passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/quadratic_forms/quadratic_form__local_density_congruence.py

@@ -0,0 +1,977 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+"""
+Local Density Congruence
+"""
+##########################################################################
+#  Methods which compute the local densities for representing a number
+#  by a quadratic form at a prime (possibly subject to additional
+#  congruence conditions).
+##########################################################################
+from copy import deepcopy
+
+from sage.sets.set import Set
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.arith.misc import valuation
+from sage.misc.verbose import verbose
+
+from sage.quadratic_forms.count_local_2 import count_modp__by_gauss_sum, count_all_local_good_types_normal_form
+
+
+def count_modp_solutions__by_Gauss_sum(self, p, m):
+    r"""
+    Return the number of solutions of `Q(x) = m` (mod `p`) of a
+    non-degenerate quadratic form over the finite field `\ZZ/p\ZZ`,
+    where `p` is a prime number > 2.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        We adopt the useful convention that a zero-dimensional
+        quadratic form has exactly one solution always (i.e. the empty
+        vector).
+
+    These are defined in Table 1 on p363 of Hanke's "Local Densities..." paper.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number > 2
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    OUTPUT: integer `\geq 0`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,1])
+        sage: [Q.count_modp_solutions__by_Gauss_sum(3, m)  for m in range(3)]
+        [9, 6, 12]
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,2])
+        sage: [Q.count_modp_solutions__by_Gauss_sum(3, m)  for m in range(3)]
+        [9, 12, 6]
+    """
+    if self.dim() == 0:
+        return 1
+    return count_modp__by_gauss_sum(self.dim(), p, m, self.Gram_det())
+
+
+def local_good_density_congruence_odd(self, p, m, Zvec, NZvec):
+    """
+    Find the Good-type local density of `Q` representing `m` at `p`.
+    (Assuming that `p > 2` and `Q` is given in local diagonal form.)
+
+    The additional congruence condition arguments ``Zvec`` and ``NZvec`` can
+    be either a list of indices or None.  ``Zvec=[]`` is equivalent to
+    ``Zvec=None``, which both impose no additional conditions, but
+    ``NZvec=[]`` returns no solutions always while ``NZvec=None`` imposes no
+    additional condition.
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        Add type checking for ``Zvec``, ``NZvec``, and that `Q` is in local
+        normal form.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``self`` -- quadratic form `Q`, assumed to be diagonal and `p`-integral
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    - ``Zvec``, ``NZvec`` -- non-repeating lists of integers in ``range(self.dim())`` or ``None``
+
+    OUTPUT: a rational number
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,2,3])
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence_odd(3, 1, None, None)
+        2/3
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,1,1])
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence_odd(3, 1, None, None)
+        8/9
+    """
+    n = self.dim()
+
+    #  Put the Zvec congruence condition in a standard form
+    if Zvec is None:
+        Zvec = []
+
+    #  Sanity Check on Zvec and NZvec:
+    #  -------------------------------
+    Sn = Set(range(n))
+    if (Zvec is not None) and (len(Set(Zvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("Zvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+    if (NZvec is not None) and (len(Set(NZvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("NZvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+
+    #  Assuming Q is diagonal, find the indices of the p-unit (diagonal) entries
+    UnitVec = Set(i for i in range(n) if self[i, i] % p)
+    NonUnitVec = Set(range(n)) - UnitVec
+
+    #  Take cases on the existence of additional nonzero congruence conditions (mod p)
+    UnitVec_minus_Zvec = list(UnitVec - Set(Zvec))
+    NonUnitVec_minus_Zvec = list(NonUnitVec - Set(Zvec))
+    Q_Unit_minus_Zvec = self.extract_variables(UnitVec_minus_Zvec)
+
+    if NZvec is None:
+        if m % p:
+            total = Q_Unit_minus_Zvec.count_modp_solutions__by_Gauss_sum(p, m) * p**len(NonUnitVec_minus_Zvec)
+        else:
+            total = (Q_Unit_minus_Zvec.count_modp_solutions__by_Gauss_sum(p, m) - 1) * p**len(NonUnitVec_minus_Zvec)
+
+    else:
+        UnitVec_minus_ZNZvec = list(UnitVec - (Set(Zvec) + Set(NZvec)))
+        NonUnitVec_minus_ZNZvec = list(NonUnitVec - (Set(Zvec) + Set(NZvec)))
+        Q_Unit_minus_ZNZvec = self.extract_variables(UnitVec_minus_ZNZvec)
+
+        if m % p:
+            total = Q_Unit_minus_Zvec.count_modp_solutions__by_Gauss_sum(p, m) * p**len(NonUnitVec_minus_Zvec) \
+                - Q_Unit_minus_ZNZvec.count_modp_solutions__by_Gauss_sum(p, m) * p**len(NonUnitVec_minus_ZNZvec)
+        else:
+            total = (Q_Unit_minus_Zvec.count_modp_solutions__by_Gauss_sum(p, m) - 1) * p**len(NonUnitVec_minus_Zvec) \
+                - (Q_Unit_minus_ZNZvec.count_modp_solutions__by_Gauss_sum(p, m) - 1) * p**len(NonUnitVec_minus_ZNZvec)
+
+    #  Return the Good-type representation density
+    good_density = QQ(total) / p**(n - 1)
+    return good_density
+
+
+def local_good_density_congruence_even(self, m, Zvec, NZvec):
+    r"""
+    Find the Good-type local density of `Q` representing `m` at `p=2`.
+    (Assuming `Q` is given in local diagonal form.)
+
+    The additional congruence condition arguments ``Zvec`` and ``NZvec`` can
+    be either a list of indices or None.  ``Zvec=[]`` is equivalent to
+    ``Zvec=None`` which both impose no additional conditions, but
+    ``NZvec=[]`` returns no solutions always while ``NZvec=None`` imposes no
+    additional condition.
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        Here the indices passed in ``Zvec`` and ``NZvec`` represent
+        indices of the solution vector `x` of `Q(x) = m` (mod `p^k`), and *not*
+        the Jordan components of `Q`.  They therefore are required (and
+        assumed) to include either all or none of the indices of a given
+        Jordan component of `Q`.  This is only important when `p=2` since
+        otherwise all Jordan blocks are `1 \times 1`, and so there the indices and
+        Jordan blocks coincide.
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        Add type checking for ``Zvec`` and ``NZvec``, and that `Q` is in local
+        normal form.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``self`` -- quadratic form `Q`, assumed to be block diagonal and 2-integral
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    - ``Zvec``, ``NZvec`` -- non-repeating lists of integers in ``range(self.dim())`` or ``None``
+
+    OUTPUT: a rational number
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,2,3])
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence_even(1, None, None)
+        1
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,1,1])
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence_even(1, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence_even(2, None, None)
+        3/2
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence_even(3, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence_even(4, None, None)
+        1/2
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = QuadraticForm(ZZ, 4, range(10))
+        sage: Q[0,0] = 5
+        sage: Q[1,1] = 10
+        sage: Q[2,2] = 15
+        sage: Q[3,3] = 20
+        sage: Q
+        Quadratic form in 4 variables over Integer Ring with coefficients:
+        [ 5 1 2 3 ]
+        [ * 10 5 6 ]
+        [ * * 15 8 ]
+        [ * * * 20 ]
+        sage: Q.theta_series(20)                                                        # needs sage.libs.pari
+        1 + 2*q^5 + 2*q^10 + 2*q^14 + 2*q^15 + 2*q^16 + 2*q^18 + O(q^20)
+        sage: Q_local = Q.local_normal_form(2)                                          # needs sage.libs.pari sage.rings.padics
+        sage: Q_local.local_good_density_congruence_even(1, None, None)                 # needs sage.libs.pari sage.rings.padics
+        3/4
+        sage: Q_local.local_good_density_congruence_even(2, None, None)                 # needs sage.libs.pari sage.rings.padics
+        9/8
+        sage: Q_local.local_good_density_congruence_even(5, None, None)                 # needs sage.libs.pari sage.rings.padics
+        3/4
+    """
+    n = self.dim()
+
+    #  Put the Zvec congruence condition in a standard form
+    if Zvec is None:
+        Zvec = []
+
+    #  Sanity Check on Zvec and NZvec:
+    #  -------------------------------
+    Sn = Set(range(n))
+    if (Zvec is not None) and (len(Set(Zvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("Zvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+    if (NZvec is not None) and (len(Set(NZvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("NZvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+
+    #  Find the indices of x for which the associated Jordan blocks are nonzero mod 8    TODO: Move this to special Jordan block code separately!
+    #  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Not8vec = []
+    for i in range(n):
+
+        #  DIAGNOSTIC
+        verbose(" i = " + str(i))
+        verbose(" n = " + str(n))
+        verbose(" Not8vec = " + str(Not8vec))
+
+        nz_flag = False
+
+        #  Check if the diagonal entry isn't divisible 8
+        if self[i, i] % 8:
+            nz_flag = True
+
+        #  Check appropriate off-diagonal entries aren't divisible by 8
+        else:
+
+            #  Special check for first off-diagonal entry
+            if i == 0 and self[i, i + 1] % 8:
+                nz_flag = True
+
+            #  Special check for last off-diagonal entry
+            elif i == n - 1 and self[i - 1, i] % 8:
+                nz_flag = True
+
+            #  Check for the middle off-diagonal entries
+            else:
+                if (i > 0) and (i < n - 1) and (self[i, i + 1] % 8 or
+                                                self[i - 1, i] % 8):
+                    nz_flag = True
+
+        #  Remember the (vector) index if it's not part of a Jordan block of norm divisible by 8
+        if nz_flag:
+            Not8vec += [i]
+
+    #  Compute the number of Good-type solutions mod 8:
+    #  ------------------------------------------------
+
+    #  Setup the indexing sets for additional zero congruence solutions
+    Q_Not8 = self.extract_variables(Not8vec)
+    Not8 = Set(Not8vec)
+    Is8 = Set(range(n)) - Not8
+
+    Z = Set(Zvec)
+    Z_Not8 = Not8.intersection(Z)
+    Z_Is8 = Is8.intersection(Z)
+    Is8_minus_Z = Is8 - Z_Is8
+
+    # DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose("Z = " + str(Z))
+    verbose("Z_Not8 = " + str(Z_Not8))
+    verbose("Z_Is8 = " + str(Z_Is8))
+    verbose("Is8_minus_Z = " + str(Is8_minus_Z))
+
+    # Take cases on the existence of additional nonzero congruence conditions (mod 2)
+    if NZvec is None:
+        total = (4 ** len(Z_Is8)) * (8 ** len(Is8_minus_Z)) \
+            * count_all_local_good_types_normal_form(Q_Not8, 2, 3, m, list(Z_Not8), None)
+    else:
+        ZNZ = Z + Set(NZvec)
+        ZNZ_Not8 = Not8.intersection(ZNZ)
+        ZNZ_Is8 = Is8.intersection(ZNZ)
+        Is8_minus_ZNZ = Is8 - ZNZ_Is8
+
+        #  DIAGNOSTIC
+        verbose("ZNZ = " + str(ZNZ))
+        verbose("ZNZ_Not8 = " + str(ZNZ_Not8))
+        verbose("ZNZ_Is8 = " + str(ZNZ_Is8))
+        verbose("Is8_minus_ZNZ = " + str(Is8_minus_ZNZ))
+
+        total = (4 ** len(Z_Is8)) * (8 ** len(Is8_minus_Z)) \
+            * count_all_local_good_types_normal_form(Q_Not8, 2, 3, m, list(Z_Not8), None) \
+            - (4 ** len(ZNZ_Is8)) * (8 ** len(Is8_minus_ZNZ)) \
+            * count_all_local_good_types_normal_form(Q_Not8, 2, 3, m, list(ZNZ_Not8), None)
+
+    # DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose("total = " + str(total))
+
+    # Return the associated Good-type representation density
+    return QQ(total) / 8**(n - 1)
+
+
+def local_good_density_congruence(self, p, m, Zvec=None, NZvec=None):
+    """
+    Find the Good-type local density of `Q` representing `m` at `p`.
+    (Front end routine for parity specific routines for `p`.)
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        Add documentation about the additional congruence
+        conditions ``Zvec`` and ``NZvec``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``self`` -- quadratic form `Q`, assumed to be block diagonal and `p`-integral
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    - ``Zvec``, ``NZvec`` -- non-repeating lists of integers in ``range(self.dim())`` or ``None``
+
+    OUTPUT: a rational number
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,2,3])
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence(2, 1, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        2/3
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,1,1])
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence(2, 1, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_good_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        8/9
+    """
+    #  DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose(" In local_good_density_congruence with ")
+    verbose(" Q is: \n" + str(self))
+    verbose(" p = " + str(p))
+    verbose(" m = " + str(m))
+    verbose(" Zvec = " + str(Zvec))
+    verbose(" NZvec = " + str(NZvec))
+
+    #  Put the Zvec congruence condition in a standard form
+    if Zvec is None:
+        Zvec = []
+
+    n = self.dim()
+
+    #  Sanity Check on Zvec and NZvec:
+    #  -------------------------------
+    Sn = Set(range(n))
+    if (Zvec is not None) and (len(Set(Zvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("Zvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+    if (NZvec is not None) and (len(Set(NZvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("NZvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+
+    # There was here a commented-out check that Q is in local normal form
+    # (it often may not be since the reduction procedure
+    # often mixes up the order of the valuations...)
+    # This commented-out code was removed in issue #32960
+
+    # Decide which routine to use to compute the Good-type density
+    if p > 2:
+        return self.local_good_density_congruence_odd(p, m, Zvec, NZvec)
+
+    if p == 2:
+        return self.local_good_density_congruence_even(m, Zvec, NZvec)
+
+    raise RuntimeError("\n Error in Local_Good_Density: The 'prime' p = " + str(p) + " is < 2. \n")
+
+
+def local_zero_density_congruence(self, p, m, Zvec=None, NZvec=None):
+    """
+    Find the Zero-type local density of `Q` representing `m` at `p`,
+    allowing certain congruence conditions mod `p`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``self`` -- quadratic form `Q`, assumed to be block diagonal and `p`-integral
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    - ``Zvec``, ``NZvec`` -- non-repeating lists of integers in ``range(self.dim())`` or ``None``
+
+    OUTPUT: a rational number
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,2,3])
+        sage: Q.local_zero_density_congruence(2, 2, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_zero_density_congruence(2, 4, None, None)
+        1/2
+        sage: Q.local_zero_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_zero_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        2/9
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,1,1])
+        sage: Q.local_zero_density_congruence(2, 2, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_zero_density_congruence(2, 4, None, None)
+        1/4
+        sage: Q.local_zero_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_zero_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        8/81
+    """
+    #  DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose(" In local_zero_density_congruence with ")
+    verbose(" Q is: \n" + str(self))
+    verbose(" p = " + str(p))
+    verbose(" m = " + str(m))
+    verbose(" Zvec = " + str(Zvec))
+    verbose(" NZvec = " + str(NZvec))
+
+    #  Put the Zvec congruence condition in a standard form
+    if Zvec is None:
+        Zvec = []
+
+    n = self.dim()
+
+    #  Sanity Check on Zvec and NZvec:
+    #  -------------------------------
+    Sn = Set(range(n))
+    if (Zvec is not None) and (len(Set(Zvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("Zvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+    if (NZvec is not None) and (len(Set(NZvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("NZvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+
+    p2 = p * p
+
+    #  Check some conditions for no zero-type solutions to exist
+    if m % p2 or NZvec is not None:
+        return 0
+
+    #  Use the reduction procedure to return the result
+    return self.local_density_congruence(p, m / p2, None, None) / p**(self.dim() - 2)
+
+
+def local_badI_density_congruence(self, p, m, Zvec=None, NZvec=None):
+    """
+    Find the Bad-type I local density of `Q` representing `m` at `p`.
+    (Assuming that `p > 2` and `Q` is given in local diagonal form.)
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``self`` -- quadratic form `Q`, assumed to be block diagonal and `p`-integral
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    - ``Zvec``, ``NZvec`` -- non-repeating lists of integers in ``range(self.dim())`` or ``None``
+
+    OUTPUT: a rational number
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,2,3])
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(2, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(2, 2, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(2, 4, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        0
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,1,1])
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(2, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(2, 2, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(2, 4, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 2, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        0
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,3,3,9])
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 3, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badI_density_congruence(3, 18, None, None)
+        0
+    """
+    #  DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose(" In local_badI_density_congruence with ")
+    verbose(" Q is: \n" + str(self))
+    verbose(" p = " + str(p))
+    verbose(" m = " + str(m))
+    verbose(" Zvec = " + str(Zvec))
+    verbose(" NZvec = " + str(NZvec))
+
+    #  Put the Zvec congruence condition in a standard form
+    if Zvec is None:
+        Zvec = []
+
+    n = self.dim()
+
+    #  Sanity Check on Zvec and NZvec:
+    #  -------------------------------
+    Sn = Set(range(n))
+    if (Zvec is not None) and (len(Set(Zvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("Zvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+    if (NZvec is not None) and (len(Set(NZvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("NZvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+
+    #  Define the indexing set S_0, and determine if S_1 is empty:
+    #  -----------------------------------------------------------
+    S0 = []
+    S1_empty_flag = True
+    # This is used to check if we should be computing BI solutions at all!
+    # (We should really to this earlier, but S1 must be nonzero to proceed.)
+
+    #  Find the valuation of each variable (which will be the same over 2x2 blocks),
+    #  remembering those of valuation 0 and if an entry of valuation 1 exists.
+    for i in range(n):
+
+        #  Compute the valuation of each index, allowing for off-diagonal terms
+        if self[i, i] == 0:
+            if i == 0:
+                val = valuation(self[i, i + 1], p)    # Look at the term to the right
+            else:
+                if i == n - 1:
+                    val = valuation(self[i - 1, i], p)    # Look at the term above
+                else:
+                    val = valuation(self[i, i + 1] + self[i - 1, i], p)    # Finds the valuation of the off-diagonal term since only one isn't zero
+        else:
+            val = valuation(self[i, i], p)
+
+        if val == 0:
+            S0 += [i]
+        elif val == 1:
+            S1_empty_flag = False    # Need to have a non-empty S1 set to proceed with Bad-type I reduction...
+
+    #  Check that S1 is non-empty and p|m to proceed, otherwise return no solutions.
+    if S1_empty_flag or m % p:
+        return 0
+
+    #  Check some conditions for no bad-type I solutions to exist
+    if (NZvec is not None) and (len(Set(S0).intersection(Set(NZvec))) != 0):
+        return 0
+
+    #  Check that the form is primitive...     WHY DO WE NEED TO DO THIS?!?
+    if not S0:
+        print(" Using Q = " + str(self))
+        print(" and p = " + str(p))
+        raise RuntimeError("the form is not primitive")
+
+    #  DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose(" m = " + str(m) + "   p = " + str(p))
+    verbose(" S0 = " + str(S0))
+    verbose(" len(S0) = " + str(len(S0)))
+
+    #  Make the form Qnew for the reduction procedure:
+    #  -----------------------------------------------
+    Qnew = deepcopy(self)    # TODO:  DO THIS WITHOUT A copy()
+    for i in range(n):
+        if i in S0:
+            Qnew[i, i] = p * Qnew[i, i]
+            if ((p == 2) and (i < n - 1)):
+                Qnew[i, i + 1] = p * Qnew[i, i + 1]
+        else:
+            Qnew[i, i] = Qnew[i, i] / p
+            if ((p == 2) and (i < n - 1)):
+                Qnew[i, i + 1] = Qnew[i, i + 1] / p
+
+    #  DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose("\n\n Check of Bad-type I reduction: \n")
+    verbose(" Q is " + str(self))
+    verbose(" Qnew is " + str(Qnew))
+    verbose(" p = " + str(p))
+    verbose(" m / p = " + str(m / p))
+    verbose(" NZvec " + str(NZvec))
+
+    #  Do the reduction
+    Zvec_geq_1 = list(Set([i for i in Zvec if i not in S0]))
+    if NZvec is None:
+        NZvec_geq_1 = NZvec
+    else:
+        NZvec_geq_1 = list(Set([i for i in NZvec if i not in S0]))
+
+    return QQ(p**(1 - len(S0))) * Qnew.local_good_density_congruence(p, m / p, Zvec_geq_1, NZvec_geq_1)
+
+
+def local_badII_density_congruence(self, p, m, Zvec=None, NZvec=None):
+    """
+    Find the Bad-type II local density of `Q` representing `m` at `p`.
+    (Assuming that `p > 2` and `Q` is given in local diagonal form.)
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``self`` -- quadratic form `Q`, assumed to be block diagonal and `p`-integral
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    - ``Zvec``, ``NZvec`` -- non-repeating lists of integers in ``range(self.dim())`` or ``None``
+
+    OUTPUT: a rational number
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,2,3])
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(2, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(2, 2, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(2, 4, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(3, 27, None, None)
+        0
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,3,3,9,9])
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(3, 3, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        4/27
+        sage: Q.local_badII_density_congruence(3, 18, None, None)
+        4/9
+    """
+    #  DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose(" In local_badII_density_congruence with ")
+    verbose(" Q is: \n" + str(self))
+    verbose(" p = " + str(p))
+    verbose(" m = " + str(m))
+    verbose(" Zvec = " + str(Zvec))
+    verbose(" NZvec = " + str(NZvec))
+
+    #  Put the Zvec congruence condition in a standard form
+    if Zvec is None:
+        Zvec = []
+
+    n = self.dim()
+
+    #  Sanity Check on Zvec and NZvec:
+    #  -------------------------------
+    Sn = Set(range(n))
+    if (Zvec is not None) and (len(Set(Zvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("Zvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+    if (NZvec is not None) and (len(Set(NZvec) + Sn) > n):
+        raise RuntimeError("NZvec must be a subset of {0, ..., n-1}.")
+
+    #  Define the indexing sets S_i:
+    #  -----------------------------
+    S0 = []
+    S1 = []
+    S2plus = []
+
+    for i in range(n):
+
+        #  Compute the valuation of each index, allowing for off-diagonal terms
+        if self[i, i] == 0:
+            if i == 0:
+                val = valuation(self[i, i + 1], p)    # Look at the term to the right
+            elif i == n - 1:
+                val = valuation(self[i - 1, i], p)    # Look at the term above
+            else:
+                val = valuation(self[i, i + 1] + self[i - 1, i], p)    # Finds the valuation of the off-diagonal term since only one isn't zero
+        else:
+            val = valuation(self[i, i], p)
+
+        #  Sort the indices into disjoint sets by their valuation
+        if (val == 0):
+            S0 += [i]
+        elif (val == 1):
+            S1 += [i]
+        elif (val >= 2):
+            S2plus += [i]
+
+    #  Check that S2 is non-empty and p^2 divides m to proceed, otherwise return no solutions.
+    p2 = p * p
+    if not S2plus or m % p2:
+        return 0
+
+    #  Check some conditions for no bad-type II solutions to exist
+    if (NZvec is not None) and (len(Set(S2plus).intersection(Set(NZvec))) == 0):
+        return 0
+
+    #  Check that the form is primitive...      WHY IS THIS NECESSARY?
+    if not S0:
+        print(" Using Q = " + str(self))
+        print(" and p = " + str(p))
+        raise RuntimeError("the form is not primitive")
+
+    #  DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose("\n Entering BII routine ")
+    verbose(" S0 is " + str(S0))
+    verbose(" S1 is " + str(S1))
+    verbose(" S2plus is " + str(S2plus))
+    verbose(" m = " + str(m) + "   p = " + str(p))
+
+    #  Make the form Qnew for the reduction procedure:
+    #  -----------------------------------------------
+    Qnew = deepcopy(self)    # TODO:  DO THIS WITHOUT A copy()
+    for i in range(n):
+        if i in S2plus:
+            Qnew[i, i] = Qnew[i, i] / p2
+            if (p == 2) and (i < n - 1):
+                Qnew[i, i + 1] = Qnew[i, i + 1] / p2
+
+    #  DIAGNOSTIC
+    verbose("\n\n Check of Bad-type II reduction: \n")
+    verbose(" Q is " + str(self))
+    verbose(" Qnew is " + str(Qnew))
+
+    #  Perform the reduction formula
+    Zvec_geq_2 = list(Set([i for i in Zvec if i in S2plus]))
+    if NZvec is None:
+        NZvec_geq_2 = NZvec
+    else:
+        NZvec_geq_2 = list(Set([i for i in NZvec if i in S2plus]))
+
+    diff = Qnew.local_density_congruence(p, m / p2, Zvec_geq_2, NZvec_geq_2)
+    diff -= Qnew.local_density_congruence(p, m / p2, S2plus, NZvec_geq_2)
+    return QQ(p**(len(S2plus) + 2 - n)) * diff
+
+
+def local_bad_density_congruence(self, p, m, Zvec=None, NZvec=None):
+    """
+    Find the Bad-type local density of `Q` representing
+    `m` at `p`, allowing certain congruence conditions mod `p`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``self`` -- quadratic form `Q`, assumed to be block diagonal and `p`-integral
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    - ``Zvec``, ``NZvec`` -- non-repeating lists of integers in ``range(self.dim())`` or ``None``
+
+    OUTPUT: a rational number
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,2,3])
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(2, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(2, 2, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(2, 4, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 27, None, None)
+        0
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,3,3,9,9])
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        0
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 3, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        4/27
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 18, None, None)
+        4/9
+        sage: Q.local_bad_density_congruence(3, 27, None, None)
+        8/27
+    """
+    return self.local_badI_density_congruence(p, m, Zvec, NZvec) + self.local_badII_density_congruence(p, m, Zvec, NZvec)
+
+########################################################
+#  local_density and local_density_congruence routines #
+########################################################
+
+
+def local_density_congruence(self, p, m, Zvec=None, NZvec=None):
+    """
+    Find the local density of `Q` representing `m` at `p`,
+    allowing certain congruence conditions mod `p`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``self`` -- quadratic form `Q`, assumed to be block diagonal and `p`-integral
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    - ``Zvec``, ``NZvec`` -- non-repeating lists of integers in ``range(self.dim())`` or ``None``
+
+    OUTPUT: a rational number
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,1,1])
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(p=2, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(p=3, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        8/9
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(p=5, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        24/25
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(p=7, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        48/49
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(p=11, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        120/121
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,2,3])
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(2, 1, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(2, 2, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(2, 4, None, None)
+        3/2
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        2/3
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        14/9
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(3, 27, None, None)
+        2
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,3,3,9,9])
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        2
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(3, 3, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        2/9
+        sage: Q.local_density_congruence(3, 18, None, None)
+        4/9
+    """
+    return self.local_good_density_congruence(p, m, Zvec, NZvec) \
+        + self.local_zero_density_congruence(p, m, Zvec, NZvec) \
+        + self.local_bad_density_congruence(p, m, Zvec, NZvec)
+
+
+def local_primitive_density_congruence(self, p, m, Zvec=None, NZvec=None):
+    """
+    Find the primitive local density of `Q` representing
+    `m` at `p`, allowing certain congruence conditions mod `p`.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        The following routine is not used internally, but is included for consistency.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``self`` -- quadratic form `Q`, assumed to be block diagonal and `p`-integral
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime number
+
+    - ``m`` -- integer
+
+    - ``Zvec``, ``NZvec`` -- non-repeating lists of integers in ``range(self.dim())`` or ``None``
+
+    OUTPUT: a rational number
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,1,1,1])
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(p=2, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(p=3, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        8/9
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(p=5, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        24/25
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(p=7, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        48/49
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(p=11, m=1, Zvec=None, NZvec=None)
+        120/121
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,2,3])
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(2, 1, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(2, 2, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(2, 4, None, None)
+        1
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        2/3
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 27, None, None)
+        4/3
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1,3,3,9,9])
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 1, None, None)
+        2
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 3, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 6, None, None)
+        4/3
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 9, None, None)
+        4/27
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 18, None, None)
+        4/9
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 27, None, None)
+        8/27
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 81, None, None)
+        8/27
+        sage: Q.local_primitive_density_congruence(3, 243, None, None)
+        8/27
+    """
+    return self.local_good_density_congruence(p, m, Zvec, NZvec) \
+        + self.local_bad_density_congruence(p, m, Zvec, NZvec)