passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/modules/free_module_morphism.py

@@ -0,0 +1,823 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+"""
+Morphisms of free modules
+
+AUTHORS:
+    - William Stein: initial version
+
+    - Miguel Marco (2010-06-19): added eigenvalues, eigenvectors and minpoly functions
+
+
+TESTS::
+
+    sage: V = ZZ^2; f = V.hom([V.1, -2*V.0])
+    sage: loads(dumps(f))
+    Free module morphism defined by the matrix
+    [ 0  1]
+    [-2  0]
+    Domain:   Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain ...
+    Codomain: Ambient free module of rank 2 over the principal ideal domain ...
+    sage: loads(dumps(f)) == f
+    True
+"""
+
+####################################################################################
+#       Copyright (C) 2009 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+####################################################################################
+
+# A matrix morphism is a morphism that is defined by multiplication by a
+# matrix.  Elements of domain must either have a method "vector()" that
+# returns a vector that the defining matrix can hit from the left, or
+# be coercible into vector space of appropriate dimension.
+
+import sage.modules.free_module as free_module
+
+from sage.categories.morphism import Morphism
+from sage.modules import free_module_homspace, matrix_morphism
+from sage.structure.richcmp import rich_to_bool, richcmp
+from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence
+
+
+def is_FreeModuleMorphism(x):
+    """
+    This function is deprecated.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: V = ZZ^2; f = V.hom([V.1, -2*V.0])
+        sage: sage.modules.free_module_morphism.is_FreeModuleMorphism(f)
+        doctest:warning...
+        DeprecationWarning: is_FreeModuleMorphism is deprecated;
+        use isinstance(..., FreeModuleMorphism) or categories instead
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/37731 for details.
+        True
+        sage: sage.modules.free_module_morphism.is_FreeModuleMorphism(0)
+        False
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(37731,
+                "is_FreeModuleMorphism is deprecated; "
+                "use isinstance(..., FreeModuleMorphism) or categories instead")
+    return isinstance(x, FreeModuleMorphism)
+
+
+class FreeModuleMorphism(matrix_morphism.MatrixMorphism):
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, A, side='left'):
+        """
+        INPUT:
+
+            - ``parent`` -- a homspace in a (sub) category of free modules
+
+            - ``A`` -- matrix
+
+            - ``side`` -- side of the vectors acted on by the matrix  (default: ``'left'``)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: V = ZZ^3; W = span([[1,2,3], [-1,2,8]], ZZ)
+            sage: phi = V.hom(matrix(ZZ, 3, [1..9]))
+            sage: type(phi)
+            <class 'sage.modules.free_module_morphism.FreeModuleMorphism'>
+        """
+        if not isinstance(parent, free_module_homspace.FreeModuleHomspace):
+            raise TypeError("parent (=%s) must be a free module hom space" % parent)
+        if isinstance(A, matrix_morphism.MatrixMorphism):
+            A = A.matrix()
+        A = parent._matrix_space(side)(A)
+        matrix_morphism.MatrixMorphism.__init__(self, parent, A, side=side)
+
+    def pushforward(self, x):
+        """
+        Compute the image of a sub-module of the domain.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^3; W = span([[1,2,3], [-1,2,5/3]], QQ)
+            sage: phi = V.hom(matrix(QQ, 3, [1..9]))
+            sage: phi.rank()
+            2
+            sage: phi(V)   #indirect doctest
+            Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            Basis matrix:
+            [ 1  0 -1]
+            [ 0  1  2]
+
+        We compute the image of a submodule of a ZZ-module embedded in
+        a rational vector space::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^3; W = V.span_of_basis([[2,2,3], [-1,2,5/3]], ZZ)
+            sage: phi = W.hom([W.0, W.0 - W.1]); phi
+            Free module morphism defined by the matrix
+            [ 1  0]
+            [ 1 -1]...
+            sage: phi(span([2*W.1], ZZ))
+            Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [  6   0 8/3]
+            sage: phi(2*W.1)
+            (6, 0, 8/3)
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, free_module.FreeModule_generic):
+            V = self.domain().submodule(x)
+            return self.restrict_domain(V).image()
+        raise TypeError("`pushforward` is only defined for submodules")
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return string representation of this morphism of free modules.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: V = ZZ^3; W = span([[1,2,3], [-1,2,8]], ZZ)
+            sage: phi = V.hom(matrix(ZZ, 3, [1..9]))
+            sage: phi._repr_()
+            'Free module morphism defined by the matrix\n[1 2 3]\n[4 5 6]\n[7 8 9]\nDomain: Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring\nCodomain: Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring'
+
+            sage: V = ZZ^6
+            sage: W = ZZ^4
+            sage: m = matrix(QQ, [[1, 0, 0 ,0], [0]*4, [0]*4, [0]*4, [0]*4, [0]*4])
+            sage: phi = V.hom(m, W)
+            sage: rho = phi.restrict_codomain(W.span([W.0]))
+            sage: rho
+            Free module morphism defined by the matrix
+            [1]
+            [0]
+            [0]
+            [0]
+            [0]
+            [0]
+            Domain: Ambient free module of rank 6 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
+            Codomain: Free module of degree 4 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [1 0 0 0]
+
+            sage: V = QQ^40
+            sage: m = matrix(QQ, 40, 40, 1600)
+            sage: phi = V.hom(m, V)
+            sage: phi
+            Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            40 x 40 dense matrix over Rational Field
+            Domain:   Vector space of dimension 40 over Rational Field
+            Codomain: Vector space of dimension 40 over Rational Field
+
+        The representation displays which side of the vectors the matrix is acting::
+
+            sage: V = ZZ^3
+            sage: h = V.hom([V.1, V.2, V.0]); h
+            Free module morphism defined by the matrix
+            [0 1 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+            [1 0 0]
+            Domain:   Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
+            Codomain: Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
+            sage: h2 = V.hom([V.1, V.2, V.0], side='right'); h2
+            Free module morphism defined as left-multiplication by the matrix
+            [0 0 1]
+            [1 0 0]
+            [0 1 0]
+            Domain:   Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
+            Codomain: Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
+        """
+        r = "Free module morphism defined {}by the matrix\n{!r}\nDomain: {}\nCodomain: {}"
+        act = ""
+        if self.side() == "right":
+            act = "as left-multiplication "
+        return r.format(act, self.matrix(), self.domain(), self.codomain())
+
+    def change_ring(self, R):
+        """
+        Change the ring over which this morphism is defined.
+
+        This changes the ring of the domain, codomain, and underlying matrix.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: V0 = span([[0,0,1],[0,2,0]], ZZ); V1 = span([[1/2,0],[0,2]], ZZ)
+            sage: W = span([[1,0],[0,6]], ZZ)
+            sage: h = V0.hom([-3*V1.0 - 3*V1.1, -3*V1.0 - 3*V1.1])
+            sage: h.base_ring()
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: h
+            Free module morphism defined by the matrix
+            [-3 -3]
+            [-3 -3]...
+            sage: h.change_ring(QQ).base_ring()
+            Rational Field
+            sage: f = h.change_ring(QQ); f
+            Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            [-3 -3]
+            [-3 -3]
+            Domain:   Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
+                      Basis matrix:
+                      [0 1 0]
+                      [0 0 1]
+            Codomain: Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
+                      Basis matrix:
+                      [1 0]
+                      [0 1]
+            sage: f = h.change_ring(GF(7)); f
+            Vector space morphism represented by the matrix:
+            [4 4]
+            [4 4]
+            Domain:   Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7
+                      Basis matrix:
+                      [0 1 0]
+                      [0 0 1]
+            Codomain: Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7
+                      Basis matrix:
+                      [1 0]
+                      [0 1]
+        """
+        D = self.domain().change_ring(R)
+        C = self.codomain().change_ring(R)
+        A = self.matrix().change_ring(R)
+        return D.hom(A, C, side=self.side())
+
+    def inverse_image(self, V):
+        """
+        Given a submodule V of the codomain of self, return the
+        inverse image of V under self, i.e., the biggest submodule of
+        the domain of ``self`` that maps into V.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We test computing inverse images over a field::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^3; W = span([[1,2,3], [-1,2,5/3]], QQ)
+            sage: phi = V.hom(matrix(QQ, 3, [1..9]))
+            sage: phi.rank()
+            2
+            sage: I = phi.inverse_image(W); I
+            Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
+            Basis matrix:
+            [   1    0    0]
+            [   0    1 -1/2]
+            sage: phi(I.0) in W
+            True
+            sage: phi(I.1) in W
+            True
+            sage: W = phi.image()
+            sage: phi.inverse_image(W) == V
+            True
+
+        We test computing inverse images between two spaces embedded in different
+        ambient spaces.::
+
+            sage: V0 = span([[0,0,1],[0,2,0]],ZZ); V1 = span([[1/2,0],[0,2]],ZZ)
+            sage: W = span([[1,0],[0,6]],ZZ)
+            sage: h = V0.hom([-3*V1.0 - 3*V1.1, -3*V1.0 - 3*V1.1])
+            sage: h.inverse_image(W)
+            Free module of degree 3 and rank 2 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [0 2 1]
+            [0 0 2]
+            sage: h(h.inverse_image(W)).is_submodule(W)
+            True
+            sage: h(h.inverse_image(W)).index_in(W)
+            +Infinity
+            sage: h(h.inverse_image(W))
+            Free module of degree 2 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [ 3 12]
+
+
+        We test computing inverse images over the integers::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^3; W = V.span_of_basis([[2,2,3],[-1,2,5/3]], ZZ)
+            sage: phi = W.hom([W.0, W.0 - W.1])
+            sage: Z = W.span([2*W.1]); Z
+            Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [    2    -4 -10/3]
+            sage: Y = phi.inverse_image(Z); Y
+            Free module of degree 3 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [  6   0 8/3]
+            sage: phi(Y) == Z
+            True
+
+        We test that :issue:`24590` is resolved::
+
+            sage: A = FreeQuadraticModule(ZZ, 1, matrix([2]))
+            sage: f = A.Hom(A).an_element()
+            sage: f.inverse_image(A)
+            Free module of degree 1 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [1]
+
+        We test that it respects the ``side``::
+
+            sage: V = ZZ^2
+            sage: m = matrix(2, [1, 1, 0, 1])
+            sage: h = V.hom(m, side='right')
+            sage: h
+            Free module morphism defined as left-multiplication by the matrix
+            [1 1]
+            [0 1]...
+            sage: SV = V.span([V.0])
+            sage: h.inverse_image(SV)
+            Free module of degree 2 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [1 0]
+            sage: V.hom(m).inverse_image(SV)
+            Free module of degree 2 and rank 1 over Integer Ring
+            Echelon basis matrix:
+            [ 1 -1]
+        """
+        if self.rank() == 0:
+            # Special case -- if this is the 0 map, then the only possibility
+            # for the inverse image is that it is the whole domain.
+            return self.domain()
+
+        R = self.base_ring()
+        if self.side() == "left":
+            A = self.matrix()
+        else:
+            A = self.matrix().transpose()
+
+        # Replace the module V that we are going to pullback by a
+        # submodule that is contained in the image of self, since our
+        # plan is to lift all generators of V.
+        V = self.image().intersection(V)
+        # Write V in terms of the basis for the codomain.
+        V = self.codomain().coordinate_module(V)
+        B = V.basis_matrix()
+
+        # Compute the kernel, which is contained in the inverse image.
+        K = self.kernel()
+
+        if R.is_field():
+            # By solving, find lifts of each of the basis elements of V.
+            # Each row of C gives a linear combination of the basis for the domain
+            # that maps to one of the basis elements V.
+            C = A.solve_left(B)
+
+        else:
+            if not hasattr(A, 'hermite_form'):
+                raise NotImplementedError("base ring (%s) must have hermite_form algorithm in order to compute inverse image" % R)
+
+            # 1. Compute H such that U*A = H = hnf(A) without zero
+            # rows. What this "does" is find a basis for the image of
+            # A and explicitly represents each element in this basis
+            # as the image of some element of the domain (the rows of
+            # U give these elements of the domain).
+            H, U = A.hermite_form(transformation=True, include_zero_rows=False)
+
+            # 2. Next we find the unique solution to the equation
+            #    Y*H = B.  This writes each basis element of V in
+            # terms of our image basis found in the previous step.
+            Y = H.solve_left(B)
+
+            # 3. Multiply Y by U then takes those same linear combinations
+            # from step 2 above and lifts them to coefficients that define
+            # linear combinations of the basis for the domain.
+            C = Y*U
+
+        # Finally take the linear combinations of the basis for the
+        # domain defined by C. Together with the kernel K, this spans
+        # the inverse image of V.
+        dom = self.domain()
+        if not dom.is_ambient():
+            C = C * dom.basis_matrix()
+        L = dom.submodule(C.rows())
+        return K + L
+
+    def lift(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Given an element of the image, return an element of the codomain that maps onto it.
+
+        Note that ``lift`` and ``preimage_representative`` are
+        equivalent names for this method, with the latter suggesting
+        that the return value is a coset representative of the domain
+        modulo the kernel of the morphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: X = QQ**2
+            sage: V = X.span([[2, 0], [0, 8]], ZZ)
+            sage: W = (QQ**1).span([[1/12]], ZZ)
+            sage: f = V.hom([W([1/3]), W([1/2])], W)
+            sage: l=f.lift([1/3]); l  # random
+            (8, -16)
+            sage: f(l)
+            (1/3)
+            sage: f(f.lift([1/2]))
+            (1/2)
+            sage: f(f.lift([1/6]))
+            (1/6)
+            sage: f.lift([1/12])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: element is not in the image
+            sage: f.lift([1/24])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: element [1/24] is not in free module
+
+        This works for vector spaces, too::
+
+            sage: V = VectorSpace(GF(3), 2)
+            sage: W = VectorSpace(GF(3), 3)
+            sage: f = V.hom([W.1, W.1 - W.0])
+            sage: f.lift(W.1)
+            (1, 0)
+            sage: f.lift(W.2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: element is not in the image
+            sage: w = W((17, -2, 0))
+            sage: f(f.lift(w)) == w
+            True
+
+        This example illustrates the use of the ``preimage_representative``
+        as an equivalent name for this method.  ::
+
+            sage: V = ZZ^3
+            sage: W = ZZ^2
+            sage: w = vector(ZZ, [1,2])
+            sage: f = V.hom([w, w, w], W)
+            sage: f.preimage_representative(vector(ZZ, [10, 20]))
+            (0, 0, 10)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^2; m = matrix(2, [1, 1, 0, 1])
+            sage: V.hom(m, side='right').lift(V.0 + V.1)
+            (0, 1)
+            sage: V.hom(m).lift(V.0 + V.1)
+            (1, 0)
+        """
+        from .free_module_element import vector
+        x = self.codomain()(x)
+        if self.side() == "right":
+            A = self.matrix().transpose()
+        else:
+            A = self.matrix()
+        R = self.base_ring()
+        if R.is_field():
+            try:
+                C = A.solve_left(x)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError("element is not in the image")
+        else:
+            # see inverse_image for similar code but with comments
+            if not hasattr(A, 'hermite_form'):
+                raise NotImplementedError("base ring (%s) must have hermite_form algorithm in order to compute inverse image" % R)
+            H, U = A.hermite_form(transformation=True, include_zero_rows=False)
+            Y = H.solve_left(vector(self.codomain().coordinates(x)))
+            C = Y*U
+        try:
+            t = self.domain().linear_combination_of_basis(C)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise ValueError("element is not in the image")
+        assert self(t) == x
+        return t
+
+    preimage_representative = lift
+
+    def eigenvalues(self, extend=True):
+        r"""
+        Return a list with the eigenvalues of the endomorphism of vector spaces.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``extend`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); decides if base field
+          extensions should be considered or not
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We compute the eigenvalues of an endomorphism of `\QQ^3`::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^3
+            sage: H = V.endomorphism_ring()([[1,-1,0], [-1,1,1], [0,3,1]])
+            sage: H.eigenvalues()                                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [3, 1, -1]
+
+        Note the effect of the ``extend`` option::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^2
+            sage: H = V.endomorphism_ring()([[0,-1], [1,0]])
+            sage: H.eigenvalues()                                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [-1*I, 1*I]
+            sage: H.eigenvalues(extend=False)                                           # needs sage.libs.pari
+            []
+        """
+        if self.base_ring().is_field():
+            if self.is_endomorphism():
+                return self.matrix().eigenvalues(extend=extend)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("not an endomorphism")
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("module must be a vector space")
+
+    def eigenvectors(self, extend=True):
+        """
+        Compute the subspace of eigenvectors of a given eigenvalue.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``extend`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); decides if base field
+          extensions should be considered or not
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A sequence of tuples. Each tuple contains an eigenvalue, a sequence
+        with a basis of the corresponding subspace of eigenvectors, and the
+        algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: V = (QQ^4).subspace([[0,2,1,4], [1,2,5,0], [1,1,1,1]])
+            sage: H = (V.Hom(V))(matrix(QQ, [[0,1,0], [-1,0,0], [0,0,3]]))
+            sage: H.eigenvectors()
+            [(3, [(0, 0, 1, -6/7)], 1),
+             (-1*I, [(1, 1*I, 0, -0.571428571428572? + 2.428571428571429?*I)], 1),
+             (1*I, [(1, -1*I, 0, -0.571428571428572? - 2.428571428571429?*I)], 1)]
+            sage: H.eigenvectors(extend=False)
+            [(3, [(0, 0, 1, -6/7)], 1)]
+            sage: H1 = (V.Hom(V))(matrix(QQ, [[2,1,0],[0,2,0],[0,0,3]]))
+            sage: H1.eigenvectors()
+            [(3, [(0, 0, 1, -6/7)], 1), (2, [(0, 1, 0, 17/7)], 2)]
+            sage: H1.eigenvectors(extend=False)
+            [(3, [(0, 0, 1, -6/7)], 1), (2, [(0, 1, 0, 17/7)], 2)]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^2
+            sage: m = matrix(2, [1, 1, 0, 1])
+            sage: V.hom(m, side='right').eigenvectors()                                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [(1, [(1, 0)], 2)]
+            sage: V.hom(m).eigenvectors()                                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [(1, [(0, 1)], 2)]
+        """
+        if self.base_ring().is_field():
+            if self.is_endomorphism():
+                if self.side() == "right":
+                    seigenvec = self.matrix().eigenvectors_right(extend=extend)
+                else:
+                    seigenvec = self.matrix().eigenvectors_left(extend=extend)
+                resu = []
+                for i in seigenvec:
+                    V = self.domain().base_extend(i[0].parent())
+                    svectors = Sequence([V(j * V.basis_matrix()) for j in i[1]], cr=True)
+                    resu.append((i[0], svectors, i[2]))
+                return resu
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("not an endomorphism")
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("module must be a vector space")
+
+    def eigenspaces(self, extend=True):
+        """
+        Compute a list of subspaces formed by eigenvectors of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``extend`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); determines if field
+          extensions should be considered
+
+        OUTPUT: a list of pairs ``(eigenvalue, eigenspace)``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^3
+            sage: h = V.hom([[1,0,0], [0,0,1], [0,-1,0]], V)
+            sage: h.eigenspaces()                                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [(1,    Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                     Basis matrix:
+                     [1 0 0]),
+             (-1*I, Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Algebraic Field
+                     Basis matrix:
+                     [  0   1 1*I]),
+             (1*I,  Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Algebraic Field
+                     Basis matrix:
+                     [   0    1 -1*I])]
+
+            sage: h.eigenspaces(extend=False)                                           # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [(1,
+              Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
+              Basis matrix:
+              [1 0 0])]
+
+            sage: h = V.hom([[2,1,0], [0,2,0], [0,0,-1]], V)
+            sage: h.eigenspaces()                                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [(-1, Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                   Basis matrix:
+                   [0 0 1]),
+             (2, Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                  Basis matrix:
+                  [0 1 0])]
+
+            sage: h = V.hom([[2,1,0], [0,2,0], [0,0,2]], V)
+            sage: h.eigenspaces()                                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [(2, Vector space of degree 3 and dimension 2 over Rational Field
+                  Basis matrix:
+                  [0 1 0]
+                  [0 0 1])]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^2; m = matrix(2, [1, 1, 0, 1])
+            sage: V.hom(m, side='right').eigenspaces()                                  # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [(1, Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                  Basis matrix:
+                  [1 0])]
+            sage: V.hom(m).eigenspaces()                                                # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [(1, Vector space of degree 2 and dimension 1 over Rational Field
+                  Basis matrix:
+                  [0 1])]
+        """
+        ev = self.eigenvectors(extend)
+        return [(vec[0], Sequence(vec[1]).universe().subspace(vec[1]))
+                for vec in ev]
+
+
+class BaseIsomorphism1D(Morphism):
+    """
+    An isomorphism between a ring and a free rank-1 module over the ring.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+        sage: V, from_V, to_V = R.free_module(R)
+        sage: from_V
+        Isomorphism morphism:
+          From: Ambient free module of rank 1 over the integral domain
+                Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
+          To:   Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
+    """
+    def _repr_type(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: V, from_V, to_V = R.free_module(R)
+            sage: from_V._repr_type()
+            'Isomorphism'
+        """
+        return "Isomorphism"
+
+    def is_injective(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: V, from_V, to_V = R.free_module(R)
+            sage: from_V.is_injective()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def is_surjective(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: V, from_V, to_V = R.free_module(R)
+            sage: from_V.is_surjective()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: V, fr, to = R.free_module(R)
+            sage: fr == loads(dumps(fr))
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, BaseIsomorphism1D):
+            return richcmp(self._basis, other._basis, op)
+        else:
+            return rich_to_bool(op, 1)
+
+
+class BaseIsomorphism1D_to_FM(BaseIsomorphism1D):
+    """
+    An isomorphism from a ring to its 1-dimensional free module.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- the homset
+    - ``basis`` -- (default: 1) an invertible element of the ring
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: R = Zmod(8)
+        sage: V, from_V, to_V = R.free_module(R)
+        sage: v = to_V(2); v
+        (2)
+        sage: from_V(v)
+        2
+        sage: W, from_W, to_W = R.free_module(R, basis=3)
+        sage: W is V
+        True
+        sage: w = to_W(2); w
+        (6)
+        sage: from_W(w)
+        2
+
+    The basis vector has to be a unit so that the map is an isomorphism::
+
+        sage: W, from_W, to_W = R.free_module(R, basis=4)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: basis element must be a unit
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, basis=None):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R = Zmod(8)
+            sage: W, from_W, to_W = R.free_module(R, basis=3)
+            sage: TestSuite(to_W).run()
+        """
+        Morphism.__init__(self, parent)
+        self._basis = basis
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R = Zmod(8)
+            sage: W, from_W, to_W = R.free_module(R, basis=3)
+            sage: to_W(6) # indirect doctest
+            (2)
+        """
+        if self._basis is not None:
+            x *= self._basis
+        return self.codomain()([x])
+
+
+class BaseIsomorphism1D_from_FM(BaseIsomorphism1D):
+    """
+    An isomorphism to a ring from its 1-dimensional free module.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- the homset
+    - ``basis`` -- (default: 1) an invertible element of the ring
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: R.<x> = QQ[[]]
+        sage: V, from_V, to_V = R.free_module(R)
+        sage: v = to_V(1+x); v
+        (1 + x)
+        sage: from_V(v)
+        1 + x
+        sage: W, from_W, to_W = R.free_module(R, basis=(1-x))
+        sage: W is V
+        True
+        sage: w = to_W(1+x); w
+        (1 - x^2)
+        sage: from_W(w)
+        1 + x + O(x^20)
+
+    The basis vector has to be a unit so that the map is an isomorphism::
+
+        sage: W, from_W, to_W = R.free_module(R, basis=x)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: basis element must be a unit
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, basis=None):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[[]]
+            sage: W, from_W, to_W = R.free_module(R, basis=(1-x))
+            sage: TestSuite(from_W).run(skip='_test_nonzero_equal')
+        """
+        Morphism.__init__(self, parent)
+        self._basis = basis
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[[]]
+            sage: W, from_W, to_W = R.free_module(R, basis=(1-x))
+            sage: w = to_W(1+x); w
+            (1 - x^2)
+            sage: from_W(w)
+            1 + x + O(x^20)
+        """
+        if self._basis is None:
+            return x[0]
+        return self.codomain()(x[0] / self._basis)