passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/quadratic_forms/ternary_qf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2027 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+r"""
+Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients
+
+AUTHOR:
+
+- Gustavo Rama
+
+Based in code of Gonzalo Tornaria
+
+The form `a\cdot x^2 + b\cdot y^2 + c\cdot z^2 + r\cdot yz + s\cdot xz + t\cdot xy` is stored as a tuple ``(a, b, c, r, s, t)`` of integers.
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2012 Gustavo Rama
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.arith.misc import gcd, kronecker as kronecker_symbol
+from sage.categories.rings import Rings
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix, identity_matrix
+from sage.misc.prandom import randint
+from sage.quadratic_forms.quadratic_form import QuadraticForm
+from sage.quadratic_forms.ternary import (_basic_lemma,
+                                          _find_a_ternary_qf_by_level_disc,
+                                          _find_all_ternary_qf_by_level_disc,
+                                          _find_p_neighbor_from_vec,
+                                          _find_zeros_mod_p_2,
+                                          _find_zeros_mod_p_odd,
+                                          _reduced_ternary_form_eisenstein_with_matrix,
+                                          _reduced_ternary_form_eisenstein_without_matrix)
+
+from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod import mod
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import polygens
+from sage.structure.element import Vector, Matrix
+from sage.structure.sage_object import SageObject
+
+
+class TernaryQF(SageObject):
+    r"""
+    The ``TernaryQF`` class represents a quadratic form in 3 variables with coefficients in `\ZZ`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``v`` -- list or tuple of 6 entries:  ``[a,b,c,r,s,t]``
+
+    OUTPUT: the ternary quadratic form `a\cdot x^2 + b\cdot y^2 + c\cdot z^2 + r\cdot y\cdot z + s\cdot x\cdot z + t\cdot x\cdot y`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]); Q
+        Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+        [1 2 3]
+        [4 5 6]
+        sage: A = matrix(ZZ, 3, [1, -7, 1, 0, -2, 1, 0, -1, 0])
+        sage: Q(A)
+        Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+        [1 187 9]
+        [-85 8 -31]
+        sage: TestSuite(TernaryQF).run()
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ['_a', '_b', '_c', '_r', '_s', '_t',
+                 '_automorphisms', '_number_of_automorphisms']
+
+    possible_automorphisms = None
+
+    def __init__(self, v):
+        r"""
+        Create the ternary quadratic form `a\cdot x^2 + b\cdot y^2 + c\cdot z^2 + r\cdot y\cdot z + s\cdot x\cdot z + t\cdot x\cdot y` from the
+        tuple ``v=[a,b,c,r,s,t]`` over `\ZZ`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- 6-tuple of integers
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]); Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 2 3]
+            [4 5 6]
+        """
+        if len(v) != 6:
+            # Check we have six coefficients
+            raise ValueError("Ternary quadratic form must be given by a list of six coefficients")
+        self._a, self._b, self._c, self._r, self._s, self._t = (ZZ(x) for x in v)
+        self._automorphisms = None
+        self._number_of_automorphisms = None
+
+    def coefficients(self) -> tuple:
+        r"""
+        Return the tuple of coefficients of the ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]); Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 2 3]
+            [4 5 6]
+            sage: Q.coefficients()
+            (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+        """
+        return self._a, self._b, self._c, self._r, self._s, self._t
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Return a hash for ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+            sage: Q.__hash__()
+            5881802312257552497  # 64-bit
+            1770036893           # 32-bit
+        """
+        return hash(self.coefficients())
+
+    def coefficient(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return the `n`-th coefficient of the ternary quadratic form.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer with `0 \leq n \leq 5`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]); Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 2 3]
+            [4 5 6]
+            sage: Q.coefficient(2)
+            3
+            sage: Q.coefficient(5)
+            6
+        """
+        return self.coefficients()[n]
+
+    def polynomial(self, names='x,y,z'):
+        r"""
+        Return the polynomial associated to the ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 0, 2, -3, -1]); Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 1 0]
+            [2 -3 -1]
+            sage: p = Q.polynomial(); p
+            x^2 - x*y + y^2 - 3*x*z + 2*y*z
+            sage: p.parent()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Integer Ring
+        """
+        x, y, z = polygens(ZZ, names)
+        return self._a * x**2 + self._b * y**2 + self._c * z**2 + self._t * x*y + self._s * x*z + self._r * y*z
+
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Display the quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 0, 2, -3, -1])
+            sage: print(Q._repr_())
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 1 0]
+            [2 -3 -1]
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]); Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+        """
+        rep = 'Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:\n'
+        rep += '[' + str(self._a) + ' ' + str(self._b) + ' ' + str(self._c) + ']\n'
+        rep += '[' + str(self._r) + ' ' + str(self._s) + ' ' + str(self._t) + ']'
+        return rep
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        r"""
+        Evaluate this ternary quadratic form `Q` on a vector of 3 elements,
+        or matrix of elements in Z, with 3 rows.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        If a vector is given, then the output will be an integer `Q(v)`,
+        but if a matrix is given, the output will be a ternary quadratic form
+        if the matrix has 3 columns, or a quadratic form if not.
+        The quadratic form in matrix notation will be:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            Q' = v^t\cdot Q\cdot v.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 1, -1, -2, -3])
+            sage: Q((1, 1, 1))
+            -3
+            sage: M = matrix(ZZ, 3, 2, [358, 6, 2, 0, 0, 4])
+            sage: Q(M)
+            Quadratic form in 2 variables over Integer Ring with coefficients:
+            [ 126020 1388 ]
+            [ * 4 ]
+            sage: M = matrix(ZZ, 3, 3, [1, 3, 0, -1, 4, 2, 1, -1, -1])
+            sage: M
+            [ 1  3  0]
+            [-1  4  2]
+            [ 1 -1 -1]
+            sage: Q(M)
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [5 0 7]
+            [12 -13 -16]
+        """
+        if isinstance(v, Matrix):
+            # Check that v has 3 rows
+            if v.nrows() != 3:
+                raise TypeError("the matrix must have 3 rows")
+            # Check if v has 3 cols
+            if v.ncols() == 3:
+                M = v.transpose() * self.matrix() * v
+                return TernaryQF([M[0, 0] // 2, M[1, 1] // 2, M[2, 2] // 2,
+                                  M[1, 2], M[0, 2], M[0, 1]])
+
+            return QuadraticForm(ZZ, v.transpose() * self.matrix() * v)
+        if isinstance(v, (Vector, list, tuple)):
+            # Check that v has length 3
+            if len(v) != 3:
+                raise TypeError("your vector needs to have length 3")
+            v0, v1, v2 = v
+            a, b, c, r, s, t = self.coefficients()
+            return a*v0**2 + b*v1**2 + c*v2**2 + r*v1*v2 + s*v0*v2 + t*v0*v1
+
+        raise TypeError("presently we can only evaluate a quadratic form on a list, tuple, vector or matrix")
+
+    def quadratic_form(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a :class:`QuadraticForm` with the same coefficients as ``self`` over `\ZZ`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1])
+            sage: QF1 = Q.quadratic_form(); QF1
+            Quadratic form in 3 variables over Integer Ring with coefficients:
+            [ 1 1 1 ]
+            [ * 2 1 ]
+            [ * * 3 ]
+            sage: QF2 = QuadraticForm(ZZ, 3, [1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3])
+            sage: bool(QF1 == QF2)
+            True
+        """
+        return QuadraticForm(ZZ, 3, [self._a, self._t, self._s,
+                                     self._b, self._r, self._c])
+
+    def matrix(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the Hessian matrix associated to the ternary quadratic form.
+
+        That is, if `Q` is a ternary quadratic form, `Q(x,y,z) = a\cdot x^2 + b\cdot y^2 + c\cdot z^2 + r\cdot y\cdot z + s\cdot x\cdot z + t\cdot x\cdot y`,
+        then the Hessian matrix associated to `Q` is
+        ::
+
+            [2\cdot a t s]
+            [t 2\cdot b r]
+            [s r 2\cdot c]
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1,1,2,0,-1,4]); Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 1 2]
+            [0 -1 4]
+            sage: M = Q.matrix(); M
+            [ 2  4 -1]
+            [ 4  2  0]
+            [-1  0  4]
+            sage: v = vector((1, 2, 3))
+            sage: Q(v)
+            28
+            sage: (v*M*v.column())[0]//2
+            28
+        """
+        return matrix(ZZ, 3, 3, [2 * self._a, self._t, self._s,
+                                 self._t, 2 * self._b, self._r,
+                                 self._s, self._r, 2 * self._c])
+
+    def disc(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the discriminant of the ternary quadratic form.
+
+        This is the determinant of the matrix divided by 2.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 2, 0, -1, 4])
+            sage: Q.disc()
+            -25
+            sage: Q.matrix().det()
+            -50
+        """
+        return (4*self._a*self._b*self._c + self._r*self._s*self._t
+                - self._a*self._r**2 - self._b*self._s**2 - self._c*self._t**2)
+
+    def is_definite(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determine if the ternary quadratic form is definite.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([10, 10, 1, -1, 2, 3])
+            sage: Q.is_definite()
+            True
+            sage: (-Q).is_definite()
+            True
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 2, -3, 0, -1])
+            sage: Q.is_definite()
+            False
+        """
+        d1 = self._a
+        if d1 == 0:
+            return False
+        d2 = 4 * self._a * self._b - self._t**2
+        if d2 <= 0:
+            return False
+        d3 = self.disc()
+        if d3 == 0:
+            return False
+        return (d1 > 0) == (d3 > 0)
+
+    def is_positive_definite(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determine if the ternary quadratic form is positive definite.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([10, 10, 1, -1, 2, 3])
+            sage: Q.is_positive_definite()
+            True
+            sage: (-Q).is_positive_definite()
+            False
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q.is_positive_definite()
+            False
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 1, -1, -2, -3])
+            sage: Q((1,1,1))
+            -3
+            sage: Q.is_positive_definite()
+            False
+        """
+        d1 = self._a
+        if d1 == 0:
+            return False
+        d2 = 4 * self._a * self._b - self._t**2
+        if d2 <= 0:
+            return False
+        d3 = self.disc()
+        if d3 == 0:
+            return False
+        return d1 > 0 and d3 > 0
+
+    def is_negative_definite(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determine if the ternary quadratic form is negative definite.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([-8, -9, -10, 1, 9, -3])
+            sage: Q.is_negative_definite()
+            True
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([-4, -1, 6, -5, 1, -5])
+            sage: Q((0, 0, 1))
+            6
+            sage: Q.is_negative_definite()
+            False
+        """
+        d1 = self._a
+        if d1 == 0:
+            return False
+        d2 = 4 * self._a * self._b - self._t**2
+        if d2 <= 0:
+            return False
+        d3 = self.disc()
+        if d3 == 0:
+            return False
+        return d1 < 0 and d3 < 0
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """
+        Return the ternary quadratic form with coefficients negatives of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 2, -2, 0, -1]); Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 1 2]
+            [-2 0 -1]
+            sage: -Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [-1 -1 -2]
+            [2 0 1]
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q == -Q
+            True
+        """
+        return TernaryQF([-a for a in self.coefficients()])
+
+    def is_primitive(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determine if the ternary quadratic form is primitive.
+
+        This means that the greatest common divisor of the coefficients
+        of the form is 1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+            sage: Q.is_primitive()
+            True
+            sage: Q.content()
+            1
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([10, 10, 10, 5, 5, 5])
+            sage: Q.content()
+            5
+            sage: Q.is_primitive()
+            False
+        """
+        return self.content() == 1
+
+    def primitive(self):
+        """
+        Return the primitive version of the ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1])
+            sage: Q.is_primitive()
+            True
+            sage: Q.primitive()
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [2 2 2]
+            [1 1 1]
+            sage: Q.primitive() == Q
+            True
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([10, 10, 10, 5, 5, 5])
+            sage: Q.primitive()
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [2 2 2]
+            [1 1 1]
+        """
+        l = self.coefficients()
+        g = gcd(l)
+        return TernaryQF([a // g for a in l])
+
+    def scale_by_factor(self, k):
+        """
+        Scale the values of the ternary quadratic form by the number ``k``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        If ``k`` times the content of the ternary quadratic form is an integer, return a ternary quadratic form;
+        otherwise, return a quadratic form of dimension 3.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([2, 2, 4, 0, -2, 8])
+            sage: Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [2 2 4]
+            [0 -2 8]
+            sage: Q.scale_by_factor(5)
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [10 10 20]
+            [0 -10 40]
+            sage: Q.scale_by_factor(1/2)
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 1 2]
+            [0 -1 4]
+            sage: Q.scale_by_factor(1/3)
+            Quadratic form in 3 variables over Rational Field with coefficients:
+            [ 2/3 8/3 -2/3 ]
+            [ * 2/3 0 ]
+            [ * * 4/3 ]
+        """
+        if k * self.content() in ZZ:
+            return TernaryQF([ZZ(k*self._a), ZZ(k*self._b), ZZ(k*self._c),
+                              ZZ(k*self._r), ZZ(k*self._s), ZZ(k*self._t)])
+
+        R = k.parent()
+        if R not in Rings():
+            raise TypeError(f"{k} does not belong to a ring")
+
+        return QuadraticForm(R, 3, [k * self._a, k * self._t, k * self._s,
+                                    k * self._b, k * self._r, k * self._c])
+
+    def reciprocal(self):
+        """
+        Return the reciprocal quadratic form associated to the given form.
+
+        This is defined as the multiple of the primitive adjoint with the same
+        content as the given form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([2, 2, 14, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q.reciprocal()
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [14 14 2]
+            [0 0 0]
+            sage: Q.content()
+            2
+            sage: Q.reciprocal().content()
+            2
+            sage: Q.adjoint().content()
+            16
+        """
+        return self.adjoint().primitive().scale_by_factor(self.content())
+
+    def reciprocal_reduced(self):
+        """
+        Return the reduced form of the reciprocal form of the given ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 3, 0, -1, 0])
+            sage: Qrr = Q.reciprocal_reduced(); Qrr
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [4 11 12]
+            [0 -4 0]
+            sage: Q.is_eisenstein_reduced()
+            True
+            sage: Qr = Q.reciprocal()
+            sage: Qr.reduced_form_eisenstein(matrix=False) == Qrr
+            True
+        """
+        return self.reciprocal().reduced_form_eisenstein(matrix=False)
+
+    def divisor(self):
+        """
+        Return the content of the adjoint form associated to the given form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 17, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q.divisor()
+            4
+        """
+        A11 = 4*self._b*self._c - self._r**2
+        A22 = 4*self._a*self._c - self._s**2
+        A33 = 4*self._a*self._b - self._t**2
+        A23 = self._s*self._t - 2*self._a*self._r
+        A13 = self._r*self._t - 2*self._b*self._s
+        A12 = self._r*self._s - 2*self._c*self._t
+        m = gcd([A11, A22, A33, 2*A12, 2*A13, 2*A23])
+        return m
+
+    def __eq__(self, right) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determine if two ternary quadratic forms are equal.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3])
+            sage: Q == Q
+            True
+            sage: Q1 = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2])
+            sage: Q == Q1
+            False
+        """
+        if not isinstance(right, TernaryQF):
+            return False
+        return self.coefficients() == right.coefficients()
+
+    def adjoint(self):
+        """
+        Return the adjoint form associated to the given ternary quadratic
+        form.
+
+        That is, the Hessian matrix of the adjoint form is twice the
+        classical adjoint matrix of the Hessian matrix of the given form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 17, 0, 0, 1])
+            sage: Q.adjoint()
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [68 68 3]
+            [0 0 -68]
+            sage: Q.adjoint().matrix() == 2*Q.matrix().adjoint_classical()              # needs sage.libs.pari
+            True
+        """
+        A11 = 4*self._b*self._c - self._r**2
+        A22 = 4*self._a*self._c - self._s**2
+        A33 = 4*self._a*self._b - self._t**2
+        A23 = self._s*self._t - 2*self._a*self._r
+        A13 = self._r*self._t - 2*self._b*self._s
+        A12 = self._r*self._s - 2*self._c*self._t
+        return TernaryQF([A11, A22, A33, 2*A23, 2*A13, 2*A12])
+
+    def content(self):
+        """
+        Return the greatest common divisor of the coefficients of the given ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q.content()
+            1
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([2, 4, 6, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q.content()
+            2
+            sage: Q.scale_by_factor(100).content()
+            200
+        """
+        return gcd(self.coefficients())
+
+    def omega(self):
+        """
+        Return the content of the adjoint of the primitive associated
+        ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([4, 11, 12, 0, -4, 0])
+            sage: Q.omega()
+            176
+            sage: Q.primitive().adjoint().content()
+            176
+        """
+        return self.primitive().adjoint().content()
+
+    def delta(self):
+        """
+        Return the omega of the adjoint of the given ternary quadratic form,
+        which is the same as the omega of the reciprocal form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 2, -1, 0, -1])
+            sage: Q.delta()
+            208
+            sage: Q.adjoint().omega()
+            208
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q.delta()
+            4
+            sage: Q.omega()
+            4
+        """
+        return self.adjoint().omega()
+
+    def level(self):
+        """
+        Return the level of the ternary quadratic form, which is 4 times the discriminant divided by the divisor.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 2, 2, -1, 0, -1])
+            sage: Q.level()
+            52
+            sage: 4*Q.disc()/Q.divisor()
+            52
+        """
+        return 4 * self.disc() // self.divisor()
+
+    def is_eisenstein_reduced(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Determine if the ternary quadratic form is Eisenstein reduced.
+
+        That is, if we have a ternary quadratic form:
+        ::
+
+        [a b c]
+        [r s t]
+
+        then
+
+        1. `a \leq b \leq c`;
+        2. `r`, `s`, and `t` are all positive or all nonpositive;
+        3. `a \geq |t|`; `a \geq |s|`; `b \geq |r|`;
+        4. `a+b+r+s+t \geq 0`;
+        5. `a=t` implies `s \leq 2\cdot r`; `a=s` implies `t \leq 2\cdot r`; `b=r` implies `t \leq 2\cdot s`;
+        6. `a=-t` implies `s=0`; `a=-s` implies `t=0`; `b=-r` implies `t=0`;
+        7. `a+b+r+s+t = 0` implies `2\cdot a+2\cdot s+t \leq 0`;
+        8. `a=b` implies `|r| \leq |s|`; `b=c` implies `|s| \leq |t|`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q.is_eisenstein_reduced()
+            True
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([34, 14, 44, 12, 25, -22])
+            sage: Q.is_eisenstein_reduced()
+            False
+        """
+        a, b, c, r, s, t = [self._a, self._b, self._c,
+                            self._r, self._s, self._t]
+
+        # cond 2
+        if not (r > 0 and t > 0 and s > 0):
+            if not (r <= 0 and s <= 0 and t <= 0):
+                return False
+
+        # cond 1 & 4
+        if not (a <= b <= c and 0 <= a+b+r+s+t):
+            return False
+
+        # cond 3
+        if not (a >= abs(s) and a >= abs(t) and b >= abs(r)):
+            return False
+
+        # cond 8
+        if a == b and abs(r) > abs(s):
+            return False
+        if b == c and abs(s) > abs(t):
+            return False
+        if a+b+r+s+t == 0 and 2*a+2*s+t > 0:
+            return False
+
+        # cond 6
+        # r, s, t <= 0
+        if r <= 0:
+            if a == -t and s != 0:
+                return False
+            if a == -s and t != 0:
+                return False
+            if b == -r and t != 0:
+                return False
+
+        # cond 7
+        # r, s, t > 0
+        if a == t and s > 2*r:
+            return False
+        if a == s and t > 2*r:
+            return False
+        if b == r and t > 2*s:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def reduced_form_eisenstein(self, matrix=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the Eisenstein reduced form equivalent to the given positive ternary quadratic form,
+        which is unique.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([293, 315, 756, 908, 929, 522])
+            sage: Qr, m = Q.reduced_form_eisenstein()
+            sage: Qr
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 2 2]
+            [-1 0 -1]
+            sage: Qr.is_eisenstein_reduced()
+            True
+            sage: m
+            [ -54  137  -38]
+            [ -23   58  -16]
+            [  47 -119   33]
+            sage: m.det()
+            1
+            sage: Q(m) == Qr
+            True
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([12,36,3,14,-7,-19])
+            sage: Q.reduced_form_eisenstein(matrix = False)
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [3 8 20]
+            [3 2 1]
+        """
+        if matrix:
+            v, M = _reduced_ternary_form_eisenstein_with_matrix(self._a, self._b, self._c, self._r, self._s, self._t)
+            return TernaryQF(v), M
+
+        v = _reduced_ternary_form_eisenstein_without_matrix(self._a, self._b, self._c, self._r, self._s, self._t)
+        return TernaryQF(v)
+
+    def pseudorandom_primitive_zero_mod_p(self, p):
+        """
+        Return a tuple of the form `v = (a, b, 1)` such that is a zero of the given ternary quadratic
+        positive definite form modulo an odd prime `p`, where `p` doesn't divides the discriminant of the form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+             sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 11, 0, -1, 0])
+             sage: Q.disc()
+             43
+             sage: Q.pseudorandom_primitive_zero_mod_p(3)  # random
+             (1, 2, 1)
+             sage: Q((1, 2, 1))
+             15
+             sage: v = Q.pseudorandom_primitive_zero_mod_p(1009)                        # needs sage.libs.pari
+             sage: Q(v) % 1009                                                          # needs sage.libs.pari
+             0
+             sage: v[2]                                                                 # needs sage.libs.pari
+             1
+        """
+        a, b, c, r, s, t = self.coefficients()
+        while True:
+
+            r1 = randint(0, p-1)
+            r2 = randint(0, p-1)
+            alpha = (b*r1**2+t*r1+a) % p
+            if alpha != 0:
+
+                beta = (2*b*r1*r2+t*r2+r*r1+s) % p
+                gamma = (b*r2**2+r*r2+c) % p
+                disc = beta**2-4*alpha*gamma
+                if mod(disc, p).is_square():
+
+                    z = (-beta+mod(disc, p).sqrt().lift())*(2*alpha).inverse_mod(p)
+                    # return vector((z,r1*z+r2,1))%p
+                    return z % p, (r1*z+r2) % p, 1
+
+    def find_zeros_mod_p(self, p):
+        """
+        Find the zeros of the given ternary quadratic positive definite form modulo a prime `p`, where `p` doesn't divide the discriminant of the form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([4, 7, 8, -4, -1, -3])
+            sage: Q.is_positive_definite()
+            True
+            sage: Q.disc().factor()
+            3 * 13 * 19
+            sage: Q.find_zeros_mod_p(2)
+            [(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)]
+            sage: zeros_17 = Q.find_zeros_mod_p(17)                                     # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: len(zeros_17)                                                         # needs sage.libs.pari
+            18
+            sage: [Q(v)%17 for v in zeros_17]                                           # needs sage.libs.pari
+            [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+        """
+        if p == 2:
+            return _find_zeros_mod_p_2(self._a, self._b, self._c,
+                                       self._r, self._s, self._t)
+
+        v = self.pseudorandom_primitive_zero_mod_p(p)
+        a, b, c, r, s, t = self.coefficients()
+        return _find_zeros_mod_p_odd(a, b, c, r, s, t, p, v)
+
+    def find_p_neighbor_from_vec(self, p, v, mat=False):
+        r"""
+        Finds the reduced equivalent of the `p`-neighbor of this ternary quadratic form associated to a given
+        vector `v` satisfying:
+
+        1. `Q(v) = 0`  (mod `p`)
+
+        2. `v` is a non-singular point of the conic `Q(v) = 0` (mod `p`).
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        Gonzalo Tornaria's Thesis, Thrm 3.5, p34.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 3, 3, -2, 0, -1]); Q
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 3 3]
+            [-2 0 -1]
+            sage: Q.disc()
+            29
+            sage: v = (9, 7, 1)
+            sage: v in Q.find_zeros_mod_p(11)
+            True
+            sage: Q11, M = Q.find_p_neighbor_from_vec(11, v, mat=True)
+            sage: Q11
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 2 4]
+            [-1 -1 0]
+            sage: M
+            [    -1  -5/11   7/11]
+            [     0 -10/11   3/11]
+            [     0  -3/11  13/11]
+            sage: Q(M) == Q11
+            True
+
+        Test that it works with (0, 0, 1)::
+
+            sage: Q.find_p_neighbor_from_vec(3, (0,0,1))                                # needs sage.libs.pari
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 3 3]
+            [-2 0 -1]
+        """
+        if mat:
+            q, M = _find_p_neighbor_from_vec(self._a, self._b, self._c, self._r, self._s, self._t, p, v, mat)
+            M = matrix(3, M)
+            return TernaryQF(q), M*M.det()
+        else:
+            return TernaryQF(_find_p_neighbor_from_vec(self._a, self._b, self._c, self._r, self._s, self._t, p, v, mat))
+
+    def find_p_neighbors(self, p, mat=False):
+        """
+        Find a list with all the reduced equivalent of the `p`-neighbors of this ternary quadratic form, given by the zeros mod `p` of the form.
+        See :meth:`find_p_neighbor_from_vec` for more information.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: Q0 = TernaryQF([1, 3, 3, -2, 0, -1]); Q0
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 3 3]
+            [-2 0 -1]
+            sage: neig = Q0.find_p_neighbors(5)
+            sage: len(neig)
+            6
+            sage: Q1 = TernaryQF([1, 1, 10, 1, 1, 1])
+            sage: Q2 = TernaryQF([1, 2, 4, -1, -1, 0])
+            sage: neig.count(Q0)
+            2
+            sage: neig.count(Q1)
+            1
+            sage: neig.count(Q2)
+            3
+        """
+        z = self.find_zeros_mod_p(p)
+        return [self.find_p_neighbor_from_vec(p, v, mat) for v in z]
+
+    def basic_lemma(self, p):
+        """
+        Find a number represented by ``self`` and coprime to the prime `p`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([3, 3, 3, -2, 0, -1])
+            sage: Q.basic_lemma(3)
+            4
+        """
+        return _basic_lemma(self._a, self._b, self._c, self._r, self._s, self._t, p)
+
+    def xi(self, p):
+        """
+        Return the value of the genus characters Xi_p... which may be
+        missing one character. We allow `-1` as a prime.
+
+        REFERENCES:
+
+        Dickson's "Studies in the Theory of Numbers"
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q1 = TernaryQF([26, 42, 53, -36, -17, -3])
+            sage: Q2 = Q1.find_p_neighbors(2)[1]
+            sage: Q1.omega()
+            3
+            sage: Q1.xi(3), Q2.xi(3)
+            (-1, -1)
+        """
+        if p == 4:
+            p = -1
+        if p == 8:
+            p = 2
+
+        if self.omega() % p != 0:
+            raise ValueError("not a valid character")
+
+        if p == -1 and self.omega() % 2**4 != 0:
+            raise ValueError("not a valid character")
+
+        if p == 2 and self.omega() % 2**5 != 0:
+            raise ValueError("not a valid character")
+
+        if (p == -1) or (p == 2):
+            return kronecker_symbol(p, self.basic_lemma(2))
+
+        return kronecker_symbol(self.basic_lemma(p), p)
+
+    def xi_rec(self, p):
+        """
+        Return Xi(p) for the reciprocal form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q1 = TernaryQF([1, 1, 7, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q2 = Q1.find_p_neighbors(3)[0]
+            sage: Q1.delta()
+            28
+            sage: Q1.xi_rec(7), Q2.xi_rec(7)
+            (1, 1)
+        """
+        return self.reciprocal().xi(p)
+
+    def symmetry(self, v):
+        """
+        Return `A`, the automorphism of the ternary quadratic form such that:
+
+        - `Av = -v`,
+        - `Au = 0`, if `u` is orthogonal to `v`,
+
+        where `v` is a given vector.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([4, 5, 8, 5, 2, 2])
+            sage: v = vector((1,1,1))
+            sage: M = Q.symmetry(v)
+            sage: M
+            [  7/13 -17/26 -23/26]
+            [ -6/13   9/26 -23/26]
+            [ -6/13 -17/26   3/26]
+            sage: M.det()
+            -1
+            sage: M*v
+            (-1, -1, -1)
+            sage: v1 = vector((23, 0, -12))
+            sage: v2 = vector((0, 23, -17))
+            sage: v1*Q.matrix()*v
+            0
+            sage: v2*Q.matrix()*v
+            0
+            sage: M*v1 == v1
+            True
+            sage: M*v2 == v2
+            True
+        """
+
+        return identity_matrix(3) - v.column()*matrix(v)*self.matrix()/self(v)
+
+    def automorphism_symmetries(self, A) -> list:
+        """
+        Given the automorphism `A`, if `A` is the identity, return the empty list.
+        Otherwise, return a list of two vectors `v_1`, `v_2` such that the product of
+        the symmetries of the ternary quadratic form given by the two vectors is `A`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([9, 12, 30, -26, -28, 20])
+            sage: A = matrix(ZZ, 3, [9, 10, -10, -6, -7, 6, 2, 2, -3])
+            sage: Q(A) == Q
+            True
+            sage: v1, v2 = Q.automorphism_symmetries(A)
+            sage: v1, v2
+            ((8, -6, 2), (1, -5/4, -1/4))
+            sage: A1 = Q.symmetry(v1)
+            sage: A1
+            [    9     9   -13]
+            [   -6 -23/4  39/4]
+            [    2   9/4  -9/4]
+            sage: A2 = Q.symmetry(v2)
+            sage: A2
+            [    1     1     3]
+            [    0  -1/4 -15/4]
+            [    0  -1/4   1/4]
+            sage: A1*A2 == A
+            True
+            sage: Q.automorphism_symmetries(identity_matrix(ZZ,3))
+            []
+        """
+        if A == identity_matrix(3):
+            return []
+
+        bs = (A - 1).columns()
+        b1 = next(v for v in bs if v)
+        A1 = self.symmetry(b1) * A
+        bs = (A1 - 1).columns()
+        b2 = next(v for v in bs if v)
+        return [b1, b2]
+
+    def automorphism_spin_norm(self, A):
+        """
+        Return the spin norm of the automorphism `A`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([9, 12, 30, -26, -28, 20])
+            sage: A = matrix(ZZ, 3, [9, 10, -10, -6, -7, 6, 2, 2, -3])
+            sage: A.det()
+            1
+            sage: Q(A) == Q
+            True
+            sage: Q.automorphism_spin_norm(A)
+            7
+        """
+        if A == identity_matrix(ZZ, 3):
+            return 1
+        b1, b2 = self.automorphism_symmetries(A)
+        s = self(b1) * self(b2)
+        return s.squarefree_part()
+
+    def _border(self, n) -> bool:
+        """
+        Auxiliary function to find the automorphisms of a positive definite ternary quadratic form.
+
+        It returns a boolean whether the n-condition is true.
+
+        If ``Q = TernaryQF([a,b,c,r,s,t])``, the conditions are:
+
+        1.  a = t, s = 2r.
+        2.  a = s, t = 2r.
+        3.  b = r, t = 2s.
+        4.  a = -t.
+        5.  a = -s.
+        6.  b = -r.
+        7.  a + b + r + s + t = 0, 2a + 2s + t = 0.
+        8.  a = b, r = s.
+        9.  b = c, s = t.
+        10. r = s, r = 0.
+        11. r = t, r = 0.
+        12. s = t, s = 0.
+        13. r = s, s = t, t = a.
+        14. a = s, a = t.
+        15. a = b, a + b + r + s + t = 0.
+        16. a = b, b = c, a + b + r + s + t = 0.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q01 = TernaryQF([5, 5, 9, 2, 4, 5])
+            sage: Q01._border(1)
+            True
+            sage: Q02 = TernaryQF([6, 7, 8, 2, 6, 4])
+            sage: Q02._border(2)
+            True
+            sage: Q03 = TernaryQF([6, 9, 9, 9, 3, 6])
+            sage: Q03._border(3)
+            True
+            sage: Q04 = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, -1, 0, -1])
+            sage: Q04._border(4)
+            True
+            sage: Q05 = TernaryQF([2, 3, 5, -1, -2, 0])
+            sage: Q05._border(5)
+            True
+            sage: Q06 = TernaryQF([1, 5, 7, -5, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q06._border(6)
+            True
+            sage: Q07 = TernaryQF([1, 1, 7, -1, -1, 0])
+            sage: Q07._border(7)
+            True
+            sage: Q08 = TernaryQF([2, 2, 5, -1, -1, -1])
+            sage: Q08._border(8)
+            True
+            sage: Q09 = TernaryQF([3, 8, 8, 6, 2, 2])
+            sage: Q09._border(9)
+            True
+            sage: Q10 = TernaryQF([1, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q10._border(10)
+            True
+            sage: Q11 = TernaryQF([3, 5, 8, 0, -1, 0])
+            sage: Q11._border(11)
+            True
+            sage: Q12 = TernaryQF([2, 6, 7, -5, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q12._border(12)
+            True
+            sage: Q13 = TernaryQF([1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1])
+            sage: Q13._border(13)
+            True
+            sage: Q14 = TernaryQF([1, 3, 4, 3, 1, 1])
+            sage: Q14._border(14)
+            True
+            sage: Q15 = TernaryQF([3, 3, 6, -3, -3, 0])
+            sage: Q15._border(15)
+            True
+            sage: Q16 = TernaryQF([4, 4, 4, -2, -3, -3])
+            sage: Q16._border(16)
+            True
+        """
+        a, b, c, r, s, t = self.coefficients()
+        if n == 1:
+            return (a == t) and (s == 2*r)
+        elif n == 2:
+            return (a == s) and (t == 2*r)
+        elif n == 3:
+            return (b == r) and (t == 2*s)
+        elif n == 4:
+            return (a == -t)
+        elif n == 5:
+            return (a == -s)
+        elif n == 6:
+            return (b == -r)
+        elif n == 7:
+            return (a + b + r + s + t == 0) and (2*a + 2*s + t == 0)
+        elif n == 8:
+            return (a == b) and (r == s)
+        elif n == 9:
+            return (b == c) and (s == t)
+        elif n == 10:
+            return (r == s) and (r == 0)
+        elif n == 11:
+            return (r == t) and (r == 0)
+        elif n == 12:
+            return (s == t) and (s == 0)
+        elif n == 13:
+            return (r == s) and (s == t) and (t == a)
+        elif n == 14:
+            return (a == s) and (a == t)
+        elif n == 15:
+            return (a == b) and (a + b + r + s + t == 0)
+        elif n == 16:
+            return (a == b) and (b == c) and (a + b + r + s + t == 0)
+
+    def _borders(self):
+        """
+        Return the borders that the ternary quadratic form meet.
+
+        See: TernaryQF._border
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q01 = TernaryQF([5, 5, 9, 2, 4, 5])
+            sage: Q01._borders()
+            (1,)
+            sage: Q02 = TernaryQF([6, 7, 8, 2, 6, 4])
+            sage: Q02._borders()
+            (2,)
+            sage: Q03 = TernaryQF([6, 9, 9, 9, 3, 6])
+            sage: Q03._borders()
+            (3,)
+            sage: Q04 = TernaryQF([1, 2, 3, -1, 0, -1])
+            sage: Q04._borders()
+            (4,)
+            sage: Q05 = TernaryQF([2, 3, 5, -1, -2, 0])
+            sage: Q05._borders()
+            (5,)
+            sage: Q06 = TernaryQF([1, 5, 7, -5, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q06._borders()
+            (6, 12)
+            sage: Q07 = TernaryQF([1, 1, 7, -1, -1, 0])
+            sage: Q07._borders()
+            (5, 6, 7, 8, 15)
+            sage: Q08 = TernaryQF([2, 2, 5, -1, -1, -1])
+            sage: Q08._borders()
+            (8,)
+            sage: Q09 = TernaryQF([3, 8, 8, 6, 2, 2])
+            sage: Q09._borders()
+            (9,)
+            sage: Q10 = TernaryQF([1, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q10._borders()
+            (10, 11, 12)
+            sage: Q11 = TernaryQF([3, 5, 8, 0, -1, 0])
+            sage: Q11._borders()
+            (11,)
+            sage: Q12 = TernaryQF([2, 6, 7, -5, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q12._borders()
+            (12,)
+            sage: Q13 = TernaryQF([1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1])
+            sage: Q13._borders()
+            (8, 13, 14)
+            sage: Q14 = TernaryQF([1, 3, 4, 3, 1, 1])
+            sage: Q14._borders()
+            (14,)
+            sage: Q15 = TernaryQF([3, 3, 6, -3, -3, 0])
+            sage: Q15._borders()
+            (5, 6, 7, 8, 15)
+            sage: Q16 = TernaryQF([4, 4, 4, -2, -3, -3])
+            sage: Q16._borders()
+            (9, 15, 16)
+        """
+        return tuple(n for n in range(1, 17) if self._border(n))
+
+    def _automorphisms_reduced_fast(self):
+        """
+        Return the coefficients of the matrices of the automorphisms of the reduced ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 7, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q.is_eisenstein_reduced()
+            True
+            sage: auts = Q._automorphisms_reduced_fast()
+            sage: len(auts)
+            8
+            sage: A = matrix(3, auts[randint(0,7)])
+            sage: Q(A) == Q
+            True
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 2])
+            sage: Q._automorphisms_reduced_fast()
+            [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1)]
+        """
+        if self._border(1):
+            if self._border(2):
+                if self._border(14):
+                    if self._border(9):
+                        # borders 1, 2, 9, 14
+                        return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (-1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0),
+                                (-1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                                (-1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                                (1, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0),
+                                (1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0),
+                                (1, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+                    else:
+                        # borders 1, 2, 14
+                        return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (-1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                                (-1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (1, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            else:
+                # borders 1
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        if self._border(2):
+            # borders 2
+            return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                    (-1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1)]
+
+        if self._border(3):
+            # borders 3
+            return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                    (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1)]
+
+        if self._border(4):
+            if self._border(10):
+                if self._border(8):
+                    # borders 4, 8, 10
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, -1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+                else:
+                    # borders 4, 10
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            else:
+                # borders 4
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (1, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        if self._border(5):
+            if self._border(6):
+                if self._border(7):
+                    if self._border(8):
+                        if self._border(15):
+                            # borders 5, 6, 7, 8, 15
+                            return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                                    (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, -1),
+                                    (-1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1),
+                                    (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                                    (0, -1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                                    (0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1),
+                                    (0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1),
+                                    (1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+                    else:
+                        # borders 5, 6, 7
+                        return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, -1),
+                                (-1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            elif self._border(11):
+                # borders 5, 11
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                        (-1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            else:
+                # borders 5
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        if self._border(6):
+            if self._border(12):
+                if self._border(9):
+                    # borders 6, 9, 12
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, 0)]
+                else:
+                    # borders 6, 12
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            else:
+                # borders 6
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        if self._border(7):
+            if self._border(8) and self._border(15):
+                if self._border(16):
+                    if self._border(9):
+                        # borders 7, 8, 9, 15, 16
+                        return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (-1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 1, 0),
+                                (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                                (-1, 0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0),
+                                (-1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (-1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1),
+                                (-1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1),
+                                (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                                (0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, -1, 1),
+                                (0, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0),
+                                (0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1),
+                                (0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0),
+                                (0, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1),
+                                (0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1),
+                                (0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
+                                (0, 1, -1, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0),
+                                (0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1),
+                                (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),
+                                (0, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1, -1, 1, 0),
+                                (1, -1, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0),
+                                (1, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0),
+                                (1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1),
+                                (1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0),
+                                (1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1)]
+                    else:
+                        # borders 7, 8, 15, 16
+                        return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (-1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 1, 0),
+                                (-1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1),
+                                (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                                (0, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0),
+                                (0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1),
+                                (0, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1, -1, 1, 0),
+                                (1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0)]
+                else:
+                    # borders 7, 8, 15
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1)]
+            elif self._border(9):
+                # borders 7, 9
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                        (-1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1),
+                        (1, -1, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0),
+                        (1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1)]
+            else:
+                # borders 7
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1)]
+
+        if self._border(8):
+            if self._border(9):
+                if self._border(10) and self._border(11) and self._border(12):
+                    # borders 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, -1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (0, 0, -1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (0, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1, -1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0)]
+                elif self._border(13) and self._border(14):
+                    # borders 8, 9, 13, 14
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0),
+                            (-1, -1, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 1, 1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, 1, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 0, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1),
+                            (0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 0, -1, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (0, 0, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1),
+                            (0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (0, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, -1, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, -1, -1),
+                            (1, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (1, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, 1, 1, 0, 0, -1, -1, 0, 0)]
+                else:
+                    # borders 8, 9
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0),
+                            (0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0)]
+            elif self._border(10):
+                if self._border(11) and self._border(12):
+                    # borders 8, 10, 11, 12
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+                else:
+                    # borders 8, 10
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            elif self._border(14):
+                # borders 8, 13, 14
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, -1, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, -1),
+                        (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                        (0, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (1, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            else:
+                # borders 8
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        if self._border(9):
+            if self._border(12):
+                if self._border(10) and self._border(11):
+                    # borders 9, 10, 11, 12
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0)]
+                else:
+                    # borders 9, 12
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            elif self._border(14):
+                if self._border(13):
+                    # borders 9, 13, 14
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (1, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+                else:
+                    # borders 9, 14
+                    return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                            (-1, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0),
+                            (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                            (1, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            elif self._border(15):
+                # borders 9, 15, 16
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 1, 0),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0),
+                        (0, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0),
+                        (0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1),
+                        (0, 1, -1, -1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0),
+                        (0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1),
+                        (1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1)]
+            else:
+                # borders 9
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0)]
+
+        if self._border(10):
+            if self._border(11) and self._border(12):
+                # borders 10, 11, 12
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1),
+                        (1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+            else:
+                # borders 10
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1)]
+
+        if self._border(11):
+            # borders 11
+            return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                    (-1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        if self._border(12):
+            # border 12
+            return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                    (1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        if self._border(13) and self._border(14):
+            # border 13, 14
+            return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                    (1, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        if self._border(14):
+            # border 14
+            return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                    (1, 1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        if self._border(15):
+            if self._border(16):
+                # borders 15, 16
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (-1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 1, 0),
+                        (0, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0),
+                        (0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1)]
+            else:
+                # borders 15
+                return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+                        (0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1)]
+
+        return [(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1)]
+
+    def _automorphisms_reduced_slow(self):
+        """
+        Return the automorphisms of the reduced ternary quadratic form.
+
+        It searches over all 3x3 matrices with coefficients -1, 0, 1,
+        determinant 1 and finite order, because Eisenstein reduced forms
+        are Minkowski reduced. See Cassels.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 7, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q.is_eisenstein_reduced()
+            True
+
+            sage: # long time
+            sage: auts = Q._automorphisms_reduced_slow()  # 3s on sage.math, 2014
+            sage: len(auts)
+            8
+            sage: A = auts[randint(0,7)]
+            sage: Q(A) == Q
+            True
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 2])
+            sage: Q._automorphisms_reduced_slow()
+            [
+            [1 0 0]
+            [0 1 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+            ]
+        """
+        from itertools import product
+        if TernaryQF.possible_automorphisms is None:
+            auts = (matrix(ZZ, 3, 3, m) for m in product([-1, 0, 1], repeat=9))
+            auts = [m for m in auts if m.det() == 1]
+            auts = [m for m in auts if m**2 in auts]
+            auts = [m for m in auts if m**2 in auts]
+            auts = [m for m in auts if m**2 in auts]
+            TernaryQF.possible_automorphisms = auts
+        return [m for m in TernaryQF.possible_automorphisms if self(m) == self]
+
+    def automorphisms(self, slow=True):
+        """
+        Return a list with the automorphisms of the definite ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 7, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: auts = Q.automorphisms(); auts
+            [
+            [-1  0  0]  [-1  0  0]  [ 0 -1  0]  [ 0 -1  0]  [ 0  1  0]  [ 0  1  0]
+            [ 0 -1  0]  [ 0  1  0]  [-1  0  0]  [ 1  0  0]  [-1  0  0]  [ 1  0  0]
+            [ 0  0  1], [ 0  0 -1], [ 0  0 -1], [ 0  0  1], [ 0  0  1], [ 0  0 -1],
+            [ 1  0  0]  [1 0 0]
+            [ 0 -1  0]  [0 1 0]
+            [ 0  0 -1], [0 0 1]
+            ]
+            sage: all(Q == Q(A) for A in auts)
+            True
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 2])
+            sage: Q.automorphisms(slow=False)
+            [
+            [1 0 0]
+            [0 1 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+            ]
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([4, 2, 4, 3, -4, -5])
+            sage: auts = Q.automorphisms(slow=False)
+            sage: auts
+            [
+            [1 0 0]  [ 2 -1 -1]
+            [0 1 0]  [ 3 -2 -1]
+            [0 0 1], [ 0  0 -1]
+            ]
+            sage: A = auts[1]
+            sage: Q(A) == Q
+            True
+            sage: Qr, M_red = Q.reduced_form_eisenstein()
+            sage: Qr
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [1 2 3]
+            [-1 0 -1]
+            sage: Q(A*M_red) == Qr
+            True
+        """
+        if not self.is_definite():
+            raise ValueError("only implemented for definite forms")
+
+        if self._automorphisms is not None:
+            return self._automorphisms
+
+        if self.is_positive_definite():
+            if self.is_eisenstein_reduced():
+                if slow:
+                    self._automorphisms = self._automorphisms_reduced_slow()
+                else:
+                    auts = self._automorphisms_reduced_fast()
+                    self._automorphisms = [matrix(ZZ, 3, A) for A in auts]
+            else:
+                Qr, M = self.reduced_form_eisenstein()
+                auts = Qr.automorphisms(slow)
+                M_inv = M.inverse()
+                self._automorphisms = [M*m*M_inv for m in auts]
+        else:
+            self._automorphisms = (-self).automorphisms()
+        return self._automorphisms
+
+    def _number_of_automorphisms_reduced(self):
+        """
+        Return the number of automorphisms of the reduced definite ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 7, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: Q._number_of_automorphisms_reduced()
+            8
+            sage: len(Q.automorphisms(slow=False))
+            8
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 2])
+            sage: Q._number_of_automorphisms_reduced()
+            1
+        """
+        if self._border(1):
+            if self._border(2):
+                if self._border(14):
+                    if self._border(9):
+                        # borders 1, 2, 9, 14
+                        return 8
+                    else:
+                        # borders 1, 2, 14
+                        return 4
+            else:
+                # borders 1
+                return 2
+
+        if self._border(2):
+            # borders 2
+            return 2
+
+        if self._border(3):
+            # borders 3
+            return 2
+
+        if self._border(4):
+            if self._border(10):
+                if self._border(8):
+                    # borders 4, 8, 10
+                    return 12
+                else:
+                    # borders 4, 10
+                    return 4
+            else:
+                # borders 4
+                return 2
+
+        if self._border(5):
+            if self._border(6):
+                if self._border(7):
+                    if self._border(8):
+                        if self._border(15):
+                            # borders 5, 6, 7, 8, 15
+                            return 8
+                    else:
+                        # borders 5, 6, 7
+                        return 4
+            elif self._border(11):
+                # borders 5, 11
+                return 4
+            else:
+                # borders 5
+                return 2
+
+        if self._border(6):
+            if self._border(12):
+                if self._border(9):
+                    # borders 6, 9, 12
+                    return 12
+                else:
+                    # borders 6, 12
+                    return 4
+            else:
+                # borders 6
+                return 2
+
+        if self._border(7):
+            if self._border(8) and self._border(15):
+                if self._border(16):
+                    if self._border(9):
+                        # borders 7, 8, 9, 15, 16
+                        return 24
+                    else:
+                        # borders 7, 8, 15, 16
+                        return 8
+                else:
+                    # borders 7, 8, 15
+                    return 4
+            elif self._border(9):
+                # borders 7, 9
+                return 6
+            else:
+                # borders 7
+                return 2
+
+        if self._border(8):
+            if self._border(9):
+                if self._border(10) and self._border(11) and self._border(12):
+                    # borders 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
+                    return 24
+                elif self._border(13) and self._border(14):
+                    # borders 8, 9, 13, 14
+                    return 24
+                else:
+                    # borders 8, 9
+                    return 6
+            elif self._border(10):
+                if self._border(11) and self._border(12):
+                    # borders 8, 10, 11, 12
+                    return 8
+                else:
+                    # borders 8, 10
+                    return 4
+            elif self._border(14):
+                # borders 8, 13, 14
+                return 6
+            else:
+                # borders 8
+                return 2
+
+        if self._border(9):
+            if self._border(12):
+                if self._border(10) and self._border(11):
+                    # borders 9, 10, 11, 12
+                    return 8
+                else:
+                    # borders 9, 12
+                    return 4
+            elif self._border(14):
+                if self._border(13):
+                    # borders 9, 13, 14
+                    return 4
+                else:
+                    # borders 9, 14
+                    return 4
+            elif self._border(15):
+                # borders 9, 15, 16
+                return 8
+            else:
+                # borders 9
+                return 2
+
+        if self._border(10):
+            if self._border(11) and self._border(12):
+                # borders 10, 11, 12
+                return 4
+            else:
+                # borders 10
+                return 2
+
+        if self._border(11):
+            # borders 11
+            return 2
+
+        if self._border(12):
+            # border 12
+            return 2
+
+        if self._border(13) and self._border(14):
+            # border 13, 14
+            return 2
+
+        if self._border(14):
+            # border 14
+            return 2
+
+        if self._border(15):
+            if self._border(16):
+                # borders 15, 16
+                return 4
+            else:
+                # borders 15
+                return 2
+
+        return 1
+
+    def number_of_automorphisms(self, slow=True):
+        """
+        Return the number of automorphisms of the definite ternary quadratic form.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 7, 0, 0, 0])
+            sage: A = matrix(ZZ, 3, [0, 1, 0, -1, 5, 0, -8, -1, 1])
+            sage: A.det()
+            1
+            sage: Q1 = Q(A); Q1
+            Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+            [449 33 7]
+            [-14 -112 102]
+            sage: Q1.number_of_automorphisms()
+            8
+            sage: Q = TernaryQF([-19, -7, -6, -12, 20, 23])
+            sage: Q.is_negative_definite()
+            True
+            sage: Q.number_of_automorphisms(slow=False)
+            24
+        """
+        if not self.is_definite():
+            raise ValueError("only implemented for definite forms")
+
+        if self._number_of_automorphisms is not None:
+            return self._number_of_automorphisms
+
+        if slow:
+            self._number_of_automorphisms = len(self.automorphisms())
+        else:
+            if self.is_negative_definite():
+                self._number_of_automorphisms = (-self).reduced_form_eisenstein(False)._number_of_automorphisms_reduced()
+            else:
+                self._number_of_automorphisms = self.reduced_form_eisenstein(False)._number_of_automorphisms_reduced()
+
+        return self._number_of_automorphisms
+
+
+def find_all_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(N, d):
+    """
+    Find the coefficients of all the reduced ternary quadratic forms given its discriminant `d` and level `N`.
+
+    If `N|4d` and `d|N^2`, then it may be some forms with that discriminant and level.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: find_all_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(44, 11)
+        [Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+        [1 1 3]
+        [0 -1 0], Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+        [1 1 4]
+        [1 1 1]]
+        sage: find_all_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(44, 11^2 * 16)
+        [Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+        [3 15 15]
+        [-14 -2 -2], Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+        [4 11 12]
+        [0 -4 0]]
+        sage: Q = TernaryQF([1, 1, 3, 0, -1, 0])
+        sage: Q.is_eisenstein_reduced()
+        True
+        sage: Q.reciprocal_reduced()
+        Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+        [4 11 12]
+        [0 -4 0]
+        sage: find_all_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(44, 22)
+        []
+        sage: find_all_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(44, 33)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: There are no ternary forms of this level and discriminant
+    """
+    return [TernaryQF(qf) for qf in _find_all_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(N, d)]
+
+
+def find_a_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(N, d):
+    """
+    Find a reduced ternary quadratic form given its discriminant `d` and level `N`.
+    If `N|4d` and `d|N^2`, then it may be a form with that discriminant and level.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: Q1 = find_a_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(44, 11); Q1
+        Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+        [1 1 3]
+        [0 -1 0]
+        sage: Q2 = find_a_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(44, 11^2 * 16)
+        sage: Q2
+        Ternary quadratic form with integer coefficients:
+        [3 15 15]
+        [-14 -2 -2]
+        sage: Q1.is_eisenstein_reduced()
+        True
+        sage: Q1.level()
+        44
+        sage: Q1.disc()
+        11
+        sage: find_a_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(44, 22)
+        sage: find_a_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(44, 33)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: There are no ternary forms of this level and discriminant
+    """
+    q = _find_a_ternary_qf_by_level_disc(N, d)
+    if q is not None:
+        return TernaryQF(q)