tapps-agents 3.5.40__py3-none-any.whl → 3.6.0__py3-none-any.whl

tapps_agents/experts/knowledge/database-data-management/acid-vs-cap.md

@@ -1,164 +1,164 @@
-# ACID vs CAP Theorem
-
-## Overview
-
-ACID and CAP are fundamental concepts for understanding database guarantees. ACID focuses on transaction reliability, while CAP describes trade-offs in distributed systems.
-
-## ACID Properties
-
-### Atomicity
-
-**All or Nothing:**
-- Transaction completes entirely or not at all
-- No partial updates
-- Rollback on failure
-
-**Example:**
-```sql
-BEGIN;
-  UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE id = 1;
-  UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE id = 2;
-COMMIT;
--- Both succeed or both fail
-```
-
-### Consistency
-
-**Valid State Transitions:**
-- Database remains in valid state
-- Constraints always satisfied
-- Referential integrity maintained
-
-### Isolation
-
-**Concurrent Transactions:**
-- Transactions don't interfere
-- Isolation levels: Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable
-
-**Isolation Levels:**
-- **Read Uncommitted:** Lowest isolation, dirty reads possible
-- **Read Committed:** No dirty reads, non-repeatable reads possible
-- **Repeatable Read:** No non-repeatable reads, phantom reads possible
-- **Serializable:** Highest isolation, no anomalies
-
-### Durability
-
-**Permanent Changes:**
-- Committed transactions persist
-- Survives system crashes
-- Written to persistent storage
-
-**Implementation:**
-- Write-ahead logging (WAL)
-- Transaction logs
-- Replication
-
-## CAP Theorem
-
-**Can Only Guarantee Two of Three:**
-
-### Consistency
-
-**All Nodes See Same Data:**
-- All replicas have same data
-- Strong consistency
-- Synchronous replication
-
-### Availability
-
-**System Remains Operational:**
-- Every request gets response
-- No downtime
-- No errors (non-failure responses)
-
-### Partition Tolerance
-
-**Network Partitions Handled:**
-- System continues despite network failures
-- Nodes can't communicate
-- Required for distributed systems
-
-## CAP Trade-offs
-
-### CP (Consistency + Partition Tolerance)
-
-**Sacrifice Availability:**
-- Strong consistency
-- Blocks during partitions
-- Examples: MongoDB (with strong consistency), HBase
-
-### AP (Availability + Partition Tolerance)
-
-**Sacrifice Consistency:**
-- Always available
-- Eventual consistency
-- Examples: DynamoDB, Cassandra, CouchDB
-
-### CA (Consistency + Availability)
-
-**Sacrifice Partition Tolerance:**
-- Single-node systems
-- Not truly distributed
-- Examples: Traditional SQL databases (single instance)
-
-## Real-World Implications
-
-### SQL Databases
-
-**Typically ACID + CP:**
-- Strong consistency
-- ACID transactions
-- May block during partitions
-- Examples: PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle
-
-### NoSQL Databases
-
-**Various Choices:**
-- **DynamoDB:** AP (configurable consistency)
-- **Cassandra:** AP (tunable consistency)
-- **MongoDB:** CP (with strong consistency)
-- **Redis:** CP (single-node) or AP (cluster mode)
-
-### Eventual Consistency
-
-**Accept Temporary Inconsistency:**
-- Replicas sync eventually
-- Acceptable for many use cases
-- Conflict resolution needed
-
-## Choosing the Right Model
-
-### Use ACID When:
-
-- Financial transactions
-- Critical data integrity
-- Strong consistency required
-- Traditional SQL databases
-
-### Use Eventual Consistency When:
-
-- High availability critical
-- Can tolerate temporary inconsistency
-- High write throughput
-- Global distribution
-
-### Use Partition Tolerance When:
-
-- Distributed system
-- Multiple data centers
-- Network failures possible
-- Scalability needed
-
-## Best Practices
-
-1. **Understand Requirements:** Consistency vs availability needs
-2. **Choose Appropriate Database:** Match CAP trade-offs
-3. **Design for Failure:** Assume partitions will occur
-4. **Handle Conflicts:** Eventual consistency strategies
-5. **Monitor Consistency:** Track replication lag
-6. **Document Decisions:** Why chosen model
-7. **Test Partition Scenarios:** How system behaves
-8. **Balance Trade-offs:** Match business needs
-9. **Consider Hybrid:** Different models for different data
-10. **Review Regularly:** As requirements change
-
+# ACID vs CAP Theorem
+
+## Overview
+
+ACID and CAP are fundamental concepts for understanding database guarantees. ACID focuses on transaction reliability, while CAP describes trade-offs in distributed systems.
+
+## ACID Properties
+
+### Atomicity
+
+**All or Nothing:**
+- Transaction completes entirely or not at all
+- No partial updates
+- Rollback on failure
+
+**Example:**
+```sql
+BEGIN;
+  UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE id = 1;
+  UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE id = 2;
+COMMIT;
+-- Both succeed or both fail
+```
+
+### Consistency
+
+**Valid State Transitions:**
+- Database remains in valid state
+- Constraints always satisfied
+- Referential integrity maintained
+
+### Isolation
+
+**Concurrent Transactions:**
+- Transactions don't interfere
+- Isolation levels: Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable
+
+**Isolation Levels:**
+- **Read Uncommitted:** Lowest isolation, dirty reads possible
+- **Read Committed:** No dirty reads, non-repeatable reads possible
+- **Repeatable Read:** No non-repeatable reads, phantom reads possible
+- **Serializable:** Highest isolation, no anomalies
+
+### Durability
+
+**Permanent Changes:**
+- Committed transactions persist
+- Survives system crashes
+- Written to persistent storage
+
+**Implementation:**
+- Write-ahead logging (WAL)
+- Transaction logs
+- Replication
+
+## CAP Theorem
+
+**Can Only Guarantee Two of Three:**
+
+### Consistency
+
+**All Nodes See Same Data:**
+- All replicas have same data
+- Strong consistency
+- Synchronous replication
+
+### Availability
+
+**System Remains Operational:**
+- Every request gets response
+- No downtime
+- No errors (non-failure responses)
+
+### Partition Tolerance
+
+**Network Partitions Handled:**
+- System continues despite network failures
+- Nodes can't communicate
+- Required for distributed systems
+
+## CAP Trade-offs
+
+### CP (Consistency + Partition Tolerance)
+
+**Sacrifice Availability:**
+- Strong consistency
+- Blocks during partitions
+- Examples: MongoDB (with strong consistency), HBase
+
+### AP (Availability + Partition Tolerance)
+
+**Sacrifice Consistency:**
+- Always available
+- Eventual consistency
+- Examples: DynamoDB, Cassandra, CouchDB
+
+### CA (Consistency + Availability)
+
+**Sacrifice Partition Tolerance:**
+- Single-node systems
+- Not truly distributed
+- Examples: Traditional SQL databases (single instance)
+
+## Real-World Implications
+
+### SQL Databases
+
+**Typically ACID + CP:**
+- Strong consistency
+- ACID transactions
+- May block during partitions
+- Examples: PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle
+
+### NoSQL Databases
+
+**Various Choices:**
+- **DynamoDB:** AP (configurable consistency)
+- **Cassandra:** AP (tunable consistency)
+- **MongoDB:** CP (with strong consistency)
+- **Redis:** CP (single-node) or AP (cluster mode)
+
+### Eventual Consistency
+
+**Accept Temporary Inconsistency:**
+- Replicas sync eventually
+- Acceptable for many use cases
+- Conflict resolution needed
+
+## Choosing the Right Model
+
+### Use ACID When:
+
+- Financial transactions
+- Critical data integrity
+- Strong consistency required
+- Traditional SQL databases
+
+### Use Eventual Consistency When:
+
+- High availability critical
+- Can tolerate temporary inconsistency
+- High write throughput
+- Global distribution
+
+### Use Partition Tolerance When:
+
+- Distributed system
+- Multiple data centers
+- Network failures possible
+- Scalability needed
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Understand Requirements:** Consistency vs availability needs
+2. **Choose Appropriate Database:** Match CAP trade-offs
+3. **Design for Failure:** Assume partitions will occur
+4. **Handle Conflicts:** Eventual consistency strategies
+5. **Monitor Consistency:** Track replication lag
+6. **Document Decisions:** Why chosen model
+7. **Test Partition Scenarios:** How system behaves
+8. **Balance Trade-offs:** Match business needs
+9. **Consider Hybrid:** Different models for different data
+10. **Review Regularly:** As requirements change
+

tapps_agents/experts/knowledge/database-data-management/backup-and-recovery.md

@@ -1,182 +1,182 @@
-# Database Backup and Recovery
-
-## Overview
-
-Backup and recovery strategies protect against data loss and enable point-in-time recovery. This guide covers backup types, recovery objectives, and implementation strategies.
-
-## Backup Types
-
-### Full Backup
-
-**Complete Database:**
-- All data and schema
-- Foundation for recovery
-- Longer backup time
-- More storage required
-
-**PostgreSQL:**
-```bash
-pg_dump -Fc database_name > backup.dump
-```
-
-**MySQL:**
-```bash
-mysqldump --single-transaction database_name > backup.sql
-```
-
-### Incremental Backup
-
-**Changes Since Last Backup:**
-- Faster backups
-- Less storage
-- Requires full + incrementals
-- More complex recovery
-
-### Differential Backup
-
-**Changes Since Full Backup:**
-- Moderate backup time
-- Moderate storage
-- Full + latest differential
-- Simpler than incremental
-
-### Continuous Archiving
-
-**WAL/Transaction Logs:**
-- Real-time log archiving
-- Point-in-time recovery
-- Minimal data loss
-- Higher complexity
-
-**PostgreSQL:**
-```conf
-# postgresql.conf
-wal_level = replica
-archive_mode = on
-archive_command = 'cp %p /backup/wal/%f'
-```
-
-## Recovery Objectives
-
-### RTO (Recovery Time Objective)
-
-**Maximum Downtime:**
-- Time to restore service
-- Business impact tolerance
-- Drives backup frequency
-- Affects recovery strategy
-
-### RPO (Recovery Point Objective)
-
-**Maximum Data Loss:**
-- Acceptable data loss window
-- Frequency of backups
-- Drives replication strategy
-- Affects backup type
-
-## Backup Strategies
-
-### Cold Backup
-
-**Database Offline:**
-- Database stopped
-- Consistent snapshot
-- Simple process
-- Requires downtime
-
-### Hot Backup
-
-**Database Online:**
-- No downtime
-- Consistent state required
-- More complex
-- Production-friendly
-
-**PostgreSQL:**
-```bash
-pg_basebackup -D /backup/base -Ft -z -P
-```
-
-### Snapshot Backup
-
-**Storage-Level Snapshot:**
-- Instant snapshot
-- Storage vendor feature
-- Fast backup
-- Restore to snapshot point
-
-## Recovery Procedures
-
-### Full Recovery
-
-**Restore from Backup:**
-```bash
-# PostgreSQL
-pg_restore -d database_name backup.dump
-
-# MySQL
-mysql database_name < backup.sql
-```
-
-### Point-in-Time Recovery
-
-**Recover to Specific Time:**
-```bash
-# PostgreSQL
-# 1. Restore base backup
-pg_restore -d database_name base_backup.dump
-
-# 2. Replay WAL logs to target time
-pg_recovery -D /data -t "2026-01-15 10:30:00"
-```
-
-### Partial Recovery
-
-**Recover Specific Objects:**
-```bash
-# Restore specific tables
-pg_restore -t users -d database_name backup.dump
-```
-
-## Backup Automation
-
-### Scheduled Backups
-
-**Cron Jobs:**
-```bash
-# Daily full backup
-0 2 * * * pg_dump -Fc database > /backup/daily/$(date +\%Y\%m\%d).dump
-
-# Hourly incremental
-0 * * * * archive_wal_logs.sh
-```
-
-### Retention Policies
-
-**Keep Backups:**
-- Daily: 7 days
-- Weekly: 4 weeks
-- Monthly: 12 months
-- Yearly: 7 years
-
-### Backup Verification
-
-**Test Restores:**
-- Regular restore tests
-- Verify backup integrity
-- Test recovery procedures
-- Document results
-
-## Best Practices
-
-1. **Automate Backups:** Regular, scheduled
-2. **Test Restores:** Regular DR drills
-3. **Offsite Storage:** Geographic redundancy
-4. **Encrypt Backups:** Protect sensitive data
-5. **Monitor Backup Success:** Alert on failures
-6. **Document Procedures:** Clear recovery steps
-7. **Set Retention:** Balance storage and recovery needs
-8. **Verify Integrity:** Regular checksums
-9. **Multiple Backup Types:** Full + incremental/differential
-10. **Regular Reviews:** Update procedures
-
+# Database Backup and Recovery
+
+## Overview
+
+Backup and recovery strategies protect against data loss and enable point-in-time recovery. This guide covers backup types, recovery objectives, and implementation strategies.
+
+## Backup Types
+
+### Full Backup
+
+**Complete Database:**
+- All data and schema
+- Foundation for recovery
+- Longer backup time
+- More storage required
+
+**PostgreSQL:**
+```bash
+pg_dump -Fc database_name > backup.dump
+```
+
+**MySQL:**
+```bash
+mysqldump --single-transaction database_name > backup.sql
+```
+
+### Incremental Backup
+
+**Changes Since Last Backup:**
+- Faster backups
+- Less storage
+- Requires full + incrementals
+- More complex recovery
+
+### Differential Backup
+
+**Changes Since Full Backup:**
+- Moderate backup time
+- Moderate storage
+- Full + latest differential
+- Simpler than incremental
+
+### Continuous Archiving
+
+**WAL/Transaction Logs:**
+- Real-time log archiving
+- Point-in-time recovery
+- Minimal data loss
+- Higher complexity
+
+**PostgreSQL:**
+```conf
+# postgresql.conf
+wal_level = replica
+archive_mode = on
+archive_command = 'cp %p /backup/wal/%f'
+```
+
+## Recovery Objectives
+
+### RTO (Recovery Time Objective)
+
+**Maximum Downtime:**
+- Time to restore service
+- Business impact tolerance
+- Drives backup frequency
+- Affects recovery strategy
+
+### RPO (Recovery Point Objective)
+
+**Maximum Data Loss:**
+- Acceptable data loss window
+- Frequency of backups
+- Drives replication strategy
+- Affects backup type
+
+## Backup Strategies
+
+### Cold Backup
+
+**Database Offline:**
+- Database stopped
+- Consistent snapshot
+- Simple process
+- Requires downtime
+
+### Hot Backup
+
+**Database Online:**
+- No downtime
+- Consistent state required
+- More complex
+- Production-friendly
+
+**PostgreSQL:**
+```bash
+pg_basebackup -D /backup/base -Ft -z -P
+```
+
+### Snapshot Backup
+
+**Storage-Level Snapshot:**
+- Instant snapshot
+- Storage vendor feature
+- Fast backup
+- Restore to snapshot point
+
+## Recovery Procedures
+
+### Full Recovery
+
+**Restore from Backup:**
+```bash
+# PostgreSQL
+pg_restore -d database_name backup.dump
+
+# MySQL
+mysql database_name < backup.sql
+```
+
+### Point-in-Time Recovery
+
+**Recover to Specific Time:**
+```bash
+# PostgreSQL
+# 1. Restore base backup
+pg_restore -d database_name base_backup.dump
+
+# 2. Replay WAL logs to target time
+pg_recovery -D /data -t "2026-01-15 10:30:00"
+```
+
+### Partial Recovery
+
+**Recover Specific Objects:**
+```bash
+# Restore specific tables
+pg_restore -t users -d database_name backup.dump
+```
+
+## Backup Automation
+
+### Scheduled Backups
+
+**Cron Jobs:**
+```bash
+# Daily full backup
+0 2 * * * pg_dump -Fc database > /backup/daily/$(date +\%Y\%m\%d).dump
+
+# Hourly incremental
+0 * * * * archive_wal_logs.sh
+```
+
+### Retention Policies
+
+**Keep Backups:**
+- Daily: 7 days
+- Weekly: 4 weeks
+- Monthly: 12 months
+- Yearly: 7 years
+
+### Backup Verification
+
+**Test Restores:**
+- Regular restore tests
+- Verify backup integrity
+- Test recovery procedures
+- Document results
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Automate Backups:** Regular, scheduled
+2. **Test Restores:** Regular DR drills
+3. **Offsite Storage:** Geographic redundancy
+4. **Encrypt Backups:** Protect sensitive data
+5. **Monitor Backup Success:** Alert on failures
+6. **Document Procedures:** Clear recovery steps
+7. **Set Retention:** Balance storage and recovery needs
+8. **Verify Integrity:** Regular checksums
+9. **Multiple Backup Types:** Full + incremental/differential
+10. **Regular Reviews:** Update procedures
+