scipy 1.16.2__cp314-cp314t-win_arm64.whl

scipy/integrate/tests/test_tanhsinh.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@
+# mypy: disable-error-code="attr-defined"
+import os
+import pytest
+import math
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
+
+import scipy._lib._elementwise_iterative_method as eim
+from scipy._lib._array_api_no_0d import xp_assert_close, xp_assert_equal
+from scipy._lib._array_api import array_namespace, xp_size, xp_ravel, xp_copy, is_numpy
+from scipy import special, stats
+from scipy.integrate import quad_vec, nsum, tanhsinh as _tanhsinh
+from scipy.integrate._tanhsinh import _pair_cache
+from scipy.stats._discrete_distns import _gen_harmonic_gt1
+
+
+def norm_pdf(x, xp=None):
+    xp = array_namespace(x) if xp is None else xp
+    return 1/(2*xp.pi)**0.5 * xp.exp(-x**2/2)
+
+
+def norm_logpdf(x, xp=None):
+    xp = array_namespace(x) if xp is None else xp
+    return -0.5*math.log(2*xp.pi) - x**2/2
+
+
+def _vectorize(xp):
+    # xp-compatible version of np.vectorize
+    # assumes arguments are all arrays of the same shape
+    def decorator(f):
+        def wrapped(*arg_arrays):
+            shape = arg_arrays[0].shape
+            arg_arrays = [xp_ravel(arg_array) for arg_array in arg_arrays]
+            res = []
+            for i in range(math.prod(shape)):
+                arg_scalars = [arg_array[i] for arg_array in arg_arrays]
+                res.append(f(*arg_scalars))
+            return res
+
+        return wrapped
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(
+    'array_api_strict', reason='Currently uses fancy indexing assignment.'
+)
+@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(
+    'dask.array', reason='boolean indexing assignment'
+)
+@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(
+    'jax.numpy', reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment.'
+)
+class TestTanhSinh:
+
+    # Test problems from [1] Section 6
+    def f1(self, t):
+        return t * np.log(1 + t)
+
+    f1.ref = 0.25
+    f1.b = 1
+
+    def f2(self, t):
+        return t ** 2 * np.arctan(t)
+
+    f2.ref = (np.pi - 2 + 2 * np.log(2)) / 12
+    f2.b = 1
+
+    def f3(self, t):
+        return np.exp(t) * np.cos(t)
+
+    f3.ref = (np.exp(np.pi / 2) - 1) / 2
+    f3.b = np.pi / 2
+
+    def f4(self, t):
+        a = np.sqrt(2 + t ** 2)
+        return np.arctan(a) / ((1 + t ** 2) * a)
+
+    f4.ref = 5 * np.pi ** 2 / 96
+    f4.b = 1
+
+    def f5(self, t):
+        return np.sqrt(t) * np.log(t)
+
+    f5.ref = -4 / 9
+    f5.b = 1
+
+    def f6(self, t):
+        return np.sqrt(1 - t ** 2)
+
+    f6.ref = np.pi / 4
+    f6.b = 1
+
+    def f7(self, t):
+        return np.sqrt(t) / np.sqrt(1 - t ** 2)
+
+    f7.ref = 2 * np.sqrt(np.pi) * special.gamma(3 / 4) / special.gamma(1 / 4)
+    f7.b = 1
+
+    def f8(self, t):
+        return np.log(t) ** 2
+
+    f8.ref = 2
+    f8.b = 1
+
+    def f9(self, t):
+        return np.log(np.cos(t))
+
+    f9.ref = -np.pi * np.log(2) / 2
+    f9.b = np.pi / 2
+
+    def f10(self, t):
+        return np.sqrt(np.tan(t))
+
+    f10.ref = np.pi * np.sqrt(2) / 2
+    f10.b = np.pi / 2
+
+    def f11(self, t):
+        return 1 / (1 + t ** 2)
+
+    f11.ref = np.pi / 2
+    f11.b = np.inf
+
+    def f12(self, t):
+        return np.exp(-t) / np.sqrt(t)
+
+    f12.ref = np.sqrt(np.pi)
+    f12.b = np.inf
+
+    def f13(self, t):
+        return np.exp(-t ** 2 / 2)
+
+    f13.ref = np.sqrt(np.pi / 2)
+    f13.b = np.inf
+
+    def f14(self, t):
+        return np.exp(-t) * np.cos(t)
+
+    f14.ref = 0.5
+    f14.b = np.inf
+
+    def f15(self, t):
+        return np.sin(t) / t
+
+    f15.ref = np.pi / 2
+    f15.b = np.inf
+
+    def error(self, res, ref, log=False, xp=None):
+        xp = array_namespace(res, ref) if xp is None else xp
+        err = abs(res - ref)
+
+        if not log:
+            return err
+
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            return xp.log10(err)
+
+    def test_input_validation(self, xp):
+        f = self.f1
+
+        zero = xp.asarray(0)
+        f_b = xp.asarray(f.b)
+
+        message = '`f` must be callable.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(42, zero, f_b)
+
+        message = '...must be True or False.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, log=2)
+
+        message = '...must be real numbers.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, xp.asarray(1+1j), f_b)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, atol='ekki')
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, rtol=pytest)
+
+        message = '...must be non-negative and finite.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, rtol=-1)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, atol=xp.inf)
+
+        message = '...may not be positive infinity.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, rtol=xp.inf, log=True)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, atol=xp.inf, log=True)
+
+        message = '...must be integers.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, maxlevel=object())
+        # with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):  # unused for now
+        #     _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, maxfun=1+1j)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, minlevel="migratory coconut")
+
+        message = '...must be non-negative.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, maxlevel=-1)
+        # with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):  # unused for now
+        #     _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, maxfun=-1)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, minlevel=-1)
+
+        message = '...must be True or False.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, preserve_shape=2)
+
+        message = '...must be callable.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _tanhsinh(f, zero, f_b, callback='elderberry')
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("limits, ref", [
+        [(0, math.inf), 0.5],  # b infinite
+        [(-math.inf, 0), 0.5],  # a infinite
+        [(-math.inf, math.inf), 1.],  # a and b infinite
+        [(math.inf, -math.inf), -1.],  # flipped limits
+        [(1, -1), stats.norm.cdf(-1.) -  stats.norm.cdf(1.)],  # flipped limits
+    ])
+    def test_integral_transforms(self, limits, ref, xp):
+        # Check that the integral transforms are behaving for both normal and
+        # log integration
+        limits = [xp.asarray(limit) for limit in limits]
+        dtype = xp.asarray(float(limits[0])).dtype
+        ref = xp.asarray(ref, dtype=dtype)
+
+        res = _tanhsinh(norm_pdf, *limits)
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, ref)
+
+        logres = _tanhsinh(norm_logpdf, *limits, log=True)
+        xp_assert_close(xp.exp(logres.integral), ref, check_dtype=False)
+        # Transformation should not make the result complex unnecessarily
+        assert (xp.isdtype(logres.integral.dtype, "real floating") if ref > 0
+                else xp.isdtype(logres.integral.dtype, "complex floating"))
+
+        atol = 2 * xp.finfo(res.error.dtype).eps
+        xp_assert_close(xp.exp(logres.error), res.error, atol=atol, check_dtype=False)
+
+    # 15 skipped intentionally; it's very difficult numerically
+    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True,
+                                  reason='Cumbersome to convert everything.')
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('f_number', range(1, 15))
+    def test_basic(self, f_number, xp):
+        f = getattr(self, f"f{f_number}")
+        rtol = 2e-8
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, 0, f.b, rtol=rtol)
+        assert_allclose(res.integral, f.ref, rtol=rtol)
+        if f_number not in {7, 12, 14}:  # mildly underestimates error here
+            true_error = abs(self.error(res.integral, f.ref)/res.integral)
+            assert true_error < res.error
+
+        if f_number in {7, 10, 12}:  # succeeds, but doesn't know it
+            return
+
+        assert res.success
+        assert res.status == 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True,
+                                  reason="Distributions aren't xp-compatible.")
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('ref', (0.5, [0.4, 0.6]))
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('case', stats._distr_params.distcont)
+    def test_accuracy(self, ref, case, xp):
+        distname, params = case
+        if distname in {'dgamma', 'dweibull', 'laplace', 'kstwo'}:
+            # should split up interval at first-derivative discontinuity
+            pytest.skip('tanh-sinh is not great for non-smooth integrands')
+        if (distname in {'studentized_range', 'levy_stable'}
+                and not int(os.getenv('SCIPY_XSLOW', 0))):
+            pytest.skip('This case passes, but it is too slow.')
+        dist = getattr(stats, distname)(*params)
+        x = dist.interval(ref)
+        res = _tanhsinh(dist.pdf, *x)
+        assert_allclose(res.integral, ref)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('shape', [tuple(), (12,), (3, 4), (3, 2, 2)])
+    def test_vectorization(self, shape, xp):
+        # Test for correct functionality, output shapes, and dtypes for various
+        # input shapes.
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(82456839535679456794)
+        a = xp.asarray(rng.random(shape))
+        b = xp.asarray(rng.random(shape))
+        p = xp.asarray(rng.random(shape))
+        n = math.prod(shape)
+
+        def f(x, p):
+            f.ncall += 1
+            f.feval += 1 if (xp_size(x) == n or x.ndim <= 1) else x.shape[-1]
+            return x**p
+        f.ncall = 0
+        f.feval = 0
+
+        @_vectorize(xp)
+        def _tanhsinh_single(a, b, p):
+            return _tanhsinh(lambda x: x**p, a, b)
+
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, args=(p,))
+        refs = _tanhsinh_single(a, b, p)
+
+        attrs = ['integral', 'error', 'success', 'status', 'nfev', 'maxlevel']
+        for attr in attrs:
+            ref_attr = xp.stack([getattr(ref, attr) for ref in refs])
+            res_attr = xp_ravel(getattr(res, attr))
+            xp_assert_close(res_attr, ref_attr, rtol=1e-15)
+            assert getattr(res, attr).shape == shape
+
+        assert xp.isdtype(res.success.dtype, 'bool')
+        assert xp.isdtype(res.status.dtype, 'integral')
+        assert xp.isdtype(res.nfev.dtype, 'integral')
+        assert xp.isdtype(res.maxlevel.dtype, 'integral')
+        assert xp.max(res.nfev) == f.feval
+        # maxlevel = 2 -> 3 function calls (2 initialization, 1 work)
+        assert xp.max(res.maxlevel) >= 2
+        assert xp.max(res.maxlevel) == f.ncall
+
+    def test_flags(self, xp):
+        # Test cases that should produce different status flags; show that all
+        # can be produced simultaneously.
+        def f(xs, js):
+            f.nit += 1
+            funcs = [lambda x: xp.exp(-x**2),  # converges
+                     lambda x: xp.exp(x),  # reaches maxiter due to order=2
+                     lambda x: xp.full_like(x, xp.nan)]  # stops due to NaN
+            res = []
+            for i in range(xp_size(js)):
+                x = xs[i, ...]
+                j = int(xp_ravel(js)[i])
+                res.append(funcs[j](x))
+            return xp.stack(res)
+        f.nit = 0
+
+        args = (xp.arange(3, dtype=xp.int64),)
+        a = xp.asarray([xp.inf]*3)
+        b = xp.asarray([-xp.inf] * 3)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, maxlevel=5, args=args)
+        ref_flags = xp.asarray([0, -2, -3], dtype=xp.int32)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.status, ref_flags)
+
+    def test_flags_preserve_shape(self, xp):
+        # Same test as above but using `preserve_shape` option to simplify.
+        def f(x):
+            res = [xp.exp(-x[0]**2),  # converges
+                   xp.exp(x[1]),  # reaches maxiter due to order=2
+                   xp.full_like(x[2], xp.nan)]  # stops due to NaN
+            return xp.stack(res)
+
+        a = xp.asarray([xp.inf] * 3)
+        b = xp.asarray([-xp.inf] * 3)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, maxlevel=5, preserve_shape=True)
+        ref_flags = xp.asarray([0, -2, -3], dtype=xp.int32)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.status, ref_flags)
+
+    def test_preserve_shape(self, xp):
+        # Test `preserve_shape` option
+        def f(x, xp):
+            return xp.stack([xp.stack([x, xp.sin(10 * x)]),
+                             xp.stack([xp.cos(30 * x), x * xp.sin(100 * x)])])
+
+        ref = quad_vec(lambda x: f(x, np), 0, 1)
+        res = _tanhsinh(lambda x: f(x, xp), xp.asarray(0), xp.asarray(1),
+                        preserve_shape=True)
+        dtype = xp.asarray(0.).dtype
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.asarray(ref[0], dtype=dtype))
+
+    def test_convergence(self, xp):
+        # demonstrate that number of accurate digits doubles each iteration
+        dtype = xp.float64  # this only works with good precision
+        def f(t):
+            return t * xp.log(1 + t)
+        ref = xp.asarray(0.25, dtype=dtype)
+        a, b = xp.asarray(0., dtype=dtype), xp.asarray(1., dtype=dtype)
+
+        last_logerr = 0
+        for i in range(4):
+            res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, minlevel=0, maxlevel=i)
+            logerr = self.error(res.integral, ref, log=True, xp=xp)
+            assert (logerr < last_logerr * 2 or logerr < -15.5)
+            last_logerr = logerr
+
+    def test_options_and_result_attributes(self, xp):
+        # demonstrate that options are behaving as advertised and status
+        # messages are as intended
+        def f(x):
+            f.calls += 1
+            f.feval += xp_size(xp.asarray(x))
+            return x**2 * xp.atan(x)
+
+        f.ref = xp.asarray((math.pi - 2 + 2 * math.log(2)) / 12, dtype=xp.float64)
+
+        default_rtol = 1e-12
+        default_atol = f.ref * default_rtol  # effective default absolute tol
+
+        # Keep things simpler by leaving tolerances fixed rather than
+        # having to make them dtype-dependent
+        a = xp.asarray(0., dtype=xp.float64)
+        b = xp.asarray(1., dtype=xp.float64)
+
+        # Test default options
+        f.feval, f.calls = 0, 0
+        ref = _tanhsinh(f, a, b)
+        assert self.error(ref.integral, f.ref) < ref.error < default_atol
+        assert ref.nfev == f.feval
+        ref.calls = f.calls  # reference number of function calls
+        assert ref.success
+        assert ref.status == 0
+
+        # Test `maxlevel` equal to required max level
+        # We should get all the same results
+        f.feval, f.calls = 0, 0
+        maxlevel = int(ref.maxlevel)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, maxlevel=maxlevel)
+        res.calls = f.calls
+        assert res == ref
+
+        # Now reduce the maximum level. We won't meet tolerances.
+        f.feval, f.calls = 0, 0
+        maxlevel -= 1
+        assert maxlevel >= 2  # can't compare errors otherwise
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, maxlevel=maxlevel)
+        assert self.error(res.integral, f.ref) < res.error > default_atol
+        assert res.nfev == f.feval < ref.nfev
+        assert f.calls == ref.calls - 1
+        assert not res.success
+        assert res.status == eim._ECONVERR
+
+        # `maxfun` is currently not enforced
+
+        # # Test `maxfun` equal to required number of function evaluations
+        # # We should get all the same results
+        # f.feval, f.calls = 0, 0
+        # maxfun = ref.nfev
+        # res = _tanhsinh(f, 0, f.b, maxfun = maxfun)
+        # assert res == ref
+        #
+        # # Now reduce `maxfun`. We won't meet tolerances.
+        # f.feval, f.calls = 0, 0
+        # maxfun -= 1
+        # res = _tanhsinh(f, 0, f.b, maxfun=maxfun)
+        # assert self.error(res.integral, f.ref) < res.error > default_atol
+        # assert res.nfev == f.feval < ref.nfev
+        # assert f.calls == ref.calls - 1
+        # assert not res.success
+        # assert res.status == 2
+
+        # Take this result to be the new reference
+        ref = res
+        ref.calls = f.calls
+
+        # Test `atol`
+        f.feval, f.calls = 0, 0
+        # With this tolerance, we should get the exact same result as ref
+        atol = np.nextafter(float(ref.error), np.inf)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+        assert res.integral == ref.integral
+        assert res.error == ref.error
+        assert res.nfev == f.feval == ref.nfev
+        assert f.calls == ref.calls
+        # Except the result is considered to be successful
+        assert res.success
+        assert res.status == 0
+
+        f.feval, f.calls = 0, 0
+        # With a tighter tolerance, we should get a more accurate result
+        atol = np.nextafter(float(ref.error), -np.inf)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, rtol=0, atol=atol)
+        assert self.error(res.integral, f.ref) < res.error < atol
+        assert res.nfev == f.feval > ref.nfev
+        assert f.calls > ref.calls
+        assert res.success
+        assert res.status == 0
+
+        # Test `rtol`
+        f.feval, f.calls = 0, 0
+        # With this tolerance, we should get the exact same result as ref
+        rtol = np.nextafter(float(ref.error/ref.integral), np.inf)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, rtol=rtol)
+        assert res.integral == ref.integral
+        assert res.error == ref.error
+        assert res.nfev == f.feval == ref.nfev
+        assert f.calls == ref.calls
+        # Except the result is considered to be successful
+        assert res.success
+        assert res.status == 0
+
+        f.feval, f.calls = 0, 0
+        # With a tighter tolerance, we should get a more accurate result
+        rtol = np.nextafter(float(ref.error/ref.integral), -np.inf)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, rtol=rtol)
+        assert self.error(res.integral, f.ref)/f.ref < res.error/res.integral < rtol
+        assert res.nfev == f.feval > ref.nfev
+        assert f.calls > ref.calls
+        assert res.success
+        assert res.status == 0
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends('torch', reason=
+            'https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/21149#issuecomment-2330477359',
+    )
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('rtol', [1e-4, 1e-14])
+    def test_log(self, rtol, xp):
+        # Test equivalence of log-integration and regular integration
+        test_tols = dict(atol=1e-18, rtol=1e-15)
+
+        # Positive integrand (real log-integrand)
+        a = xp.asarray(-1., dtype=xp.float64)
+        b = xp.asarray(2., dtype=xp.float64)
+        res = _tanhsinh(norm_logpdf, a, b, log=True, rtol=math.log(rtol))
+        ref = _tanhsinh(norm_pdf, a, b, rtol=rtol)
+        xp_assert_close(xp.exp(res.integral), ref.integral, **test_tols)
+        xp_assert_close(xp.exp(res.error), ref.error, **test_tols)
+        assert res.nfev == ref.nfev
+
+        # Real integrand (complex log-integrand)
+        def f(x):
+            return -norm_logpdf(x)*norm_pdf(x)
+
+        def logf(x):
+            return xp.log(norm_logpdf(x) + 0j) + norm_logpdf(x) + xp.pi * 1j
+
+        a = xp.asarray(-xp.inf, dtype=xp.float64)
+        b = xp.asarray(xp.inf, dtype=xp.float64)
+        res = _tanhsinh(logf, a, b, log=True)
+        ref = _tanhsinh(f, a, b)
+        # In gh-19173, we saw `invalid` warnings on one CI platform.
+        # Silencing `all` because I can't reproduce locally and don't want
+        # to risk the need to run CI again.
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            xp_assert_close(xp.exp(res.integral), ref.integral, **test_tols,
+                            check_dtype=False)
+            xp_assert_close(xp.exp(res.error), ref.error, **test_tols,
+                            check_dtype=False)
+        assert res.nfev == ref.nfev
+
+    def test_complex(self, xp):
+        # Test integration of complex integrand
+        # Finite limits
+        def f(x):
+            return xp.exp(1j * x)
+
+        a, b = xp.asarray(0.), xp.asarray(xp.pi/4)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b)
+        ref = math.sqrt(2)/2 + (1-math.sqrt(2)/2)*1j
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.asarray(ref))
+
+        # Infinite limits
+        def f(x):
+            return norm_pdf(x) + 1j/2*norm_pdf(x/2)
+
+        a, b = xp.asarray(xp.inf), xp.asarray(-xp.inf)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b)
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.asarray(-(1+1j)))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("maxlevel", range(4))
+    def test_minlevel(self, maxlevel, xp):
+        # Verify that minlevel does not change the values at which the
+        # integrand is evaluated or the integral/error estimates, only the
+        # number of function calls
+
+        def f(x):
+            f.calls += 1
+            f.feval += xp_size(xp.asarray(x))
+            f.x = xp.concat((f.x, xp_ravel(x)))
+            return x**2 * xp.atan(x)
+
+        f.feval, f.calls, f.x = 0, 0, xp.asarray([])
+
+        a = xp.asarray(0, dtype=xp.float64)
+        b = xp.asarray(1, dtype=xp.float64)
+        ref = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, minlevel=0, maxlevel=maxlevel)
+        ref_x = xp.sort(f.x)
+
+        for minlevel in range(0, maxlevel + 1):
+            f.feval, f.calls, f.x = 0, 0, xp.asarray([])
+            options = dict(minlevel=minlevel, maxlevel=maxlevel)
+            res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, **options)
+            # Should be very close; all that has changed is the order of values
+            xp_assert_close(res.integral, ref.integral, rtol=4e-16)
+            # Difference in absolute errors << magnitude of integral
+            xp_assert_close(res.error, ref.error, atol=4e-16 * ref.integral)
+            assert res.nfev == f.feval == f.x.shape[0]
+            assert f.calls == maxlevel - minlevel + 1 + 1  # 1 validation call
+            assert res.status == ref.status
+            xp_assert_equal(ref_x, xp.sort(f.x))
+
+    def test_improper_integrals(self, xp):
+        # Test handling of infinite limits of integration (mixed with finite limits)
+        def f(x):
+            x[xp.isinf(x)] = xp.nan
+            return xp.exp(-x**2)
+        a = xp.asarray([-xp.inf, 0, -xp.inf, xp.inf, -20, -xp.inf, -20])
+        b = xp.asarray([xp.inf, xp.inf, 0, -xp.inf, 20, 20, xp.inf])
+        ref = math.sqrt(math.pi)
+        ref = xp.asarray([ref, ref/2, ref/2, -ref, ref, ref, ref])
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b)
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, ref)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("limits", ((0, 3), ([-math.inf, 0], [3, 3])))
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ('float32', 'float64'))
+    def test_dtype(self, limits, dtype, xp):
+        # Test that dtypes are preserved
+        dtype = getattr(xp, dtype)
+        a, b = xp.asarray(limits, dtype=dtype)
+
+        def f(x):
+            assert x.dtype == dtype
+            return xp.exp(x)
+
+        rtol = 1e-12 if dtype == xp.float64 else 1e-5
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, rtol=rtol)
+        assert res.integral.dtype == dtype
+        assert res.error.dtype == dtype
+        assert xp.all(res.success)
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.exp(b)-xp.exp(a))
+
+    def test_maxiter_callback(self, xp):
+        # Test behavior of `maxiter` parameter and `callback` interface
+        a, b = xp.asarray(-xp.inf), xp.asarray(xp.inf)
+        def f(x):
+            return xp.exp(-x*x)
+
+        minlevel, maxlevel = 0, 2
+        maxiter = maxlevel - minlevel + 1
+        kwargs = dict(minlevel=minlevel, maxlevel=maxlevel, rtol=1e-15)
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, **kwargs)
+        assert not res.success
+        assert res.maxlevel == maxlevel
+
+        def callback(res):
+            callback.iter += 1
+            callback.res = res
+            assert hasattr(res, 'integral')
+            assert res.status == 1
+            if callback.iter == maxiter:
+                raise StopIteration
+        callback.iter = -1  # callback called once before first iteration
+        callback.res = None
+
+        del kwargs['maxlevel']
+        res2 = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, **kwargs, callback=callback)
+        # terminating with callback is identical to terminating due to maxiter
+        # (except for `status`)
+        for key in res.keys():
+            if key == 'status':
+                assert res[key] == -2
+                assert res2[key] == -4
+            else:
+                assert res2[key] == callback.res[key] == res[key]
+
+    def test_jumpstart(self, xp):
+        # The intermediate results at each level i should be the same as the
+        # final results when jumpstarting at level i; i.e. minlevel=maxlevel=i
+        a = xp.asarray(-xp.inf, dtype=xp.float64)
+        b = xp.asarray(xp.inf, dtype=xp.float64)
+
+        def f(x):
+            return xp.exp(-x*x)
+
+        def callback(res):
+            callback.integrals.append(xp_copy(res.integral)[()])
+            callback.errors.append(xp_copy(res.error)[()])
+        callback.integrals = []
+        callback.errors = []
+
+        maxlevel = 4
+        _tanhsinh(f, a, b, minlevel=0, maxlevel=maxlevel, callback=callback)
+
+        for i in range(maxlevel + 1):
+            res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, minlevel=i, maxlevel=i)
+            xp_assert_close(callback.integrals[1+i], res.integral, rtol=1e-15)
+            xp_assert_close(callback.errors[1+i], res.error, rtol=1e-15, atol=1e-16)
+
+    def test_special_cases(self, xp):
+        # Test edge cases and other special cases
+        a, b = xp.asarray(0), xp.asarray(1)
+
+        def f(x):
+            assert xp.isdtype(x.dtype, "real floating")
+            return x
+
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b)
+        assert res.success
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.asarray(0.5))
+
+        # Test levels 0 and 1; error is NaN
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, maxlevel=0)
+        assert res.integral > 0
+        xp_assert_equal(res.error, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, maxlevel=1)
+        assert res.integral > 0
+        xp_assert_equal(res.error, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
+
+        # Test equal left and right integration limits
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, b, b)
+        assert res.success
+        assert res.maxlevel == -1
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.asarray(0.))
+
+        # Test scalar `args` (not in tuple)
+        def f(x, c):
+            return x**c
+
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, args=29)
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.asarray(1/30))
+
+        # Test NaNs
+        a = xp.asarray([xp.nan, 0, 0, 0])
+        b = xp.asarray([1, xp.nan, 1, 1])
+        c = xp.asarray([1, 1, xp.nan, 1])
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, args=(c,))
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.asarray([xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan, 0.5]))
+        xp_assert_equal(res.error[:3], xp.full((3,), xp.nan))
+        xp_assert_equal(res.status, xp.asarray([-3, -3, -3, 0], dtype=xp.int32))
+        xp_assert_equal(res.success, xp.asarray([False, False, False, True]))
+        xp_assert_equal(res.nfev[:3], xp.full((3,), 1, dtype=xp.int32))
+
+        # Test complex integral followed by real integral
+        # Previously, h0 was of the result dtype. If the `dtype` were complex,
+        # this could lead to complex cached abscissae/weights. If these get
+        # cast to real dtype for a subsequent real integral, we would get a
+        # ComplexWarning. Check that this is avoided.
+        _pair_cache.xjc = xp.empty(0)
+        _pair_cache.wj = xp.empty(0)
+        _pair_cache.indices = [0]
+        _pair_cache.h0 = None
+        a, b = xp.asarray(0), xp.asarray(1)
+        res = _tanhsinh(lambda x: xp.asarray(x*1j), a, b)
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.asarray(0.5*1j))
+        res = _tanhsinh(lambda x: x, a, b)
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, xp.asarray(0.5))
+
+        # Test zero-size
+        shape = (0, 3)
+        res = _tanhsinh(lambda x: x, xp.asarray(0), xp.zeros(shape))
+        attrs = ['integral', 'error', 'success', 'status', 'nfev', 'maxlevel']
+        for attr in attrs:
+            assert res[attr].shape == shape
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
+    def test_compress_nodes_weights_gh21496(self, xp):
+        # See discussion in:
+        # https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/21496#discussion_r1878681049
+        # This would cause "ValueError: attempt to get argmax of an empty sequence"
+        # Check that this has been resolved.
+        x = np.full(65, 3)
+        x[-1] = 1000
+        _tanhsinh(np.sin, 1, x)
+
+    def test_gh_22681_finite_error(self, xp):
+        # gh-22681 noted a case in which the error was NaN on some platforms;
+        # check that this does in fact fail in CI.
+        c1 = complex(12, -10)
+        c2 = complex(12, 39)
+        def f(t):
+            return xp.sin(c1 * (1 - t) + c2 * t)
+        a, b = xp.asarray(0., dtype=xp.float64), xp.asarray(1., dtype=xp.float64)
+        ref = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, atol=0, rtol=0, maxlevel=10)
+        assert xp.isfinite(ref.error)
+        # Previously, tanhsinh would not detect convergence
+        res = _tanhsinh(f, a, b, rtol=1e-14)
+        assert res.success
+        assert res.maxlevel < 5
+        xp_assert_close(res.integral, ref.integral, rtol=1e-15)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends('torch', reason='data-apis/array-api-compat#271')
+@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends('array_api_strict', reason='No fancy indexing.')
+@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason='No mutation.')
+@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(
+    'dask.array',
+    reason='Data-dependent shapes in boolean index assignment'
+)
+class TestNSum:
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(5895448232066142650)
+    p = rng.uniform(1, 10, size=10).tolist()
+
+    def f1(self, k):
+        # Integers are never passed to `f1`; if they were, we'd get
+        # integer to negative integer power error
+        return k**(-2)
+
+    f1.ref = np.pi**2/6
+    f1.a = 1
+    f1.b = np.inf
+    f1.args = tuple()
+
+    def f2(self, k, p):
+        return 1 / k**p
+
+    f2.ref = special.zeta(p, 1)
+    f2.a = 1.
+    f2.b = np.inf
+    f2.args = (p,)
+
+    def f3(self, k, p):
+        return 1 / k**p
+
+    f3.a = 1
+    f3.b = rng.integers(5, 15, size=(3, 1))
+    f3.ref = _gen_harmonic_gt1(f3.b, p)
+    f3.args = (p,)
+
+    def test_input_validation(self, xp):
+        f = self.f1
+        a, b = xp.asarray(f.a), xp.asarray(f.b)
+
+        message = '`f` must be callable.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(42, a, b)
+
+        message = '...must be True or False.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, log=2)
+
+        message = '...must be real numbers.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, xp.asarray(1+1j), b)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, xp.asarray(1+1j))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, step=xp.asarray(1+1j))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, tolerances=dict(atol='ekki'))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, tolerances=dict(rtol=pytest))
+
+        with (np.errstate(all='ignore')):
+            res = nsum(f, xp.asarray([np.nan, np.inf]), xp.asarray(1.))
+            assert (res.status[0] == -1) and not res.success[0]
+            assert xp.isnan(res.sum[0]) and xp.isnan(res.error[0])
+            assert (res.status[1] == 0) and res.success[1]
+            assert res.sum[1] == res.error[1]
+            assert xp.all(res.nfev[0] == 1)
+
+            res = nsum(f, xp.asarray(10.), xp.asarray([np.nan, 1]))
+            assert (res.status[0] == -1) and not res.success[0]
+            assert xp.isnan(res.sum[0]) and xp.isnan(res.error[0])
+            assert (res.status[1] == 0) and res.success[1]
+            assert res.sum[1] == res.error[1]
+            assert xp.all(res.nfev[0] == 1)
+
+            res = nsum(f, xp.asarray(1.), xp.asarray(10.),
+                       step=xp.asarray([xp.nan, -xp.inf, xp.inf, -1, 0]))
+            assert xp.all((res.status == -1) & xp.isnan(res.sum)
+                          & xp.isnan(res.error) & ~res.success & res.nfev == 1)
+
+        message = '...must be non-negative and finite.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, tolerances=dict(rtol=-1))
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, tolerances=dict(atol=np.inf))
+
+        message = '...may not be positive infinity.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, tolerances=dict(rtol=np.inf), log=True)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, tolerances=dict(atol=np.inf), log=True)
+
+        message = '...must be a non-negative integer.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, maxterms=3.5)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            nsum(f, a, b, maxterms=-2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('f_number', range(1, 4))
+    def test_basic(self, f_number, xp):
+        dtype = xp.asarray(1.).dtype
+        f = getattr(self, f"f{f_number}")
+        a, b = xp.asarray(f.a), xp.asarray(f.b),
+        args = tuple(xp.asarray(arg) for arg in f.args)
+        ref = xp.asarray(f.ref, dtype=dtype)
+        res = nsum(f, a, b, args=args)
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum, ref)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.status, xp.zeros(ref.shape, dtype=xp.int32))
+        xp_assert_equal(res.success, xp.ones(ref.shape, dtype=xp.bool))
+
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            logres = nsum(lambda *args: xp.log(f(*args)),
+                           a, b, log=True, args=args)
+        xp_assert_close(xp.exp(logres.sum), res.sum)
+        xp_assert_close(xp.exp(logres.error), res.error, atol=1e-15)
+        xp_assert_equal(logres.status, res.status)
+        xp_assert_equal(logres.success, res.success)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('maxterms', [0, 1, 10, 20, 100])
+    def test_integral(self, maxterms, xp):
+        # test precise behavior of integral approximation
+        f = self.f1
+
+        def logf(x):
+            return -2*xp.log(x)
+
+        def F(x):
+            return -1 / x
+
+        a = xp.asarray([1, 5], dtype=xp.float64)[:, xp.newaxis]
+        b = xp.asarray([20, 100, xp.inf], dtype=xp.float64)[:, xp.newaxis, xp.newaxis]
+        step = xp.asarray([0.5, 1, 2], dtype=xp.float64).reshape((-1, 1, 1, 1))
+        nsteps = xp.floor((b - a)/step)
+        b_original = b
+        b = a + nsteps*step
+
+        k = a + maxterms*step
+        # partial sum
+        direct = xp.sum(f(a + xp.arange(maxterms)*step), axis=-1, keepdims=True)
+        integral = (F(b) - F(k))/step  # integral approximation of remainder
+        low = direct + integral + f(b)  # theoretical lower bound
+        high = direct + integral + f(k)  # theoretical upper bound
+        ref_sum = (low + high)/2  # nsum uses average of the two
+        ref_err = (high - low)/2  # error (assuming perfect quadrature)
+
+        # correct reference values where number of terms < maxterms
+        a, b, step = xp.broadcast_arrays(a, b, step)
+        for i in np.ndindex(a.shape):
+            ai, bi, stepi = float(a[i]), float(b[i]), float(step[i])
+            if (bi - ai)/stepi + 1 <= maxterms:
+                direct = xp.sum(f(xp.arange(ai, bi+stepi, stepi, dtype=xp.float64)))
+                ref_sum[i] = direct
+                ref_err[i] = direct * xp.finfo(direct.dtype).eps
+
+        rtol = 1e-12
+        res = nsum(f, a, b_original, step=step, maxterms=maxterms,
+                   tolerances=dict(rtol=rtol))
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum, ref_sum, rtol=10*rtol)
+        xp_assert_close(res.error, ref_err, rtol=100*rtol)
+
+        i = ((b_original - a)/step + 1 <= maxterms)
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum[i], ref_sum[i], rtol=1e-15)
+        xp_assert_close(res.error[i], ref_err[i], rtol=1e-15)
+
+        logres = nsum(logf, a, b_original, step=step, log=True,
+                      tolerances=dict(rtol=math.log(rtol)), maxterms=maxterms)
+        xp_assert_close(xp.exp(logres.sum), res.sum)
+        xp_assert_close(xp.exp(logres.error), res.error)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('shape', [tuple(), (12,), (3, 4), (3, 2, 2)])
+    def test_vectorization(self, shape, xp):
+        # Test for correct functionality, output shapes, and dtypes for various
+        # input shapes.
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(82456839535679456794)
+        a = rng.integers(1, 10, size=shape)
+        # when the sum can be computed directly or `maxterms` is large enough
+        # to meet `atol`, there are slight differences (for good reason)
+        # between vectorized call and looping.
+        b = np.inf
+        p = rng.random(shape) + 1
+        n = math.prod(shape)
+
+        def f(x, p):
+            f.feval += 1 if (x.size == n or x.ndim <= 1) else x.shape[-1]
+            return 1 / x ** p
+
+        f.feval = 0
+
+        @np.vectorize
+        def nsum_single(a, b, p, maxterms):
+            return nsum(lambda x: 1 / x**p, a, b, maxterms=maxterms)
+
+        res = nsum(f, xp.asarray(a), xp.asarray(b), maxterms=1000,
+                   args=(xp.asarray(p),))
+        refs = nsum_single(a, b, p, maxterms=1000).ravel()
+
+        attrs = ['sum', 'error', 'success', 'status', 'nfev']
+        for attr in attrs:
+            ref_attr = [xp.asarray(getattr(ref, attr)) for ref in refs]
+            res_attr = getattr(res, attr)
+            xp_assert_close(xp_ravel(res_attr), xp.asarray(ref_attr), rtol=1e-15)
+            assert res_attr.shape == shape
+
+        assert xp.isdtype(res.success.dtype, 'bool')
+        assert xp.isdtype(res.status.dtype, 'integral')
+        assert xp.isdtype(res.nfev.dtype, 'integral')
+        if is_numpy(xp):  # other libraries might have different number
+            assert int(xp.max(res.nfev)) == f.feval
+
+    def test_status(self, xp):
+        f = self.f2
+
+        p = [2, 2, 0.9, 1.1, 2, 2]
+        a = xp.asarray([0, 0, 1, 1, 1, np.nan], dtype=xp.float64)
+        b = xp.asarray([10, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf, np.inf], dtype=xp.float64)
+        ref = special.zeta(p, 1)
+        p = xp.asarray(p, dtype=xp.float64)
+
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):  # intentionally dividing by zero
+            res = nsum(f, a, b, args=(p,))
+
+        ref_success = xp.asarray([False, False, False, False, True, False])
+        ref_status = xp.asarray([-3, -3, -2, -4, 0, -1], dtype=xp.int32)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.success, ref_success)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.status, ref_status)
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum[res.success], xp.asarray(ref)[res.success])
+
+    def test_nfev(self, xp):
+        def f(x):
+            f.nfev += xp_size(x)
+            return 1 / x**2
+
+        f.nfev = 0
+        res = nsum(f, xp.asarray(1), xp.asarray(10))
+        assert res.nfev == f.nfev
+
+        f.nfev = 0
+        res = nsum(f, xp.asarray(1), xp.asarray(xp.inf), tolerances=dict(atol=1e-6))
+        assert res.nfev == f.nfev
+
+    def test_inclusive(self, xp):
+        # There was an edge case off-by one bug when `_direct` was called with
+        # `inclusive=True`. Check that this is resolved.
+        a = xp.asarray([1, 4])
+        b = xp.asarray(xp.inf)
+        res = nsum(lambda k: 1 / k ** 2, a, b,
+                   maxterms=500, tolerances=dict(atol=0.1))
+        ref = nsum(lambda k: 1 / k ** 2, a, b)
+        assert xp.all(res.sum > (ref.sum - res.error))
+        assert xp.all(res.sum < (ref.sum + res.error))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('log', [True, False])
+    def test_infinite_bounds(self, log, xp):
+        a = xp.asarray([1, -np.inf, -np.inf])
+        b = xp.asarray([np.inf, -1, np.inf])
+        c = xp.asarray([1, 2, 3])
+
+        def f(x, a):
+            return (xp.log(xp.tanh(a / 2)) - a*xp.abs(x) if log
+                    else xp.tanh(a/2) * xp.exp(-a*xp.abs(x)))
+
+        res = nsum(f, a, b, args=(c,), log=log)
+        ref = xp.asarray([stats.dlaplace.sf(0, 1), stats.dlaplace.sf(0, 2), 1])
+        ref = xp.log(ref) if log else ref
+        atol = (1e-10 if a.dtype==xp.float64 else 1e-5) if log else 0
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum, xp.asarray(ref, dtype=a.dtype), atol=atol)
+
+        # # Make sure the sign of `x` passed into `f` is correct.
+        def f(x, c):
+            return -3*xp.log(c*x) if log else 1 / (c*x)**3
+
+        a = xp.asarray([1, -np.inf])
+        b = xp.asarray([np.inf, -1])
+        arg = xp.asarray([1, -1])
+        res = nsum(f, a, b, args=(arg,), log=log)
+        ref = np.log(special.zeta(3)) if log else special.zeta(3)
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum, xp.full(a.shape, ref, dtype=a.dtype))
+
+    def test_decreasing_check(self, xp):
+        # Test accuracy when we start sum on an uphill slope.
+        # Without the decreasing check, the terms would look small enough to
+        # use the integral approximation. Because the function is not decreasing,
+        # the error is not bounded by the magnitude of the last term of the
+        # partial sum. In this case, the error would be  ~1e-4, causing the test
+        # to fail.
+        def f(x):
+            return xp.exp(-x ** 2)
+
+        a, b = xp.asarray(-25, dtype=xp.float64), xp.asarray(np.inf, dtype=xp.float64)
+        res = nsum(f, a, b)
+
+        # Reference computed with mpmath:
+        # from mpmath import mp
+        # mp.dps = 50
+        # def fmp(x): return mp.exp(-x**2)
+        # ref = mp.nsum(fmp, (-25, 0)) + mp.nsum(fmp, (1, mp.inf))
+        ref = xp.asarray(1.772637204826652, dtype=xp.float64)
+
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum, ref, rtol=1e-15)
+
+    def test_special_case(self, xp):
+        # test equal lower/upper limit
+        f = self.f1
+        a = b = xp.asarray(2)
+        res = nsum(f, a, b)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.sum, xp.asarray(f(2)))
+
+        # Test scalar `args` (not in tuple)
+        res = nsum(self.f2, xp.asarray(1), xp.asarray(np.inf), args=xp.asarray(2))
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum, xp.asarray(self.f1.ref))  # f1.ref is correct w/ args=2
+
+        # Test 0 size input
+        a = xp.empty((3, 1, 1))  # arbitrary broadcastable shapes
+        b = xp.empty((0, 1))  # could use Hypothesis
+        p = xp.empty(4)  # but it's overkill
+        shape = np.broadcast_shapes(a.shape, b.shape, p.shape)
+        res = nsum(self.f2, a, b, args=(p,))
+        assert res.sum.shape == shape
+        assert res.status.shape == shape
+        assert res.nfev.shape == shape
+
+        # Test maxterms=0
+        def f(x):
+            with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+                return 1 / x
+
+        res = nsum(f, xp.asarray(0), xp.asarray(10), maxterms=0)
+        assert xp.isinf(res.sum)
+        assert xp.isinf(res.error)
+        assert res.status == -2
+
+        res = nsum(f, xp.asarray(0), xp.asarray(10), maxterms=1)
+        assert xp.isnan(res.sum)
+        assert xp.isnan(res.error)
+        assert res.status == -3
+
+        # Test NaNs
+        # should skip both direct and integral methods if there are NaNs
+        a = xp.asarray([xp.nan, 1, 1, 1])
+        b = xp.asarray([xp.inf, xp.nan, xp.inf, xp.inf])
+        p = xp.asarray([2, 2, xp.nan, 2])
+        res = nsum(self.f2, a, b, args=(p,))
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum, xp.asarray([xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan, self.f1.ref]))
+        xp_assert_close(res.error[:3], xp.full((3,), xp.nan))
+        xp_assert_equal(res.status, xp.asarray([-1, -1, -3, 0], dtype=xp.int32))
+        xp_assert_equal(res.success, xp.asarray([False, False, False, True]))
+        # Ideally res.nfev[2] would be 1, but `tanhsinh` has some function evals
+        xp_assert_equal(res.nfev[:2], xp.full((2,), 1, dtype=xp.int32))
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ['float32', 'float64'])
+    def test_dtype(self, dtype, xp):
+        dtype = getattr(xp, dtype)
+
+        def f(k):
+            assert k.dtype == dtype
+            return 1 / k ** xp.asarray(2, dtype=dtype)
+
+        a = xp.asarray(1, dtype=dtype)
+        b = xp.asarray([10, xp.inf], dtype=dtype)
+        res = nsum(f, a, b)
+        assert res.sum.dtype == dtype
+        assert res.error.dtype == dtype
+
+        rtol = 1e-12 if dtype == xp.float64 else 1e-6
+        ref = _gen_harmonic_gt1(np.asarray([10, xp.inf]), 2)
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum, xp.asarray(ref, dtype=dtype), rtol=rtol)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('case', [(10, 100), (100, 10)])
+    def test_nondivisible_interval(self, case, xp):
+        # When the limits of the sum are such that (b - a)/step
+        # is not exactly integral, check that only floor((b - a)/step)
+        # terms are included.
+        n, maxterms = case
+
+        def f(k):
+            return 1 / k ** 2
+
+        a = np.e
+        step = 1 / 3
+        b0 = a + n * step
+        i = np.arange(-2, 3)
+        b = b0 + i * np.spacing(b0)
+        ns = np.floor((b - a) / step)
+        assert len(set(ns)) == 2
+
+        a, b = xp.asarray(a, dtype=xp.float64), xp.asarray(b, dtype=xp.float64)
+        step, ns = xp.asarray(step, dtype=xp.float64), xp.asarray(ns, dtype=xp.float64)
+        res = nsum(f, a, b, step=step, maxterms=maxterms)
+        xp_assert_equal(xp.diff(ns) > 0, xp.diff(res.sum) > 0)
+        xp_assert_close(res.sum[-1], res.sum[0] + f(b0))
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True, reason='Needs beta function.')
+    def test_logser_kurtosis_gh20648(self, xp):
+        # Some functions return NaN at infinity rather than 0 like they should.
+        # Check that this is accounted for.
+        ref = stats.yulesimon.moment(4, 5)
+        def f(x):
+            return stats.yulesimon._pmf(x, 5) * x**4
+
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            assert np.isnan(f(np.inf))
+
+        res = nsum(f, 1, np.inf)
+        assert_allclose(res.sum, ref)