exiftool_vendored 9.78.0 → 9.99.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-9.78/lib/Image/ExifTool/Exif.pm

@@ -1,4652 +0,0 @@
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# File:         Exif.pm
-#
-# Description:  Read EXIF/TIFF meta information
-#
-# Revisions:    11/25/2003 - P. Harvey Created
-#               02/06/2004 - P. Harvey Moved processing functions from ExifTool
-#               03/19/2004 - P. Harvey Check PreviewImage for validity
-#               11/11/2004 - P. Harvey Split off maker notes into MakerNotes.pm
-#               12/13/2004 - P. Harvey Added AUTOLOAD to load write routines
-#
-# References:   0) http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF
-#               1) http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/pdfs/tn/TIFF6.pdf
-#               2) http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/pdfs/dng_spec_1_3_0_0.pdf
-#               3) http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html
-#               4) http://www.remotesensing.org/libtiff/TIFFTechNote2.html
-#               5) http://www.exif.org/dcf.PDF
-#               6) http://park2.wakwak.com/~tsuruzoh/Computer/Digicams/exif-e.html
-#               7) http://www.fine-view.com/jp/lab/doc/ps6ffspecsv2.pdf
-#               8) http://www.ozhiker.com/electronics/pjmt/jpeg_info/meta.html
-#               9) http://hul.harvard.edu/jhove/tiff-tags.html
-#              10) http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf
-#              11) Robert Mucke private communication
-#              12) http://www.broomscloset.com/closet/photo/exif/TAG2000-22_DIS12234-2.PDF
-#              13) http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/xps/wmphoto.mspx
-#              14) http://www.asmail.be/msg0054681802.html
-#              15) http://crousseau.free.fr/imgfmt_raw.htm
-#              16) http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/
-#              17) http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/content/tiff_tags.shtml
-#              18) http://www.asmail.be/msg0055568584.html
-#              19) http://libpsd.graphest.com/files/Photoshop%20File%20Formats.pdf
-#              20) http://tiki-lounge.com/~raf/tiff/fields.html
-#              21) http://community.roxen.com/developers/idocs/rfc/rfc3949.html
-#              22) http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-fax-tiff-fx-extension1-01
-#              23) MetaMorph Stack (STK) Image File Format:
-#                  --> ftp://ftp.meta.moleculardevices.com/support/stack/STK.doc
-#              24) http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-2012_E.pdf (Exif 2.3)
-#              25) Vesa Kivisto private communication (7D)
-#              26) Jeremy Brown private communication
-#              27) Gregg Lee private communication
-#              28) http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/cinemadng/pdfs/CinemaDNG_Format_Specification_v1_1.pdf
-#              29) http://www.libtiff.org
-#              JD) Jens Duttke private communication
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-package Image::ExifTool::Exif;
-
-use strict;
-use vars qw($VERSION $AUTOLOAD @formatSize @formatName %formatNumber %intFormat
-            %lightSource %flash %compression %photometricInterpretation %orientation
-            %subfileType);
-use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);
-use Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes;
-
-$VERSION = '3.68';
-
-sub ProcessExif($$$);
-sub WriteExif($$$);
-sub CheckExif($$$);
-sub RebuildMakerNotes($$$);
-sub EncodeExifText($$);
-sub ValidateIFD($;$);
-sub ProcessTiffIFD($$$);
-sub PrintParameter($$$);
-sub GetOffList($$$$$);
-sub PrintLensInfo($);
-sub ConvertLensInfo($);
-
-# size limit for loading binary data block into memory
-sub BINARY_DATA_LIMIT { return 10 * 1024 * 1024; }
-
-# byte sizes for the various EXIF format types below
-@formatSize = (undef,1,1,2,4,8,1,1,2,4,8,4,8,4,2,8,8,8,8);
-
-@formatName = (
-     undef,    'int8u',      'string',     'int16u',
-    'int32u',  'rational64u','int8s',      'undef',
-    'int16s',  'int32s',     'rational64s','float',
-    'double',  'ifd',        'unicode',    'complex',
-    'int64u',  'int64s',     'ifd64', # (new BigTIFF formats)
-);
-
-# hash to look up EXIF format numbers by name
-# (format types are all lower case)
-%formatNumber = (
-    'int8u'       => 1,  # BYTE
-    'string'      => 2,  # ASCII
-    'int16u'      => 3,  # SHORT
-    'int32u'      => 4,  # LONG
-    'rational64u' => 5,  # RATIONAL
-    'int8s'       => 6,  # SBYTE
-    'undef'       => 7,  # UNDEFINED
-    'binary'      => 7,  # (same as undef)
-    'int16s'      => 8,  # SSHORT
-    'int32s'      => 9,  # SLONG
-    'rational64s' => 10, # SRATIONAL
-    'float'       => 11, # FLOAT
-    'double'      => 12, # DOUBLE
-    'ifd'         => 13, # IFD (with int32u format)
-    'unicode'     => 14, # UNICODE [see Note below]
-    'complex'     => 15, # COMPLEX [see Note below]
-    'int64u'      => 16, # LONG8 [BigTIFF]
-    'int64s'      => 17, # SLONG8 [BigTIFF]
-    'ifd64'       => 18, # IFD8 (with int64u format) [BigTIFF]
-    # Note: unicode and complex types are not yet properly supported by ExifTool.
-    # These are types which have been observed in the Adobe DNG SDK code, but
-    # aren't fully supported there either.  We know the sizes, but that's about it.
-    # We don't know if the unicode is null terminated, or the format for complex
-    # (although I suspect it would be two 4-byte floats, real and imaginary).
-);
-
-# lookup for integer format strings
-%intFormat = (
-    'int8u'  => 1,
-    'int16u' => 3,
-    'int32u' => 4,
-    'int8s'  => 6,
-    'int16s' => 8,
-    'int32s' => 9,
-    'ifd'    => 13,
-    'int64u' => 16,
-    'int64s' => 17,
-    'ifd64'  => 18,
-);
-
-# EXIF LightSource PrintConv values
-%lightSource = (
-    0 => 'Unknown',
-    1 => 'Daylight',
-    2 => 'Fluorescent',
-    3 => 'Tungsten (Incandescent)',
-    4 => 'Flash',
-    9 => 'Fine Weather',
-    10 => 'Cloudy',
-    11 => 'Shade',
-    12 => 'Daylight Fluorescent',   # (D 5700 - 7100K)
-    13 => 'Day White Fluorescent',  # (N 4600 - 5500K)
-    14 => 'Cool White Fluorescent', # (W 3800 - 4500K)
-    15 => 'White Fluorescent',      # (WW 3250 - 3800K)
-    16 => 'Warm White Fluorescent', # (L 2600 - 3250K)
-    17 => 'Standard Light A',
-    18 => 'Standard Light B',
-    19 => 'Standard Light C',
-    20 => 'D55',
-    21 => 'D65',
-    22 => 'D75',
-    23 => 'D50',
-    24 => 'ISO Studio Tungsten',
-    255 => 'Other',
-);
-
-# EXIF Flash values
-%flash = (
-    OTHER => sub {
-        # translate "Off" and "On" when writing
-        my ($val, $inv) = @_;
-        return undef unless $inv and $val =~ /^(off|on)$/i;
-        return lc $val eq 'off' ? 0x00 : 0x01;
-    },
-    0x00 => 'No Flash',
-    0x01 => 'Fired',
-    0x05 => 'Fired, Return not detected',
-    0x07 => 'Fired, Return detected',
-    0x08 => 'On, Did not fire', # not charged up?
-    0x09 => 'On, Fired',
-    0x0d => 'On, Return not detected',
-    0x0f => 'On, Return detected',
-    0x10 => 'Off, Did not fire',
-    0x14 => 'Off, Did not fire, Return not detected',
-    0x18 => 'Auto, Did not fire',
-    0x19 => 'Auto, Fired',
-    0x1d => 'Auto, Fired, Return not detected',
-    0x1f => 'Auto, Fired, Return detected',
-    0x20 => 'No flash function',
-    0x30 => 'Off, No flash function',
-    0x41 => 'Fired, Red-eye reduction',
-    0x45 => 'Fired, Red-eye reduction, Return not detected',
-    0x47 => 'Fired, Red-eye reduction, Return detected',
-    0x49 => 'On, Red-eye reduction',
-    0x4d => 'On, Red-eye reduction, Return not detected',
-    0x4f => 'On, Red-eye reduction, Return detected',
-    0x50 => 'Off, Red-eye reduction',
-    0x58 => 'Auto, Did not fire, Red-eye reduction',
-    0x59 => 'Auto, Fired, Red-eye reduction',
-    0x5d => 'Auto, Fired, Red-eye reduction, Return not detected',
-    0x5f => 'Auto, Fired, Red-eye reduction, Return detected',
-);
-
-# TIFF Compression values
-# (values with format "Xxxxx XXX Compressed" are used to identify RAW file types)
-%compression = (
-    1 => 'Uncompressed',
-    2 => 'CCITT 1D',
-    3 => 'T4/Group 3 Fax',
-    4 => 'T6/Group 4 Fax',
-    5 => 'LZW',
-    6 => 'JPEG (old-style)', #3
-    7 => 'JPEG', #4
-    8 => 'Adobe Deflate', #3
-    9 => 'JBIG B&W', #3
-    10 => 'JBIG Color', #3
-    99 => 'JPEG', #16
-    262 => 'Kodak 262', #16
-    32766 => 'Next', #3
-    32767 => 'Sony ARW Compressed', #16
-    32769 => 'Packed RAW', #PH (used by Epson, Nikon, Samsung)
-    32770 => 'Samsung SRW Compressed', #PH
-    32771 => 'CCIRLEW', #3
-    32772 => 'Samsung SRW Compressed 2', #PH (NX3000,NXmini)
-    32773 => 'PackBits',
-    32809 => 'Thunderscan', #3
-    32867 => 'Kodak KDC Compressed', #PH
-    32895 => 'IT8CTPAD', #3
-    32896 => 'IT8LW', #3
-    32897 => 'IT8MP', #3
-    32898 => 'IT8BL', #3
-    32908 => 'PixarFilm', #3
-    32909 => 'PixarLog', #3
-    32946 => 'Deflate', #3
-    32947 => 'DCS', #3
-    34661 => 'JBIG', #3
-    34676 => 'SGILog', #3
-    34677 => 'SGILog24', #3
-    34712 => 'JPEG 2000', #3
-    34713 => 'Nikon NEF Compressed', #PH
-    34715 => 'JBIG2 TIFF FX', #20
-    34718 => 'Microsoft Document Imaging (MDI) Binary Level Codec', #18
-    34719 => 'Microsoft Document Imaging (MDI) Progressive Transform Codec', #18
-    34720 => 'Microsoft Document Imaging (MDI) Vector', #18
-    34892 => 'Lossy JPEG', # (DNG 1.4)
-    65000 => 'Kodak DCR Compressed', #PH
-    65535 => 'Pentax PEF Compressed', #Jens
-);
-
-%photometricInterpretation = (
-    0 => 'WhiteIsZero',
-    1 => 'BlackIsZero',
-    2 => 'RGB',
-    3 => 'RGB Palette',
-    4 => 'Transparency Mask',
-    5 => 'CMYK',
-    6 => 'YCbCr',
-    8 => 'CIELab',
-    9 => 'ICCLab', #3
-    10 => 'ITULab', #3
-    32803 => 'Color Filter Array', #2
-    32844 => 'Pixar LogL', #3
-    32845 => 'Pixar LogLuv', #3
-    34892 => 'Linear Raw', #2
-);
-
-%orientation = (
-    1 => 'Horizontal (normal)',
-    2 => 'Mirror horizontal',
-    3 => 'Rotate 180',
-    4 => 'Mirror vertical',
-    5 => 'Mirror horizontal and rotate 270 CW',
-    6 => 'Rotate 90 CW',
-    7 => 'Mirror horizontal and rotate 90 CW',
-    8 => 'Rotate 270 CW',
-);
-
-%subfileType = (
-    0 => 'Full-resolution Image',
-    1 => 'Reduced-resolution image',
-    2 => 'Single page of multi-page image',
-    3 => 'Single page of multi-page reduced-resolution image',
-    4 => 'Transparency mask',
-    5 => 'Transparency mask of reduced-resolution image',
-    6 => 'Transparency mask of multi-page image',
-    7 => 'Transparency mask of reduced-resolution multi-page image',
-    0x10001 => 'Alternate reduced-resolution image', # (DNG 1.2)
-    0xffffffff => 'invalid', #(found in E5700 NEF's)
-    BITMASK => {
-        0 => 'Reduced resolution',
-        1 => 'Single page',
-        2 => 'Transparency mask',
-        3 => 'TIFF/IT final page', #20
-        4 => 'TIFF-FX mixed raster content', #20
-    },
-);
-
-# PrintConv for parameter tags
-%Image::ExifTool::Exif::printParameter = (
-    PrintConv => {
-        0 => 'Normal',
-        OTHER => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintParameter,
-    },
-);
-
-# ValueConv that makes long values binary type
-my %longBin = (
-    ValueConv => 'length($val) > 64 ? \$val : $val',
-    ValueConvInv => '$val',
-);
-
-# PrintConv for SampleFormat (0x153)
-my %sampleFormat = (
-    1 => 'Unsigned',        # unsigned integer
-    2 => 'Signed',          # two's complement signed integer
-    3 => 'Float',           # IEEE floating point
-    4 => 'Undefined',
-    5 => 'Complex int',     # complex integer (ref 3)
-    6 => 'Complex float',   # complex IEEE floating point (ref 3)
-);
-
-# main EXIF tag table
-%Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main = (
-    GROUPS => { 0 => 'EXIF', 1 => 'IFD0', 2 => 'Image'},
-    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteExif,
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'ExifIFD',   # default write group
-    SET_GROUP1 => 1, # set group1 name to directory name for all tags in table
-    0x1 => {
-        Name => 'InteropIndex',
-        Description => 'Interoperability Index',
-        PrintConv => {
-            R98 => 'R98 - DCF basic file (sRGB)',
-            R03 => 'R03 - DCF option file (Adobe RGB)',
-            THM => 'THM - DCF thumbnail file',
-        },
-    },
-    0x2 => { #5
-        Name => 'InteropVersion',
-        Description => 'Interoperability Version',
-        RawConv => '$val=~s/\0+$//; $val',  # (some idiots add null terminators)
-    },
-    0x0b => { #PH
-        Name => 'ProcessingSoftware',
-        Notes => 'used by ACD Systems Digital Imaging',
-    },
-    0xfe => {
-        Name => 'SubfileType',
-        # set priority directory if this is the full resolution image
-        DataMember => 'SubfileType',
-        RawConv => '$self->SetPriorityDir() if $val eq "0"; $$self{SubfileType} = $val',
-        PrintConv => \%subfileType,
-    },
-    0xff => {
-        Name => 'OldSubfileType',
-        # set priority directory if this is the full resolution image
-        RawConv => '$self->SetPriorityDir() if $val eq "1"; $val',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Full-resolution image',
-            2 => 'Reduced-resolution image',
-            3 => 'Single page of multi-page image',
-        },
-    },
-    0x100 => {
-        Name => 'ImageWidth',
-        # even though Group 1 is set dynamically we need to register IFD1 once
-        # so it will show up in the group lists
-        Groups => { 1 => 'IFD1' },
-        # Note: priority 0 tags automatically have their priority increased for the
-        # priority direcory (the directory with a SubfileType of "Full-resolution image")
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x101 => {
-        Name => 'ImageHeight',
-        Notes => 'called ImageLength by the EXIF spec.',
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x102 => {
-        Name => 'BitsPerSample',
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x103 => {
-        Name => 'Compression',
-        DataMember => 'Compression',
-        SeparateTable => 'Compression',
-        RawConv => q{
-            Image::ExifTool::Exif::IdentifyRawFile($self, $val);
-            return $$self{Compression} = $val;
-        },
-        PrintConv => \%compression,
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x106 => {
-        Name => 'PhotometricInterpretation',
-        PrintConv => \%photometricInterpretation,
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x107 => {
-        Name => 'Thresholding',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'No dithering or halftoning',
-            2 => 'Ordered dither or halftone',
-            3 => 'Randomized dither',
-        },
-    },
-    0x108 => 'CellWidth',
-    0x109 => 'CellLength',
-    0x10a => {
-        Name => 'FillOrder',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Normal',
-            2 => 'Reversed',
-        },
-    },
-    0x10d => 'DocumentName',
-    0x10e => {
-        Name => 'ImageDescription',
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x10f => {
-        Name => 'Make',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        DataMember => 'Make',
-        # remove trailing blanks and save as an ExifTool member variable
-        RawConv => '$val =~ s/\s+$//; $$self{Make} = $val',
-        # NOTE: trailing "blanks" (spaces) are removed from all EXIF tags which
-        # may be "unknown" (filled with spaces) according to the EXIF spec.
-        # This allows conditional replacement with "exiftool -TAG-= -TAG=VALUE".
-        # - also removed are any other trailing whitespace characters
-    },
-    0x110 => {
-        Name => 'Model',
-        Description => 'Camera Model Name',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        DataMember => 'Model',
-        # remove trailing blanks and save as an ExifTool member variable
-        RawConv => '$val =~ s/\s+$//; $$self{Model} = $val',
-    },
-    0x111 => [
-        {
-            Condition => q[
-                $$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'MRW' and $$self{DIR_NAME} eq 'IFD0' and
-                $$self{Model} =~ /^DiMAGE A200/
-            ],
-            Name => 'StripOffsets',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x117,  # point to associated byte counts
-            # A200 stores this information in the wrong byte order!!
-            ValueConv => '$val=join(" ",unpack("N*",pack("V*",split(" ",$val))));\$val',
-            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
-        },
-        {
-            Condition => q[
-                ($$self{TIFF_TYPE} ne 'CR2' or $$self{DIR_NAME} ne 'IFD0') and
-                ($$self{TIFF_TYPE} ne 'DNG' or $$self{DIR_NAME} !~ /^SubIFD[12]$/)
-            ],
-            Name => 'StripOffsets',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x117,  # point to associated byte counts
-            ValueConv => 'length($val) > 32 ? \$val : $val',
-        },
-        {
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "IFD0"',
-            Name => 'PreviewImageStart',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x117,
-            Notes => q{
-                PreviewImageStart in IFD0 of CR2 images and SubIFD1 of DNG images, and
-                JpgFromRawStart in SubIFD2 of DNG images
-            },
-            DataTag => 'PreviewImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "CR2"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "SubIFD1"',
-            Name => 'PreviewImageStart',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x117,
-            DataTag => 'PreviewImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD1',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "DNG"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'JpgFromRawStart',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x117,
-            DataTag => 'JpgFromRaw',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD2',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "DNG"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-    ],
-    0x112 => {
-        Name => 'Orientation',
-        PrintConv => \%orientation,
-        Priority => 0,  # so PRIORITY_DIR takes precedence
-    },
-    0x115 => {
-        Name => 'SamplesPerPixel',
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x116 => {
-        Name => 'RowsPerStrip',
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x117 => [
-        {
-            Condition => q[
-                $$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'MRW' and $$self{DIR_NAME} eq 'IFD0' and
-                $$self{Model} =~ /^DiMAGE A200/
-            ],
-            Name => 'StripByteCounts',
-            OffsetPair => 0x111,   # point to associated offset
-            # A200 stores this information in the wrong byte order!!
-            ValueConv => '$val=join(" ",unpack("N*",pack("V*",split(" ",$val))));\$val',
-            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
-        },
-        {
-            Condition => q[
-                ($$self{TIFF_TYPE} ne 'CR2' or $$self{DIR_NAME} ne 'IFD0') and
-                ($$self{TIFF_TYPE} ne 'DNG' or $$self{DIR_NAME} !~ /^SubIFD[12]$/)
-            ],
-            Name => 'StripByteCounts',
-            OffsetPair => 0x111,   # point to associated offset
-            ValueConv => 'length($val) > 32 ? \$val : $val',
-        },
-        {
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "IFD0"',
-            Name => 'PreviewImageLength',
-            OffsetPair => 0x111,
-            Notes => q{
-                PreviewImageLength in IFD0 of CR2 images and SubIFD1 of DNG images, and
-                JpgFromRawLength in SubIFD2 of DNG images
-            },
-            DataTag => 'PreviewImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "CR2"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "SubIFD1"',
-            Name => 'PreviewImageLength',
-            OffsetPair => 0x111,
-            DataTag => 'PreviewImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD1',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "DNG"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'JpgFromRawLength',
-            OffsetPair => 0x111,
-            DataTag => 'JpgFromRaw',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD2',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "DNG"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-    ],
-    0x118 => 'MinSampleValue',
-    0x119 => 'MaxSampleValue',
-    0x11a => {
-        Name => 'XResolution',
-        Priority => 0,  # so PRIORITY_DIR takes precedence
-    },
-    0x11b => {
-        Name => 'YResolution',
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x11c => {
-        Name => 'PlanarConfiguration',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Chunky',
-            2 => 'Planar',
-        },
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x11d => 'PageName',
-    0x11e => 'XPosition',
-    0x11f => 'YPosition',
-    0x120 => {
-        Name => 'FreeOffsets',
-        IsOffset => 1,
-        OffsetPair => 0x121,
-        ValueConv => 'length($val) > 32 ? \$val : $val',
-    },
-    0x121 => {
-        Name => 'FreeByteCounts',
-        OffsetPair => 0x120,
-        ValueConv => 'length($val) > 32 ? \$val : $val',
-    },
-    0x122 => {
-        Name => 'GrayResponseUnit',
-        PrintConv => { #3
-            1 => 0.1,
-            2 => 0.001,
-            3 => 0.0001,
-            4 => 0.00001,
-            5 => 0.000001,
-        },
-    },
-    0x123 => {
-        Name => 'GrayResponseCurve',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0x124 => {
-        Name => 'T4Options',
-        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
-            0 => '2-Dimensional encoding',
-            1 => 'Uncompressed',
-            2 => 'Fill bits added',
-        } }, #3
-    },
-    0x125 => {
-        Name => 'T6Options',
-        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
-            1 => 'Uncompressed',
-        } }, #3
-    },
-    0x128 => {
-        Name => 'ResolutionUnit',
-        Notes => 'the value 1 is not standard EXIF',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'None',
-            2 => 'inches',
-            3 => 'cm',
-        },
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x129 => 'PageNumber',
-    0x12c => 'ColorResponseUnit', #9
-    0x12d => {
-        Name => 'TransferFunction',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0x131 => {
-        Name => 'Software',
-        RawConv => '$val =~ s/\s+$//; $val', # trim trailing blanks
-    },
-    0x132 => {
-        Name => 'ModifyDate',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        Notes => 'called DateTime by the EXIF spec.',
-        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
-    },
-    0x13b => {
-        Name => 'Artist',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Author' },
-        Notes => 'becomes a list-type tag when the MWG module is loaded',
-        RawConv => '$val =~ s/\s+$//; $val', # trim trailing blanks
-    },
-    0x13c => 'HostComputer',
-    0x13d => {
-        Name => 'Predictor',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'None',
-            2 => 'Horizontal differencing',
-        },
-    },
-    0x13e => {
-        Name => 'WhitePoint',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-    },
-    0x13f => {
-        Name => 'PrimaryChromaticities',
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x140 => {
-        Name => 'ColorMap',
-        Format => 'binary',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0x141 => 'HalftoneHints',
-    0x142 => 'TileWidth',
-    0x143 => 'TileLength',
-    0x144 => {
-        Name => 'TileOffsets',
-        IsOffset => 1,
-        OffsetPair => 0x145,
-        ValueConv => 'length($val) > 32 ? \$val : $val',
-    },
-    0x145 => {
-        Name => 'TileByteCounts',
-        OffsetPair => 0x144,
-        ValueConv => 'length($val) > 32 ? \$val : $val',
-    },
-    0x146 => 'BadFaxLines', #3
-    0x147 => { #3
-        Name => 'CleanFaxData',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Clean',
-            1 => 'Regenerated',
-            2 => 'Unclean',
-        },
-    },
-    0x148 => 'ConsecutiveBadFaxLines', #3
-    0x14a => [
-        {
-            Name => 'SubIFD',
-            # use this opportunity to identify an ARW image, and if so we
-            # must decide if this is a SubIFD or the A100 raw data
-            # (use SubfileType, Compression and FILE_TYPE to identify ARW/SR2,
-            # then call SetARW to finish the job)
-            Condition => q{
-                $$self{DIR_NAME} ne 'IFD0' or $$self{FILE_TYPE} ne 'TIFF' or
-                $$self{Make} !~ /^SONY/ or
-                not $$self{SubfileType} or $$self{SubfileType} != 1 or
-                not $$self{Compression} or $$self{Compression} != 6 or
-                not require Image::ExifTool::Sony or
-                Image::ExifTool::Sony::SetARW($self, $valPt)
-            },
-            Groups => { 1 => 'SubIFD' },
-            Flags => 'SubIFD',
-            SubDirectory => {
-                Start => '$val',
-                MaxSubdirs => 10, # (have seen 5 in a DNG 1.4 image)
-            },
-        },
-        { #16
-            Name => 'A100DataOffset',
-            Notes => 'the data offset in original Sony DSLR-A100 ARW images',
-            DataMember => 'A100DataOffset',
-            RawConv => '$$self{A100DataOffset} = $val',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-    ],
-    0x14c => {
-        Name => 'InkSet',
-        PrintConv => { #3
-            1 => 'CMYK',
-            2 => 'Not CMYK',
-        },
-    },
-    0x14d => 'InkNames', #3
-    0x14e => 'NumberofInks', #3
-    0x150 => 'DotRange',
-    0x151 => 'TargetPrinter',
-    0x152 => {
-        Name => 'ExtraSamples',
-        PrintConv => { #20
-            0 => 'Unspecified',
-            1 => 'Associated Alpha',
-            2 => 'Unassociated Alpha',
-        },
-    },
-    0x153 => {
-        Name => 'SampleFormat',
-        Notes => 'SamplesPerPixel values',
-        PrintConvColumns => 2,
-        PrintConv => [ \%sampleFormat, \%sampleFormat, \%sampleFormat, \%sampleFormat ],
-    },
-    0x154 => 'SMinSampleValue',
-    0x155 => 'SMaxSampleValue',
-    0x156 => 'TransferRange',
-    0x157 => 'ClipPath', #3
-    0x158 => 'XClipPathUnits', #3
-    0x159 => 'YClipPathUnits', #3
-    0x15a => { #3
-        Name => 'Indexed',
-        PrintConv => { 0 => 'Not indexed', 1 => 'Indexed' },
-    },
-    0x15b => {
-        Name => 'JPEGTables',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0x15f => { #10
-        Name => 'OPIProxy',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Higher resolution image does not exist',
-            1 => 'Higher resolution image exists',
-        },
-    },
-    # 0x181 => 'Decode', #20 (typo! - should be 0x1b1, ref 21)
-    # 0x182 => 'DefaultImageColor', #20 (typo! - should be 0x1b2, ref 21)
-    0x190 => { #3
-        Name => 'GlobalParametersIFD',
-        Groups => { 1 => 'GlobParamIFD' },
-        Flags => 'SubIFD',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'GlobParamIFD',
-            Start => '$val',
-            MaxSubdirs => 1,
-        },
-    },
-    0x191 => { #3
-        Name => 'ProfileType',
-        PrintConv => { 0 => 'Unspecified', 1 => 'Group 3 FAX' },
-    },
-    0x192 => { #3
-        Name => 'FaxProfile',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Unknown',
-            1 => 'Minimal B&W lossless, S',
-            2 => 'Extended B&W lossless, F',
-            3 => 'Lossless JBIG B&W, J',
-            4 => 'Lossy color and grayscale, C',
-            5 => 'Lossless color and grayscale, L',
-            6 => 'Mixed raster content, M',
-            7 => 'Profile T', #20
-            255 => 'Multi Profiles', #20
-        },
-    },
-    0x193 => { #3
-        Name => 'CodingMethods',
-        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
-            0 => 'Unspecified compression',
-            1 => 'Modified Huffman',
-            2 => 'Modified Read',
-            3 => 'Modified MR',
-            4 => 'JBIG',
-            5 => 'Baseline JPEG',
-            6 => 'JBIG color',
-        } },
-    },
-    0x194 => 'VersionYear', #3
-    0x195 => 'ModeNumber', #3
-    0x1b1 => 'Decode', #3
-    0x1b2 => 'DefaultImageColor', #3 (changed to ImageBaseColor, ref 21)
-    0x1b3 => 'T82Options', #20
-    0x1b5 => { #19
-        Name => 'JPEGTables',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0x200 => {
-        Name => 'JPEGProc',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Baseline',
-            14 => 'Lossless',
-        },
-    },
-    0x201 => [
-        {
-            Name => 'ThumbnailOffset',
-            Notes => q{
-                ThumbnailOffset in IFD1 of JPEG and some TIFF-based images, IFD0 of MRW
-                images and AVI and MOV videos, and the SubIFD in IFD1 of SRW images;
-                PreviewImageStart in MakerNotes and IFD0 of ARW and SR2 images;
-                JpgFromRawStart in SubIFD of NEF images and IFD2 of PEF images; and
-                OtherImageStart in everything else
-            },
-            # thumbnail is found in IFD1 of JPEG and TIFF images, and
-            # IFD0 of EXIF information in FujiFilm AVI (RIFF) and MOV videos
-            Condition => q{
-                $$self{DIR_NAME} eq 'IFD1' or
-                ($$self{DIR_NAME} eq 'IFD0' and $$self{FILE_TYPE} =~ /^(RIFF|MOV)$/)
-            },
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-            DataTag => 'ThumbnailImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD1',
-            # according to the EXIF spec. a JPEG-compressed thumbnail image may not
-            # be stored in a TIFF file, but these TIFF-based RAW image formats
-            # use IFD1 for a JPEG-compressed thumbnail:  CR2, ARW, SR2 and PEF.
-            # (SRF also stores a JPEG image in IFD1, but it is actually a preview
-            # and we don't yet write SRF anyway) 
-            WriteCondition => q{
-                $$self{FILE_TYPE} ne "TIFF" or
-                $$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(CR2|ARW|SR2|PEF)$/
-            },
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'ThumbnailOffset',
-            # thumbnail in IFD0 of MRW images (Minolta A200)
-            # and IFD0 of NRW images (Nikon Coolpix P6000,P7000,P7100)
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "IFD0" and $$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(MRW|NRW)$/',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-            # A200 uses the wrong base offset for this pointer!!
-            WrongBase => '$$self{Model} =~ /^DiMAGE A200/ ? $$self{MRW_WrongBase} : undef',
-            DataTag => 'ThumbnailImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{FILE_TYPE} =~ /^(MRW|NRW)$/',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'ThumbnailOffset',
-            # in SubIFD of IFD1 in Samsung SRW images
-            Condition => q{
-                $$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'SRW' and $$self{DIR_NAME} eq 'SubIFD' and
-                $$self{PATH}[-2] eq 'IFD1'
-            },
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-            DataTag => 'ThumbnailImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "SRW"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'PreviewImageStart',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "MakerNotes"',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-            DataTag => 'PreviewImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'MakerNotes',
-            # (no WriteCondition necessary because MakerNotes won't be created)
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'PreviewImageStart',
-            # PreviewImage in IFD0 of ARW and SR2 files for all models
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "IFD0" and $$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(ARW|SR2)$/',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-            DataTag => 'PreviewImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(ARW|SR2)$/',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'JpgFromRawStart',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "SubIFD"',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-            DataTag => 'JpgFromRaw',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-            # JpgFromRaw is in SubIFD of NEF, NRW and SRW files
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(NEF|NRW|SRW)$/',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'JpgFromRawStart',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "IFD2"',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-            DataTag => 'JpgFromRaw',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD2',
-            # JpgFromRaw is in IFD2 of PEF files
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "PEF"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'OtherImageStart',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "SubIFD1"',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-            DataTag => 'OtherImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD1',
-            Protected => 2,
-            Permanent => 1, # (don't add/delete this tag: makes WriteCondition unnecessary)
-       },
-        {
-            Name => 'OtherImageStart',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "SubIFD2"',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-            DataTag => 'OtherImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD2',
-            Protected => 2,
-            Permanent => 1, # (don't add/delete this tag: makes WriteCondition unnecessary)
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'OtherImageStart',
-            IsOffset => 1,
-            OffsetPair => 0x202,
-        },
-    ],
-    0x202 => [
-        {
-            Name => 'ThumbnailLength',
-            Notes => q{
-                ThumbnailLength in IFD1 of JPEG and some TIFF-based images, IFD0 of MRW
-                images and AVI and MOV videos, and the SubIFD in IFD1 of SRW images;
-                PreviewImageLength in MakerNotes and IFD0 of ARW and SR2 images;
-                JpgFromRawLength in SubIFD of NEF images, and IFD2 of PEF images; and
-                OtherImageLength in everything else
-            },
-            Condition => q{
-                $$self{DIR_NAME} eq 'IFD1' or
-                ($$self{DIR_NAME} eq 'IFD0' and $$self{FILE_TYPE} =~ /^(RIFF|MOV)$/)
-            },
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-            DataTag => 'ThumbnailImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD1',
-            WriteCondition => q{
-                $$self{FILE_TYPE} ne "TIFF" or
-                $$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(CR2|ARW|SR2|PEF)$/
-            },
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'ThumbnailLength',
-            # thumbnail in IFD0 of MRW images (Minolta A200)
-            # and IFD0 of NRW images (Nikon Coolpix P6000,P7000,P7100)
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "IFD0" and $$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(MRW|NRW)$/',
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-            DataTag => 'ThumbnailImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{FILE_TYPE} =~ /^(MRW|NRW)$/',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'ThumbnailLength',
-            # in SubIFD of IFD1 in Samsung SRW images
-            Condition => q{
-                $$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'SRW' and $$self{DIR_NAME} eq 'SubIFD' and
-                $$self{PATH}[-2] eq 'IFD1'
-            },
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-            DataTag => 'ThumbnailImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "SRW"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'PreviewImageLength',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "MakerNotes"',
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-            DataTag => 'PreviewImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'MakerNotes',
-            # (no WriteCondition necessary because MakerNotes won't be created)
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'PreviewImageLength',
-            # PreviewImage in IFD0 of ARW and SR2 files for all models
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "IFD0" and $$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(ARW|SR2)$/',
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-            DataTag => 'PreviewImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(ARW|SR2)$/',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'JpgFromRawLength',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "SubIFD"',
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-            DataTag => 'JpgFromRaw',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(NEF|NRW|SRW)$/',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'JpgFromRawLength',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "IFD2"',
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-            DataTag => 'JpgFromRaw',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD2',
-            WriteCondition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq "PEF"',
-            Protected => 2,
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'OtherImageLength',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "SubIFD1"',
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-            DataTag => 'OtherImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD1',
-            Protected => 2,
-            Permanent => 1, # (don't add/delete this tag: makes WriteCondition unnecessary)
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'OtherImageLength',
-            Condition => '$$self{DIR_NAME} eq "SubIFD2"',
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-            DataTag => 'OtherImage',
-            Writable => 'int32u',
-            WriteGroup => 'SubIFD2',
-            Protected => 2,
-            Permanent => 1, # (don't add/delete this tag: makes WriteCondition unnecessary)
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'OtherImageLength',
-            OffsetPair => 0x201,
-        },
-    ],
-    0x203 => 'JPEGRestartInterval',
-    0x205 => 'JPEGLosslessPredictors',
-    0x206 => 'JPEGPointTransforms',
-    0x207 => {
-        Name => 'JPEGQTables',
-        IsOffset => 1,
-        # this tag is not supported for writing, so define an
-        # invalid offset pair to cause a "No size tag" error to be
-        # generated if we try to write a file containing this tag
-        OffsetPair => -1,
-    },
-    0x208 => {
-        Name => 'JPEGDCTables',
-        IsOffset => 1,
-        OffsetPair => -1, # (see comment for JPEGQTables)
-    },
-    0x209 => {
-        Name => 'JPEGACTables',
-        IsOffset => 1,
-        OffsetPair => -1, # (see comment for JPEGQTables)
-    },
-    0x211 => {
-        Name => 'YCbCrCoefficients',
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x212 => {
-        Name => 'YCbCrSubSampling',
-        PrintConvColumns => 2,
-        PrintConv => \%Image::ExifTool::JPEG::yCbCrSubSampling,
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x213 => {
-        Name => 'YCbCrPositioning',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Centered',
-            2 => 'Co-sited',
-        },
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x214 => {
-        Name => 'ReferenceBlackWhite',
-        Priority => 0,
-    },
-    0x22f => 'StripRowCounts',
-    0x2bc => {
-        Name => 'ApplicationNotes', # (writable directory!)
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        Flags => [ 'Binary', 'Protected' ],
-        # this could be an XMP block
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'XMP',
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main',
-        },
-    },
-    0x3e7 => 'USPTOMiscellaneous', #20
-    0x1000 => 'RelatedImageFileFormat', #5
-    0x1001 => 'RelatedImageWidth', #5
-    0x1002 => { #5
-        Name => 'RelatedImageHeight',
-        Notes => 'called RelatedImageLength by the DCF spec.',
-    },
-    # (0x474x tags written by MicrosoftPhoto)
-    0x4746 => 'Rating', #PH
-    0x4747 => { # (written by Digital Image Pro)
-        Name => 'XP_DIP_XML',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        # the following reference indicates this is Unicode:
-        # http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/isvvba/thread/ce6edcbb-8fc2-40c6-ad98-85f5d835ddfb
-        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val,"UCS2","II")',
-    }, 
-    0x4748 => {
-        Name => 'StitchInfo',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Microsoft::Stitch',
-            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian', #PH (NC)
-        },
-    },
-    0x4749 => 'RatingPercent', #PH
-    0x800d => 'ImageID', #10
-    0x80a3 => { Name => 'WangTag1', Binary => 1 }, #20
-    0x80a4 => { Name => 'WangAnnotation', Binary => 1 },
-    0x80a5 => { Name => 'WangTag3', Binary => 1 }, #20
-    0x80a6 => { #20
-        Name => 'WangTag4',
-        PrintConv => 'length($val) <= 64 ? $val : \$val',
-    },
-    # tags 0x80b8-0x80bb are registered to Island Graphics
-    0x80b8 => 'ImageReferencePoints', #29
-    0x80b9 => 'RegionXformTackPoint', #29
-    0x80ba => 'WarpQuadrilateral', #29
-    0x80bb => 'AffineTransformMat', #29
-    0x80e3 => 'Matteing', #9
-    0x80e4 => 'DataType', #9
-    0x80e5 => 'ImageDepth', #9
-    0x80e6 => 'TileDepth', #9
-    # tags 0x8214-0x8219 are registered to Pixar
-    0x8214 => 'ImageFullWidth', #29
-    0x8215 => 'ImageFullHeight', #29
-    0x8216 => 'TextureFormat', #29
-    0x8217 => 'WrapModes', #29
-    0x8218 => 'FovCot', #29
-    0x8219 => 'MatrixWorldToScreen', #29
-    0x821a => 'MatrixWorldToCamera', #29
-    0x827d => 'Model2', #29 (Eastman Kodak)
-    0x828d => 'CFARepeatPatternDim', #12
-    0x828e => {
-        Name => 'CFAPattern2', #12
-        Format => 'int8u',  # (written incorrectly as 'undef' in Nikon NRW images)
-    },
-    0x828f => { #12
-        Name => 'BatteryLevel',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-    },
-    0x8290 => {
-        Name => 'KodakIFD',
-        Groups => { 1 => 'KodakIFD' },
-        Flags => 'SubIFD',
-        Notes => 'used in various types of Kodak images',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::IFD',
-            DirName => 'KodakIFD',
-            Start => '$val',
-            MaxSubdirs => 1,
-        },
-    },
-    0x8298 => {
-        Name => 'Copyright',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Author' },
-        Format => 'undef',
-        Notes => q{
-            may contain copyright notices for photographer and editor, separated by a
-            newline.  As per the EXIF specification, the newline is replaced by a null
-            byte when writing to file, but this may be avoided by disabling the print
-            conversion
-        },
-        # internally the strings are separated by a null character in this format:
-        # Photographer only: photographer + NULL
-        # Both:              photographer + NULL + editor + NULL
-        # Editor only:       SPACE + NULL + editor + NULL
-        # (this is done as a RawConv so conditional replaces will work properly)
-        RawConv => sub {
-            my ($val, $self) = @_;
-            $val =~ s/ *\0/\n/;  # translate first NULL to a newline, removing trailing blanks
-            $val =~ s/ *\0.*//s; # truncate at second NULL and remove trailing blanks
-            $val =~ s/\n$//;     # remove trailing newline if it exists
-            # decode if necessary (note: this is the only non-'string' EXIF value like this)
-            my $enc = $self->Options('CharsetEXIF');
-            $val = $self->Decode($val,$enc) if $enc;
-            return $val;
-        },
-    },
-    0x829a => {
-        Name => 'ExposureTime',
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintExposureTime($val)',
-    },
-    0x829d => {
-        Name => 'FNumber',
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintFNumber($val)',
-    },
-    0x82a5 => { #3
-        Name => 'MDFileTag',
-        Notes => 'tags 0x82a5-0x82ac are used in Molecular Dynamics GEL files',
-    },
-    0x82a6 => 'MDScalePixel', #3
-    0x82a7 => 'MDColorTable', #3
-    0x82a8 => 'MDLabName', #3
-    0x82a9 => 'MDSampleInfo', #3
-    0x82aa => 'MDPrepDate', #3
-    0x82ab => 'MDPrepTime', #3
-    0x82ac => 'MDFileUnits', #3
-    0x830e => 'PixelScale',
-    0x8335 => 'AdventScale', #20
-    0x8336 => 'AdventRevision', #20
-    0x835c => 'UIC1Tag', #23
-    0x835d => 'UIC2Tag', #23
-    0x835e => 'UIC3Tag', #23
-    0x835f => 'UIC4Tag', #23
-    0x83bb => { #12
-        Name => 'IPTC-NAA', # (writable directory! -- but see note below)
-        # this should actually be written as 'undef' (see
-        # http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags/iptc.html),
-        # but Photoshop writes it as int32u and Nikon Capture won't read
-        # anything else, so we do the same thing here...  Doh!
-        Format => 'undef',      # convert binary values as undef
-        Writable => 'int32u',   # but write int32u format code in IFD
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Flags => [ 'Binary', 'Protected' ],
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'IPTC',
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::IPTC::Main',
-        },
-        # Note: This directory may be written as a block via the IPTC-NAA tag,
-        # but this technique is not recommended.  Instead, it is better to
-        # write the Extra IPTC tag and let ExifTool decide where it should go.
-    },
-    0x847e => 'IntergraphPacketData', #3
-    0x847f => 'IntergraphFlagRegisters', #3
-    0x8480 => 'IntergraphMatrix',
-    0x8481 => 'INGRReserved', #20
-    0x8482 => {
-        Name => 'ModelTiePoint',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
-    },
-    0x84e0 => 'Site', #9
-    0x84e1 => 'ColorSequence', #9
-    0x84e2 => 'IT8Header', #9
-    0x84e3 => { #9
-        Name => 'RasterPadding',
-        PrintConv => { #20
-            0 => 'Byte',
-            1 => 'Word',
-            2 => 'Long Word',
-            9 => 'Sector',
-            10 => 'Long Sector',
-        },
-    },
-    0x84e4 => 'BitsPerRunLength', #9
-    0x84e5 => 'BitsPerExtendedRunLength', #9
-    0x84e6 => 'ColorTable', #9
-    0x84e7 => { #9
-        Name => 'ImageColorIndicator',
-        PrintConv => { #20
-            0 => 'Unspecified Image Color',
-            1 => 'Specified Image Color',
-        },
-    },
-    0x84e8 => { #9
-        Name => 'BackgroundColorIndicator',
-        PrintConv => { #20
-            0 => 'Unspecified Background Color',
-            1 => 'Specified Background Color',
-        },
-    },
-    0x84e9 => 'ImageColorValue', #9
-    0x84ea => 'BackgroundColorValue', #9
-    0x84eb => 'PixelIntensityRange', #9
-    0x84ec => 'TransparencyIndicator', #9
-    0x84ed => 'ColorCharacterization', #9
-    0x84ee => { #9
-        Name => 'HCUsage',
-        PrintConv => { #20
-            0 => 'CT',
-            1 => 'Line Art',
-            2 => 'Trap',
-        },
-    },
-    0x84ef => 'TrapIndicator', #17
-    0x84f0 => 'CMYKEquivalent', #17
-    0x8546 => { #11
-        Name => 'SEMInfo',
-        Notes => 'found in some scanning electron microscope images',
-    },
-    0x8568 => {
-        Name => 'AFCP_IPTC',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            # must change directory name so we don't create this directory
-            DirName => 'AFCP_IPTC',
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::IPTC::Main',
-        },
-    },
-    0x85b8 => 'PixelMagicJBIGOptions', #20
-    0x85d7 => 'JPLCartoIFD', #exifprobe (NC)
-    0x85d8 => {
-        Name => 'ModelTransform',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
-    },
-    0x8602 => { #16
-        Name => 'WB_GRGBLevels',
-        Notes => 'found in IFD0 of Leaf MOS images',
-    },
-    # 0x8603 - Leaf CatchLight color matrix (ref 16)
-    0x8606 => {
-        Name => 'LeafData',
-        Format => 'undef',    # avoid converting huge block to string of int8u's!
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'LeafIFD',
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Leaf::Main',
-        },
-    },
-    0x8649 => { #19
-        Name => 'PhotoshopSettings',
-        Format => 'binary',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'Photoshop',
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Photoshop::Main',
-        },
-    },
-    0x8769 => {
-        Name => 'ExifOffset',
-        Groups => { 1 => 'ExifIFD' },
-        SubIFD => 2,
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'ExifIFD',
-            Start => '$val',
-        },
-    },
-    0x8773 => {
-        Name => 'ICC_Profile',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::Main',
-        },
-    },
-    0x877f => { #20
-        Name => 'TIFF_FXExtensions',
-        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
-            0 => 'Resolution/Image Width',
-            1 => 'N Layer Profile M',
-            2 => 'Shared Data',
-            3 => 'B&W JBIG2',
-            4 => 'JBIG2 Profile M',
-        }},
-    },
-    0x8780 => { #20
-        Name => 'MultiProfiles',
-        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
-            0 => 'Profile S',
-            1 => 'Profile F',
-            2 => 'Profile J',
-            3 => 'Profile C',
-            4 => 'Profile L',
-            5 => 'Profile M',
-            6 => 'Profile T',
-            7 => 'Resolution/Image Width',
-            8 => 'N Layer Profile M',
-            9 => 'Shared Data',
-            10 => 'JBIG2 Profile M',
-        }},
-    },
-    0x8781 => { #22
-        Name => 'SharedData',
-        IsOffset => 1,
-        # this tag is not supported for writing, so define an
-        # invalid offset pair to cause a "No size tag" error to be
-        # generated if we try to write a file containing this tag
-        OffsetPair => -1,
-    },
-    0x8782 => 'T88Options', #20
-    0x87ac => 'ImageLayer',
-    0x87af => {
-        Name => 'GeoTiffDirectory',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        Binary => 1,
-        Notes => q{
-            these "GeoTiff" tags may read and written as a block, but they aren't
-            extracted unless specifically requested.  Byte order changes are handled
-            automatically when copying between TIFF images with different byte order
-        },
-        RawConv => '$val . GetByteOrder()', # save byte order
-    },
-    0x87b0 => {
-        Name => 'GeoTiffDoubleParams',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        Binary => 1,
-        RawConv => '$val . GetByteOrder()', # save byte order
-    },
-    0x87b1 => {
-        Name => 'GeoTiffAsciiParams',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0x87be => 'JBIGOptions', #29
-    0x8822 => {
-        Name => 'ExposureProgram',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Notes => 'the value of 9 is not standard EXIF, but is used by the Canon EOS 7D',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Not Defined',
-            1 => 'Manual',
-            2 => 'Program AE',
-            3 => 'Aperture-priority AE',
-            4 => 'Shutter speed priority AE',
-            5 => 'Creative (Slow speed)',
-            6 => 'Action (High speed)',
-            7 => 'Portrait',
-            8 => 'Landscape',
-            9 => 'Bulb', #25
-        },
-    },
-    0x8824 => {
-        Name => 'SpectralSensitivity',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-    },
-    0x8825 => {
-        Name => 'GPSInfo',
-        Groups => { 1 => 'GPS' },
-        Flags => 'SubIFD',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'GPS',
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::Main',
-            Start => '$val',
-            MaxSubdirs => 1,
-        },
-    },
-    0x8827 => {
-        Name => 'ISO',
-        Notes => q{
-            called ISOSpeedRatings by EXIF 2.2, then PhotographicSensitivity by the EXIF
-            2.3 spec.
-        },
-        PrintConv => '$val=~s/\s+/, /g; $val',
-    },
-    0x8828 => {
-        Name => 'Opto-ElectricConvFactor',
-        Notes => 'called OECF by the EXIF spec.',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0x8829 => 'Interlace', #12
-    0x882a => 'TimeZoneOffset', #12
-    0x882b => 'SelfTimerMode', #12
-    0x8830 => { #24
-        Name => 'SensitivityType',
-        Notes => 'applies to EXIF:ISO tag',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Unknown',
-            1 => 'Standard Output Sensitivity',
-            2 => 'Recommended Exposure Index',
-            3 => 'ISO Speed',
-            4 => 'Standard Output Sensitivity and Recommended Exposure Index',
-            5 => 'Standard Output Sensitivity and ISO Speed',
-            6 => 'Recommended Exposure Index and ISO Speed',
-            7 => 'Standard Output Sensitivity, Recommended Exposure Index and ISO Speed',
-        },
-    },
-    0x8831 => 'StandardOutputSensitivity', #24
-    0x8832 => 'RecommendedExposureIndex', #24
-    0x8833 => 'ISOSpeed', #24
-    0x8834 => { #24
-        Name => 'ISOSpeedLatitudeyyy',
-        Description => 'ISO Speed Latitude yyy',
-    },
-    0x8835 => { #24
-        Name => 'ISOSpeedLatitudezzz',
-        Description => 'ISO Speed Latitude zzz',
-    },
-    0x885c => 'FaxRecvParams', #9
-    0x885d => 'FaxSubAddress', #9
-    0x885e => 'FaxRecvTime', #9
-    0x8871 => 'FedexEDR', #exifprobe (NC)
-    0x888a => { #PH
-        Name => 'LeafSubIFD',
-        Format => 'int32u',     # Leaf incorrectly uses 'undef' format!
-        Groups => { 1 => 'LeafSubIFD' },
-        Flags => 'SubIFD',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Leaf::SubIFD',
-            Start => '$val',
-        },
-    },
-    0x9000 => {
-        Name => 'ExifVersion',
-        RawConv => '$val=~s/\0+$//; $val',  # (some idiots add null terminators)
-    },
-    0x9003 => {
-        Name => 'DateTimeOriginal',
-        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        Notes => 'date/time when original image was taken',
-        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
-    },
-    0x9004 => {
-        Name => 'CreateDate',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        Notes => 'called DateTimeDigitized by the EXIF spec.',
-        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
-    },
-    0x9009 => { # undef[44] (or undef[11]) written by Google Plus uploader - PH
-        Name => 'GooglePlusUploadCode',
-        Format => 'int8u',
-        Count => -1,
-    },
-    0x9101 => {
-        Name => 'ComponentsConfiguration',
-        Format => 'int8u',
-        PrintConvColumns => 2,
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => '-',
-            1 => 'Y',
-            2 => 'Cb',
-            3 => 'Cr',
-            4 => 'R',
-            5 => 'G',
-            6 => 'B',
-            OTHER => sub {
-                my ($val, $inv, $conv) = @_;
-                my @a = split /,?\s+/, $val;
-                if ($inv) {
-                    my %invConv;
-                    $invConv{lc $$conv{$_}} = $_ foreach keys %$conv;
-                    # strings like "YCbCr" and "RGB" still work for writing
-                    @a = $a[0] =~ /(Y|Cb|Cr|R|G|B)/g if @a == 1;
-                    foreach (@a) {
-                        $_ = $invConv{lc $_};
-                        return undef unless defined $_;
-                    }
-                    push @a, 0 while @a < 4;
-                } else {
-                    foreach (@a) {
-                        $_ = $$conv{$_} || "Err ($_)";
-                    }
-                }
-                return join ', ', @a;
-            },
-        },
-    },
-    0x9102 => 'CompressedBitsPerPixel',
-    # 0x9103 - int16u: 1 (found in Pentax XG-1 samples)
-    0x9201 => {
-        Name => 'ShutterSpeedValue',
-        Notes => 'displayed in seconds, but stored as an APEX value',
-        Format => 'rational64s', # Leica M8 patch (incorrectly written as rational64u)
-        ValueConv => 'abs($val)<100 ? 2**(-$val) : 0',
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintExposureTime($val)',
-    },
-    0x9202 => {
-        Name => 'ApertureValue',
-        Notes => 'displayed as an F number, but stored as an APEX value',
-        ValueConv => '2 ** ($val / 2)',
-        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.1f",$val)',
-    },
-    # Wikipedia: BrightnessValue = Bv = Av + Tv - Sv
-    # ExifTool:  LightValue = LV = Av + Tv - Sv + 5 (5 is the Sv for ISO 100 in Exif usage)
-    0x9203 => 'BrightnessValue',
-    0x9204 => {
-        Name => 'ExposureCompensation',
-        Format => 'rational64s', # Leica M8 patch (incorrectly written as rational64u)
-        Notes => 'called ExposureBiasValue by the EXIF spec.',
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintFraction($val)',
-    },
-    0x9205 => {
-        Name => 'MaxApertureValue',
-        Notes => 'displayed as an F number, but stored as an APEX value',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        ValueConv => '2 ** ($val / 2)',
-        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.1f",$val)',
-    },
-    0x9206 => {
-        Name => 'SubjectDistance',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => '$val =~ /^(inf|undef)$/ ? $val : "${val} m"',
-    },
-    0x9207 => {
-        Name => 'MeteringMode',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Unknown',
-            1 => 'Average',
-            2 => 'Center-weighted average',
-            3 => 'Spot',
-            4 => 'Multi-spot',
-            5 => 'Multi-segment',
-            6 => 'Partial',
-            255 => 'Other',
-        },
-    },
-    0x9208 => {
-        Name => 'LightSource',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        SeparateTable => 'LightSource',
-        PrintConv => \%lightSource,
-    },
-    0x9209 => {
-        Name => 'Flash',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Flags => 'PrintHex',
-        SeparateTable => 'Flash',
-        PrintConv => \%flash,
-    },
-    0x920a => {
-        Name => 'FocalLength',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.1f mm",$val)',
-    },
-    # Note: tags 0x920b-0x9217 are duplicates of 0xa20b-0xa217
-    # (The TIFF standard uses 0xa2xx, but you'll find both in images)
-    0x920b => { #12
-        Name => 'FlashEnergy',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-    },
-    0x920c => 'SpatialFrequencyResponse', #12 (not in Fuji images - PH)
-    0x920d => 'Noise', #12
-    0x920e => 'FocalPlaneXResolution', #12
-    0x920f => 'FocalPlaneYResolution', #12
-    0x9210 => { #12
-        Name => 'FocalPlaneResolutionUnit',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'None',
-            2 => 'inches',
-            3 => 'cm',
-            4 => 'mm',
-            5 => 'um',
-        },
-    },
-    0x9211 => 'ImageNumber', #12
-    0x9212 => { #12
-        Name => 'SecurityClassification',
-        PrintConv => {
-            T => 'Top Secret',
-            S => 'Secret',
-            C => 'Confidential',
-            R => 'Restricted',
-            U => 'Unclassified',
-        },
-    },
-    0x9213 => 'ImageHistory', #12
-    0x9214 => {
-        Name => 'SubjectArea',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-    },
-    0x9215 => 'ExposureIndex', #12
-    0x9216 => 'TIFF-EPStandardID', #12
-    0x9217 => { #12
-        Name => 'SensingMethod',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Notes => 'values 1 and 6 are not standard EXIF',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Monochrome area', #12 (not standard EXIF)
-            2 => 'One-chip color area',
-            3 => 'Two-chip color area',
-            4 => 'Three-chip color area',
-            5 => 'Color sequential area',
-            6 => 'Monochrome linear', #12 (not standard EXIF)
-            7 => 'Trilinear',
-            8 => 'Color sequential linear',
-        },
-    },
-    0x923a => 'CIP3DataFile', #20
-    0x923b => 'CIP3Sheet', #20
-    0x923c => 'CIP3Side', #20
-    0x923f => 'StoNits', #9
-    # handle maker notes as a conditional list
-    0x927c => \@Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes::Main,
-    0x9286 => {
-        Name => 'UserComment',
-        # I have seen other applications write it incorrectly as 'string' or 'int8u'
-        Format => 'undef',
-        RawConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertExifText($self,$val,1)',
-    },
-    0x9290 => {
-        Name => 'SubSecTime',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/ +$//; $val', # trim trailing blanks
-    },
-    0x9291 => {
-        Name => 'SubSecTimeOriginal',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/ +$//; $val', # trim trailing blanks
-    },
-    0x9292 => {
-        Name => 'SubSecTimeDigitized',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        ValueConv => '$val=~s/ +$//; $val', # trim trailing blanks
-    },
-    # The following 3 tags are found in MSOffice TIFF images
-    # References:
-    # http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/os_standocs/thread/03086d55-294a-49d5-967a-5303d34c40f8/
-    # http://blogs.msdn.com/openspecification/archive/2009/12/08/details-of-three-tiff-tag-extensions-that-microsoft-office-document-imaging-modi-software-may-write-into-the-tiff-files-it-generates.aspx
-    # http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=0dbc435d-3544-4f4b-9092-2f2643d64a39&displaylang=en#filelist
-    0x932f => 'MSDocumentText',
-    0x9330 => {
-        Name => 'MSPropertySetStorage',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0x9331 => {
-        Name => 'MSDocumentTextPosition',
-        Binary => 1, # (just in case -- don't know what format this is)
-    },
-    0x935c => { #3/19
-        Name => 'ImageSourceData',
-        Binary => 1,
-        Protected => 1, # (because this can be hundreds of megabytes)
-    },
-    0x9c9b => {
-        Name => 'XPTitle',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val,"UCS2","II")',
-    },
-    0x9c9c => {
-        Name => 'XPComment',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val,"UCS2","II")',
-    },
-    0x9c9d => {
-        Name => 'XPAuthor',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Author' },
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val,"UCS2","II")',
-    },
-    0x9c9e => {
-        Name => 'XPKeywords',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val,"UCS2","II")',
-    },
-    0x9c9f => {
-        Name => 'XPSubject',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val,"UCS2","II")',
-    },
-    0xa000 => {
-        Name => 'FlashpixVersion',
-        RawConv => '$val=~s/\0+$//; $val',  # (some idiots add null terminators)
-    },
-    0xa001 => {
-        Name => 'ColorSpace',
-        Notes => q{
-            the value of 0x2 is not standard EXIF.  Instead, an Adobe RGB image is
-            indicated by "Uncalibrated" with an InteropIndex of "R03".  The values
-            0xfffd and 0xfffe are also non-standard, and are used by some Sony cameras
-        },
-        PrintHex => 1,
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'sRGB',
-            2 => 'Adobe RGB',
-            0xffff => 'Uncalibrated',
-            # Sony uses these definitions: (ref JD)
-            # 0xffff => 'Adobe RGB', (conflicts with Uncalibrated)
-            0xfffe => 'ICC Profile',
-            0xfffd => 'Wide Gamut RGB',
-        },
-    },
-    0xa002 => {
-        Name => 'ExifImageWidth',
-        Notes => 'called PixelXDimension by the EXIF spec.',
-    },
-    0xa003 => {
-        Name => 'ExifImageHeight',
-        Notes => 'called PixelYDimension by the EXIF spec.',
-    },
-    0xa004 => 'RelatedSoundFile',
-    0xa005 => {
-        Name => 'InteropOffset',
-        Groups => { 1 => 'InteropIFD' },
-        Flags => 'SubIFD',
-        Description => 'Interoperability Offset',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'InteropIFD',
-            Start => '$val',
-            MaxSubdirs => 1,
-        },
-    },
-    0xa20b => {
-        Name => 'FlashEnergy',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-    },
-    0xa20c => {
-        Name => 'SpatialFrequencyResponse',
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintSFR($val)',
-    },
-    0xa20d => 'Noise',
-    0xa20e => { Name => 'FocalPlaneXResolution', Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
-    0xa20f => { Name => 'FocalPlaneYResolution', Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
-    0xa210 => {
-        Name => 'FocalPlaneResolutionUnit',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Notes => 'values 1, 4 and 5 are not standard EXIF',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'None', # (not standard EXIF)
-            2 => 'inches',
-            3 => 'cm',
-            4 => 'mm',   # (not standard EXIF)
-            5 => 'um',   # (not standard EXIF)
-        },
-    },
-    0xa211 => 'ImageNumber',
-    0xa212 => 'SecurityClassification',
-    0xa213 => 'ImageHistory',
-    0xa214 => {
-        Name => 'SubjectLocation',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-    },
-    0xa215 => 'ExposureIndex',
-    0xa216 => 'TIFF-EPStandardID',
-    0xa217 => {
-        Name => 'SensingMethod',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Not defined',
-            2 => 'One-chip color area',
-            3 => 'Two-chip color area',
-            4 => 'Three-chip color area',
-            5 => 'Color sequential area',
-            7 => 'Trilinear',
-            8 => 'Color sequential linear',
-        },
-    },
-    0xa300 => {
-        Name => 'FileSource',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Film Scanner',
-            2 => 'Reflection Print Scanner',
-            3 => 'Digital Camera',
-            # handle the case where Sigma incorrectly gives this tag a count of 4
-            "\3\0\0\0" => 'Sigma Digital Camera',
-        },
-    },
-    0xa301 => {
-        Name => 'SceneType',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Directly photographed',
-        },
-    },
-    0xa302 => {
-        Name => 'CFAPattern',
-        RawConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::DecodeCFAPattern($self, $val)',
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintCFAPattern($val)',
-    },
-    0xa401 => {
-        Name => 'CustomRendered',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Normal',
-            1 => 'Custom',
-            # 4 - Apple iPhone5c horizontal orientation
-            # 6 - Apple iPhone5c panorama
-        },
-    },
-    0xa402 => {
-        Name => 'ExposureMode',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Auto',
-            1 => 'Manual',
-            2 => 'Auto bracket',
-            # have seen 3 from Samsung EX1, NX30, NX200 - PH
-        },
-    },
-    0xa403 => {
-        Name => 'WhiteBalance',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        # set Priority to zero to keep this WhiteBalance from overriding the
-        # MakerNotes WhiteBalance, since the MakerNotes WhiteBalance and is more
-        # accurate and contains more information (if it exists)
-        Priority => 0,
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Auto',
-            1 => 'Manual',
-        },
-    },
-    0xa404 => {
-        Name => 'DigitalZoomRatio',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-    },
-    0xa405 => {
-        Name => 'FocalLengthIn35mmFormat',
-        Notes => 'called FocalLengthIn35mmFilm by the EXIF spec.',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => '"$val mm"',
-    },
-    0xa406 => {
-        Name => 'SceneCaptureType',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Standard',
-            1 => 'Landscape',
-            2 => 'Portrait',
-            3 => 'Night',
-            # 4 - HDR (Samsung GT-I9300)
-        },
-    },
-    0xa407 => {
-        Name => 'GainControl',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'None',
-            1 => 'Low gain up',
-            2 => 'High gain up',
-            3 => 'Low gain down',
-            4 => 'High gain down',
-        },
-    },
-    0xa408 => {
-        Name => 'Contrast',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Normal',
-            1 => 'Low',
-            2 => 'High',
-        },
-    },
-    0xa409 => {
-        Name => 'Saturation',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Normal',
-            1 => 'Low',
-            2 => 'High',
-        },
-    },
-    0xa40a => {
-        Name => 'Sharpness',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Normal',
-            1 => 'Soft',
-            2 => 'Hard',
-        },
-    },
-    0xa40b => {
-        Name => 'DeviceSettingDescription',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0xa40c => {
-        Name => 'SubjectDistanceRange',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Unknown',
-            1 => 'Macro',
-            2 => 'Close',
-            3 => 'Distant',
-        },
-    },
-    # 0xa40d - int16u: 0 (GE E1486 TW)
-    # 0xa40e - int16u: 1 (GE E1486 TW)
-    0xa420 => 'ImageUniqueID',
-    0xa430 => { #24
-        Name => 'OwnerName',
-        Notes => 'called CameraOwnerName by the EXIF spec.',
-    },
-    0xa431 => { #24
-        Name => 'SerialNumber',
-        Notes => 'called BodySerialNumber by the EXIF spec.',
-    },
-    0xa432 => { #24
-        Name => 'LensInfo',
-        Notes => q{
-            4 rational values giving focal and aperture ranges, called LensSpecification
-            by the EXIF spec.
-        },
-        # convert to the form "12-20mm f/3.8-4.5" or "50mm f/1.4"
-        PrintConv => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintLensInfo,
-    },
-    0xa433 => 'LensMake', #24
-    0xa434 => 'LensModel', #24
-    0xa435 => 'LensSerialNumber', #24
-    0xa480 => 'GDALMetadata', #3
-    0xa481 => 'GDALNoData', #3
-    0xa500 => 'Gamma',
-    0xafc0 => 'ExpandSoftware', #JD (Opanda)
-    0xafc1 => 'ExpandLens', #JD (Opanda)
-    0xafc2 => 'ExpandFilm', #JD (Opanda)
-    0xafc3 => 'ExpandFilterLens', #JD (Opanda)
-    0xafc4 => 'ExpandScanner', #JD (Opanda)
-    0xafc5 => 'ExpandFlashLamp', #JD (Opanda)
-#
-# Windows Media Photo / HD Photo (WDP/HDP) tags
-#
-    0xbc01 => { #13
-        Name => 'PixelFormat',
-        PrintHex => 1,
-        Format => 'undef',
-        Notes => q{
-            tags 0xbc** are used in Windows HD Photo (HDP and WDP) images. The actual
-            PixelFormat values are 16-byte GUID's but the leading 15 bytes,
-            '6fddc324-4e03-4bfe-b1853-d77768dc9', have been removed below to avoid
-            unnecessary clutter
-        },
-        ValueConv => q{
-            require Image::ExifTool::ASF;
-            $val = Image::ExifTool::ASF::GetGUID($val);
-            # GUID's are too long, so remove redundant information
-            $val =~ s/^6fddc324-4e03-4bfe-b185-3d77768dc9//i and $val = hex($val);
-            return $val;
-        },
-        PrintConv => {
-            0x0d => '24-bit RGB',
-            0x0c => '24-bit BGR',
-            0x0e => '32-bit BGR',
-            0x15 => '48-bit RGB',
-            0x12 => '48-bit RGB Fixed Point',
-            0x3b => '48-bit RGB Half',
-            0x18 => '96-bit RGB Fixed Point',
-            0x1b => '128-bit RGB Float',
-            0x0f => '32-bit BGRA',
-            0x16 => '64-bit RGBA',
-            0x1d => '64-bit RGBA Fixed Point',
-            0x3a => '64-bit RGBA Half',
-            0x1e => '128-bit RGBA Fixed Point',
-            0x19 => '128-bit RGBA Float',
-            0x10 => '32-bit PBGRA',
-            0x17 => '64-bit PRGBA',
-            0x1a => '128-bit PRGBA Float',
-            0x1c => '32-bit CMYK',
-            0x2c => '40-bit CMYK Alpha',
-            0x1f => '64-bit CMYK',
-            0x2d => '80-bit CMYK Alpha',
-            0x20 => '24-bit 3 Channels',
-            0x21 => '32-bit 4 Channels',
-            0x22 => '40-bit 5 Channels',
-            0x23 => '48-bit 6 Channels',
-            0x24 => '56-bit 7 Channels',
-            0x25 => '64-bit 8 Channels',
-            0x2e => '32-bit 3 Channels Alpha',
-            0x2f => '40-bit 4 Channels Alpha',
-            0x30 => '48-bit 5 Channels Alpha',
-            0x31 => '56-bit 6 Channels Alpha',
-            0x32 => '64-bit 7 Channels Alpha',
-            0x33 => '72-bit 8 Channels Alpha',
-            0x26 => '48-bit 3 Channels',
-            0x27 => '64-bit 4 Channels',
-            0x28 => '80-bit 5 Channels',
-            0x29 => '96-bit 6 Channels',
-            0x2a => '112-bit 7 Channels',
-            0x2b => '128-bit 8 Channels',
-            0x34 => '64-bit 3 Channels Alpha',
-            0x35 => '80-bit 4 Channels Alpha',
-            0x36 => '96-bit 5 Channels Alpha',
-            0x37 => '112-bit 6 Channels Alpha',
-            0x38 => '128-bit 7 Channels Alpha',
-            0x39 => '144-bit 8 Channels Alpha',
-            0x08 => '8-bit Gray',
-            0x0b => '16-bit Gray',
-            0x13 => '16-bit Gray Fixed Point',
-            0x3e => '16-bit Gray Half',
-            0x3f => '32-bit Gray Fixed Point',
-            0x11 => '32-bit Gray Float',
-            0x05 => 'Black & White',
-            0x09 => '16-bit BGR555',
-            0x0a => '16-bit BGR565',
-            0x13 => '32-bit BGR101010',
-            0x3d => '32-bit RGBE',
-        },
-    },
-    0xbc02 => { #13
-        Name => 'Transformation',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Horizontal (normal)',
-            1 => 'Mirror vertical',
-            2 => 'Mirror horizontal',
-            3 => 'Rotate 180',
-            4 => 'Rotate 90 CW',
-            5 => 'Mirror horizontal and rotate 90 CW',
-            6 => 'Mirror horizontal and rotate 270 CW',
-            7 => 'Rotate 270 CW',
-        },
-    },
-    0xbc03 => { #13
-        Name => 'Uncompressed',
-        PrintConv => { 0 => 'No', 1 => 'Yes' },
-    },
-    0xbc04 => { #13
-        Name => 'ImageType',
-        PrintConv => { BITMASK => {
-            0 => 'Preview',
-            1 => 'Page',
-        } },
-    },
-    0xbc80 => 'ImageWidth', #13
-    0xbc81 => 'ImageHeight', #13
-    0xbc82 => 'WidthResolution', #13
-    0xbc83 => 'HeightResolution', #13
-    0xbcc0 => { #13
-        Name => 'ImageOffset',
-        IsOffset => 1,
-        OffsetPair => 0xbcc1,  # point to associated byte count
-    },
-    0xbcc1 => { #13
-        Name => 'ImageByteCount',
-        OffsetPair => 0xbcc0,  # point to associated offset
-    },
-    0xbcc2 => { #13
-        Name => 'AlphaOffset',
-        IsOffset => 1,
-        OffsetPair => 0xbcc3,  # point to associated byte count
-    },
-    0xbcc3 => { #13
-        Name => 'AlphaByteCount',
-        OffsetPair => 0xbcc2,  # point to associated offset
-    },
-    0xbcc4 => { #13
-        Name => 'ImageDataDiscard',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Full Resolution',
-            1 => 'Flexbits Discarded',
-            2 => 'HighPass Frequency Data Discarded',
-            3 => 'Highpass and LowPass Frequency Data Discarded',
-        },
-    },
-    0xbcc5 => { #13
-        Name => 'AlphaDataDiscard',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Full Resolution',
-            1 => 'Flexbits Discarded',
-            2 => 'HighPass Frequency Data Discarded',
-            3 => 'Highpass and LowPass Frequency Data Discarded',
-        },
-    },
-#
-    0xc427 => 'OceScanjobDesc', #3
-    0xc428 => 'OceApplicationSelector', #3
-    0xc429 => 'OceIDNumber', #3
-    0xc42a => 'OceImageLogic', #3
-    0xc44f => { Name => 'Annotations', Binary => 1 }, #7/19
-    0xc4a5 => {
-        Name => 'PrintIM', # (writable directory!)
-        # must set Writable here so this tag will be saved with MakerNotes option
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Binary => 1,
-        # (don't make Binary/Protected because we can't copy individual PrintIM tags anyway)
-        Description => 'Print Image Matching',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PrintIM::Main',
-        },
-        PrintConvInv => '$val =~ /^PrintIM/ ? $val : undef',    # quick validation
-    },
-    0xc573 => { #PH
-        Name => 'OriginalFileName',
-        Notes => 'used by some obscure software', # (possibly Swizzy Photosmacker?)
-        # (it is a 'string', but obscure, so don't make it writable)
-    },
-    0xc580 => { #20
-        Name => 'USPTOOriginalContentType',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Text or Drawing',
-            1 => 'Grayscale',
-            2 => 'Color',
-        },
-    },
-    # 0xc5d8 - found in CR2 images
-    # 0xc5d9 - found in CR2 images
-    # 0xc5e0 - found in CR2 images
-    0xc640 => 'CR2Slice', #exifprobe
-    0xc6c5 => { Name => 'SRawType', Description => 'SRaw Type' }, #exifprobe
-#
-# DNG tags 0xc6XX and 0xc7XX (ref 2 unless otherwise stated)
-#
-    0xc612 => {
-        Name => 'DNGVersion',
-        Notes => 'tags 0xc612-0xc7b5 are used in DNG images unless otherwise noted',
-        DataMember => 'DNGVersion',
-        RawConv => '$$self{DNGVersion} = $val',
-        PrintConv => '$val =~ tr/ /./; $val',
-    },
-    0xc613 => {
-        Name => 'DNGBackwardVersion',
-        PrintConv => '$val =~ tr/ /./; $val',
-    },
-    0xc614 => 'UniqueCameraModel',
-    0xc615 => {
-        Name => 'LocalizedCameraModel',
-        Format => 'string',
-        PrintConv => '$self->Printable($val, 0)',
-    },
-    0xc616 => {
-        Name => 'CFAPlaneColor',
-        PrintConv => q{
-            my @cols = qw(Red Green Blue Cyan Magenta Yellow White);
-            my @vals = map { $cols[$_] || "Unknown($_)" } split(' ', $val);
-            return join(',', @vals);
-        },
-    },
-    0xc617 => {
-        Name => 'CFALayout',
-        PrintConv => {
-            1 => 'Rectangular',
-            2 => 'Even columns offset down 1/2 row',
-            3 => 'Even columns offset up 1/2 row',
-            4 => 'Even rows offset right 1/2 column',
-            5 => 'Even rows offset left 1/2 column',
-            # the following are new for DNG 1.3:
-            6 => 'Even rows offset up by 1/2 row, even columns offset left by 1/2 column',
-            7 => 'Even rows offset up by 1/2 row, even columns offset right by 1/2 column',
-            8 => 'Even rows offset down by 1/2 row, even columns offset left by 1/2 column',
-            9 => 'Even rows offset down by 1/2 row, even columns offset right by 1/2 column',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc618 => { Name => 'LinearizationTable', Binary => 1 },
-    0xc619 => 'BlackLevelRepeatDim',
-    0xc61a => 'BlackLevel',
-    0xc61b => { Name => 'BlackLevelDeltaH', %longBin },
-    0xc61c => { Name => 'BlackLevelDeltaV', %longBin },
-    0xc61d => 'WhiteLevel',
-    0xc61e => 'DefaultScale',
-    0xc61f => 'DefaultCropOrigin',
-    0xc620 => 'DefaultCropSize',
-    0xc621 => 'ColorMatrix1',
-    0xc622 => 'ColorMatrix2',
-    0xc623 => 'CameraCalibration1',
-    0xc624 => 'CameraCalibration2',
-    0xc625 => 'ReductionMatrix1',
-    0xc626 => 'ReductionMatrix2',
-    0xc627 => 'AnalogBalance',
-    0xc628 => 'AsShotNeutral',
-    0xc629 => 'AsShotWhiteXY',
-    0xc62a => 'BaselineExposure',
-    0xc62b => 'BaselineNoise',
-    0xc62c => 'BaselineSharpness',
-    0xc62d => 'BayerGreenSplit',
-    0xc62e => 'LinearResponseLimit',
-    0xc62f => {
-        Name => 'CameraSerialNumber',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-    },
-    0xc630 => {
-        Name => 'DNGLensInfo',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        PrintConv =>\&PrintLensInfo,
-    },
-    0xc631 => 'ChromaBlurRadius',
-    0xc632 => 'AntiAliasStrength',
-    0xc633 => 'ShadowScale',
-    0xc634 => [
-        {
-            Condition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(ARW|SR2)$/',
-            Name => 'SR2Private',
-            Groups => { 1 => 'SR2' },
-            Flags => 'SubIFD',
-            Format => 'int32u',
-            # some utilites have problems unless this is int8u format:
-            # - Adobe Camera Raw 5.3 gives an error
-            # - Apple Preview 10.5.8 gets the wrong white balance
-            FixFormat => 'int8u', # (stupid Sony)
-            SubDirectory => {
-                DirName => 'SR2Private',
-                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sony::SR2Private',
-                Start => '$val',
-            },
-        },
-        {
-            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^Adobe\0/',
-            Name => 'DNGAdobeData',
-            Flags => [ 'Binary', 'Protected' ],
-            Writable => 'undef', # (writable directory!) (to make it possible to delete this mess)
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-            NestedHtmlDump => 1,
-            SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::DNG::AdobeData' },
-            Format => 'undef',  # written incorrectly as int8u (change to undef for speed)
-        },
-        {
-            # Pentax/Samsung models that write AOC maker notes in JPG images:
-            # K-5,K-7,K-m,K-x,K-r,K10D,K20D,K100D,K110D,K200D,K2000,GX10,GX20
-            # (Note: the following expression also appears in WriteExif.pl)
-            Condition => q{
-                $$valPt =~ /^(PENTAX |SAMSUNG)\0/ and
-                $$self{Model} =~ /\b(K(-[57mrx]|(10|20|100|110|200)D|2000)|GX(10|20))\b/
-            },
-            Name => 'MakerNotePentax',
-            MakerNotes => 1,    # (causes "MakerNotes header" to be identified in HtmlDump output)
-            Binary => 1,
-            # Note: Don't make this block-writable for a few reasons:
-            # 1) It would be dangerous (possibly confusing Pentax software)
-            # 2) It is a different format from the JPEG version of MakerNotePentax
-            # 3) It is converted to JPEG format by RebuildMakerNotes() when copying
-            SubDirectory => {
-                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Main',
-                Start => '$valuePtr + 10',
-                Base => '$start - 10',
-                ByteOrder => 'Unknown', # easier to do this than read byteorder word
-            },
-            Format => 'undef',  # written incorrectly as int8u (change to undef for speed)
-        },
-        {
-            # must duplicate the above tag with a different name for more recent
-            # Pentax models which use the "PENTAX" instead of the "AOC" maker notes
-            # in JPG images (needed when copying maker notes from DNG to JPG)
-            Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^(PENTAX |SAMSUNG)\0/',
-            Name => 'MakerNotePentax5',
-            MakerNotes => 1,
-            Binary => 1,
-            SubDirectory => {
-                TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Main',
-                Start => '$valuePtr + 10',
-                Base => '$start - 10',
-                ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
-            },
-            Format => 'undef',
-        },
-        {
-            Name => 'DNGPrivateData',
-            Flags => [ 'Binary', 'Protected' ],
-            Format => 'undef',
-            Writable => 'undef',
-            WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        },
-    ],
-    0xc635 => {
-        Name => 'MakerNoteSafety',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Unsafe',
-            1 => 'Safe',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc640 => { #15
-        Name => 'RawImageSegmentation',
-        # (int16u[3], not writable)
-        Notes => q{
-            used in segmented Canon CR2 images.  3 numbers: 1. Number of segments minus
-            one; 2. Pixel width of segments except last; 3. Pixel width of last segment
-        },
-    },
-    0xc65a => {
-        Name => 'CalibrationIlluminant1',
-        SeparateTable => 'LightSource',
-        PrintConv => \%lightSource,
-    },
-    0xc65b => {
-        Name => 'CalibrationIlluminant2',
-        SeparateTable => 'LightSource',
-        PrintConv => \%lightSource,
-    },
-    0xc65c => 'BestQualityScale',
-    0xc65d => {
-        Name => 'RawDataUniqueID',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => 'uc(unpack("H*",$val))',
-    },
-    0xc660 => { #3
-        Name => 'AliasLayerMetadata',
-        Notes => 'used by Alias Sketchbook Pro',
-    },
-    0xc68b => {
-        Name => 'OriginalRawFileName',
-        Format => 'string', # sometimes written as int8u
-    },
-    0xc68c => {
-        Name => 'OriginalRawFileData', # (writable directory!)
-        Writable => 'undef', # must be defined here so tag will be extracted if specified
-        WriteGroup => 'IFD0',
-        Flags => [ 'Binary', 'Protected' ],
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::DNG::OriginalRaw',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc68d => 'ActiveArea',
-    0xc68e => 'MaskedAreas',
-    0xc68f => {
-        Name => 'AsShotICCProfile',
-        Binary => 1,
-        Writable => 'undef', # must be defined here so tag will be extracted if specified
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'AsShotICCProfile',
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::Main',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc690 => 'AsShotPreProfileMatrix',
-    0xc691 => {
-        Name => 'CurrentICCProfile',
-        Binary => 1,
-        Writable => 'undef', # must be defined here so tag will be extracted if specified
-        SubDirectory => {
-            DirName => 'CurrentICCProfile',
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::Main',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc692 => 'CurrentPreProfileMatrix',
-    0xc6bf => 'ColorimetricReference',
-    0xc6d2 => { #JD (Panasonic DMC-TZ5)
-        # this text is UTF-8 encoded (hooray!) - PH (TZ5)
-        Name => 'PanasonicTitle',
-        Format => 'string', # written incorrectly as 'undef'
-        Notes => 'proprietary Panasonic tag used for baby/pet name, etc',
-        # panasonic always records this tag (64 zero bytes),
-        # so ignore it unless it contains valid information
-        RawConv => 'length($val) ? $val : undef',
-        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val, "UTF8")',
-    },
-    0xc6d3 => { #PH (Panasonic DMC-FS7)
-        Name => 'PanasonicTitle2',
-        Format => 'string', # written incorrectly as 'undef'
-        Notes => 'proprietary Panasonic tag used for baby/pet name with age',
-        # panasonic always records this tag (128 zero bytes),
-        # so ignore it unless it contains valid information
-        RawConv => 'length($val) ? $val : undef',
-        ValueConv => '$self->Decode($val, "UTF8")',
-    },
-    0xc6f3 => 'CameraCalibrationSig',
-    0xc6f4 => 'ProfileCalibrationSig',
-    0xc6f5 => {
-        Name => 'ProfileIFD', # (ExtraCameraProfiles)
-        Groups => { 1 => 'ProfileIFD' },
-        Flags => 'SubIFD',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            ProcessProc => \&ProcessTiffIFD,
-            WriteProc => \&ProcessTiffIFD,
-            DirName => 'ProfileIFD',
-            Start => '$val',
-            Base => '$start',   # offsets relative to start of TIFF-like header
-            MaxSubdirs => 10,
-            Magic => 0x4352,    # magic number for TIFF-like header
-        },
-    },
-    0xc6f6 => 'AsShotProfileName',
-    0xc6f7 => 'NoiseReductionApplied',
-    0xc6f8 => 'ProfileName',
-    0xc6f9 => 'ProfileHueSatMapDims',
-    0xc6fa => { Name => 'ProfileHueSatMapData1', %longBin },
-    0xc6fb => { Name => 'ProfileHueSatMapData2', %longBin },
-    0xc6fc => {
-        Name => 'ProfileToneCurve',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0xc6fd => {
-        Name => 'ProfileEmbedPolicy',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Allow Copying',
-            1 => 'Embed if Used',
-            2 => 'Never Embed',
-            3 => 'No Restrictions',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc6fe => 'ProfileCopyright',
-    0xc714 => 'ForwardMatrix1',
-    0xc715 => 'ForwardMatrix2',
-    0xc716 => 'PreviewApplicationName',
-    0xc717 => 'PreviewApplicationVersion',
-    0xc718 => 'PreviewSettingsName',
-    0xc719 => {
-        Name => 'PreviewSettingsDigest',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => 'unpack("H*", $val)',
-    },
-    0xc71a => 'PreviewColorSpace',
-    0xc71b => {
-        Name => 'PreviewDateTime',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        ValueConv => q{
-            require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
-            return Image::ExifTool::XMP::ConvertXMPDate($val);
-        },
-    },
-    0xc71c => {
-        Name => 'RawImageDigest',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => 'unpack("H*", $val)',
-    },
-    0xc71d => {
-        Name => 'OriginalRawFileDigest',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => 'unpack("H*", $val)',
-    },
-    0xc71e => 'SubTileBlockSize',
-    0xc71f => 'RowInterleaveFactor',
-    0xc725 => 'ProfileLookTableDims',
-    0xc726 => {
-        Name => 'ProfileLookTableData',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0xc740 => { # DNG 1.3
-        Name => 'OpcodeList1',
-        Binary => 1,
-        # opcodes:
-        # 1 => 'WarpRectilinear',
-        # 2 => 'WarpFisheye',
-        # 3 => 'FixVignetteRadial',
-        # 4 => 'FixBadPixelsConstant',
-        # 5 => 'FixBadPixelsList',
-        # 6 => 'TrimBounds',
-        # 7 => 'MapTable',
-        # 8 => 'MapPolynomial',
-        # 9 => 'GainMap',
-        # 10 => 'DeltaPerRow',
-        # 11 => 'DeltaPerColumn',
-        # 12 => 'ScalePerRow',
-        # 13 => 'ScalePerColumn',
-    },
-    0xc741 => { # DNG 1.3
-        Name => 'OpcodeList2',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0xc74e => { # DNG 1.3
-        Name => 'OpcodeList3',
-        Binary => 1,
-    },
-    0xc761 => 'NoiseProfile', # DNG 1.3
-    0xc763 => { #28
-        Name => 'TimeCodes',
-        ValueConv => q{
-            my @a = split ' ', $val;
-            my @v;
-            push @v, join('.', map { sprintf('%.2x',$_) } splice(@a,0,8)) while @a >= 8;
-            join ' ', @v;
-        },
-        # Note: Currently ignore the flags:
-        #   byte 0 0x80 - color frame
-        #   byte 0 0x40 - drop frame
-        #   byte 1 0x80 - field phase
-        PrintConv => q{
-            my @a = map hex, split /[. ]+/, $val;
-            my @v;
-            while (@a >= 8) {
-                my $str = sprintf("%.2x:%.2x:%.2x.%.2x", $a[3]&0x3f,
-                                 $a[2]&0x7f, $a[1]&0x7f, $a[0]&0x3f);
-                if ($a[3] & 0x80) { # date+timezone exist if BGF2 is set
-                    my $tz = $a[7] & 0x3f;
-                    my $bz = sprintf('%.2x', $tz);
-                    $bz = 100 if $bz =~ /[a-f]/i; # not BCD
-                    if ($bz < 26) {
-                        $tz = ($bz < 13 ? 0 : 26) - $bz;
-                    } elsif ($bz == 32) {
-                        $tz = 12.75;
-                    } elsif ($bz >= 28 and $bz <= 31) {
-                        $tz = 0;    # UTC
-                    } elsif ($bz < 100) {
-                        undef $tz;  # undefined or user-defined
-                    } elsif ($tz < 0x20) {
-                        $tz = (($tz < 0x10 ? 10 : 20) - $tz) - 0.5;
-                    } else {
-                        $tz = (($tz < 0x30 ? 53 : 63) - $tz) + 0.5;
-                    }
-                    if ($a[7] & 0x80) { # MJD format (/w UTC time)
-                        my ($h,$m,$s,$f) = split /[:.]/, $str;
-                        my $jday = sprintf('%x%.2x%.2x', reverse @a[4..6]);
-                        $str = ConvertUnixTime(($jday - 40587) * 24 * 3600
-                                 + ((($h+$tz) * 60) + $m) * 60 + $s) . ".$f";
-                        $str =~ s/^(\d+):(\d+):(\d+) /$1-$2-${3}T/;
-                    } else { # YYMMDD (Note: CinemaDNG 1.1 example seems wrong)
-                        my $yr = sprintf('%.2x',$a[6]) + 1900;
-                        $yr += 100 if $yr < 1970;
-                        $str = sprintf('%d-%.2x-%.2xT%s',$yr,$a[5],$a[4],$str);
-                    }
-                    $str .= TimeZoneString($tz*60) if defined $tz;
-                }
-                push @v, $str;
-                splice @a, 0, 8;
-            }
-            join ' ', @v;
-        },
-    },
-    0xc764 => { #28
-        Name => 'FrameRate',
-        PrintConv => 'int($val * 1000 + 0.5) / 1000',
-    },
-    0xc772 => { #28
-        Name => 'TStop',
-        PrintConv => 'join("-", map { sprintf("%.2f",$_) } split " ", $val)',
-    },
-    0xc789 => 'ReelName', #28
-    0xc791 => 'OriginalDefaultFinalSize', # DNG 1.4
-    0xc792 => { # DNG 1.4
-        Name => 'OriginalBestQualitySize',
-        Notes => 'called OriginalBestQualityFinalSize by the DNG spec',
-    },
-    0xc793 => 'OriginalDefaultCropSize', # DNG 1.4
-    0xc7a1 => 'CameraLabel', #28
-    0xc7a3 => { # DNG 1.4
-        Name => 'ProfileHueSatMapEncoding',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Linear',
-            1 => 'sRGB',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc7a4 => { # DNG 1.4
-        Name => 'ProfileLookTableEncoding',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Linear',
-            1 => 'sRGB',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc7a5 => 'BaselineExposureOffset', # DNG 1.4
-    0xc7a6 => { # DNG 1.4
-        Name => 'DefaultBlackRender',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'Auto',
-            1 => 'None',
-        },
-    },
-    0xc7a7 => { # DNG 1.4
-        Name => 'NewRawImageDigest',
-        Format => 'undef',
-        ValueConv => 'unpack("H*", $val)',
-    },
-    0xc7a8 => 'RawToPreviewGain', # DNG 1.4
-    # 0xc7aa - undocumented DNG tag written by LR4 (int32u[1] - val=256, related to fast load data?)
-    0xc7b5 => 'DefaultUserCrop', # DNG 1.4
-    0xea1c => { #13
-        Name => 'Padding',
-        Binary => 1,
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        # must start with 0x1c 0xea by the WM Photo specification
-        # (not sure what should happen if padding is only 1 byte)
-        # (why does MicrosoftPhoto write "1c ea 00 00 00 08"?)
-        RawConvInv => '$val=~s/^../\x1c\xea/s; $val',
-    },
-    0xea1d => {
-        Name => 'OffsetSchema',
-        Notes => "Microsoft's ill-conceived maker note offset difference",
-        # From the Microsoft documentation:
-        #
-        #     Any time the "Maker Note" is relocated by Windows, the Exif MakerNote
-        #     tag (37500) is updated automatically to reference the new location. In
-        #     addition, Windows records the offset (or difference) between the old and
-        #     new locations in the Exif OffsetSchema tag (59933). If the "Maker Note"
-        #     contains relative references, the developer can add the value in
-        #     OffsetSchema to the original references to find the correct information.
-        #
-        # My recommendation is for other developers to ignore this tag because the
-        # information it contains is unreliable. It will be wrong if the image has
-        # been subsequently edited by another application that doesn't recognize the
-        # new Microsoft tag.
-        #
-        # The new tag unfortunately only gives the difference between the new maker
-        # note offset and the original offset. Instead, it should have been designed
-        # to store the original offset. The new offset may change if the image is
-        # edited, which will invalidate the tag as currently written. If instead the
-        # original offset had been stored, the new difference could be easily
-        # calculated because the new maker note offset is known.
-        #
-        # I exchanged emails with a Microsoft technical representative, pointing out
-        # this problem shortly after they released the update (Feb 2007), but so far
-        # they have taken no steps to address this.
-    },
-
-    # tags in the range 0xfde8-0xfe58 have been observed in PS7 files
-    # generated from RAW images.  They are all strings with the
-    # tag name at the start of the string.  To accomodate these types
-    # of tags, all tags with values above 0xf000 are handled specially
-    # by ProcessExif().
-
-    0xfe00 => {
-        Name => 'KDC_IFD',
-        Groups => { 1 => 'KDC_IFD' },
-        Flags => 'SubIFD',
-        Notes => 'used in some Kodak KDC images',
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::KDC_IFD',
-            DirName => 'KDC_IFD',
-            Start => '$val',
-        },
-    },
-);
-
-# EXIF Composite tags (plus other more general Composite tags)
-%Image::ExifTool::Exif::Composite = (
-    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Image' },
-    ImageSize => {
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'ImageWidth',
-            1 => 'ImageHeight',
-        },
-        Desire => {
-            2 => 'ExifImageWidth',
-            3 => 'ExifImageHeight',
-        },
-        # use ExifImageWidth/Height only for Canon and Phase One TIFF-base RAW images
-        ValueConv => q{
-            return "$val[2]x$val[3]" if $val[2] and $val[3] and
-                    $$self{TIFF_TYPE} =~ /^(CR2|Canon 1D RAW|IIQ|EIP)$/;
-            return "$val[0]x$val[1]";
-        },
-    },
-    # pick the best shutter speed value
-    ShutterSpeed => {
-        Desire => {
-            0 => 'ExposureTime',
-            1 => 'ShutterSpeedValue',
-            2 => 'BulbDuration',
-        },
-        ValueConv => '($val[2] and $val[2]>0) ? $val[2] : (defined($val[0]) ? $val[0] : $val[1])',
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintExposureTime($val)',
-    },
-    Aperture => {
-        Desire => {
-            0 => 'FNumber',
-            1 => 'ApertureValue',
-        },
-        RawConv => '($val[0] || $val[1]) ? $val : undef',
-        ValueConv => '$val[0] || $val[1]',
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintFNumber($val)',
-    },
-    LightValue => {
-        Notes => 'calculated LV -- similar to exposure value but normalized to ISO 100',
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'Aperture',
-            1 => 'ShutterSpeed',
-            2 => 'ISO',
-        },
-        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::CalculateLV($val[0],$val[1],$prt[2])',
-        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.1f",$val)',
-    },
-    FocalLength35efl => { #26/PH
-        Description => 'Focal Length',
-        Notes => 'this value may be incorrect if the image has been resized',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'FocalLength',
-        },
-        Desire => {
-            1 => 'ScaleFactor35efl',
-        },
-        ValueConv => 'ToFloat(@val); ($val[0] || 0) * ($val[1] || 1)',
-        PrintConv => '$val[1] ? sprintf("%.1f mm (35 mm equivalent: %.1f mm)", $val[0], $val) : sprintf("%.1f mm", $val)',
-    },
-    ScaleFactor35efl => { #26/PH
-        Description => 'Scale Factor To 35 mm Equivalent',
-        Notes => q{
-            this value and any derived values may be incorrect if the image has been
-            resized
-        },
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Desire => {
-            0 => 'FocalLength',
-            1 => 'FocalLengthIn35mmFormat',
-            2 => 'Composite:DigitalZoom',
-            3 => 'FocalPlaneDiagonal',
-            4 => 'SensorSize',
-            5 => 'FocalPlaneXSize',
-            6 => 'FocalPlaneYSize',
-            7 => 'FocalPlaneResolutionUnit',
-            8 => 'FocalPlaneXResolution',
-            9 => 'FocalPlaneYResolution',
-           10 => 'ExifImageWidth',
-           11 => 'ExifImageHeight',
-           12 => 'CanonImageWidth',
-           13 => 'CanonImageHeight',
-           14 => 'ImageWidth',
-           15 => 'ImageHeight',
-        },
-        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::CalcScaleFactor35efl($self, @val)',
-        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.1f", $val)',
-    },
-    CircleOfConfusion => {
-        Notes => q{
-            calculated as D/1440, where D is the focal plane diagonal in mm.  This value
-            may be incorrect if the image has been resized
-        },
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Require => 'ScaleFactor35efl',
-        ValueConv => 'sqrt(24*24+36*36) / ($val * 1440)',
-        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.3f mm",$val)',
-    },
-    HyperfocalDistance => {
-        Notes => 'this value may be incorrect if the image has been resized',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'FocalLength',
-            1 => 'Aperture',
-            2 => 'CircleOfConfusion',
-        },
-        ValueConv => q{
-            ToFloat(@val);
-            return 'inf' unless $val[1] and $val[2];
-            return $val[0] * $val[0] / ($val[1] * $val[2] * 1000);
-        },
-        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.2f m", $val)',
-    },
-    DOF => {
-        Description => 'Depth Of Field',
-        Notes => 'this value may be incorrect if the image has been resized',
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'FocalLength',
-            1 => 'Aperture',
-            2 => 'CircleOfConfusion',
-        },
-        Desire => {
-            3 => 'FocusDistance',   # focus distance in metres (0 is infinity)
-            4 => 'SubjectDistance',
-            5 => 'ObjectDistance',
-        },
-        ValueConv => q{
-            ToFloat(@val);
-            my ($d, $f) = ($val[3], $val[0]);
-            if (defined $d) {
-                $d or $d = 1e10;    # (use large number for infinity)
-            } else {
-                $d = $val[4] || $val[5];
-                return undef unless defined $d;
-            }
-            return 0 unless $f and $val[2];
-            my $t = $val[1] * $val[2] * ($d * 1000 - $f) / ($f * $f);
-            my @v = ($d / (1 + $t), $d / (1 - $t));
-            $v[1] < 0 and $v[1] = 0; # 0 means 'inf'
-            return join(' ',@v);
-        },
-        PrintConv => q{
-            $val =~ tr/,/./;    # in case locale is whacky
-            my @v = split ' ', $val;
-            $v[1] or return sprintf("inf (%.2f m - inf)", $v[0]);
-            my $dof = $v[1] - $v[0];
-            my $fmt = ($dof>0 and $dof<0.02) ? "%.3f" : "%.2f";
-            return sprintf("$fmt m ($fmt - $fmt)",$dof,$v[0],$v[1]);
-        },
-    },
-    FOV => {
-        Description => 'Field Of View',
-        Notes => q{
-            calculated for the long image dimension.  This value may be incorrect for
-            fisheye lenses, or if the image has been resized
-        },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'FocalLength',
-            1 => 'ScaleFactor35efl',
-        },
-        Desire => {
-            2 => 'FocusDistance', # (multiply by 1000 to convert to mm)
-        },
-        # ref http://www.bobatkins.com/photography/technical/field_of_view.html
-        # (calculations below apply to rectilinear lenses only, not fisheye)
-        ValueConv => q{
-            ToFloat(@val);
-            return undef unless $val[0] and $val[1];
-            my $corr = 1;
-            if ($val[2]) {
-                my $d = 1000 * $val[2] - $val[0];
-                $corr += $val[0]/$d if $d > 0;
-            }
-            my $fd2 = atan2(36, 2*$val[0]*$val[1]*$corr);
-            my @fov = ( $fd2 * 360 / 3.14159 );
-            if ($val[2] and $val[2] > 0 and $val[2] < 10000) {
-                push @fov, 2 * $val[2] * sin($fd2) / cos($fd2);
-            }
-            return join(' ', @fov);
-        },
-        PrintConv => q{
-            my @v = split(' ',$val);
-            my $str = sprintf("%.1f deg", $v[0]);
-            $str .= sprintf(" (%.2f m)", $v[1]) if $v[1];
-            return $str;
-        },
-    },
-    # generate DateTimeOriginal from Date and Time Created if not extracted already
-    DateTimeOriginal => {
-        Condition => 'not defined $$self{VALUE}{DateTimeOriginal}',
-        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        Desire => {
-            0 => 'DateTimeCreated',
-            1 => 'DateCreated',
-            2 => 'TimeCreated',
-        },
-        RawConv => '($val[1] and $val[2]) ? $val : undef',
-        ValueConv => q{
-            return $val[0] if $val[0] and $val[0]=~/ /;
-            return "$val[1] $val[2]";
-        },
-        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
-    },
-    ThumbnailImage => {
-        Writable => 1,
-        WriteCheck => '$self->CheckImage(\$val)',
-        WriteAlso => {
-            # (the 0xfeedfeed values are translated in the Exif write routine)
-            ThumbnailOffset => 'defined $val ? 0xfeedfeed : undef',
-            ThumbnailLength => 'defined $val ? 0xfeedfeed : undef',
-        },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'ThumbnailOffset',
-            1 => 'ThumbnailLength',
-        },
-        # retrieve the thumbnail from our EXIF data
-        RawConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ExtractImage($self,$val[0],$val[1],"ThumbnailImage")',
-    },
-    PreviewImage => {
-        Writable => 1,
-        WriteCheck => '$self->CheckImage(\$val)',
-        DelCheck => '$val = ""; return undef', # can't delete, so set to empty string
-        WriteAlso => {
-            PreviewImageStart  => 'defined $val ? 0xfeedfeed : undef',
-            PreviewImageLength => 'defined $val ? 0xfeedfeed : undef',
-            PreviewImageValid  => 'defined $val and length $val ? 1 : 0',
-        },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'PreviewImageStart',
-            1 => 'PreviewImageLength',
-        },
-        Desire => {
-            2 => 'PreviewImageValid',
-            # (DNG and A100 ARW may be have 2 preview images)
-            3 => 'PreviewImageStart (1)',
-            4 => 'PreviewImageLength (1)',
-        },
-        # note: extract 2nd preview, but ignore double-referenced preview
-        # (in A100 ARW images, the 2nd PreviewImageLength from IFD0 may be wrong anyway)
-        RawConv => q{
-            if ($val[3] and $val[4] and $val[0] ne $val[3]) {
-                my %val = (
-                    0 => 'PreviewImageStart (1)',
-                    1 => 'PreviewImageLength (1)',
-                    2 => 'PreviewImageValid',
-                );
-                $self->FoundTag($tagInfo, \%val);
-            }
-            return undef if defined $val[2] and not $val[2];
-            return Image::ExifTool::Exif::ExtractImage($self,$val[0],$val[1],'PreviewImage');
-        },
-    },
-    JpgFromRaw => {
-        Writable => 1,
-        WriteCheck => '$self->CheckImage(\$val)',
-        WriteAlso => {
-            JpgFromRawStart  => 'defined $val ? 0xfeedfeed : undef',
-            JpgFromRawLength => 'defined $val ? 0xfeedfeed : undef',
-        },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'JpgFromRawStart',
-            1 => 'JpgFromRawLength',
-        },
-        RawConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ExtractImage($self,$val[0],$val[1],"JpgFromRaw")',
-    },
-    OtherImage => {
-        Writable => 1,
-        WriteCheck => '$self->CheckImage(\$val)',
-        DelCheck => '$val = ""; return undef', # can't delete, so set to empty string
-        WriteAlso => {
-            OtherImageStart  => 'defined $val ? 0xfeedfeed : undef',
-            OtherImageLength => 'defined $val ? 0xfeedfeed : undef',
-        },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'OtherImageStart',
-            1 => 'OtherImageLength',
-        },
-        # retrieve the thumbnail from our EXIF data
-        RawConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ExtractImage($self,$val[0],$val[1],"OtherImage")',
-    },
-    PreviewImageSize => {
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'PreviewImageWidth',
-            1 => 'PreviewImageHeight',
-        },
-        ValueConv => '"$val[0]x$val[1]"',
-    },
-    SubSecDateTimeOriginal => {
-        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'EXIF:DateTimeOriginal',
-            1 => 'SubSecTimeOriginal',
-        },
-        # be careful here just in case there is a timezone following the seconds
-        RawConv => '$val[1]=~/\d/ ? $val : undef',
-        ValueConv => q{
-            $_ = $val[0]; s/( \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2})/$1\.$val[1]/; $_;
-        },
-        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
-    },
-    SubSecCreateDate => {
-        Description => 'Create Date',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'EXIF:CreateDate',
-            1 => 'SubSecTimeDigitized',
-        },
-        RawConv => '$val[1]=~/\d/ ? $val : undef',
-        ValueConv => q{
-            $_ = $val[0]; s/( \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2})/$1\.$val[1]/; $_;
-        },
-        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
-    },
-    SubSecModifyDate => {
-        Description => 'Modify Date',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'EXIF:ModifyDate',
-            1 => 'SubSecTime',
-        },
-        RawConv => '$val[1]=~/\d/ ? $val : undef',
-        ValueConv => q{
-            $_ = $val[0]; s/( \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2})/$1\.$val[1]/; $_;
-        },
-        PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
-    },
-    CFAPattern => {
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'CFARepeatPatternDim',
-            1 => 'CFAPattern2',
-        },
-        # generate CFAPattern
-        ValueConv => q{
-            my @a = split / /, $val[0];
-            my @b = split / /, $val[1];
-            return '?' unless @a==2 and @b==$a[0]*$a[1];
-            return "$a[0] $a[1] @b";
-        },
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintCFAPattern($val)',
-    },
-    RedBalance => {
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Desire => {
-            0 => 'WB_RGGBLevels',
-            1 => 'WB_RGBGLevels',
-            2 => 'WB_RBGGLevels',
-            3 => 'WB_GRBGLevels',
-            4 => 'WB_GRGBLevels',
-            5 => 'WB_GBRGLevels',
-            6 => 'WB_RGBLevels',
-            7 => 'WB_GRBLevels',
-            8 => 'WB_RBLevels',
-            9 => 'WBRedLevel', # red
-           10 => 'WBGreenLevel',
-        },
-        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::RedBlueBalance(0,@val)',
-        PrintConv => 'int($val * 1e6 + 0.5) * 1e-6',
-    },
-    BlueBalance => {
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Desire => {
-            0 => 'WB_RGGBLevels',
-            1 => 'WB_RGBGLevels',
-            2 => 'WB_RBGGLevels',
-            3 => 'WB_GRBGLevels',
-            4 => 'WB_GRGBLevels',
-            5 => 'WB_GBRGLevels',
-            6 => 'WB_RGBLevels',
-            7 => 'WB_GRBLevels',
-            8 => 'WB_RBLevels',
-            9 => 'WBBlueLevel', # blue
-           10 => 'WBGreenLevel',
-        },
-        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::RedBlueBalance(1,@val)',
-        PrintConv => 'int($val * 1e6 + 0.5) * 1e-6',
-    },
-    GPSPosition => {
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
-        Require => {
-            0 => 'GPSLatitude',
-            1 => 'GPSLongitude',
-        },
-        ValueConv => '"$val[0] $val[1]"',
-        PrintConv => '"$prt[0], $prt[1]"',
-    },
-    LensID => {
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
-        Require => 'LensType',
-        Desire => {
-            1 => 'FocalLength',
-            2 => 'MaxAperture',
-            3 => 'MaxApertureValue',
-            4 => 'MinFocalLength',
-            5 => 'MaxFocalLength',
-            6 => 'LensModel',
-            7 => 'LensFocalRange',
-            8 => 'LensSpec',
-            9 => 'LensType2',
-        },
-        Notes => q{
-            attempt to identify the actual lens from all lenses with a given LensType.
-            Applies only to LensType values with a lookup table.  May be configured
-            by adding user-defined lenses
-        },
-        # this LensID is only valid if the LensType has a PrintConv or is a model name
-        RawConv => q{
-            my $printConv = $$self{TAG_INFO}{LensType}{PrintConv};
-            return $val if ref $printConv eq 'HASH' or (ref $printConv eq 'ARRAY' and
-                ref $$printConv[0] eq 'HASH') or $val[0] =~ /(mm|\d\/F)/;
-            return undef;
-        },
-        ValueConv => '$val',
-        PrintConv => q{
-            my $pcv;
-            # use LensType2 instead of LensType if available and valid (Sony E-mount lenses)
-            if ($val[9] and $val[9] & 0x8000) {
-                $val[0] = $val[9];
-                $prt[0] = $prt[9];
-                $pcv = $$self{TAG_INFO}{LensType2}{PrintConv};
-            }
-            Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintLensID($self, $prt[0], $pcv, $prt[8], @val);
-        },
-    },
-);
-
-# table for unknown IFD entries
-%Image::ExifTool::Exif::Unknown = (
-    GROUPS => { 0 => 'EXIF', 1 => 'UnknownIFD', 2 => 'Image'},
-    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteExif,
-);
-
-# add our composite tags
-Image::ExifTool::AddCompositeTags('Image::ExifTool::Exif');
-
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# AutoLoad our writer routines when necessary
-#
-sub AUTOLOAD
-{
-    return Image::ExifTool::DoAutoLoad($AUTOLOAD, @_);
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Identify RAW file type for some TIFF-based formats using Compression value
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) Compression value
-# - sets TIFF_TYPE and FileType if identified
-sub IdentifyRawFile($$)
-{
-    my ($et, $comp) = @_;
-    if ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'TIFF' and not $$et{IdentifiedRawFile}) {
-        if ($compression{$comp} and $compression{$comp} =~ /^\w+ ([A-Z]{3}) Compressed$/) {
-            $et->OverrideFileType($$et{TIFF_TYPE} = $1);
-            $$et{IdentifiedRawFile} = 1;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Calculate LV (Light Value)
-# Inputs: 0) Aperture, 1) ShutterSpeed, 2) ISO
-# Returns: LV value (and converts input values to floating point if necessary)
-sub CalculateLV($$$)
-{
-    local $_;
-    # do validity checks on arguments
-    return undef unless @_ >= 3;
-    foreach (@_) {
-        return undef unless $_ and /([+-]?(?=\d|\.\d)\d*(\.\d*)?([Ee]([+-]?\d+))?)/ and $1 > 0;
-        $_ = $1;    # extract float from any other garbage
-    }
-    # (A light value of 0 is defined as f/1.0 at 1 second with ISO 100)
-    return (2*log($_[0]) - log($_[1]) - log($_[2]/100)) / log(2);
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Calculate scale factor for 35mm effective focal length (ref 26/PH)
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref
-#         1) Focal length
-#         2) Focal length in 35mm format
-#         3) Canon digital zoom factor
-#         4) Focal plane diagonal size (in mm)
-#         5) Sensor size (X and Y in mm)
-#         6/7) Focal plane X/Y size (in mm)
-#         8) focal plane resolution units (1=None,2=inches,3=cm,4=mm,5=um)
-#         9/10) Focal plane X/Y resolution
-#         11/12,13/14...) Image width/height in order of precedence (first valid pair is used)
-# Returns: 35mm conversion factor (or undefined if it can't be calculated)
-sub CalcScaleFactor35efl
-{
-    my $et = shift;
-    my $res = $_[7];    # save resolution units (in case they have been converted to string)
-    my $sensXY = $_[4];
-    Image::ExifTool::ToFloat(@_);
-    my $focal = shift;
-    my $foc35 = shift;
-
-    return $foc35 / $focal if $focal and $foc35;
-
-    my $digz = shift || 1;
-    my $diag = shift;
-    my $sens = shift;
-    # calculate Canon sensor size using a dedicated algorithm
-    if ($$et{Make} eq 'Canon') {
-        require Image::ExifTool::Canon;
-        my $canonDiag = Image::ExifTool::Canon::CalcSensorDiag(
-            $$et{RATIONAL}{FocalPlaneXResolution},
-            $$et{RATIONAL}{FocalPlaneYResolution},
-        );
-        $diag = $canonDiag if $canonDiag;
-    }
-    unless ($diag and Image::ExifTool::IsFloat($diag)) {
-        if ($sens and $sensXY =~ / (\d+(\.?\d*)?)$/) {
-            $diag = sqrt($sens * $sens + $1 * $1);
-        } else {
-            undef $diag;
-            my $xsize = shift;
-            my $ysize = shift;
-            if ($xsize and $ysize) {
-                # validate by checking aspect ratio because FocalPlaneX/YSize is not reliable
-                my $a = $xsize / $ysize;
-                if (abs($a-1.3333) < .1 or abs($a-1.5) < .1) {
-                    $diag = sqrt($xsize * $xsize + $ysize * $ysize);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        unless ($diag) {
-            # get number of mm in units (assume inches unless otherwise specified)
-            my %lkup = ( 3=>10, 4=>1, 5=>0.001 , cm=>10, mm=>1, um=>0.001 );
-            my $units = $lkup{ shift() || $res || '' } || 25.4;
-            my $x_res = shift || return undef;
-            my $y_res = shift || $x_res;
-            Image::ExifTool::IsFloat($x_res) and $x_res != 0 or return undef;
-            Image::ExifTool::IsFloat($y_res) and $y_res != 0 or return undef;
-            my ($w, $h);
-            for (;;) {
-                @_ < 2 and return undef;
-                $w = shift;
-                $h = shift;
-                next unless $w and $h;
-                my $a = $w / $h;
-                last if $a > 0.5 and $a < 2; # stop if we get a reasonable value
-            }
-            # calculate focal plane size in mm
-            $w *= $units / $x_res;
-            $h *= $units / $y_res;
-            $diag = sqrt($w*$w+$h*$h);
-            # make sure size is reasonable
-            return undef unless $diag > 1 and $diag < 100;
-        }
-    }
-    return sqrt(36*36+24*24) * $digz / $diag;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Print exposure compensation fraction
-sub PrintFraction($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    my $str;
-    if (defined $val) {
-        $val *= 1.00001;    # avoid round-off errors
-        if (not $val) {
-            $str = '0';
-        } elsif (int($val)/$val > 0.999) {
-            $str = sprintf("%+d", int($val));
-        } elsif ((int($val*2))/($val*2) > 0.999) {
-            $str = sprintf("%+d/2", int($val * 2));
-        } elsif ((int($val*3))/($val*3) > 0.999) {
-            $str = sprintf("%+d/3", int($val * 3));
-        } else {
-            $str = sprintf("%+.3g", $val);
-        }
-    }
-    return $str;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert fraction or number to floating point value (or 'undef' or 'inf')
-sub ConvertFraction($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    if ($val =~ m{([-+]?\d+)/(\d+)}) {
-        $val = $2 ? $1 / $2 : ($1 ? 'inf' : 'undef');
-    }
-    return $val;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert EXIF text to something readable
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) EXIF text,
-#         2) flag to apply CharsetEXIF to ASCII text
-# Returns: text encoded according to Charset option (with trailing spaces removed)
-sub ConvertExifText($$;$)
-{
-    my ($et, $val, $asciiFlex) = @_;
-    return $val if length($val) < 8;
-    my $id = substr($val, 0, 8);
-    my $str = substr($val, 8);
-    # Note: allow spaces instead of nulls in the ID codes because
-    # it is fairly common for camera manufacturers to get this wrong
-    # (also handle Canon ZoomBrowser EX 4.5 null followed by 7 bytes of garbage)
-    if ($id =~ /^(ASCII)?(\0|[\0 ]+$)/) {
-        # truncate at null terminator (shouldn't have a null based on the
-        # EXIF spec, but it seems that few people actually read the spec)
-        $str =~ s/\0.*//s;
-        # allow ASCII text to contain any other specified encoding
-        if ($asciiFlex) {
-            my $enc = $et->Options('CharsetEXIF');
-            $str = $et->Decode($str, $enc) if $enc;
-        }
-    # by the EXIF spec, the following string should be "UNICODE\0", but
-    # apparently Kodak sometimes uses "Unicode\0" in the APP3 "Meta" information.
-    # However, unfortunately Ricoh uses "Unicode\0" in the RR30 EXIF UserComment
-    # when the text is actually ASCII, so only recognize uppercase "UNICODE\0".
-    } elsif ($id =~ /^UNICODE[\0 ]$/) {
-        # MicrosoftPhoto writes as little-endian even in big-endian EXIF,
-        # so we must guess at the true byte ordering
-        $str = $et->Decode($str, 'UTF16', 'Unknown');
-    } elsif ($id =~ /^JIS[\0 ]{5}$/) {
-        $str = $et->Decode($str, 'JIS', 'Unknown');
-    } else {
-        $et->Warn('Invalid EXIF text encoding');
-        $str = $id . $str;
-    }
-    $str =~ s/ +$//;    # trim trailing blanks
-    return $str;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Print conversion for SpatialFrequencyResponse
-sub PrintSFR($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    return $val unless length $val > 4;
-    my ($n, $m) = (Get16u(\$val, 0), Get16u(\$val, 2));
-    my @cols = split /\0/, substr($val, 4), $n+1;
-    my $pos = length($val) - 8 * $n * $m;
-    return $val unless @cols == $n+1 and $pos >= 4;
-    pop @cols;
-    my ($i, $j);
-    for ($i=0; $i<$n; ++$i) {
-        my @rows;
-        for ($j=0; $j<$m; ++$j) {
-            push @rows, Image::ExifTool::GetRational64u(\$val, $pos + 8*($i+$j*$n));
-        }
-        $cols[$i] .= '=' . join(',',@rows) . '';
-    }
-    return join '; ', @cols;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Print numerical parameter value (with sign, or 'Normal' for zero)
-# Inputs: 0) value, 1) flag for inverse conversion, 2) conversion hash reference
-sub PrintParameter($$$)
-{
-    my ($val, $inv, $conv) = @_;
-    return $val if $inv;
-    if ($val > 0) {
-        if ($val > 0xfff0) {    # a negative value in disguise?
-            $val = $val - 0x10000;
-        } else {
-            $val = "+$val";
-        }
-    }
-    return $val;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Convert parameter back to standard EXIF value
-#   0,0.00,etc or "Normal" => 0
-#   -1,-2,etc or "Soft" or "Low" => 1
-#   +1,+2,1,2,etc or "Hard" or "High" => 2
-sub ConvertParameter($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    my $isFloat = Image::ExifTool::IsFloat($val);
-    # normal is a value of zero
-    return 0 if $val =~ /\bn/i or ($isFloat and $val == 0);
-    # "soft", "low" or any negative number is a value of 1
-    return 1 if $val =~ /\b(s|l)/i or ($isFloat and $val < 0);
-    # "hard", "high" or any positive number is a value of 2
-    return 2 if $val =~ /\bh/i or $isFloat;
-    return undef;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Calculate Red/BlueBalance
-# Inputs: 0) 0=red, 1=blue, 1-8) WB_RGGB/RGBG/RBGG/GRBG/GRGB/RGB/GRB/RBLevels,
-#         8) red or blue level, 9) green level
-my @rggbLookup = (
-    # indices for R, G, G and B components in input value
-    [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ], # 0 RGGB
-    [ 0, 1, 3, 2 ], # 1 RGBG
-    [ 0, 2, 3, 1 ], # 2 RBGG
-    [ 1, 0, 3, 2 ], # 3 GRBG
-    [ 1, 0, 2, 3 ], # 4 GRGB
-    [ 2, 3, 0, 1 ], # 5 GBRG
-    [ 0, 1, 1, 2 ], # 6 RGB
-    [ 1, 0, 0, 2 ], # 7 GRB
-    [ 0, 256, 256, 1 ], # 8 RB (green level is 256)
-);
-sub RedBlueBalance($@)
-{
-    my $blue = shift;
-    my ($i, $val, $levels);
-    for ($i=0; $i<@rggbLookup; ++$i) {
-        $levels = shift or next;
-        my @levels = split ' ', $levels;
-        next if @levels < 2;
-        my $lookup = $rggbLookup[$i];
-        my $g = $$lookup[1];    # get green level or index
-        if ($g < 4) {
-            next if @levels < 3;
-            $g = ($levels[$g] + $levels[$$lookup[2]]) / 2 or next;
-        } elsif ($levels[$$lookup[$blue * 3]] < 4) {
-            $g = 1; # Some Nikon cameras use a scaling factor of 1 (E5700)
-        }
-        $val = $levels[$$lookup[$blue * 3]] / $g;
-        last;
-    }
-    $val = $_[0] / $_[1] if not defined $val and ($_[0] and $_[1]);
-    return $val;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Print exposure time as a fraction
-sub PrintExposureTime($)
-{
-    my $secs = shift;
-    if ($secs < 0.25001 and $secs > 0) {
-        return sprintf("1/%d",int(0.5 + 1/$secs));
-    }
-    $_ = sprintf("%.1f",$secs);
-    s/\.0$//;
-    return $_;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Print FNumber
-sub PrintFNumber($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    if (Image::ExifTool::IsFloat($val) and $val > 0) {
-        # round to 1 decimal place, or 2 for values < 1.0
-        $val = sprintf(($val<1 ? "%.2f" : "%.1f"), $val);
-    }
-    return $val;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Decode raw CFAPattern value
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) binary value
-# Returns: string of numbers
-sub DecodeCFAPattern($$)
-{
-    my ($self, $val) = @_;
-    # some panasonic cameras (SV-AS3, SV-AS30) write this in ascii (very odd)
-    if ($val =~ /^[0-6]+$/) {
-        $self->Warn('Incorrectly formatted CFAPattern', 1);
-        $val =~ tr/0-6/\x00-\x06/;
-    }
-    return $val unless length($val) >= 4;
-    my @a = unpack(GetByteOrder() eq 'II' ? 'v2C*' : 'n2C*', $val);
-    my $end = 2 + $a[0] * $a[1];
-    if ($end > @a) {
-        # try swapping byte order (I have seen this order different than in EXIF)
-        my ($x, $y) = unpack('n2',pack('v2',$a[0],$a[1]));
-        if (@a < 2 + $x * $y) {
-            $self->Warn('Invalid CFAPattern', 1);
-        } else {
-            ($a[0], $a[1]) = ($x, $y);
-            # (can't technically be wrong because the order isn't well defined by the EXIF spec)
-            # $self->Warn('Wrong byte order for CFAPattern');
-        }
-    }
-    return "@a";
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Print CFA Pattern
-sub PrintCFAPattern($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    my @a = split ' ', $val;
-    return '<truncated data>' unless @a >= 2;
-    return '<zero pattern size>' unless $a[0] and $a[1];
-    my $end = 2 + $a[0] * $a[1];
-    return '<invalid pattern size>' if $end > @a;
-    my @cfaColor = qw(Red Green Blue Cyan Magenta Yellow White);
-    my ($pos, $rtnVal) = (2, '[');
-    for (;;) {
-        $rtnVal .= $cfaColor[$a[$pos]] || 'Unknown';
-        last if ++$pos >= $end;
-        ($pos - 2) % $a[1] and $rtnVal .= ',', next;
-        $rtnVal .= '][';
-    }
-    return $rtnVal . ']';
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Print conversion for lens info
-# Inputs: 0) string of values (min focal, max focal, min F, max F)
-# Returns: string in the form "12-20mm f/3.8-4.5" or "50mm f/1.4"
-sub PrintLensInfo($)
-{
-    my $val = shift;
-    my @vals = split ' ', $val;
-    return $val unless @vals == 4;
-    my $c = 0;
-    foreach (@vals) {
-        Image::ExifTool::IsFloat($_) and ++$c, next;
-        $_ eq 'inf' and $_ = '?', ++$c, next;
-        $_ eq 'undef' and $_ = '?', ++$c, next;
-    }
-    return $val unless $c == 4;
-    $val = $vals[0];
-    # (the Pentax Q writes zero for upper value of fixed-focal-length lenses)
-    $val .= "-$vals[1]" if $vals[1] and $vals[1] ne $vals[0];
-    $val .= "mm f/$vals[2]";
-    $val .= "-$vals[3]" if $vals[3] and $vals[3] ne $vals[2];
-    return $val;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Get lens info from lens model string
-# Inputs: 0) lens string, 1) flag to allow unknown "?" values
-# Returns: 0) min focal, 1) max focal, 2) min aperture, 3) max aperture
-# Notes: returns empty list if lens string could not be parsed
-sub GetLensInfo($;$)
-{
-    my ($lens, $unk) = @_;
-    # extract focal length and aperture ranges for this lens
-    my $pat = '\\d+(?:\\.\\d+)?';
-    $pat .= '|\\?' if $unk;
-    return () unless $lens =~ /($pat)(?:-($pat))?\s*mm.*?(?:[fF]\/?\s*)($pat)(?:-($pat))?/;
-    # ($1=short focal, $2=long focal, $3=max aperture wide, $4=max aperture tele)
-    my @a = ($1, $2, $3, $4);
-    $a[1] or $a[1] = $a[0];
-    $a[3] or $a[3] = $a[2];
-    if ($unk) {
-        local $_;
-        $_ eq '?' and $_ = 'undef' foreach @a;
-    }
-    return @a;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Attempt to identify the specific lens if multiple lenses have the same LensType
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) LensType print value, 2) PrintConv hash ref,
-#         3) LensSpec print value, 4) LensType numerical value, 5) FocalLength,
-#         6) MaxAperture, 7) MaxApertureValue, 8) MinFocalLength, 9) MaxFocalLength,
-#         10) LensModel, 11) LensFocalRange, 12) LensSpec
-sub PrintLensID($$@)
-{
-    my ($et, $lensTypePrt, $printConv, $lensSpecPrt, $lensType, $focalLength,
-        $maxAperture, $maxApertureValue, $shortFocal, $longFocal, $lensModel,
-        $lensFocalRange, $lensSpec) = @_;
-    # the rest of the logic relies on the LensType lookup:
-    return undef unless defined $lensType;
-    # get print conversion hash if necessary
-    $printConv or $printConv = $$et{TAG_INFO}{LensType}{PrintConv};
-    # just copy LensType PrintConv value if it was a lens name
-    # (Olympus or Panasonic -- just exclude things like Nikon and Leaf LensType)
-    unless (ref $printConv eq 'HASH') {
-        if (ref $printConv eq 'ARRAY' and ref $$printConv[0] eq 'HASH') {
-            $printConv = $$printConv[0];
-            $lensTypePrt =~ s/;.*//;
-            $lensType =~ s/ .*//;
-        } else {
-            return $lensTypePrt if $lensTypePrt =~ /mm/;
-            return $lensTypePrt if $lensTypePrt =~ s/(\d)\/F/$1mm F/;
-            return undef;
-        }
-    }
-    # get LensSpec information if available (Sony)
-    my ($sf0, $lf0, $sa0, $la0);
-    if ($lensSpecPrt) {
-        ($sf0, $lf0, $sa0, $la0) = GetLensInfo($lensSpecPrt);
-        undef $sf0 unless $sa0; # (make sure aperture isn't zero)
-    }
-    # use MaxApertureValue if MaxAperture is not available
-    $maxAperture = $maxApertureValue unless $maxAperture;
-    if ($lensFocalRange and $lensFocalRange =~ /^(\d+)(?: (?:to )?(\d+))?$/) {
-        ($shortFocal, $longFocal) = ($1, $2 || $1);
-    }
-    if ($$et{Make} eq 'SONY') {
-        if (($lensType & 0xff00) == 0xef00) {
-            # patch for Metabones Canon adapter on a Sony camera (ref Jos Roost)
-            # (note: the adapter kills the high byte for 2-byte LensType values,
-            # so the reported lens will be incorrect for these)
-            require Image::ExifTool::Canon;
-            $printConv = \%Image::ExifTool::Canon::canonLensTypes;
-            $lensType &= 0xff;
-            $lensTypePrt = $$printConv{$lensType} if $$printConv{$lensType};
-        }
-    } elsif ($shortFocal and $longFocal) {
-        # Canon (and some other makes) include makernote information
-        # which allows better lens identification
-        require Image::ExifTool::Canon;
-        return Image::ExifTool::Canon::PrintLensID($printConv, $lensType,
-                    $shortFocal, $longFocal, $maxAperture, $lensModel);
-    }
-    my $lens = $$printConv{$lensType};
-    return ($lensModel || $lensTypePrt) unless $lens;
-    return $lens unless $$printConv{"$lensType.1"};
-    $lens =~ s/ or .*//s;    # remove everything after "or"
-    # make list of all possible matching lenses
-    my @lenses = ( $lens );
-    my $i;
-    for ($i=1; $$printConv{"$lensType.$i"}; ++$i) {
-        push @lenses, $$printConv{"$lensType.$i"};
-    }
-    # attempt to determine actual lens
-    my (@matches, @best, @user, $diff);
-    foreach $lens (@lenses) {
-        push @user, $lens if $Image::ExifTool::userLens{$lens};
-        # sf = short focal
-        # lf = long focal
-        # sa = max aperture at short focal
-        # la = max aperture at long focal
-        my ($sf, $lf, $sa, $la) = GetLensInfo($lens);
-        next unless $sf;
-        # check against LensSpec parameters if available
-        if ($sf0) {
-            next if abs($sf - $sf0) > 0.5 or abs($sa - $sa0) > 0.15 or
-                    abs($lf - $lf0) > 0.5 or abs($la - $la0) > 0.15;
-            # the basic parameters match, but also check against additional lens features
-            # for Sony E lenses -- the full LensSpec string should match with end of LensType
-            $lensSpecPrt and $lens =~ /\Q$lensSpecPrt\E$/ and @best = ( $lens ), last;
-            # exactly-matching Sony E lens should have been found above, so skip
-            # any not-exactly-matching Sony E-lenses
-            next if $lens =~ /^Sony E /;
-            push @best, $lens;
-            next;
-        }
-        # adjust focal length and aperture if teleconverter is attached (Minolta)
-        if ($lens =~ / \+ .*? (\d+(\.\d+)?)x( |$)/) {
-            $sf *= $1;  $lf *= $1;
-            $sa *= $1;  $la *= $1;
-        }
-        # see if we can rule out this lens using FocalLength and MaxAperture
-        if ($focalLength) {
-            next if $focalLength < $sf - 0.5;
-            next if $focalLength > $lf + 0.5;
-        }
-        if ($maxAperture) {
-            # it seems that most manufacturers set MaxAperture and MaxApertureValue
-            # to the maximum aperture (smallest F number) for the current focal length
-            # of the lens, so assume that MaxAperture varies with focal length and find
-            # the closest match (this is somewhat contrary to the EXIF specification which
-            # states "The smallest F number of the lens", without mention of focal length)
-            next if $maxAperture < $sa - 0.15;  # (0.15 is arbitrary)
-            next if $maxAperture > $la + 0.15;
-            # now determine the best match for this aperture
-            my $aa; # approximate maximum aperture at this focal length
-            if ($sf == $lf or $sa == $la or $focalLength <= $sf) {
-                # either 1) prime lens, 2) fixed-aperture zoom, or 3) zoom at min focal
-                $aa = $sa;
-            } elsif ($focalLength >= $lf) {
-                $aa = $la;
-            } else {
-                # assume a log-log variation of max aperture with focal length
-                # (see http://regex.info/blog/2006-10-05/263)
-                $aa = exp(log($sa) + (log($la)-log($sa)) / (log($lf)-log($sf)) *
-                                     (log($focalLength)-log($sf)));
-                # a linear relationship between 1/FocalLength and 1/MaxAperture fits Sony better (ref 27)
-                #$aa = 1 / (1/$sa + (1/$focalLength - 1/$sf) * (1/$la - 1/$sa) / (1/$lf - 1/$sf));
-            }
-            my $d = abs($maxAperture - $aa);
-            if (defined $diff) {
-                $d > $diff + 0.15 and next;     # (0.15 is arbitrary)
-                $d < $diff - 0.15 and undef @best;
-            }
-            $diff = $d;
-            push @best, $lens;
-        }
-        push @matches, $lens;
-    }
-    if (@user) {
-        # choose the best match if we have more than one
-        if (@user > 1) {
-            my ($try, @good);
-            foreach $try (\@best, \@matches) {
-                $Image::ExifTool::userLens{$_} and push @good, $_ foreach @$try;
-                return join(' or ', @good) if @good;
-            }
-        }
-        return join(' or ', @user);
-    }
-    return join(' or ', @best) if @best;
-    return join(' or ', @matches) if @matches;
-    $lens = $$printConv{$lensType};
-    return $lensModel if $lensModel and $lens =~ / or /; # (eg. Sony NEX-5N)
-    return $lens;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# translate date into standard EXIF format
-# Inputs: 0) date
-# Returns: date in format '2003:10:22'
-# - bad formats recognized: '2003-10-22','2003/10/22','2003 10 22','20031022'
-# - removes null terminator if it exists
-sub ExifDate($)
-{
-    my $date = shift;
-    $date =~ s/\0$//;       # remove any null terminator
-    # separate year:month:day with colons
-    # (have seen many other characters, including nulls, used erroneously)
-    $date =~ s/(\d{4})[^\d]*(\d{2})[^\d]*(\d{2})$/$1:$2:$3/;
-    return $date;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# translate time into standard EXIF format
-# Inputs: 0) time
-# Returns: time in format '10:30:55'
-# - bad formats recognized: '10 30 55', '103055', '103055+0500'
-# - removes null terminator if it exists
-# - leaves time zone intact if specified (eg. '10:30:55+05:00')
-sub ExifTime($)
-{
-    my $time = shift;
-    $time =~ tr/ /:/;   # use ':' (not ' ') as a separator
-    $time =~ s/\0$//;   # remove any null terminator
-    # add separators if they don't exist
-    $time =~ s/^(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})/$1:$2:$3/;
-    $time =~ s/([+-]\d{2})(\d{2})\s*$/$1:$2/;   # to timezone too
-    return $time;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# extract image from file
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) data offset (in file), 2) data length
-#         3) [optional] tag name
-# Returns: Reference to Image if specifically requested or "Binary data" message
-#          Returns undef if there was an error loading the image
-sub ExtractImage($$$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $offset, $len, $tag) = @_;
-    my $dataPt = \$$et{EXIF_DATA};
-    my $dataPos = $$et{EXIF_POS};
-    my $image;
-
-    # no image if length is zero, and don't try to extract binary from XMP file
-    return undef if not $len or $$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'XMP';
-
-    # take data from EXIF block if possible
-    if (defined $dataPos and $offset>=$dataPos and $offset+$len<=$dataPos+length($$dataPt)) {
-        $image = substr($$dataPt, $offset-$dataPos, $len);
-    } else {
-        $image = $et->ExtractBinary($offset, $len, $tag);
-        return undef unless defined $image;
-        # patch for incorrect ThumbnailOffset in some Sony DSLR-A100 ARW images
-        if ($tag and $tag eq 'ThumbnailImage' and $$et{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'ARW' and
-            $$et{Model} eq 'DSLR-A100' and $offset < 0x10000 and
-            $image !~ /^(Binary data|\xff\xd8\xff)/)
-        {
-            my $try = $et->ExtractBinary($offset + 0x10000, $len, $tag);
-            if (defined $try and $try =~ /^\xff\xd8\xff/) {
-                $image = $try;
-                $$et{VALUE}{ThumbnailOffset} += 0x10000;
-                $et->Warn('Adjusted incorrect A100 ThumbnailOffset', 1);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return $et->ValidateImage(\$image, $tag);
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Process EXIF directory
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference
-#         1) Reference to directory information hash
-#         2) Pointer to tag table for this directory
-# Returns: 1 on success, otherwise returns 0 and sets a Warning
-sub ProcessExif($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
-    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
-    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos} || 0;
-    my $dataLen = $$dirInfo{DataLen};
-    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
-    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen} || $dataLen - $dirStart;
-    my $dirName = $$dirInfo{DirName};
-    my $base = $$dirInfo{Base} || 0;
-    my $firstBase = $base;
-    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
-    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
-    my $htmlDump = $$et{HTML_DUMP};
-    my $success = 1;
-    my ($tagKey, $dirSize, $makerAddr, $strEnc);
-    my $inMakerNotes = $$tagTablePtr{GROUPS}{0} eq 'MakerNotes';
-
-    # set encoding to assume for strings
-    $strEnc = $et->Options('CharsetEXIF') if $$tagTablePtr{GROUPS}{0} eq 'EXIF';
-
-    # ignore non-standard EXIF while in strict MWG compatibility mode
-    if ($Image::ExifTool::MWG::strict and $dirName eq 'IFD0' and
-        $tagTablePtr eq \%Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main and
-        $$et{FILE_TYPE} =~ /^(JPEG|TIFF|PSD)$/)
-    {
-        my $path = $et->MetadataPath();
-        unless ($path =~ /^(JPEG-APP1-IFD0|TIFF-IFD0|PSD-EXIFInfo-IFD0)$/) {
-            $et->Warn("Ignored non-standard EXIF at $path");
-            return 1;
-        }
-    }
-    $verbose = -1 if $htmlDump; # mix htmlDump into verbose so we can test for both at once
-    $dirName eq 'EXIF' and $dirName = $$dirInfo{DirName} = 'IFD0';
-    $$dirInfo{Multi} = 1 if $dirName =~ /^(IFD0|SubIFD)$/ and not defined $$dirInfo{Multi};
-    # get a more descriptive name for MakerNote sub-directories
-    my $name = $$dirInfo{Name};
-    $name = $dirName unless $name and $inMakerNotes and $name !~ /^MakerNote/;
-
-    my ($numEntries, $dirEnd);
-    if ($dirStart >= 0 and $dirStart <= $dataLen-2) {
-        # make sure data is large enough (patches bug in Olympus subdirectory lengths)
-        $numEntries = Get16u($dataPt, $dirStart);
-        $dirSize = 2 + 12 * $numEntries;
-        $dirEnd = $dirStart + $dirSize;
-        if ($dirSize > $dirLen) {
-            if ($verbose > 0 and not $$dirInfo{SubIFD}) {
-                my $short = $dirSize - $dirLen;
-                $$et{INDENT} =~ s/..$//; # keep indent the same
-                $et->Warn("Short directory size (missing $short bytes)");
-                $$et{INDENT} .= '| ';
-            }
-            undef $dirSize if $dirEnd > $dataLen; # read from file if necessary
-        }
-    }
-    # read IFD from file if necessary
-    unless ($dirSize) {
-        $success = 0;
-        if ($raf) {
-            # read the count of entries in this IFD
-            my $offset = $dirStart + $dataPos;
-            my ($buff, $buf2);
-            if ($raf->Seek($offset + $base, 0) and $raf->Read($buff,2) == 2) {
-                my $len = 12 * Get16u(\$buff,0);
-                # also read next IFD pointer if available
-                if ($raf->Read($buf2, $len+4) >= $len) {
-                    $buff .= $buf2;
-                    # make copy of dirInfo since we're going to modify it
-                    my %newDirInfo = %$dirInfo;
-                    $dirInfo = \%newDirInfo;
-                    # update directory parameters for the newly loaded IFD
-                    $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt} = \$buff;
-                    $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos} = $offset;
-                    $dataLen = $$dirInfo{DataLen} = length $buff;
-                    $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} = 0;
-                    $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen} = length $buff;
-                    $success = 1;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        unless ($success) {
-            $et->Warn("Bad $name directory");
-            return 0;
-        }
-        $numEntries = Get16u($dataPt, $dirStart);
-        $dirSize = 2 + 12 * $numEntries;
-        $dirEnd = $dirStart + $dirSize;
-    }
-    $verbose > 0 and $et->VerboseDir($dirName, $numEntries);
-    my $bytesFromEnd = $dataLen - $dirEnd;
-    if ($bytesFromEnd < 4) {
-        unless ($bytesFromEnd==2 or $bytesFromEnd==0) {
-            $et->Warn("Illegal $name directory size ($numEntries entries)");
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-    # fix base offset for maker notes if necessary
-    if (defined $$dirInfo{MakerNoteAddr}) {
-        $makerAddr = $$dirInfo{MakerNoteAddr};
-        delete $$dirInfo{MakerNoteAddr};
-        if (Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes::FixBase($et, $dirInfo)) {
-            $base = $$dirInfo{Base};
-            $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos};
-        }
-    }
-    if ($htmlDump) {
-        my $longName = $name eq 'MakerNotes' ? ($$dirInfo{Name} || $name) : $name;
-        if (defined $makerAddr) {
-            my $hdrLen = $dirStart + $dataPos + $base - $makerAddr;
-            $et->HDump($makerAddr, $hdrLen, "MakerNotes header", $longName) if $hdrLen > 0;
-        }
-        unless ($$dirInfo{NoDumpEntryCount}) {
-            $et->HDump($dirStart + $dataPos + $base, 2, "$longName entries",
-                       "Entry count: $numEntries");
-        }
-        my $tip;
-        if ($bytesFromEnd >= 4) {
-            my $nxt = ($name =~ /^(.*?)(\d+)$/) ? $1 . ($2 + 1) : 'Next IFD';
-            $tip = sprintf("$nxt offset: 0x%.4x", Get32u($dataPt, $dirEnd));
-        }
-        $et->HDump($dirEnd + $dataPos + $base, 4, "Next IFD", $tip, 0);
-    }
-
-    # patch for Canon EOS 40D firmware 1.0.4 bug (incorrect directory counts)
-    # (must do this before parsing directory or CameraSettings offset will be suspicious)
-    if ($inMakerNotes and $$et{Model} eq 'Canon EOS 40D' and $numEntries) {
-        my $entry = $dirStart + 2 + 12 * ($numEntries - 1);
-        my $fmt = Get16u($dataPt, $entry + 2);
-        if ($fmt < 1 or $fmt > 13) {
-            $et->HDump($entry+$dataPos+$base,12,"[invalid IFD entry]",
-                       "Bad format type: $fmt", 1);
-            # adjust the number of directory entries
-            --$numEntries;
-            $dirEnd -= 12;
-        }
-    }
-
-    # loop through all entries in an EXIF directory (IFD)
-    my ($index, $valEnd, $offList, $offHash);
-    my ($warnCount, $lastID) = (0, -1);
-    for ($index=0; $index<$numEntries; ++$index) {
-        if ($warnCount > 10) {
-            $et->Warn("Too many warnings -- $name parsing aborted", 2) and return 0;
-        }
-        my $entry = $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $index;
-        my $tagID = Get16u($dataPt, $entry);
-        my $format = Get16u($dataPt, $entry+2);
-        my $count = Get32u($dataPt, $entry+4);
-        if ($format < 1 or $format > 13) {
-            $et->HDump($entry+$dataPos+$base,12,"[invalid IFD entry]",
-                       "Bad format type: $format", 1);
-            # warn unless the IFD was just padded with zeros
-            if ($format) {
-                $et->Warn("Bad format ($format) for $name entry $index", $inMakerNotes);
-                ++$warnCount;
-            }
-            return 0 unless $index; # assume corrupted IFD if this is our first entry
-            next;
-        }
-        my $formatStr = $formatName[$format];   # get name of this format
-        my $valueDataPt = $dataPt;
-        my $valueDataPos = $dataPos;
-        my $valueDataLen = $dataLen;
-        my $valuePtr = $entry + 8;      # pointer to value within $$dataPt
-        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tagID);
-        my ($origFormStr, $bad, $rational);
-        # hack to patch incorrect count in Kodak SubIFD3 tags
-        if ($count < 2 and ref $$tagTablePtr{$tagID} eq 'HASH' and $$tagTablePtr{$tagID}{FixCount}) {
-            $offList or ($offList, $offHash) = GetOffList($dataPt, $dirStart, $dataPos,
-                                                          $numEntries, $tagTablePtr);
-            my $i = $$offHash{Get32u($dataPt, $valuePtr)};
-            if (defined $i and $i < $#$offList) {
-                my $oldCount = $count;
-                $count = int(($$offList[$i+1] - $$offList[$i]) / $formatSize[$format]);
-                $origFormStr = $formatName[$format] . '[' . $oldCount . ']' if $oldCount != $count;
-            }
-        }
-        my $size = $count * $formatSize[$format];
-        my $readSize = $size;
-        if ($size > 4) {
-            if ($size > 0x7fffffff) {
-                $et->Warn(sprintf("Invalid size (%u) for %s tag 0x%.4x", $size, $name, $tagID));
-                ++$warnCount;
-                next;
-            }
-            $valuePtr = Get32u($dataPt, $valuePtr);
-            # fix valuePtr if necessary
-            if ($$dirInfo{FixOffsets}) {
-                my $wFlag;
-                $valEnd or $valEnd = $dataPos + $dirEnd + 4;
-                #### eval FixOffsets ($valuePtr, $valEnd, $size, $tagID, $wFlag)
-                eval $$dirInfo{FixOffsets};
-            }
-            my $suspect;
-            # offset shouldn't point into TIFF header
-            $valuePtr < 8 and not $$dirInfo{ZeroOffsetOK} and $suspect = $warnCount;
-            # convert offset to pointer in $$dataPt
-            if ($$dirInfo{EntryBased} or (ref $$tagTablePtr{$tagID} eq 'HASH' and
-                $$tagTablePtr{$tagID}{EntryBased}))
-            {
-                $valuePtr += $entry;
-            } else {
-                $valuePtr -= $dataPos;
-            }
-            # value shouldn't overlap our directory
-            $suspect = $warnCount if $valuePtr < $dirEnd and $valuePtr+$size > $dirStart;
-            # load value from file if necessary
-            if ($valuePtr < 0 or $valuePtr+$size > $dataLen) {
-                # get value by seeking in file if we are allowed
-                my $buff;
-                if ($raf) {
-                    # avoid loading large binary data unless necessary
-                    # (eg. ImageSourceData -- layers in Photoshop TIFF image)
-                    while ($size > BINARY_DATA_LIMIT) {
-                        if ($tagInfo) {
-                            # make large unknown blocks binary data
-                            $$tagInfo{Binary} = 1 if $$tagInfo{Unknown};
-                            last unless $$tagInfo{Binary};      # must read non-binary data
-                            last if $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};    # must read SubDirectory data
-                            my $lcTag = lc($$tagInfo{Name});
-                            if ($$et{OPTIONS}{Binary} and
-                                not $$et{EXCL_TAG_LOOKUP}{$lcTag})
-                            {
-                                # read binary data if specified unless tagsFromFile won't use it
-                                last unless $$et{TAGS_FROM_FILE} and $$tagInfo{Protected};
-                            }
-                            # must read if tag is specified by name
-                            last if $$et{REQ_TAG_LOOKUP}{$lcTag};
-                        } else {
-                            # must read value if needed for a condition
-                            last if defined $tagInfo;
-                        }
-                        # (note: changing the value without changing $size will cause
-                        # a warning in the verbose output, but we need to maintain the
-                        # proper size for the htmlDump, so we can't change this)
-                        $buff = "Binary data $size bytes";
-                        $readSize = length $buff;
-                        last;
-                    }
-                    # read from file if necessary
-                    unless (defined $buff or
-                            ($raf->Seek($base + $valuePtr + $dataPos,0) and
-                             $raf->Read($buff,$size) == $size))
-                    {
-                        $et->Warn("Error reading value for $name entry $index", $inMakerNotes);
-                        return 0 unless $inMakerNotes or $htmlDump;
-                        ++$warnCount;
-                        $buff = '' unless defined $buff;
-                        $readSize = length $buff;
-                        $bad = 1;
-                    }
-                    $valueDataLen = length $buff;
-                    $valueDataPt = \$buff;
-                    $valueDataPos = $valuePtr + $dataPos;
-                    $valuePtr = 0;
-                } else {
-                    my ($tagStr, $tmpInfo, $leicaTrailer);
-                    if ($tagInfo) {
-                        $tagStr = $$tagInfo{Name};
-                        $leicaTrailer = $$tagInfo{LeicaTrailer};
-                    } elsif (defined $tagInfo) {
-                        $tmpInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tagID, \ '', $formatStr, $count);
-                        if ($tmpInfo) {
-                            $tagStr = $$tmpInfo{Name};
-                            $leicaTrailer = $$tmpInfo{LeicaTrailer};
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if ($tagInfo and $$tagInfo{ChangeBase}) {
-                        # adjust base offset for this tag only
-                        #### eval ChangeBase ($dirStart,$dataPos)
-                        my $newBase = eval $$tagInfo{ChangeBase};
-                        $valuePtr += $newBase;
-                    }
-                    $tagStr or $tagStr = sprintf("tag 0x%.4x",$tagID);
-                    # allow PreviewImage to run outside EXIF data
-                    if ($tagStr eq 'PreviewImage' and $$et{RAF}) {
-                        my $pos = $$et{RAF}->Tell();
-                        $buff = $et->ExtractBinary($base + $valuePtr + $dataPos, $size, 'PreviewImage');
-                        $$et{RAF}->Seek($pos, 0);
-                        $valueDataPt = \$buff;
-                        $valueDataPos = $valuePtr + $dataPos;
-                        $valueDataLen = $size;
-                        $valuePtr = 0;
-                    } elsif ($leicaTrailer and $$et{RAF}) {
-                        if ($verbose > 0) {
-                            $et->VPrint(0, "$$et{INDENT}$index) $tagStr --> (outside APP1 segment)\n");
-                        }
-                        if ($et->Options('FastScan')) {
-                            $et->Warn('Ignored Leica MakerNote trailer');
-                        } else {
-                            require Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
-                            $$et{LeicaTrailer} = {
-                                TagInfo => $tagInfo || $tmpInfo,
-                                Offset  => $base + $valuePtr + $dataPos,
-                                Size    => $size,
-                                Fixup   => new Image::ExifTool::Fixup,
-                            };
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        $et->Warn("Bad $name offset for $tagStr");
-                        ++$warnCount;
-                    }
-                    unless (defined $buff) {
-                        $valueDataPt = '';
-                        $valueDataPos = $valuePtr + $dataPos;
-                        $valueDataLen = 0;
-                        $valuePtr = 0;
-                        $bad = 1;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            # warn about suspect offsets if they didn't already cause another warning
-            if (defined $suspect and $suspect == $warnCount) {
-                my $tagStr = $tagInfo ? $$tagInfo{Name} : sprintf('tag 0x%.4x', $tagID);
-                if ($et->Warn("Suspicious $name offset for $tagStr", $inMakerNotes)) {
-                    ++$warnCount;
-                    next unless $verbose;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        # treat single unknown byte as int8u
-        $formatStr = 'int8u' if $format == 7 and $count == 1;
-
-        my ($val, $subdir, $wrongFormat);
-        if ($tagID > 0xf000 and $tagTablePtr eq \%Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main) {
-            my $oldInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$tagID};
-            if ((not $oldInfo or (ref $oldInfo eq 'HASH' and $$oldInfo{Condition} and
-                not $$oldInfo{PSRaw})) and not $bad)
-            {
-                # handle special case of Photoshop RAW tags (0xfde8-0xfe58)
-                # --> generate tags from the value if possible
-                $val = ReadValue($valueDataPt,$valuePtr,$formatStr,$count,$readSize);
-                if (defined $val and $val =~ /(.*): (.*)/) {
-                    my $tag = $1;
-                    $val = $2;
-                    $tag =~ s/'s//; # remove 's (so "Owner's Name" becomes "OwnerName")
-                    $tag =~ tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # remove unknown characters
-                    if ($tag) {
-                        $tagInfo = {
-                            Name => $tag,
-                            Condition => '$$self{TIFF_TYPE} ne "DCR"',
-                            ValueConv => '$_=$val;s/^.*: //;$_', # remove descr
-                            PSRaw => 1, # (just as flag to avoid adding this again)
-                        };
-                        AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tagID, $tagInfo);
-                        # generate conditional list if a conditional tag already existed
-                        $$tagTablePtr{$tagID} = [ $oldInfo, $tagInfo ] if $oldInfo;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (defined $tagInfo and not $tagInfo) {
-            if ($bad) {
-                undef $tagInfo;
-            } else {
-                # GetTagInfo() required the value for a Condition
-                my $tmpVal = substr($$valueDataPt, $valuePtr, $readSize < 128 ? $readSize : 128);
-                # (use original format name in this call -- $formatStr may have been changed to int8u)
-                $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tagID, \$tmpVal,
-                                           $formatName[$format], $count);
-            }
-        }
-        # make sure we are handling the 'ifd' format properly
-        if (($format == 13 or $format == 18) and (not $tagInfo or not $$tagInfo{SubIFD})) {
-            my $str = sprintf('%s tag 0x%.4x IFD format not handled', $dirName, $tagID);
-            $et->Warn($str, $inMakerNotes);
-        }
-        if (defined $tagInfo) {
-            my $readFormat = $$tagInfo{Format};
-            $subdir = $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};
-            # unless otherwise specified, all SubDirectory data except
-            # EXIF SubIFD offsets should be unformatted
-            $readFormat = 'undef' if $subdir and not $$tagInfo{SubIFD} and not $readFormat;
-            # override EXIF format if specified
-            if ($readFormat) {
-                $formatStr = $readFormat;
-                my $newNum = $formatNumber{$formatStr};
-                if ($newNum and $newNum != $format) {
-                    $origFormStr = $formatName[$format] . '[' . $count . ']';
-                    $format = $newNum;
-                    # adjust number of items for new format size
-                    $count = int($size / $formatSize[$format]);
-                }
-            }
-            # verify that offset-type values are integral
-            if (($$tagInfo{IsOffset} or $$tagInfo{SubIFD}) and not $intFormat{$formatStr}) {
-                $et->Warn("Wrong format ($formatStr) for $name $$tagInfo{Name}");
-                next unless $verbose;
-                $wrongFormat = 1;
-            }
-        } else {
-            next unless $verbose;
-        }
-        unless ($bad) {
-            # limit maximum length of data to reformat
-            # (avoids long delays when processing some corrupted files)
-            if ($count > 100000 and $formatStr !~ /^(undef|string|binary)$/) {
-                my $tagName = $tagInfo ? $$tagInfo{Name} : sprintf('tag 0x%.4x', $tagID);
-                if ($tagName ne 'TransferFunction' or $count ne 196608) {
-                    my $minor = $count > 2000000 ? 0 : 2;
-                    next if $et->Warn("Ignoring $dirName $tagName with excessive count", $minor);
-                }
-            }
-            # convert according to specified format
-            $val = ReadValue($valueDataPt,$valuePtr,$formatStr,$count,$readSize,\$rational);
-            # re-code if necessary
-            if ($strEnc and $formatStr eq 'string' and defined $val) {
-                $val = $et->Decode($val, $strEnc);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if ($verbose) {
-            my $tval = $val;
-            # also show as a rational
-            $tval .= " ($rational)" if defined $rational;
-            if ($htmlDump) {
-                my ($tagName, $colName);
-                if ($tagID == 0x927c and $dirName eq 'ExifIFD') {
-                    $tagName = 'MakerNotes';
-                } elsif ($tagInfo) {
-                    $tagName = $$tagInfo{Name};
-                } else {
-                    $tagName = sprintf("Tag 0x%.4x",$tagID);
-                }
-                my $dname = sprintf("${name}-%.2d", $index);
-                # build our tool tip
-                $size < 0 and $size = $count * $formatSize[$format];
-                my $fstr = "$formatName[$format]\[$count]";
-                $fstr = "$origFormStr read as $fstr" if $origFormStr and $origFormStr ne $fstr;
-                $fstr .= ' <-- WRONG' if $wrongFormat;
-                my $tip = sprintf("Tag ID: 0x%.4x\n", $tagID) .
-                          "Format: $fstr\nSize: $size bytes\n";
-                if ($size > 4) {
-                    my $offPt = Get32u($dataPt,$entry+8);
-                    my $actPt = $valuePtr + $valueDataPos + $base - ($$et{EXIF_POS} || 0);
-                    $tip .= sprintf("Value offset: 0x%.4x\n", $offPt);
-                    # highlight tag name (red for bad size)
-                    my $style = ($bad or not defined $tval) ? 'V' : 'H';
-                    if ($actPt != $offPt) {
-                        $tip .= sprintf("Actual offset: 0x%.4x\n", $actPt);
-                        my $sign = $actPt < $offPt ? '-' : '';
-                        $tip .= sprintf("Offset base: ${sign}0x%.4x\n", abs($actPt - $offPt));
-                        $style = 'F' if $style eq 'H';  # purple for different offsets
-                    }
-                    $colName = "<span class=$style>$tagName</span>";
-                    $colName .= ' <span class=V>(odd)</span>' if $offPt & 0x01;
-                } else {
-                    $colName = $tagName;
-                }
-                $colName .= ' <span class=V>(err)</span>' if $wrongFormat;
-                $colName .= ' <span class=V>(seq)</span>' if $tagID <= $lastID and not $inMakerNotes;
-                $lastID = $tagID;
-                if (not defined $tval) {
-                    $tval = '<bad size/offset>';
-                } else {
-                    $tval = substr($tval,0,28) . '[...]' if length($tval) > 32;
-                    if ($formatStr =~ /^(string|undef|binary)/) {
-                        # translate non-printable characters
-                        $tval =~ tr/\x00-\x1f\x7f-\xff/./;
-                    } elsif ($tagInfo and Image::ExifTool::IsInt($tval)) {
-                        if ($$tagInfo{IsOffset} or $$tagInfo{SubIFD}) {
-                            $tval = sprintf('0x%.4x', $tval);
-                            my $actPt = $val + $base - ($$et{EXIF_POS} || 0);
-                            if ($actPt != $val) {
-                                $tval .= sprintf("\nActual offset: 0x%.4x", $actPt);
-                                my $sign = $actPt < $val ? '-' : '';
-                                $tval .= sprintf("\nOffset base: ${sign}0x%.4x", abs($actPt - $val));
-                            }
-                        } elsif ($$tagInfo{PrintHex}) {
-                            $tval = sprintf('0x%x', $tval);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                $tip .= "Value: $tval";
-                $et->HDump($entry+$dataPos+$base, 12, "$dname $colName", $tip, 1);
-                next if $valueDataLen < 0;  # don't process bad pointer entry
-                if ($size > 4) {
-                    my $exifDumpPos = $valuePtr + $valueDataPos + $base;
-                    my $flag = 0;
-                    if ($subdir) {
-                        if ($$tagInfo{MakerNotes}) {
-                            $flag = 0x04;
-                        } elsif ($$tagInfo{NestedHtmlDump}) {
-                            $flag = $$tagInfo{NestedHtmlDump} == 2 ? 0x10 : 0x04;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    # add value data block (underlining maker notes data)
-                    $et->HDump($exifDumpPos,$size,"$tagName value",'SAME', $flag);
-                }
-            } else {
-                if ($tagID <= $lastID and not $inMakerNotes) {
-                    $et->Warn(sprintf('Tag ID 0x%.4x out of sequence in %s', $tagID, $dirName));
-                }
-                $lastID = $tagID;
-                my $fstr = $formatName[$format];
-                $fstr = "$origFormStr read as $fstr" if $origFormStr;
-                $et->VerboseInfo($tagID, $tagInfo,
-                    Table   => $tagTablePtr,
-                    Index   => $index,
-                    Value   => $tval,
-                    DataPt  => $valueDataPt,
-                    DataPos => $valueDataPos + $base,
-                    Size    => $size,
-                    Start   => $valuePtr,
-                    Format  => $fstr,
-                    Count   => $count,
-                );
-            }
-            next if not $tagInfo or $wrongFormat;
-        }
-        next unless defined $val;
-#..............................................................................
-# Handle SubDirectory tag types
-#
-        if ($subdir) {
-            # don't process empty subdirectories
-            unless ($size) {
-                unless ($$tagInfo{MakerNotes} or $inMakerNotes) {
-                    $et->Warn("Empty $$tagInfo{Name} data", 1);
-                }
-                next;
-            }
-            my (@values, $newTagTable, $dirNum, $newByteOrder, $invalid);
-            my $tagStr = $$tagInfo{Name};
-            if ($$subdir{MaxSubdirs}) {
-                @values = split ' ', $val;
-                # limit the number of subdirectories we parse
-                my $over = @values - $$subdir{MaxSubdirs};
-                if ($over > 0) {
-                    $et->Warn("Ignoring $over $tagStr directories");
-                    splice @values, $$subdir{MaxSubdirs};
-                }
-                $val = shift @values;
-            }
-            if ($$subdir{TagTable}) {
-                $newTagTable = GetTagTable($$subdir{TagTable});
-                $newTagTable or warn("Unknown tag table $$subdir{TagTable}"), next;
-            } else {
-                $newTagTable = $tagTablePtr;    # use existing table
-            }
-            # loop through all sub-directories specified by this tag
-            for ($dirNum=0; ; ++$dirNum) {
-                my $subdirBase = $base;
-                my $subdirDataPt = $valueDataPt;
-                my $subdirDataPos = $valueDataPos;
-                my $subdirDataLen = $valueDataLen;
-                my $subdirStart = $valuePtr;
-                if (defined $$subdir{Start}) {
-                    # set local $valuePtr relative to file $base for eval
-                    my $valuePtr = $subdirStart + $subdirDataPos;
-                    #### eval Start ($valuePtr, $val)
-                    my $newStart = eval($$subdir{Start});
-                    unless (Image::ExifTool::IsInt($newStart)) {
-                        $et->Warn("Bad value for $tagStr");
-                        last;
-                    }
-                    # convert back to relative to $subdirDataPt
-                    $newStart -= $subdirDataPos;
-                    # adjust directory size if necessary
-                    unless ($$tagInfo{SubIFD} or $$subdir{BadOffset}) {
-                        $size -= $newStart - $subdirStart;
-                    }
-                    $subdirStart = $newStart;
-                }
-                # this is a pain, but some maker notes are always a specific
-                # byte order, regardless of the byte order of the file
-                my $oldByteOrder = GetByteOrder();
-                $newByteOrder = $$subdir{ByteOrder};
-                if ($newByteOrder) {
-                    if ($newByteOrder =~ /^Little/i) {
-                        $newByteOrder = 'II';
-                    } elsif ($newByteOrder =~ /^Big/i) {
-                        $newByteOrder = 'MM';
-                    } elsif ($$subdir{OffsetPt}) {
-                        undef $newByteOrder;
-                        warn "Can't have variable byte ordering for SubDirectories using OffsetPt";
-                        last;
-                    } elsif ($subdirStart + 2 <= $subdirDataLen) {
-                        # attempt to determine the byte ordering by checking
-                        # at the number of directory entries.  This is an int16u
-                        # that should be a reasonable value.
-                        my $num = Get16u($subdirDataPt, $subdirStart);
-                        if ($num & 0xff00 and ($num>>8) > ($num&0xff)) {
-                            # This looks wrong, we shouldn't have this many entries
-                            my %otherOrder = ( II=>'MM', MM=>'II' );
-                            $newByteOrder = $otherOrder{$oldByteOrder};
-                        } else {
-                            $newByteOrder = $oldByteOrder;
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    $newByteOrder = $oldByteOrder;
-                }
-                # set base offset if necessary
-                if ($$subdir{Base}) {
-                    # calculate subdirectory start relative to $base for eval
-                    my $start = $subdirStart + $subdirDataPos;
-                    #### eval Base ($start,$base)
-                    $subdirBase = eval($$subdir{Base}) + $base;
-                }
-                # add offset to the start of the directory if necessary
-                if ($$subdir{OffsetPt}) {
-                    #### eval OffsetPt ($valuePtr)
-                    my $pos = eval $$subdir{OffsetPt};
-                    if ($pos + 4 > $subdirDataLen) {
-                        $et->Warn("Bad $tagStr OffsetPt");
-                        last;
-                    }
-                    SetByteOrder($newByteOrder);
-                    $subdirStart += Get32u($subdirDataPt, $pos);
-                    SetByteOrder($oldByteOrder);
-                }
-                if ($subdirStart < 0 or $subdirStart + 2 > $subdirDataLen) {
-                    # convert $subdirStart back to a file offset
-                    if ($raf) {
-                        # reset SubDirectory buffer (we will load it later)
-                        my $buff = '';
-                        $subdirDataPt = \$buff;
-                        $subdirDataLen = $size = length $buff;
-                    } else {
-                        my $msg = "Bad $tagStr SubDirectory start";
-                        if ($verbose > 0) {
-                            if ($subdirStart < 0) {
-                                $msg .= " (directory start $subdirStart is before EXIF start)";
-                            } else {
-                                my $end = $subdirStart + $size;
-                                $msg .= " (directory end is $end but EXIF size is only $subdirDataLen)";
-                            }
-                        }
-                        $et->Warn($msg);
-                        last;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                # must update subdirDataPos if $base changes for this subdirectory
-                $subdirDataPos += $base - $subdirBase;
-
-                # build information hash for new directory
-                my %subdirInfo = (
-                    Name       => $tagStr,
-                    Base       => $subdirBase,
-                    DataPt     => $subdirDataPt,
-                    DataPos    => $subdirDataPos,
-                    DataLen    => $subdirDataLen,
-                    DirStart   => $subdirStart,
-                    DirLen     => $size,
-                    RAF        => $raf,
-                    Parent     => $dirName,
-                    DirName    => $$subdir{DirName},
-                    FixBase    => $$subdir{FixBase},
-                    FixOffsets => $$subdir{FixOffsets},
-                    EntryBased => $$subdir{EntryBased},
-                    TagInfo    => $tagInfo,
-                    SubIFD     => $$tagInfo{SubIFD},
-                    Subdir     => $subdir,
-                );
-                # (remember: some cameras incorrectly write maker notes in IFD0)
-                if ($$tagInfo{MakerNotes}) {
-                    # don't parse makernotes if FastScan > 1
-                    my $fast = $et->Options('FastScan');
-                    last if $fast and $fast > 1;
-                    $subdirInfo{MakerNoteAddr} = $valuePtr + $valueDataPos + $base;
-                    $subdirInfo{NoFixBase} = 1 if defined $$subdir{Base};
-                }
-                # set directory IFD name from group name of family 1 if it exists,
-                # unless the tag is writable as a block in which case group 1 may
-                # have been set automatically
-                if ($$tagInfo{Groups} and not $$tagInfo{Writable}) {
-                    $subdirInfo{DirName} = $$tagInfo{Groups}{1};
-                    # number multiple subdirectories
-                    $subdirInfo{DirName} =~ s/\d*$/$dirNum/ if $dirNum;
-                }
-                SetByteOrder($newByteOrder);    # set byte order for this subdir
-                # validate the subdirectory if necessary
-                my $dirData = $subdirDataPt;    # set data pointer to be used in eval
-                #### eval Validate ($val, $dirData, $subdirStart, $size)
-                my $ok = 0;
-                if (defined $$subdir{Validate} and not eval $$subdir{Validate}) {
-                    $et->Warn("Invalid $tagStr data");
-                    $invalid = 1;
-                } else {
-                    if (not $subdirInfo{DirName} and $inMakerNotes) {
-                        $subdirInfo{DirName} = $$tagInfo{Name};
-                    }
-                    # process the subdirectory
-                    $ok = $et->ProcessDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $newTagTable, $$subdir{ProcessProc});
-                }
-                # print debugging information if there were errors
-                if (not $ok and $verbose > 1 and $subdirStart != $valuePtr) {
-                    my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
-                    printf $out "%s    (SubDirectory start = 0x%x)\n", $$et{INDENT}, $subdirStart;
-                }
-                SetByteOrder($oldByteOrder);    # restore original byte swapping
-
-                @values or last;
-                $val = shift @values;           # continue with next subdir
-            }
-            my $doMaker = $et->Options('MakerNotes');
-            next unless $doMaker or $$et{REQ_TAG_LOOKUP}{lc($tagStr)} or
-                        $$tagInfo{BlockExtract};
-            # extract as a block if specified
-            if ($$tagInfo{MakerNotes}) {
-                # save maker note byte order (if it was significant and valid)
-                if ($$subdir{ByteOrder} and not $invalid) {
-                    $$et{MAKER_NOTE_BYTE_ORDER} =
-                        defined ($$et{UnknownByteOrder}) ?
-                                 $$et{UnknownByteOrder} : $newByteOrder;
-                }
-                if ($doMaker and $doMaker eq '2') {
-                    # extract maker notes without rebuilding (no fixup information)
-                    delete $$et{MAKER_NOTE_FIXUP};
-                } elsif (not $$tagInfo{NotIFD}) {
-                    # this is a pain, but we must rebuild EXIF-typemaker notes to
-                    # include all the value data if data was outside the maker notes
-                    my %makerDirInfo = (
-                        Name       => $tagStr,
-                        Base       => $base,
-                        DataPt     => $valueDataPt,
-                        DataPos    => $valueDataPos,
-                        DataLen    => $valueDataLen,
-                        DirStart   => $valuePtr,
-                        DirLen     => $size,
-                        RAF        => $raf,
-                        Parent     => $dirName,
-                        DirName    => 'MakerNotes',
-                        FixOffsets => $$subdir{FixOffsets},
-                        TagInfo    => $tagInfo,
-                    );
-                    $makerDirInfo{FixBase} = 1 if $$subdir{FixBase};
-                    # rebuild maker notes (creates $$et{MAKER_NOTE_FIXUP})
-                    my $val2 = RebuildMakerNotes($et, $newTagTable, \%makerDirInfo);
-                    if (defined $val2) {
-                        $val = $val2;
-                    } elsif ($size > 4) {
-                        $et->Warn('Error rebuilding maker notes (may be corrupt)');
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                # extract this directory as a block if specified
-                next unless $$tagInfo{Writable};
-            }
-        }
- #..............................................................................
-        # convert to absolute offsets if this tag is an offset
-        #### eval IsOffset ($val, $et)
-        if ($$tagInfo{IsOffset} and eval $$tagInfo{IsOffset}) {
-            my $offsetBase = $$tagInfo{IsOffset} eq '2' ? $firstBase : $base;
-            $offsetBase += $$et{BASE};
-            # handle offsets which use a wrong base (Minolta A200)
-            if ($$tagInfo{WrongBase}) {
-                my $self = $et;
-                #### eval WrongBase ($self)
-                $offsetBase += eval $$tagInfo{WrongBase} || 0;
-            }
-            my @vals = split(' ',$val);
-            foreach $val (@vals) {
-                $val += $offsetBase;
-            }
-            $val = join(' ', @vals);
-        }
-        # save the value of this tag
-        $tagKey = $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, $val);
-        if (defined $tagKey) {
-            # set the group 1 name for tags in specified tables
-            $et->SetGroup($tagKey, $dirName) if $$tagTablePtr{SET_GROUP1};
-            # save original components of rational numbers (used when copying)
-            $$et{RATIONAL}{$tagKey} = $rational if defined $rational;
-        }
-    }
-
-    # scan for subsequent IFD's if specified
-    if ($$dirInfo{Multi} and $bytesFromEnd >= 4) {
-        my $offset = Get32u($dataPt, $dirEnd);
-        if ($offset) {
-            my $subdirStart = $offset - $dataPos;
-            # use same directory information for trailing directory,
-            # but change the start location (ProcessDirectory will
-            # test to make sure we don't reprocess the same dir twice)
-            my %newDirInfo = %$dirInfo;
-            $newDirInfo{DirStart} = $subdirStart;
-            # increment IFD number
-            my $ifdNum = $newDirInfo{DirName} =~ s/(\d+)$// ? $1 : 0;
-            $newDirInfo{DirName} .= $ifdNum + 1;
-            # must validate SubIFD1 because the nextIFD pointer is invalid for some RAW formats
-            if ($newDirInfo{DirName} ne 'SubIFD1' or ValidateIFD(\%newDirInfo)) {
-                $$et{INDENT} =~ s/..$//; # keep indent the same
-                my $cur = pop @{$$et{PATH}};
-                $et->ProcessDirectory(\%newDirInfo, $tagTablePtr) or $success = 0;
-                push @{$$et{PATH}}, $cur;
-            } elsif ($verbose or $$et{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'TIFF') {
-                $et->Warn('Ignored bad IFD linked from SubIFD');
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return $success;
-}
-
-1; # end
-
-__END__
-
-=head1 NAME
-
-Image::ExifTool::Exif - Read EXIF/TIFF meta information
-
-=head1 SYNOPSIS
-
-This module is required by Image::ExifTool.
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-This module contains routines required by Image::ExifTool for processing
-EXIF and TIFF meta information.
-
-=head1 AUTHOR
-
-Copyright 2003-2014, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-under the same terms as Perl itself.
-
-=head1 REFERENCES
-
-=over 4
-
-=item L<http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF>
-
-=item L<http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-2012_E.pdf>
-
-=item L<http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/pdfs/tn/TIFF6.pdf>
-
-=item L<http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf>
-
-=item L<http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/pdfs/dng_spec.pdf>
-
-=item L<http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html>
-
-=item L<http://www.remotesensing.org/libtiff/TIFFTechNote2.html>
-
-=item L<http://www.exif.org/dcf.PDF>
-
-=item L<http://park2.wakwak.com/~tsuruzoh/Computer/Digicams/exif-e.html>
-
-=item L<http://www.fine-view.com/jp/lab/doc/ps6ffspecsv2.pdf>
-
-=item L<http://www.ozhiker.com/electronics/pjmt/jpeg_info/meta.html>
-
-=item L<http://hul.harvard.edu/jhove/tiff-tags.html>
-
-=item L<http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/xps/wmphoto.mspx>
-
-=item L<http://www.asmail.be/msg0054681802.html>
-
-=item L<http://crousseau.free.fr/imgfmt_raw.htm>
-
-=item L<http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/>
-
-=item L<http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/content/tiff_tags.shtml>
-
-=item L<http://community.roxen.com/developers/idocs/rfc/rfc3949.html>
-
-=item L<http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-fax-tiff-fx-extension1-01>
-
-=item L<http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/cinemadng/pdfs/CinemaDNG_Format_Specification_v1_1.pdf>
-
-=back
-
-=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-
-Thanks to Jeremy Brown for the 35efl tags, and Matt Madrid for his help with
-the XP character code conversions.
-
-=head1 SEE ALSO
-
-L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/EXIF Tags>,
-L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
-
-=cut