passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/rings/polynomial/ore_polynomial_ring.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1334 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat
+r"""
+Univariate Ore polynomial rings
+
+This module provides the
+:class:`~sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_ring.OrePolynomialRing`,
+which constructs a general dense univariate Ore polynomial ring over a
+commutative base with equipped with an endomorphism and/or a derivation.
+
+TESTS:
+
+The Ore polynomial ring is commutative if the twisting morphism is the
+identity and the twisting derivation vanishes. ::
+
+    sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+    sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+    sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+    sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
+    sage: S.is_commutative()
+    False
+    sage: T.<y> = k['y', Frob^3]
+    sage: T.is_commutative()
+    True
+
+    sage: R.<t> = GF(5)[]
+    sage: der = R.derivation()
+    sage: A.<d> = R['d', der]
+    sage: A.is_commutative()
+    False
+    sage: B.<b> = R['b', 5*der]
+    sage: B.is_commutative()
+    True
+
+AUTHOR:
+
+- Xavier Caruso (2020-04)
+"""
+# ***************************************************************************
+#    Copyright (C) 2020 Xavier Caruso <xavier.caruso@normalesup.org>
+#
+#    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#    the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+#    (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ***************************************************************************
+
+import operator
+from sage.categories.algebras import Algebras
+from sage.categories.commutative_rings import CommutativeRings
+from sage.categories.morphism import Morphism
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.misc.prandom import randint
+from sage.rings.infinity import Infinity
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_element import OrePolynomialBaseringInjection
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+from sage.rings.ring import _Fields
+from sage.structure.category_object import normalize_names
+from sage.structure.element import Element
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+lazy_import('sage.rings.derivation', 'RingDerivation')
+
+WORKING_CENTER_MAX_TRIES = 1000
+
+
+# Generic implementation of Ore polynomial rings
+#################################################
+
+class OrePolynomialRing(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    r"""
+    Construct and return the globally unique Ore polynomial ring with the
+    given properties and variable names.
+
+    Given a ring `R` and a ring automorphism `\sigma` of `R` and a
+    `\sigma`-derivation `\partial`, the ring of Ore polynomials
+    `R[X; \sigma, \partial]` is the usual abelian group polynomial
+    `R[X]` equipped with the modification multiplication deduced from the
+    rule `X a = \sigma(a) X + \partial(a)`.
+    We refer to [Ore1933]_ for more material on Ore polynomials.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``base_ring`` -- a commutative ring
+
+    - ``twisting_map`` -- either an endomorphism of the base ring, or
+      a (twisted) derivation of it
+
+    - ``names`` -- string or list of strings
+
+    - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); currently not supported
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: The case of a twisting endomorphism
+
+    We create the Ore ring `\GF{5^3}[x, \text{Frob}]` where Frob is the
+    Frobenius endomorphism::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+        sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+        sage: S = OrePolynomialRing(k, Frob, 'x'); S
+        Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field in a of size 5^3 twisted by a |--> a^5
+
+    In particular, observe that it is not needed to create and pass in
+    the twisting derivation (which is `0` in our example).
+
+    As a shortcut, we can use the square brackets notation as follow::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: T.<x> = k['x', Frob]; T
+        Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field in a of size 5^3 twisted by a |--> a^5
+        sage: T is S
+        True
+
+    We emphasize that it is necessary to repeat the name of the variable
+    in the right hand side. Indeed, the following fails (it is interpreted
+    by Sage as a classical polynomial ring with variable name ``Frob``)::
+
+        sage: T.<x> = k[Frob]                                                           # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: variable name 'Frobenius endomorphism a |--> a^5 on
+        Finite Field in a of size 5^3' is not alphanumeric
+
+    Note moreover that, similarly to the classical case, using the brackets
+    notation also sets the variable::
+
+        sage: x.parent() is S                                                           # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        True
+
+    We are now ready to carry on computations in the Ore ring::
+
+        sage: x*a                                                                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        (2*a^2 + 4*a + 4)*x
+        sage: Frob(a)*x                                                                 # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        (2*a^2 + 4*a + 4)*x
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: The case of a twisting derivation
+
+    We can similarly create the Ore ring of differential operators over
+    `\QQ[t]`, namely `\QQ[t][d, \frac{d}{dt}]`::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+        sage: der = R.derivation(); der
+        d/dt
+        sage: A = OrePolynomialRing(R, der, 'd'); A
+        Ore Polynomial Ring in d over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t
+         over Rational Field twisted by d/dt
+
+    Again, the brackets notation is available::
+
+        sage: B.<d> = R['d', der]                                                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: A is B                                                                    # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        True
+
+    and computations can be carried out::
+
+        sage: d*t                                                                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        t*d + 1
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: The combined case
+
+    Ore polynomial rings involving at the same time a twisting morphism
+    `\sigma` and a twisting `\sigma`-derivation can be created as well as
+    follows::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.padics
+        sage: F.<u> = Qq(3^2)
+        sage: sigma = F.frobenius_endomorphism(); sigma
+        Frobenius endomorphism on 3-adic Unramified Extension Field in u
+         defined by x^2 + 2*x + 2 lifting u |--> u^3 on the residue field
+        sage: der = F.derivation(3, twist=sigma); der
+        (3 + O(3^21))*([Frob] - id)
+        sage: M.<X> = F['X', der]; M
+        Ore Polynomial Ring in X over 3-adic Unramified Extension Field in u
+         defined by x^2 + 2*x + 2 twisted by Frob and (3 + O(3^21))*([Frob] - id)
+
+    We emphasize that we only need to pass in the twisted derivation as
+    it already contains in it the datum of the twisting endomorphism.
+    Actually, passing in both twisting maps results in an error::
+
+        sage: F['X', sigma, der]                                                        # needs sage.rings.padics
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: variable name 'Frobenius endomorphism ...' is not alphanumeric
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Examples of variable name context
+
+    Consider the following::
+
+        sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+        sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+        sage: S.<x> = SkewPolynomialRing(R, sigma); S
+        Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring
+         twisted by t |--> t + 1
+
+    The names of the variables defined above cannot be arbitrarily
+    modified because each Ore polynomial ring is unique in Sage and other
+    objects in Sage could have pointers to that Ore polynomial ring.
+
+    However, the variable can be changed within the scope of a ``with``
+    block using the localvars context::
+
+        sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+        sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+        sage: S.<x> = SkewPolynomialRing(R, sigma); S
+        Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring
+         twisted by t |--> t + 1
+
+        sage: with localvars(S, ['y']):
+        ....:     print(S)
+        Ore Polynomial Ring in y over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring
+         twisted by t |--> t + 1
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Uniqueness and immutability
+
+    In Sage, there is exactly one Ore polynomial ring for each quadruple
+    (base ring, twisting morphism, twisting derivation, name of the variable)::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        sage: k.<a> = GF(7^3)
+        sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+        sage: S = k['x', Frob]
+        sage: T = k['x', Frob]
+        sage: S is T
+        True
+
+    Rings with different variables names are different::
+
+        sage: S is k['y', Frob]                                                         # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        False
+
+    Similarly, varying the twisting morphisms yields to different Ore rings
+    (expect when the morphism coincide)::
+
+        sage: S is k['x', Frob^2]                                                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        False
+        sage: S is k['x', Frob^3]                                                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        False
+        sage: S is k['x', Frob^4]                                                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        True
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    You must specify a variable name::
+
+        sage: SkewPolynomialRing(k, Frob)                                               # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: you must specify the name of the variable
+
+    Multivariate Ore polynomial rings are not supported::
+
+        sage: S = OrePolynomialRing(k, Frob,names=['x','y'])                            # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError: multivariate Ore polynomials rings not supported
+
+    Sparse Ore polynomial rings are not implemented::
+
+        sage: S = SkewPolynomialRing(k, Frob, names='x', sparse=True)                   # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError: sparse Ore polynomial rings are not implemented
+
+    Saving and loading of polynomial rings works::
+
+        sage: loads(dumps(S)) is S                                                      # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        True
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        - Sparse Ore Polynomial Ring
+        - Multivariate Ore Polynomial Ring
+    """
+    Element = None
+    _fraction_field_class = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, base_ring, twist=None, names=None, sparse=False, polcast=True):
+        r"""
+        Construct the Ore polynomial ring associated to the given parameters.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: der = R.derivation()
+            sage: A.<d> = OrePolynomialRing(R, der)
+            sage: A
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in d over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field twisted by d/dt
+            sage: type(A)
+            <class 'sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_ring.OrePolynomialRing_with_category'>
+
+        We check the uniqueness property of parents::
+
+            sage: der2 = R.derivation()
+            sage: B.<d> = OrePolynomialRing(R, der2)
+            sage: A is B
+            True
+
+        When there is no twisting derivation, a special class is used::
+
+            sage: k.<t> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = k.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(k, theta)
+            sage: S
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring twisted by t |--> t + 1
+            sage: type(S)
+            <class 'sage.rings.polynomial.skew_polynomial_ring.SkewPolynomialRing_with_category'>
+
+        In certain situations (e.g. when the twisting morphism is the Frobenius
+        over a finite field), even more specialized classes are used::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(7^5)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism(2)
+            sage: S.<x> = SkewPolynomialRing(k, Frob)
+            sage: type(S)
+            <class 'sage.rings.polynomial.skew_polynomial_ring.SkewPolynomialRing_finite_field_with_category'>
+
+        If there is no twisting derivation and that the twisting morphism is
+        ``None`` ot the identity, a regular `PolynomialRing` is created, unless
+        specified otherwise::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^2)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism(2)
+            sage: Frob.is_identity()
+            True
+            sage: S.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(k, Frob)
+            sage: S
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
+            sage: S.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(k, Frob, polcast=False)
+            sage: S
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field in a of size 5^2 untwisted
+        """
+        if base_ring not in CommutativeRings():
+            raise TypeError('base_ring must be a commutative ring')
+        if twist is None:
+            morphism = derivation = None
+        elif isinstance(twist, Morphism):
+            if (twist.domain() is not base_ring
+             or twist.codomain() is not base_ring):
+                raise TypeError("the twisting morphism must be an endomorphism of base_ring (=%s)" % base_ring)
+            if twist.is_identity():
+                morphism = None
+            else:
+                morphism = twist
+            derivation = None
+        elif isinstance(twist, RingDerivation):
+            if (twist.domain() is not base_ring
+             or twist.codomain() is not base_ring):
+                raise TypeError("the twisting derivation must be an endomorphism of base_ring (=%s)" % base_ring)
+            morphism = twist.parent().twisting_morphism()
+            if twist:
+                derivation = twist
+            else:
+                derivation = None
+        elif twist is None:
+            morphism = derivation = None
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("the twisting map must be a ring morphism or a derivation")
+        if names is None:
+            raise TypeError("you must specify the name of the variable")
+        try:
+            names = normalize_names(1, names)[0]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise NotImplementedError("multivariate Ore polynomials rings not supported")
+
+        # If `polcast` is ``True`` and there is no twisting morphism and no
+        # twisting derivation we return a classical polynomial ring
+        if polcast and derivation is None and morphism is None:
+            return PolynomialRing(base_ring, names, sparse=sparse)
+
+        # We find the best constructor
+        if sparse:
+            raise NotImplementedError("sparse Ore polynomial rings are not implemented")
+
+        from sage.rings.polynomial import skew_polynomial_ring
+        constructors = []
+        if derivation is None:
+            if base_ring in _Fields:
+                try:
+                    order = morphism.order()
+                    if order is not Infinity:
+                        if base_ring.is_finite():
+                            constructors.append(skew_polynomial_ring.SkewPolynomialRing_finite_field)
+                        else:
+                            constructors.append(skew_polynomial_ring.SkewPolynomialRing_finite_order)
+                except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+                    pass
+            constructors.append(skew_polynomial_ring.SkewPolynomialRing)
+
+        for constructor in constructors:
+            try:
+                return constructor(base_ring, morphism, derivation, names, sparse)
+            except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+                pass
+
+        # We fallback to generic implementation
+        return cls.__classcall__(cls, base_ring, morphism, derivation, names, sparse)
+
+    def __init__(self, base_ring, morphism, derivation, name, sparse, category=None):
+        r"""
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- a commutative ring
+
+        - ``morphism`` -- an automorphism of the base ring
+
+        - ``derivation`` -- a derivation or a twisted derivation of the base ring
+
+        - ``name`` -- string or list of strings representing the name of
+          the variables of ring
+
+        - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+        - ``category`` -- a category
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = SkewPolynomialRing(R, sigma)
+            sage: S.category()
+            Category of algebras over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring
+            sage: S([1]) + S([-1])
+            0
+            sage: TestSuite(S).run()
+        """
+        if self.Element is None:
+            import sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_element
+            self.Element = sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_element.OrePolynomial_generic_dense
+        if self._fraction_field_class is None:
+            from sage.rings.polynomial.ore_function_field import OreFunctionField
+            self._fraction_field_class = OreFunctionField
+        self.__is_sparse = sparse
+        self._morphism = morphism
+        self._derivation = derivation
+        self._fraction_field = None
+        if morphism is None and derivation is None:
+            cat = Algebras(base_ring).Commutative()
+        else:
+            cat = Algebras(base_ring)
+        category = cat.or_subcategory(category)
+        Parent.__init__(self, base_ring, names=name,
+                        normalize=True, category=category)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(11^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
+            sage: loads(dumps(S)) is S
+            True
+            sage: der = k.derivation(a, twist=Frob)
+            sage: T.<y> = k['y', der]
+            sage: loads(dumps(T)) is T
+            True
+        """
+        if self._derivation is None:
+            twist = self._morphism
+        else:
+            twist = self._derivation
+        return OrePolynomialRing, (self.base_ring(), twist, self.variable_names(), self.__is_sparse)
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, a=None, check=True, construct=False, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Convert a base ring element ``a`` into a constant of this univariate
+        Ore polynomial ring, possibly non-canonically.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``a`` -- (default: ``None``) an element of the base ring
+          of ``self`` or a ring that has a coerce map from ``self``
+
+        - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+
+        - ``construct`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A zero-degree Ore polynomial in ``self``, equal to ``a``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = SkewPolynomialRing(R,sigma)
+            sage: S(1 + x + x^2 + x^3)
+            x^3 + x^2 + x + 1
+            sage: S(1 + t)
+            t + 1
+            sage: S(1 + t).degree()
+            0
+            sage: S(0).list()
+            []
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: S(x, check=True)
+            x
+        """
+        C = self.element_class
+        if isinstance(a, list):
+            return C(self, a, check=check, construct=construct)
+        if isinstance(a, Element):
+            P = a.parent()
+
+            def build(check):
+                if a.is_zero():
+                    return P.zero()
+                else:
+                    return C(self, [a], check=check, construct=construct)
+            if P is self:
+                return a
+            elif P is self.base_ring():
+                build(False)
+            elif P == self.base_ring() or self.base_ring().has_coerce_map_from(P):
+                build(True)
+        try:
+            return a._polynomial_(self)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        if isinstance(a, str):
+            try:
+                from sage.misc.parser import LookupNameMaker, Parser
+                R = self.base_ring()
+                p = Parser(Integer, R, LookupNameMaker({self.variable_name(): self.gen()}, R))
+                return self(p.parse(a))
+            except NameError:
+                raise TypeError("unable to coerce string")
+        return C(self, a, check, construct=construct, **kwds)
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_base_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return a coercion map from the base ring of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+            sage: S.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(R, R.hom([t + 1]))
+            sage: S.coerce_map_from(R)
+            Ore Polynomial base injection morphism:
+              From: Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring
+              To:   Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring twisted by t |--> t + 1
+            sage: x.parent()
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring twisted by t |--> t + 1
+            sage: t.parent()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring
+            sage: y = x + t  # indirect doctest
+            sage: y
+            x + t
+            sage: y.parent() is S
+            True
+        """
+        return OrePolynomialBaseringInjection(self.base_ring(), self)
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, P):
+        r"""
+        Check whether ``self`` has a coerce map from ``P``.
+
+        The rings that canonically coerce into this ring are:
+
+        - this ring itself
+
+        - any ring that canonically coerces to the base ring of this ring
+
+        - Ore polynomial rings in the same variable and automorphism over
+          any base ring that canonically coerces to the base ring of this ring
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``P`` -- a ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(R,sigma)
+            sage: S.has_coerce_map_from(S)
+            True
+            sage: S.has_coerce_map_from(R)
+            True
+            sage: S.has_coerce_map_from(ZZ)
+            True
+            sage: S.has_coerce_map_from(GF(5^3))                                        # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            False
+
+            sage: S.coerce_map_from(ZZ)
+            Composite map:
+                From: Integer Ring
+                To:   Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring twisted by t |--> t + 1
+                Defn:   Polynomial base injection morphism:
+                        From: Integer Ring
+                        To:   Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring
+                    then
+                        Ore Polynomial base injection morphism:
+                        From: Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring
+                        To:   Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring twisted by t |--> t + 1
+            sage: S.coerce_map_from(S)
+            Identity endomorphism of Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Integer Ring twisted by t |--> t + 1
+        """
+        base_ring = self.base_ring()
+        try:
+            connecting = base_ring.coerce_map_from(P)
+            if connecting is not None:
+                return self.coerce_map_from(base_ring) * connecting
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        if isinstance(P, OrePolynomialRing):
+            if self.__is_sparse and not P.is_sparse():
+                return False
+            if P.variable_name() == self.variable_name():
+                return base_ring.has_coerce_map_from(P.base_ring())
+
+    def _repr_twist(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of the twisting morphisms.
+
+        This is a helper method.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: F.<z> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = F.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(F, Frob)
+            sage: S._repr_twist()
+            'twisted by z |--> z^5'
+            sage: T.<y> = OrePolynomialRing(F, Frob^3, polcast=False)
+            sage: T._repr_twist()
+            'untwisted'
+        """
+        s = ""
+        if self._morphism is not None:
+            s += self._morphism._repr_short()
+        if self._derivation is not None:
+            if s != "":
+                s += " and "
+            s += self._derivation._repr_()
+        if s == "":
+            return "untwisted"
+        else:
+            return "twisted by " + s
+
+    def _latex_twist(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX representation of the twisting morphisms.
+
+        This is a helper method.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: F.<z> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = F.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(F, Frob)
+            sage: S._latex_twist()
+            z \mapsto z^{5}
+            sage: T.<y> = OrePolynomialRing(F, Frob^3, polcast=False)
+            sage: T._latex_twist()
+            ''
+
+        """
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        s = ""
+        if self._morphism is not None:
+            s += latex(self._morphism)
+        if self._derivation is not None:
+            if s != "":
+                s += ","
+            s += latex(self._derivation)
+        return s
+
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(R, sigma)
+            sage: S
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field twisted by t |--> t + 1
+
+            sage: der = R.derivation()
+            sage: T.<d> = OrePolynomialRing(R, der)
+            sage: T
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in d over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field twisted by d/dt
+        """
+        s = "Ore Polynomial Ring in %s over %s %s" % (self.variable_name(), self.base_ring(), self._repr_twist())
+        if self.is_sparse():
+            s = "Sparse " + s
+        return s
+
+    def _latex_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Return a latex representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
+            sage: latex(S)  # indirect doctest
+            \Bold{F}_{5^{3}}\left[x ; a \mapsto a^{5} \right]
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: der = R.derivation()
+            sage: T.<delta> = R['delta', der]
+            sage: latex(T)  # indirect doctest
+            \Bold{Q}[t]\left[\delta ; \frac{d}{dt} \right]
+        """
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        s = "%s\\left[%s" % (latex(self.base_ring()), self.latex_variable_names()[0])
+        twist = self._latex_twist()
+        if twist != "":
+            s += ";" + twist
+        return s + "\\right]"
+
+    def change_var(self, var):
+        r"""
+        Return the Ore polynomial ring in variable ``var`` with the same base
+        ring, twisting morphism and twisting derivation as ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``var`` -- string representing the name of the new variable
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: R.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(k,Frob); R
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field in t of size 5^3 twisted by t |--> t^5
+            sage: Ry = R.change_var('y'); Ry
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in y over Finite Field in t of size 5^3 twisted by t |--> t^5
+            sage: Ry is R.change_var('y')
+            True
+        """
+        if self._derivation is None:
+            twist = self._morphism
+        else:
+            twist = self._derivation
+        return OrePolynomialRing(self.base_ring(), twist, names=var,
+                                 sparse=self.__is_sparse, polcast=False)
+
+    def characteristic(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic of the base ring of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: R['x',sigma].characteristic()
+            0
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<u> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: k['y',Frob].characteristic()
+            5
+        """
+        return self.base_ring().characteristic()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def twisting_morphism(self, n=1):
+        r"""
+        Return the twisting endomorphism defining this Ore polynomial ring
+        iterated ``n`` times or ``None`` if this Ore polynomial ring is not
+        twisted by an endomorphism.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer (default: 1)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = R['x', sigma]
+            sage: S.twisting_morphism()
+            Ring endomorphism of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+              Defn: t |--> t + 1
+            sage: S.twisting_morphism() == sigma
+            True
+            sage: S.twisting_morphism(10)
+            Ring endomorphism of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+              Defn: t |--> t + 10
+
+        If ``n`` in negative, Sage tries to compute the inverse of the
+        twisting morphism::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: T.<y> = k['y',Frob]
+            sage: T.twisting_morphism(-1)
+            Frobenius endomorphism a |--> a^(5^2) on Finite Field in a of size 5^3
+
+        Sometimes it fails, even if the twisting morphism is
+        actually invertible::
+
+            sage: K = R.fraction_field()
+            sage: phi = K.hom([(t+1)/(t-1)])
+            sage: T.<y> = K['y', phi]
+            sage: T.twisting_morphism(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: inverse not implemented for morphisms of
+            Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+
+        When the Ore polynomial ring is only twisted by a derivation, this
+        method returns nothing::
+
+            sage: der = R.derivation()
+            sage: A.<d> = R['x', der]
+            sage: A
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t
+             over Rational Field twisted by d/dt
+            sage: A.twisting_morphism()
+
+        Here is an example where the twisting morphism is automatically
+        inferred from the derivation::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: der = k.derivation(1, twist=Frob)
+            sage: der
+            [a |--> a^5] - id
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x', der]
+            sage: S.twisting_morphism()
+            Frobenius endomorphism a |--> a^5 on Finite Field in a of size 5^3
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`twisting_derivation`
+        """
+        if self._morphism is not None:
+            try:
+                return self._morphism ** n
+            except TypeError as e:
+                if n < 0:
+                    raise NotImplementedError("inversion of the twisting morphism %s" % self._morphism)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("Unexpected error in iterating the twisting morphism: %s", e)
+
+    def twisting_derivation(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the twisting derivation defining this Ore polynomial ring
+        or ``None`` if this Ore polynomial ring is not twisted by a derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: der = R.derivation(); der
+            d/dt
+            sage: A.<d> = R['d', der]
+            sage: A.twisting_derivation()
+            d/dt
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
+            sage: S.twisting_derivation()
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`twisting_morphism`
+        """
+        return self._derivation
+
+    @cached_method
+    def gen(self, n=0):
+        r"""
+        Return the indeterminate generator of this Ore polynomial ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- index of generator to return (default: 0); exists for
+          compatibility with other polynomial rings
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = R['x',sigma]; S
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t
+             over Rational Field twisted by t |--> t + 1
+            sage: y = S.gen(); y
+            x
+            sage: y == x
+            True
+            sage: S.gen(0)
+            x
+
+        This is also known as the parameter::
+
+            sage: S.parameter() is S.gen()
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: S.gen(1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            IndexError: generator 1 not defined
+        """
+        if n != 0:
+            raise IndexError(f"generator {n} not defined")
+        return self.Element(self, [0, 1])
+
+    parameter = gen
+
+    def gens(self) -> tuple:
+        """
+        Return the tuple of generators of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = R['x',sigma]; S
+            Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t
+             over Rational Field twisted by t |--> t + 1
+            sage: S.gens()
+            (x,)
+        """
+        return (self.Element(self, [0, 1]),)
+
+    def gens_dict(self) -> dict:
+        r"""
+        Return a {name: variable} dictionary of the generators of
+        this Ore polynomial ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = ZZ[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = SkewPolynomialRing(R,sigma)
+            sage: S.gens_dict()
+            {'x': x}
+        """
+        return dict(zip(self.variable_names(), self.gens()))
+
+    def is_finite(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``False`` since Ore polynomial rings are not finite
+        (unless the base ring is `0`).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: k.is_finite()
+            True
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x',Frob]
+            sage: S.is_finite()
+            False
+        """
+        R = self.base_ring()
+        return R.is_finite() and R.order() == 1
+
+    def is_exact(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if elements of this Ore polynomial ring are exact.
+
+        This happens if and only if elements of the base ring are exact.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
+            sage: S.is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: S.base_ring().is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: R.<u> = k[[]]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([u + u^2])
+            sage: T.<y> = R['y', sigma]
+            sage: T.is_exact()
+            False
+            sage: T.base_ring().is_exact()
+            False
+        """
+        return self.base_ring().is_exact()
+
+    def is_sparse(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if the elements of this Ore polynomial ring are
+        sparsely represented.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            Since sparse Ore polynomials are not yet implemented, this
+            function always returns ``False``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = RR[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = R['x',sigma]
+            sage: S.is_sparse()
+            False
+        """
+        return self.__is_sparse
+
+    def ngens(self) -> int:
+        r"""
+        Return the number of generators of this Ore polynomial ring.
+
+        This is `1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = RR[]
+            sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1])
+            sage: S.<x> = R['x',sigma]
+            sage: S.ngens()
+            1
+        """
+        return 1
+
+    def random_element(self, degree=(-1, 2), monic=False, *args, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return a random Ore polynomial in this ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``degree`` -- (default: ``(-1,2)``) integer with degree
+          or a tuple of integers with minimum and maximum degrees
+
+        - ``monic`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, return a monic
+          Ore polynomial
+
+        - ``*args``, ``**kwds`` -- passed on to the ``random_element`` method
+          for the base ring
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Ore polynomial such that the coefficients of `x^i`, for `i` up
+        to ``degree``, are random elements from the base ring, randomized
+        subject to the arguments ``*args`` and ``**kwds``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
+            sage: S.random_element()  # random
+            (2*t^2 + 3)*x^2 + (4*t^2 + t + 4)*x + 2*t^2 + 2
+            sage: S.random_element(monic=True)  # random
+            x^2 + (2*t^2 + t + 1)*x + 3*t^2 + 3*t + 2
+
+        Use ``degree`` to obtain polynomials of higher degree::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: p = S.random_element(degree=5)   # random
+            (t^2 + 3*t)*x^5 + (4*t + 4)*x^3 + (4*t^2 + 4*t)*x^2 + (2*t^2 + 1)*x + 3
+            sage: p.degree() == 5
+            True
+
+        If a tuple of two integers is given for the degree argument, a random
+        integer will be chosen between the first and second element of the
+        tuple as the degree, both inclusive::
+
+            sage: S.random_element(degree=(2,7))  # random                              # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            (3*t^2 + 1)*x^4 + (4*t + 2)*x^3 + (4*t + 1)*x^2
+             + (t^2 + 3*t + 3)*x + 3*t^2 + 2*t + 2
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        If the first tuple element is greater than the second, a
+        :exc:`ValueError` is raised::
+
+            sage: S.random_element(degree=(5,4))                                        # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: first degree argument must be less or equal to the second
+
+        There is no monic polynomial of negative degree::
+
+            sage: S.random_element(degree=-1, monic=True)                               # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: there is no monic polynomial with negative degree
+        """
+        R = self.base_ring()
+        if isinstance(degree, (list, tuple)):
+            if len(degree) != 2:
+                raise ValueError("degree argument must be an integer or a tuple of 2 integers (min_degree, max_degree)")
+            if degree[0] > degree[1]:
+                raise ValueError("first degree argument must be less or equal to the second")
+            degree = list(degree)
+        else:
+            degree = [degree, degree]
+        if monic:
+            degree[0] = max(0, degree[0])
+            if degree[1] < 0:
+                raise ValueError("there is no monic polynomial with negative degree")
+        degree = randint(*degree)
+        if degree < 0:
+            return self.zero()
+        coeffs = [R.random_element(*args, **kwds) for _ in range(degree)]
+        if monic:
+            return self(coeffs + [R.one()])
+        else:
+            return self(coeffs + [R._random_nonzero_element()])
+
+    def random_irreducible(self, degree=2, monic=True, *args, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return a random irreducible Ore polynomial.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            Elements of this Ore polynomial ring need to have a method
+            is_irreducible(). Currently, this method is implemented only
+            when the base ring is a finite field.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``degree`` -- integer with degree (default: 2)
+          or a tuple of integers with minimum and maximum degrees
+
+        - ``monic`` -- if ``True``, returns a monic Ore polynomial
+          (default: ``True``)
+
+        - ``*args``, ``**kwds`` -- passed in to the ``random_element`` method for
+          the base ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x',Frob]
+            sage: A = S.random_irreducible()
+            sage: A.is_irreducible()
+            True
+            sage: B = S.random_irreducible(degree=3, monic=False)
+            sage: B.is_irreducible()
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(degree, (list, tuple)):
+            if len(degree) != 2:
+                raise ValueError("degree argument must be an integer or a tuple of 2 integers (min_degree, max_degree)")
+            if degree[0] > degree[1]:
+                raise ValueError("minimum degree must be less or equal than maximum degree")
+            degree = randint(*degree)
+        while True:
+            irred = self.random_element((degree, degree), monic=monic)
+            if irred.is_irreducible():
+                return irred
+
+    def is_field(self, proof=False) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return always ``False`` since Ore polynomial rings are never fields.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
+            sage: S.is_field()
+            False
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We check that :issue:`31470` is fixed::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x', k.frobenius_endomorphism()]
+            sage: zero_matrix(S, 2).row(0)
+            ...
+            (0, 0)
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def fraction_field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the fraction field of this skew ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
+            sage: K = S.fraction_field(); K
+            Ore Function Field in x over Finite Field in a of size 5^3 twisted by a |--> a^5
+            sage: f = 1/(x + a); f
+            (x + a)^(-1)
+            sage: f.parent() is K
+            True
+
+        Below is another example with differentiel operators::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: der = R.derivation()
+            sage: A.<d> = R['d', der]
+            sage: A.fraction_field()
+            Ore Function Field in d over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t
+             over Rational Field twisted by d/dt
+            sage: f = t/d; f
+            (d - 1/t)^(-1) * t
+            sage: f*d
+            t
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :mod:`sage.rings.polynomial.ore_function_field`
+        """
+        if self._fraction_field is None:
+            if self.base_ring() in _Fields:
+                self._fraction_field = self._fraction_field_class(self)
+            else:
+                base = self.base_ring().fraction_field()
+                if self._derivation is None:
+                    twist = self._morphism.extend_to_fraction_field()
+                else:
+                    twist = self._derivation.extend_to_fraction_field()
+                name = self.variable_name()
+                sparse = self.is_sparse()
+                ring = OrePolynomialRing(base, twist, name, sparse)
+                self._fraction_field = self._fraction_field_class(ring)
+                self._fraction_field.register_coercion(self)
+        return self._fraction_field
+
+    def quotient_module(self, P, names=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the quotient ring `A/AP` as a module over `A`
+        where `A` is this Ore polynomial ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``names`` (default: ``None``) -- a string or a list
+          of string, the names of the vector of the canonical
+          basis
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: S.<x> = k['a', k.frobenius_endomorphism()]
+            sage: P = x^3 + a*x^2 + a^2 + 1
+            sage: M = S.quotient_module(P)
+            sage: M
+            Ore module of rank 3 over Finite Field in a of size 5^3 twisted by a |--> a^5
+
+        The argument ``names`` can be used to give chosen names
+        to the vectors in the canonical basis::
+
+            sage: M = S.quotient_module(P, names=('u', 'v', 'w'))                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: M.basis()                                                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            [u, v, w]
+
+        or even::
+
+            sage: M = S.quotient_module(P, names='e')                                   # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: M.basis()                                                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            [e0, e1, e2]
+
+        Note that the bracket construction also works::
+
+            sage: M.<u,v,w> = S.quotient_module(P)                                      # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: M.basis()                                                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            [u, v, w]
+
+        With this construction, the vectors `u`, `v` and `w`
+        are directly available in the namespace::
+
+            sage: x*u + v                                                               # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            2*v
+
+        We refer to :mod:`sage.modules.ore_module` for a
+        tutorial on Ore modules in SageMath.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :mod:`sage.modules.ore_module`
+        """
+        from sage.matrix.special import companion_matrix
+        from sage.modules.ore_module import OreModule, OreAction
+        coeffs = self(P).right_monic().list()
+        f = companion_matrix(coeffs, format='bottom')
+        M = OreModule(f, self, names=names)
+        M._unset_coercions_used()
+        M.register_action(OreAction(self, M, True, operator.mul))
+        return M
+
+    def _pushout_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return the pushout of this Ore polynomial ring and ``other``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: from sage.categories.pushout import pushout
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: S = k['x', Frob]
+            sage: K = S.fraction_field()
+            sage: Z = K.center()
+            sage: pushout(S,Z)  # indirect doctest
+            Ore Function Field in x over Finite Field in a of size 5^3 twisted by a |--> a^5
+        """
+        frac = self._fraction_field
+        if frac is not None and frac.has_coerce_map_from(other):
+            return frac