passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/matroids/catalog.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+r"""
+Individual matroids in the catalog
+
+This module imports the individual matroids accessible through
+:mod:`matroids.catalog <sage.matroids.catalog>` (type this and hit :kbd:`Tab`
+for a list).
+"""
+
+from sage.matroids.database_matroids import (
+    U24, U25, U35, K4, Whirl3, Q6, P6, U36, R6,
+    Fano, FanoDual, NonFano, NonFanoDual, O7, P7,
+    AG32, AG32prime, R8, F8, Q8, L8, S8, Vamos, T8, J, P8, P8pp,
+    Wheel4, Whirl4,
+    K33dual, K33, AG23, TernaryDowling3, R9, Pappus, NonPappus,
+    K5, K5dual, R10, NonDesargues,
+    R12, ExtendedTernaryGolayCode, T12,
+    PG23,
+)
+
+from sage.matroids.database_matroids import (
+    RelaxedNonFano, TippedFree3spike,
+    AG23minusDY, TQ8, P8p, KP8, Sp8, Sp8pp, LP8, WQ8,
+    BB9, TQ9, TQ9p, M8591, PP9, BB9gDY, A9, FN9, FX9, KR9, KQ9,
+    UG10, FF10, GP10, FZ10, UQ10, FP10, TQ10, FY10, PP10, FU10, D10, UK10,
+    PK10, GK10, FT10, TK10, KT10, TU10, UT10, FK10, KF10,
+    FA11,
+    FR12, GP12, FQ12, FF12, FZ12, UQ12, FP12, FS12, UK12, UA12, AK12,
+    FK12, KB12, AF12, NestOfTwistedCubes,
+    XY13,
+    N3, N3pp, UP14, VP14, FV14, OW14, FM14,
+    FA15,
+    N4,
+)
+
+from sage.matroids.database_matroids import (
+    NonVamos, NotP8, AG23minus,
+    P9, R9A, R9B, Block_9_4, TicTacToe,
+    N1, Block_10_5, Q10,
+    BetsyRoss,
+    N2,
+    D16, Terrahawk,
+    ExtendedBinaryGolayCode,
+)

sage/matroids/chow_ring.py

@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.graphs sage.libs.singular
+r"""
+Chow rings of matroids
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Shriya M
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2024 Shriya M <25shriya at gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.matroids.chow_ring_ideal import ChowRingIdeal_nonaug, AugmentedChowRingIdeal_fy, AugmentedChowRingIdeal_atom_free
+from sage.rings.quotient_ring import QuotientRing_generic
+from sage.categories.kahler_algebras import KahlerAlgebras
+from sage.categories.commutative_rings import CommutativeRings
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+
+
+class ChowRing(QuotientRing_generic):
+    r"""
+    The Chow ring of a matroid.
+
+    The *Chow ring of the matroid* `M` is defined as the quotient ring
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        A^*(M)_R := R[x_{F_1}, \ldots, x_{F_k}] / (I_M + J_M),
+
+    where `(I_M + J_M)` is the :class:`Chow ring ideal
+    <sage.matroids.chow_ring_ideal.ChowRingIdeal_nonaug>` of matroid `M`.
+
+    The *augmented Chow ring of matroid* `M` has two different presentations
+    as quotient rings:
+
+    The *Feitchner-Yuzvinsky presentation* is the quotient ring
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        A(M)_R := R[y_{e_1}, \ldots, y_{e_n}, x_{F_1}, \ldots, x_{F_k}] / I_{FY}(M),
+
+    where `I_{FY}(M)` is the :class:`Feitchner-Yuzvinsky augmented Chow ring
+    ideal <sage.matroids.chow_ring_ideal.AugmentedChowRingIdeal_fy>`
+    of matroid `M`.
+
+    The *atom-free presentation* is the quotient ring
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        A(M)_R := R[x_{F_1}, \ldots, x_{F_k}] / I_{af}(M),
+
+    where `I_{af}(M)` is the :class:`atom-free augmented Chow ring ideal
+    <sage.matroids.chow_ring_ideal.AugmentedChowRingIdeal_atom_free>`
+    of matroid `M`.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :mod:`sage.matroids.chow_ring_ideal`
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        Different presentations of Chow rings of non-simple matroids may not be
+        isomorphic to one another.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``M`` -- matroid
+    - ``R`` -- commutative ring
+    - ``augmented`` -- boolean; when ``True``, this is the augmented
+      Chow ring and if ``False``, this is the non-augmented Chow ring
+    - ``presentation`` -- string (default: ``None``); one of the following
+      (ignored if ``augmented=False``)
+
+      * ``"fy"`` - the Feitchner-Yuzvinsky presentation
+      * ``"atom-free"`` - the atom-free presentation
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - [FY2004]_
+    - [AHK2015]_
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: M1 = matroids.catalog.P8pp()
+        sage: ch = M1.chow_ring(QQ, False)
+        sage: ch
+        Chow ring of P8'': Matroid of rank 4 on 8 elements with 8 nonspanning circuits
+        over Rational Field
+    """
+    def __init__(self, R, M, augmented, presentation=None):
+        r"""
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ch = matroids.Wheel(3).chow_ring(QQ, False)
+            sage: TestSuite(ch).run()
+        """
+        self._matroid = M
+        self._augmented = augmented
+        self._presentation = presentation
+        if augmented is True:
+            if presentation == 'fy':
+                self._ideal = AugmentedChowRingIdeal_fy(M, R)
+            elif presentation == 'atom-free':
+                self._ideal = AugmentedChowRingIdeal_atom_free(M, R)
+        else:
+            self._ideal = ChowRingIdeal_nonaug(M, R)
+        C = CommutativeRings().Quotients() & KahlerAlgebras(R)
+        QuotientRing_generic.__init__(self, R=self._ideal.ring(),
+                                      I=self._ideal,
+                                      names=self._ideal.ring().variable_names(),
+                                      category=C)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M1 = matroids.catalog.Fano()
+            sage: ch = M1.chow_ring(QQ, False)
+            sage: ch
+            Chow ring of Fano: Binary matroid of rank 3 on 7 elements, type (3, 0)
+            over Rational Field
+        """
+        output = "Chow ring of {}".format(self._matroid)
+        if self._augmented is True:
+            output = "Augmented " + output
+            if self._presentation == 'fy':
+                output += " in Feitchner-Yuzvinsky presentation"
+            elif self._presentation == 'atom-free':
+                output += " in atom-free presentation"
+        return output + " over " + repr(self.base_ring())
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the LaTeX output of the polynomial ring and Chow ring ideal.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M1 = matroids.Uniform(2, 5)
+            sage: ch = M1.chow_ring(QQ, False)
+            sage: ch._latex_()
+            'A(\\begin{array}{l}\n\\text{\\texttt{U(2,{ }5):{ }Matroid{ }of{ }rank{ }2{ }on{ }5{ }elements{ }with{ }circuit{-}closures}}\\\\\n\\text{\\texttt{{\\char`\\{}2:{ }{\\char`\\{}{\\char`\\{}0,{ }1,{ }2,{ }3,{ }4{\\char`\\}}{\\char`\\}}{\\char`\\}}}}\n\\end{array})_{\\Bold{Q}}'
+        """
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        base = "A({})_{{{}}}"
+        if self._augmented:
+            base += "^*"
+        return base.format(latex(self._matroid), latex(self.base_ring()))
+
+    def matroid(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the matroid of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ch = matroids.Uniform(3, 6).chow_ring(QQ, True, 'fy')
+            sage: ch.matroid()
+            U(3, 6): Matroid of rank 3 on 6 elements with circuit-closures
+            {3: {{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}}
+        """
+        return self._matroid
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_base_ring(self):
+        r"""
+        Disable the coercion from the base ring from the category.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: ch = matroids.Wheel(3).chow_ring(QQ, False)
+            sage: ch._coerce_map_from_base_ring() is None
+            True
+        """
+        return None  # don't need anything special
+
+    def basis(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the monomial basis of the given Chow ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ch = matroids.Uniform(3, 6).chow_ring(QQ, True, 'fy')
+            sage: ch.basis()
+            Family (1, B0, B0*B012345, B1, B1*B012345, B01, B01^2, B2,
+             B2*B012345, B12, B12^2, B02, B02^2, B3, B3*B012345, B23, B23^2,
+             B13, B13^2, B03, B03^2, B4, B4*B012345, B34, B34^2, B24, B24^2,
+             B14, B14^2, B04, B04^2, B5, B5*B012345, B45, B45^2, B35, B35^2,
+             B25, B25^2, B15, B15^2, B05, B05^2, B012345, B012345^2, B012345^3)
+            sage: set(ch.defining_ideal().normal_basis()) == set(ch.basis())
+            True
+            sage: ch = matroids.catalog.Fano().chow_ring(QQ, False)
+            sage: ch.basis()
+            Family (1, Abcd, Aace, Adef, Aabf, Acfg, Abeg, Aadg, Aabcdefg,
+             Aabcdefg^2)
+            sage: set(ch.defining_ideal().normal_basis()) == set(ch.basis())
+            True
+            sage: ch = matroids.Wheel(3).chow_ring(QQ, True, 'atom-free')
+            sage: ch.basis()
+            Family (1, A0, A0*A012345, A1, A1*A012345, A2, A2*A012345, A3,
+             A3*A012345, A23, A23^2, A013, A013^2, A4, A4*A012345, A124, A124^2,
+             A04, A04^2, A5, A5*A012345, A345, A345^2, A15, A15^2, A025, A025^2,
+             A012345, A012345^2, A012345^3)
+            sage: set(ch.defining_ideal().normal_basis()) == set(ch.basis())
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.sets.family import Family
+        monomial_basis = self._ideal.normal_basis()
+        return Family([self.element_class(self, mon, reduce=False) for mon in monomial_basis])
+
+    @cached_method
+    def lefschetz_element(self):
+        r"""
+        Return one Lefschetz element of the given Chow ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ch = matroids.catalog.P8pp().chow_ring(QQ, False)
+            sage: ch.lefschetz_element()
+            -2*Aab - 2*Aac - 2*Aad - 2*Aae - 2*Aaf - 2*Aag - 2*Aah - 2*Abc
+            - 2*Abd - 2*Abe - 2*Abf - 2*Abg - 2*Abh - 2*Acd - 2*Ace - 2*Acf
+            - 2*Acg - 2*Ach - 2*Ade - 2*Adf - 2*Adg - 2*Adh - 2*Aef - 2*Aeg
+            - 2*Aeh - 2*Afg - 2*Afh - 2*Agh - 6*Aabc - 6*Aabd - 6*Aabe
+            - 12*Aabfh - 6*Aabg - 6*Aacd - 12*Aacef - 12*Aacgh - 12*Aadeg
+            - 6*Aadf - 6*Aadh - 6*Aaeh - 6*Aafg - 6*Abcd - 12*Abceg
+            - 6*Abcf - 6*Abch - 12*Abdeh - 12*Abdfg - 6*Abef - 6*Abgh
+            - 6*Acde - 12*Acdfh - 6*Acdg - 6*Aceh - 6*Acfg - 6*Adef
+            - 6*Adgh - 6*Aefg - 6*Aefh - 6*Aegh - 6*Afgh - 56*Aabcdefgh
+
+        The following example finds the Lefschetz element of the Chow ring
+        of the uniform matroid of rank 4 on 5 elements (non-augmented).
+        It is then multiplied with the elements of FY-monomial bases of
+        different degrees::
+
+            sage: ch = matroids.Uniform(4, 5).chow_ring(QQ, False)
+            sage: basis_deg = {}
+            sage: for b in ch.basis():
+            ....:     deg = b.homogeneous_degree()
+            ....:     if deg not in basis_deg:
+            ....:         basis_deg[deg] = []
+            ....:     basis_deg[deg].append(b)
+            ....:
+            sage: basis_deg
+            {0: [1],
+             1: [A01, A12, A02, A012, A23, A13, A123, A03, A013, A023, A34, A24,
+                 A234, A14, A124, A134, A04, A014, A024, A034, A01234],
+             2: [A01*A01234, A12*A01234, A02*A01234, A012^2, A23*A01234,
+                 A13*A01234, A123^2, A03*A01234, A013^2, A023^2, A34*A01234,
+                 A24*A01234, A234^2, A14*A01234, A124^2, A134^2, A04*A01234,
+                 A014^2, A024^2, A034^2, A01234^2],
+             3: [A01234^3]}
+            sage: g_eq_maps = {}
+            sage: lefschetz_el = ch.lefschetz_element(); lefschetz_el
+            -2*A01 - 2*A02 - 2*A03 - 2*A04 - 2*A12 - 2*A13 - 2*A14 - 2*A23
+            - 2*A24 - 2*A34 - 6*A012 - 6*A013 - 6*A014 - 6*A023 - 6*A024
+            - 6*A034 - 6*A123 - 6*A124 - 6*A134 - 6*A234 - 20*A01234
+            sage: for deg in basis_deg:
+            ....:     if deg not in g_eq_maps:
+            ....:         g_eq_maps[deg] = []
+            ....:     g_eq_maps[deg].extend([i*lefschetz_el for i in basis_deg[deg]])
+            ....:
+            sage: g_eq_maps
+            {0: [-2*A01 - 2*A02 - 2*A03 - 2*A04 - 2*A12 - 2*A13 - 2*A14 - 2*A23
+                 - 2*A24 - 2*A34 - 6*A012 - 6*A013 - 6*A014 - 6*A023 - 6*A024
+                 - 6*A034 - 6*A123 - 6*A124 - 6*A134 - 6*A234 - 20*A01234],
+             1: [2*A012^2 + 2*A013^2 + 2*A014^2 - 10*A01*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 2*A012^2 + 2*A123^2 + 2*A124^2 - 10*A12*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 2*A012^2 + 2*A023^2 + 2*A024^2 - 10*A02*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 -6*A012^2 + 2*A01*A01234 + 2*A02*A01234 + 2*A12*A01234,
+                 2*A023^2 + 2*A123^2 + 2*A234^2 - 10*A23*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 2*A013^2 + 2*A123^2 + 2*A134^2 - 10*A13*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 -6*A123^2 + 2*A12*A01234 + 2*A13*A01234 + 2*A23*A01234,
+                 2*A013^2 + 2*A023^2 + 2*A034^2 - 10*A03*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 -6*A013^2 + 2*A01*A01234 + 2*A03*A01234 + 2*A13*A01234,
+                 -6*A023^2 + 2*A02*A01234 + 2*A03*A01234 + 2*A23*A01234,
+                 2*A034^2 + 2*A134^2 + 2*A234^2 - 10*A34*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 2*A024^2 + 2*A124^2 + 2*A234^2 - 10*A24*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 -6*A234^2 + 2*A23*A01234 + 2*A24*A01234 + 2*A34*A01234,
+                 2*A014^2 + 2*A124^2 + 2*A134^2 - 10*A14*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 -6*A124^2 + 2*A12*A01234 + 2*A14*A01234 + 2*A24*A01234,
+                 -6*A134^2 + 2*A13*A01234 + 2*A14*A01234 + 2*A34*A01234,
+                 2*A014^2 + 2*A024^2 + 2*A034^2 - 10*A04*A01234 + 2*A01234^2,
+                 -6*A014^2 + 2*A01*A01234 + 2*A04*A01234 + 2*A14*A01234,
+                 -6*A024^2 + 2*A02*A01234 + 2*A04*A01234 + 2*A24*A01234,
+                 -6*A034^2 + 2*A03*A01234 + 2*A04*A01234 + 2*A34*A01234,
+                 -2*A01*A01234 - 2*A02*A01234 - 2*A03*A01234 - 2*A04*A01234
+                 - 2*A12*A01234 - 2*A13*A01234 - 2*A14*A01234 - 2*A23*A01234
+                 - 2*A24*A01234 - 2*A34*A01234 - 20*A01234^2],
+             2: [2*A01234^3, 2*A01234^3, 2*A01234^3, 6*A01234^3, 2*A01234^3,
+                 2*A01234^3, 6*A01234^3, 2*A01234^3, 6*A01234^3, 6*A01234^3,
+                 2*A01234^3, 2*A01234^3, 6*A01234^3, 2*A01234^3, 6*A01234^3,
+                 6*A01234^3, 2*A01234^3, 6*A01234^3, 6*A01234^3, 6*A01234^3,
+                 -20*A01234^3],
+             3: [0]}
+        """
+        w = sum(len(F) * (len(self.matroid().groundset()) - len(F)) * gen
+                for F, gen in self.defining_ideal().flats_to_generator_dict().items())
+        return self.element_class(self, w)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def poincare_pairing(self, el1, el2):
+        r"""
+        Return the Poincaré pairing of any two elements of the
+        Chow ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ch = matroids.Wheel(3).chow_ring(QQ, True, 'atom-free')
+            sage: A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A013, A025, A04, A124, A15, A23, A345, A012345 = ch.gens()
+            sage: u = ch(-1/6*A2*A012345 + 41/48*A012345^2); u
+            -1/6*A2*A012345 + 41/48*A012345^2
+            sage: v = ch(-A345^2 - 1/4*A345); v
+            -A345^2 - 1/4*A345
+            sage: ch.poincare_pairing(v, u)
+            3
+        """
+        r = self.top_degree()
+        hom_components1 = el1.lift().homogeneous_components()
+        hom_components2 = el2.lift().homogeneous_components()
+        new_el = self.base_ring().zero()
+        for i in hom_components1:
+            if r - i not in hom_components2:
+                continue
+            new_el += hom_components1[i] * hom_components2[r - i]
+        return new_el.degree()
+
+    class Element(QuotientRing_generic.Element):
+        def to_vector(self, order=None):
+            r"""
+            Return ``self`` as a (dense) free module vector.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: ch = matroids.Uniform(3, 6).chow_ring(QQ, False)
+                sage: v = ch.an_element(); v
+                -A01 - A02 - A03 - A04 - A05 - A012345
+                sage: v.to_vector()
+                (0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, -1, 0)
+            """
+            P = self.parent()
+            B = P.basis()
+            FM = P._dense_free_module()
+            f = self.lift()
+            return FM([f.monomial_coefficient(b.lift()) for b in B])
+
+        _vector_ = to_vector
+
+        def monomial_coefficients(self, copy=None):
+            r"""
+            Return the monomial coefficients of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: ch = matroids.catalog.NonFano().chow_ring(QQ, True, 'atom-free')
+                sage: v = ch.an_element(); v
+                Aa
+                sage: v.monomial_coefficients()
+                {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 0, 3: 0, 4: 0, 5: 0, 6: 0, 7: 0, 8: 0, 9: 0,
+                 10: 0, 11: 0, 12: 0, 13: 0, 14: 0, 15: 0, 16: 0, 17: 0,
+                 18: 0, 19: 0, 20: 0, 21: 0, 22: 0, 23: 0, 24: 0, 25: 0,
+                 26: 0, 27: 0, 28: 0, 29: 0, 30: 0, 31: 0, 32: 0, 33: 0,
+                 34: 0, 35: 0}
+            """
+            B = self.parent().basis()
+            f = self.lift()
+            return {i: f.monomial_coefficient(b.lift()) for i, b in enumerate(B)}
+
+        def degree(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the degree of ``self``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: ch = matroids.Uniform(3, 6).chow_ring(QQ, False)
+                sage: for b in ch.basis():
+                ....:     print(b, b.degree())
+                1 0
+                A01 1
+                A12 1
+                A02 1
+                A23 1
+                A13 1
+                A03 1
+                A34 1
+                A24 1
+                A14 1
+                A04 1
+                A45 1
+                A35 1
+                A25 1
+                A15 1
+                A05 1
+                A012345 1
+                A012345^2 2
+                sage: v = sum(ch.basis())
+                sage: v.degree()
+                2
+            """
+            return self.lift().degree()
+
+        def homogeneous_degree(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the (homogeneous) degree of ``self`` if homogeneous
+            otherwise raise an error.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: ch = matroids.catalog.Fano().chow_ring(QQ, True, 'fy')
+                sage: for b in ch.basis():
+                ....:     print(b, b.homogeneous_degree())
+                1 0
+                Ba 1
+                Ba*Babcdefg 2
+                Bb 1
+                Bb*Babcdefg 2
+                Bc 1
+                Bc*Babcdefg 2
+                Bd 1
+                Bd*Babcdefg 2
+                Bbcd 1
+                Bbcd^2 2
+                Be 1
+                Be*Babcdefg 2
+                Bace 1
+                Bace^2 2
+                Bf 1
+                Bf*Babcdefg 2
+                Bdef 1
+                Bdef^2 2
+                Babf 1
+                Babf^2 2
+                Bg 1
+                Bg*Babcdefg 2
+                Bcfg 1
+                Bcfg^2 2
+                Bbeg 1
+                Bbeg^2 2
+                Badg 1
+                Badg^2 2
+                Babcdefg 1
+                Babcdefg^2 2
+                Babcdefg^3 3
+                sage: v = sum(ch.basis()); v
+                Babcdefg^3 + Babf^2 + Bace^2 + Badg^2 + Bbcd^2 + Bbeg^2 +
+                Bcfg^2 + Bdef^2 + Ba*Babcdefg + Bb*Babcdefg + Bc*Babcdefg +
+                Bd*Babcdefg + Be*Babcdefg + Bf*Babcdefg + Bg*Babcdefg +
+                Babcdefg^2 + Ba + Bb + Bc + Bd + Be + Bf + Bg + Babf + Bace +
+                Badg + Bbcd + Bbeg + Bcfg + Bdef + Babcdefg + 1
+                sage: v.homogeneous_degree()
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                ValueError: element is not homogeneous
+
+            TESTS::
+
+                sage: ch = matroids.Wheel(3).chow_ring(QQ, True, 'atom-free')
+                sage: ch.zero().homogeneous_degree()
+                Traceback (most recent call last):
+                ...
+                ValueError: the zero element does not have a well-defined degree
+            """
+            if not self:
+                raise ValueError("the zero element does not have a well-defined degree")
+            f = self.lift()
+            if not f.is_homogeneous():
+                raise ValueError("element is not homogeneous")
+            return f.degree()