geotag t.log -geotime='2009:04:02 13:41:12-05:00' a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Geotag an image with the GPS position for a specific time.  (Note that the
-<code>Geotag</code> tag must be assigned before <code>Geotime</code> for the GPS data to be
-available when <code>Geotime</code> is set.)</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_log_gpx_xmp_geotime_createdate_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag log.gpx '-xmp:geotime&lt;createdate' dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Geotag all images in directory <code>dir</code> with XMP tags instead of EXIF tags,
-based on the image CreateDate.  (In this case, the order of the arguments
-doesn't matter because tags with values copied from other tags are always
-set after constant values.)</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_log_geosync_20_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=-20 dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Geotag images in directory <code>dir</code>, accounting for image timestamps which
-were 20 seconds ahead of GPS.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_log_geosync_1_jpg_geosync_2_jpg_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=1.jpg -geosync=2.jpg dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Geotag images using time synchronization from two previously geotagged images
-(1.jpg and 2.jpg), synchronizing the image and GPS times using a linear time
-drift correction.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_log_geotime_createdate_01_00_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag a.log '-geotime&lt;${createdate}+01:00' dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Geotag images in <code>dir</code> using CreateDate with the specified timezone.  If
-CreateDate already contained a timezone, then the timezone specified on the
-command line is ignored.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -geotag= a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Delete GPS tags which may have been added by the geotag feature.  Note that
-this does not remove all GPS tags -- to do this instead use <code>-gps:all=</code>.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_geotag_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -xmp:geotag= a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Delete XMP GPS tags which were added by the geotag feature.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_geotag_track_log_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -xmp:geotag=track.log a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Geotag an image with XMP tags, using the time from DateTimeOriginal.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_log_geotag_b_log_r_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag a.log -geotag b.log -r dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Combine multiple track logs and geotag an entire directory tree of images.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_tracks_log_r_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag 'tracks/*.log' -r dir</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Read all track logs from the <code>tracks</code> directory.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_p_gpx_fmt_d_y_m_dt_h_m_sz_dir_out_gpx" class="item">exiftool -p gpx.fmt -d %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ dir &gt; out.gpx</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Generate a GPX track log from all images in directory <code>dir</code>.  This example
-uses the <code>gpx.fmt</code> file included in the full ExifTool distribution package
-and assumes that the images in <code>dir</code> have all been previously geotagged.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="piping_examples">PIPING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong><a name="cat_a_jpg_exiftool" class="item">cat a.jpg | exiftool -</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract information from stdin.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_image_jpg_thumbnailimage_b_exiftool" class="item">exiftool image.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract information from an embedded thumbnail image.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="cat_a_jpg_exiftool_iptc_keywords_fantastic_b_jpg" class="item">cat a.jpg | exiftool -iptc:keywords+=fantastic - &gt; b.jpg</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Add an IPTC keyword in a pipeline, saving output to a new file.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="curl_s_http_a_domain_com_bigfile_jpg_exiftool_fast" class="item">curl -s <a href="http://a.domain.com/bigfile.jpg">http://a.domain.com/bigfile.jpg</a> | exiftool -fast -</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Extract information from an image over the internet using the cURL utility.
-The <strong>-fast</strong> option prevents exiftool from scanning for trailer information,
-so only the meta information header is transferred.</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_a_jpg_thumbnailimage_b_exiftool_comment_wow_exiftool_a_jpg_thumbnailimage" class="item">exiftool a.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -comment=wow - |
-exiftool a.jpg -thumbnailimage'&lt;=-'</a></strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Add a comment to an embedded thumbnail image.  (Why anyone would want to do
-this I don't know, but I've included this as an example to illustrate the
-flexibility of ExifTool.)</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="diagnostics">DIAGNOSTICS</a></h1>
-<p>The exiftool application exits with a status of 0 on success, or 1 if an
-error occured or if all files failed the <strong>-if</strong> condition (for any of the
-commands if <strong>-execute</strong> was used).</p>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="author">AUTHOR</a></h1>
-<p>Copyright 2003-2014, Phil Harvey</p>
-<p>This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
-same terms as Perl itself.</p>
-<p>
-</p>
-<hr />
-<h1><a name="see_also">SEE ALSO</a></h1>
-<p><a href="ExifTool.html">Image::ExifTool(3pm)</a>,
-<a href="TagNames/index.html">Image::ExifTool::TagNames(3pm)</a>,
-<a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/Image-ExifTool/lib/Image/ExifTool/Shortcuts.pm">Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts(3pm)</a>,
-<a href="Shift.html">Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl</a></p>
-<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3">
-<tr><td class="block" style="background-color: #cccccc" valign="middle">
-<big><strong><span class="block">&nbsp;exiftool Application Documentation</span></strong></big>
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-</body>
-</html>