passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/matrix/matrix_space.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2848 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+r"""
+Matrix Spaces
+
+You can create any space `\text{Mat}_{n\times m}(R)` of
+either dense or sparse matrices with given number of rows and
+columns over any commutative or noncommutative ring.
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: MS = MatrixSpace(QQ, 6,6, sparse=True); MS
+    Full MatrixSpace of 6 by 6 sparse matrices over Rational Field
+    sage: MS.base_ring()
+    Rational Field
+    sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3,5, sparse=False); MS
+    Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 5 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+
+TESTS::
+
+    sage: matrix(RR,2,2,sparse=True)
+    [0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000]
+    [0.000000000000000 0.000000000000000]
+    sage: matrix(GF(11), 2, 2, sparse=True)
+    [0 0]
+    [0 0]
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+# System imports
+import sys
+import operator
+
+# Sage matrix imports see :issue:`34283`
+
+# Sage imports
+import sage.structure.coerce_actions
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+import sage.rings.integer as integer
+from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base import FiniteField
+import sage.misc.latex as latex
+import sage.modules.free_module
+
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+from sage.misc.superseded import deprecated_function_alias
+from sage.misc.persist import register_unpickle_override
+from sage.categories.rings import Rings
+from sage.categories.fields import Fields
+from sage.categories.enumerated_sets import EnumeratedSets
+
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.features.meataxe import Meataxe
+lazy_import('sage.matrix.matrix_gfpn_dense', ['Matrix_gfpn_dense'],
+            feature=Meataxe())
+lazy_import('sage.groups.matrix_gps.matrix_group', ['MatrixGroup_base'])
+
+_Rings = Rings()
+_Fields = Fields()
+
+
+def is_MatrixSpace(x):
+    """
+    Return whether ``self`` is an instance of ``MatrixSpace``.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_space import is_MatrixSpace
+        sage: MS = MatrixSpace(QQ,2)
+        sage: A = MS.random_element()
+        sage: is_MatrixSpace(MS)
+        doctest:warning...
+        DeprecationWarning: the function is_MatrixSpace is deprecated;
+        use 'isinstance(..., MatrixSpace)' instead
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/37924 for details.
+        True
+        sage: is_MatrixSpace(A)
+        False
+        sage: is_MatrixSpace(5)
+        False
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(37924, "the function is_MatrixSpace is deprecated; use 'isinstance(..., MatrixSpace)' instead")
+    return isinstance(x, MatrixSpace)
+
+
+def get_matrix_class(R, nrows, ncols, sparse, implementation):
+    r"""
+    Return a matrix class according to the input.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        This returns the base class without the category.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- a base ring
+
+    - ``nrows`` -- number of rows
+
+    - ``ncols`` -- number of columns
+
+    - ``sparse`` -- boolean; whether the matrix class should be sparse
+
+    - ``implementation`` -- ``None`` or string or a matrix class; a possible
+      implementation. See the documentation of the constructor of :class:`MatrixSpace`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_space import get_matrix_class
+
+        sage: get_matrix_class(ZZ, 4, 5, False, None)                                   # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(ZZ, 4, 5, True, None)                                    # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_sparse.Matrix_integer_sparse'>
+
+        sage: get_matrix_class(ZZ, 3, 3, False, 'flint')                                # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(ZZ, 3, 3, False, 'gap')                                  # needs sage.libs.gap
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_gap.Matrix_gap'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(ZZ, 3, 3, False, 'generic')
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_generic_dense.Matrix_generic_dense'>
+
+        sage: get_matrix_class(GF(2^15), 3, 3, False, None)                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_gf2e_dense.Matrix_gf2e_dense'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(GF(2^17), 3, 3, False, None)                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_generic_dense.Matrix_generic_dense'>
+
+        sage: get_matrix_class(GF(2), 2, 2, False, 'm4ri')                              # needs sage.libs.m4ri
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense.Matrix_mod2_dense'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(GF(4), 2, 2, False, 'm4ri')                              # needs sage.libs.m4ri sage.rings.finite_rings
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_gf2e_dense.Matrix_gf2e_dense'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(GF(7), 2, 2, False, 'linbox-float')                      # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_modn_dense_float.Matrix_modn_dense_float'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(GF(7), 2, 2, False, 'linbox-double')                     # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_modn_dense_double.Matrix_modn_dense_double'>
+
+        sage: get_matrix_class(RDF, 2, 2, False, 'numpy')                               # needs numpy
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_real_double_dense.Matrix_real_double_dense'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(CDF, 2, 3, False, 'numpy')                               # needs numpy sage.rings.complex_double
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_complex_double_dense.Matrix_complex_double_dense'>
+
+        sage: get_matrix_class(GF(25,'x'), 4, 4, False, 'meataxe')          # optional - meataxe, needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_gfpn_dense.Matrix_gfpn_dense'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(IntegerModRing(3), 4, 4, False, 'meataxe')   # optional - meataxe
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_gfpn_dense.Matrix_gfpn_dense'>
+        sage: get_matrix_class(IntegerModRing(4), 4, 4, False, 'meataxe')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: 'meataxe' matrix can only deal with finite fields of order < 256
+        sage: get_matrix_class(GF(next_prime(255)), 4, 4, False, 'meataxe')             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: 'meataxe' matrix can only deal with finite fields of order < 256
+
+        sage: get_matrix_class(ZZ, 3, 5, False, 'crazy_matrix')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: unknown matrix implementation 'crazy_matrix' over Integer Ring
+        sage: get_matrix_class(GF(3), 2, 2, False, 'm4ri')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: 'm4ri' matrices are only available for fields of characteristic 2
+        and order <= 65536
+        sage: get_matrix_class(Zmod(2**30), 2, 2, False, 'linbox-float')                # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: 'linbox-float' matrices can only deal with order < 256
+        sage: get_matrix_class(Zmod(2**30), 2, 2, False, 'linbox-double')               # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: 'linbox-double' matrices can only deal with order < 94906266
+
+        sage: type(matrix(SR, 2, 2, 0))                                                 # needs sage.symbolic
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_symbolic_dense.Matrix_symbolic_dense'>
+        sage: type(matrix(SR, 2, 2, 0, sparse=True))                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_symbolic_sparse.Matrix_symbolic_sparse'>
+        sage: type(matrix(GF(7), 2, range(4)))                                          # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_modn_dense_float.Matrix_modn_dense_float'>
+        sage: type(matrix(GF(16007), 2, range(4)))                                      # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_modn_dense_double.Matrix_modn_dense_double'>
+        sage: type(matrix(CBF, 2, range(4)))                                            # needs sage.libs.flint
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_complex_ball_dense.Matrix_complex_ball_dense'>
+        sage: type(matrix(GF(2), 2, range(4)))                                          # needs sage.libs.m4ri
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense.Matrix_mod2_dense'>
+        sage: type(matrix(GF(64, 'z'), 2, range(4)))                                    # needs sage.libs.m4ri sage.rings.finite_rings
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_gf2e_dense.Matrix_gf2e_dense'>
+        sage: type(matrix(GF(125, 'z'), 2, range(4)))                       # optional - meataxe, needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_gfpn_dense.Matrix_gfpn_dense'>
+    """
+    if isinstance(implementation, type):
+        return implementation
+
+    if not sparse:
+        if implementation is None:
+            # Choose default implementation:
+            if R is sage.rings.integer_ring.ZZ:
+                try:
+                    from . import matrix_integer_dense
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    return matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense
+
+            elif R is sage.rings.rational_field.QQ:
+                try:
+                    from . import matrix_rational_dense
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    return matrix_rational_dense.Matrix_rational_dense
+
+            elif isinstance(R, sage.rings.abc.RealDoubleField):
+                try:
+                    from . import matrix_real_double_dense
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    return matrix_real_double_dense.Matrix_real_double_dense
+
+            elif isinstance(R, sage.rings.abc.ComplexDoubleField):
+                if implementation is None or implementation == 'numpy':
+                    try:
+                        from . import matrix_complex_double_dense
+                    except ImportError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        return matrix_complex_double_dense.Matrix_complex_double_dense
+
+            elif isinstance(R, FiniteField):
+                if R.order() == 2:
+                    try:
+                        from . import matrix_mod2_dense
+                    except ImportError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        return matrix_mod2_dense.Matrix_mod2_dense
+
+                if R.characteristic() == 2 and R.order() <= 65536:  # 65536 == 2^16
+                    try:
+                        from . import matrix_gf2e_dense
+                    except ImportError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        return matrix_gf2e_dense.Matrix_gf2e_dense
+
+                if (not R.is_prime_field()) and R.order() < 256:
+                    try:
+                        from . import matrix_gfpn_dense
+                        return matrix_gfpn_dense.Matrix_gfpn_dense
+                    except ImportError:
+                        pass
+
+            if isinstance(R, sage.rings.abc.IntegerModRing):
+                try:
+                    from . import matrix_modn_dense_double, matrix_modn_dense_float
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    if R.order() < matrix_modn_dense_float.MAX_MODULUS:
+                        return matrix_modn_dense_float.Matrix_modn_dense_float
+                    if R.order() < matrix_modn_dense_double.MAX_MODULUS:
+                        return matrix_modn_dense_double.Matrix_modn_dense_double
+
+            if isinstance(R, sage.rings.abc.NumberField_cyclotomic):
+                from . import matrix_cyclo_dense
+                return matrix_cyclo_dense.Matrix_cyclo_dense
+
+            try:
+                from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if R is SR:
+                    try:
+                        from . import matrix_symbolic_dense
+                    except ImportError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        return matrix_symbolic_dense.Matrix_symbolic_dense
+
+            if isinstance(R, sage.rings.abc.ComplexBallField):
+                try:
+                    from . import matrix_complex_ball_dense
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    return matrix_complex_ball_dense.Matrix_complex_ball_dense
+
+            try:
+                from sage.rings.polynomial import polynomial_ring, multi_polynomial_ring_base
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if isinstance(R, polynomial_ring.PolynomialRing_generic) and R.base_ring() in _Fields:
+                    try:
+                        from . import matrix_polynomial_dense
+                    except ImportError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        return matrix_polynomial_dense.Matrix_polynomial_dense
+
+                elif isinstance(R, multi_polynomial_ring_base.MPolynomialRing_base) and R.base_ring() in _Fields:
+                    try:
+                        from . import matrix_mpolynomial_dense
+                    except ImportError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        return matrix_mpolynomial_dense.Matrix_mpolynomial_dense
+                elif isinstance(R, sage.rings.polynomial.laurent_polynomial_ring.LaurentPolynomialRing_mpair) and R.base_ring() in _Fields:
+                    try:
+                        from . import matrix_laurent_mpolynomial_dense
+                    except ImportError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        return matrix_laurent_mpolynomial_dense.Matrix_laurent_mpolynomial_dense
+
+            # The fallback
+            from sage.matrix.matrix_generic_dense import Matrix_generic_dense
+            return Matrix_generic_dense
+
+        # Deal with request for a specific implementation
+        if implementation == 'flint':
+            if R is sage.rings.integer_ring.ZZ:
+                from . import matrix_integer_dense
+                return matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense
+            if R is sage.rings.rational_field.QQ:
+                from . import matrix_rational_dense
+                return matrix_rational_dense.Matrix_rational_dense
+            raise ValueError("'flint' matrices are only available over the integers or the rationals")
+
+        if implementation == 'm4ri':
+            if R.is_field() and R.characteristic() == 2 and R.order() <= 65536:
+                if R.order() == 2:
+                    from . import matrix_mod2_dense
+                    return matrix_mod2_dense.Matrix_mod2_dense
+                from . import matrix_gf2e_dense
+                return matrix_gf2e_dense.Matrix_gf2e_dense
+            raise ValueError("'m4ri' matrices are only available for fields of characteristic 2 and order <= 65536")
+
+        if implementation == 'meataxe':
+            if R.is_field() and R.order() < 256:
+                return Matrix_gfpn_dense
+            raise ValueError("'meataxe' matrix can only deal with finite fields of order < 256")
+
+        if implementation == 'numpy':
+            if R is sage.rings.real_double.RDF:
+                from . import matrix_real_double_dense
+                return matrix_real_double_dense.Matrix_real_double_dense
+            if R is sage.rings.complex_double.CDF:
+                from . import matrix_complex_double_dense
+                return matrix_complex_double_dense.Matrix_complex_double_dense
+            if R is sage.rings.integer_ring.ZZ:
+                from . import matrix_numpy_integer_dense
+                return matrix_numpy_integer_dense.Matrix_numpy_integer_dense
+            raise ValueError("'numpy' matrices are only available over RDF, CDF, and ZZ")
+
+        if implementation == 'rational':
+            if isinstance(R, sage.rings.abc.NumberField_cyclotomic):
+                from . import matrix_cyclo_dense
+                return matrix_cyclo_dense.Matrix_cyclo_dense
+            raise ValueError("'rational' matrices are only available over a cyclotomic field")
+
+        if implementation == 'linbox-float':
+            from . import matrix_modn_dense_float
+            if R.order() < matrix_modn_dense_float.MAX_MODULUS:
+                return matrix_modn_dense_float.Matrix_modn_dense_float
+            raise ValueError("'linbox-float' matrices can only deal with order < %s" % matrix_modn_dense_float.MAX_MODULUS)
+
+        if implementation == 'linbox-double':
+            from . import matrix_modn_dense_double
+            if R.order() < matrix_modn_dense_double.MAX_MODULUS:
+                return matrix_modn_dense_double.Matrix_modn_dense_double
+            raise ValueError("'linbox-double' matrices can only deal with order < %s" % matrix_modn_dense_double.MAX_MODULUS)
+
+        if implementation == 'generic':
+            from sage.matrix.matrix_generic_dense import Matrix_generic_dense
+            return Matrix_generic_dense
+
+        if implementation == 'gap':
+            from sage.matrix.matrix_gap import Matrix_gap
+            return Matrix_gap
+
+        raise ValueError("unknown matrix implementation %r over %r" % (implementation, R))
+
+    # By now, we are dealing with sparse matrices
+    if implementation is not None:
+        raise ValueError("cannot choose an implementation for sparse matrices")
+
+    if isinstance(R, sage.rings.abc.IntegerModRing):
+        try:
+            from . import matrix_modn_sparse
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if R.order() < matrix_modn_sparse.MAX_MODULUS:
+                return matrix_modn_sparse.Matrix_modn_sparse
+
+    if isinstance(R, sage.rings.rational_field.RationalField):
+        try:
+            from . import matrix_rational_sparse
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return matrix_rational_sparse.Matrix_rational_sparse
+
+    if isinstance(R, sage.rings.integer_ring.IntegerRing_class):
+        try:
+            from . import matrix_integer_sparse
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return matrix_integer_sparse.Matrix_integer_sparse
+
+    if isinstance(R, (sage.rings.abc.RealDoubleField, sage.rings.abc.ComplexDoubleField)):
+        from . import matrix_double_sparse
+        return matrix_double_sparse.Matrix_double_sparse
+    try:
+        from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        if R is SR:
+            try:
+                from . import matrix_symbolic_sparse
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                return matrix_symbolic_sparse.Matrix_symbolic_sparse
+
+    # the fallback
+    from sage.matrix.matrix_generic_sparse import Matrix_generic_sparse
+    return Matrix_generic_sparse
+
+
+class MatrixSpace(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    """
+    The space of matrices of given size and base ring.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``base_ring`` -- a ring
+
+    - ``nrows`` or ``row_keys`` -- nonnegative integer; the number of rows, or
+      a finite family of arbitrary objects that index the rows of the matrix
+
+    - ``ncols`` or ``column_keys`` -- nonnegative integer (default: ``nrows``);
+      the number of columns, or a finite family of arbitrary objects that index
+      the columns of the matrix
+
+    - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether or not matrices
+      are given a sparse representation
+
+    - ``implementation`` -- (optional)  string or matrix class; a possible
+      implementation. Depending on the base ring, the string can be
+
+      - ``'generic'`` -- on any base rings
+
+      - ``'flint'`` -- for integers and rationals
+
+      - ``'meataxe'`` -- finite fields using the optional package :ref:`spkg_meataxe`
+
+      - ``'m4ri'`` -- for characteristic 2 using the :ref:`spkg_m4ri` library
+
+      - ``'linbox-float'`` -- for integer mod rings up to `2^8 = 256`
+
+      - ``'linbox-double'`` -- for integer mod rings up to
+        `floor(2^26*sqrt(2) + 1/2) = 94906266`
+
+      - ``'numpy'`` -- for real and complex floating point numbers
+
+    OUTPUT: a matrix space or, more generally, a homspace between free modules
+
+    This factory function creates instances of various specialized classes
+    depending on the input.  Not all combinations of options are
+    implemented.
+
+    - If the parameters ``row_keys`` or ``column_keys`` are provided, they
+      must be finite families of objects. In this case, instances of
+      :class:`CombinatorialFreeModule` are created via the factory function
+      :func:`FreeModule`. Then the homspace between these modules is returned.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, 2)
+        Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Rational Field
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3, 2)
+        Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 2 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3, sparse=False)
+        Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 10, 5)
+        Full MatrixSpace of 10 by 5 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 10, 5).category()
+        Category of infinite enumerated finite dimensional modules with basis over
+         (Dedekind domains and euclidean domains
+          and noetherian rings
+          and infinite enumerated sets and metric spaces)
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 10, 10).category()
+        Category of infinite enumerated finite dimensional algebras with basis over
+         (Dedekind domains and euclidean domains
+          and noetherian rings
+          and infinite enumerated sets and metric spaces)
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, 10).category()
+        Category of infinite finite dimensional algebras with basis over
+         (number fields and quotient fields and metric spaces)
+
+    Some examples of square 2 by 2 rational matrices::
+
+        sage: MS = MatrixSpace(QQ, 2)
+        sage: MS.dimension()
+        4
+        sage: MS.dims()
+        (2, 2)
+        sage: B = MS.basis()
+        sage: list(B)
+        [
+        [1 0]  [0 1]  [0 0]  [0 0]
+        [0 0], [0 0], [1 0], [0 1]
+        ]
+        sage: B[0,0]
+        [1 0]
+        [0 0]
+        sage: B[0,1]
+        [0 1]
+        [0 0]
+        sage: B[1,0]
+        [0 0]
+        [1 0]
+        sage: B[1,1]
+        [0 0]
+        [0 1]
+        sage: A = MS.matrix([1,2,3,4]); A
+        [1 2]
+        [3 4]
+
+    The above matrix ``A`` can be multiplied by a 2 by 3 integer matrix::
+
+        sage: MS2 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, 3)
+        sage: B = MS2.matrix([1,2,3,4,5,6])
+        sage: A * B
+        [ 9 12 15]
+        [19 26 33]
+
+    Using ``row_keys`` and ``column_keys``::
+
+        sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ, ['u', 'v'], ['a', 'b', 'c']); MS
+        Set of Morphisms
+         from Free module generated by {'a', 'b', 'c'} over Integer Ring
+           to Free module generated by {'u', 'v'} over Integer Ring
+           in Category of finite dimensional modules with basis over Integer Ring
+
+    Check categories::
+
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 10, 5)
+        Full MatrixSpace of 10 by 5 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 10, 5).category()
+        Category of infinite enumerated finite dimensional modules with basis over
+         (Dedekind domains and euclidean domains
+          and noetherian rings
+          and infinite enumerated sets and metric spaces)
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 10, 10).category()
+        Category of infinite enumerated finite dimensional algebras with basis over
+         (Dedekind domains and euclidean domains
+          and noetherian rings
+          and infinite enumerated sets and metric spaces)
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, 10).category()
+        Category of infinite finite dimensional algebras with basis over
+         (number fields and quotient fields and metric spaces)
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 1, 2^63)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        OverflowError: number of rows and columns may be at most...
+        sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2^100, 10)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        OverflowError: number of rows and columns may be at most...
+
+    Check that different implementations play together as expected::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        sage: M1 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='flint')
+        sage: M2 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='generic')
+        sage: type(M1(range(4)))
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'>
+        sage: type(M2(range(4)))
+        <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_generic_dense.Matrix_generic_dense'>
+        sage: M1(M2.an_element())
+        [ 0  1]
+        [-1  2]
+        sage: M2(M1.an_element())
+        [ 0  1]
+        [-1  2]
+        sage: all((A.get_action(B) is not None) == (A is B)
+        ....:     for A in [M1, M2] for B in [M1, M2])
+        True
+
+    Check that libgap matrices over finite fields are working properly::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.libs.gap
+        sage: M2 = MatrixSpace(GF(2), 5, implementation='gap')
+        sage: M2.one()
+        [1 0 0 0 0]
+        [0 1 0 0 0]
+        [0 0 1 0 0]
+        [0 0 0 1 0]
+        [0 0 0 0 1]
+        sage: m = M2.random_element()
+        sage: M1 = MatrixSpace(GF(2), 5)
+        sage: M1(m * m) == M1(m) * M1(m)
+        True
+
+    Check various combinations of dimensions and row/column keys::
+
+        sage: M_ab_4 = MatrixSpace(QQ, ['a','b'], 4); M_ab_4
+        Set of Morphisms (Linear Transformations)
+         from Vector space of dimension 4 over Rational Field
+           to Free module generated by {'a', 'b'} over Rational Field
+        sage: TestSuite(M_ab_4).run()  # known bug
+        sage: M_4_ab = MatrixSpace(QQ, 4, ['a','b']); M_4_ab
+        Set of Morphisms
+         from Free module generated by {'a', 'b'} over Rational Field
+           to Vector space of dimension 4 over Rational Field
+           in Category of finite dimensional vector spaces with basis
+              over (number fields and quotient fields and metric spaces)
+        sage: TestSuite(M_4_ab).run()  # known bug
+        sage: M_ab_xy = MatrixSpace(QQ, ['a','b'], ['x','y'], nrows=2); M_ab_xy
+        Set of Morphisms
+         from Free module generated by {'x', 'y'} over Rational Field
+           to Free module generated by {'a', 'b'} over Rational Field
+           in Category of finite dimensional vector spaces with basis over Rational Field
+        sage: TestSuite(M_ab_xy).run()  # known bug
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, ['a','b'], ['x','y'], nrows=4)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: inconsistent number of rows:
+        should be cardinality of ['a', 'b'] but got 4
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, ['a','b'], ['x','y'], ncols=2)
+        Set of Morphisms
+         from Free module generated by {'x', 'y'} over Rational Field
+           to Free module generated by {'a', 'b'} over Rational Field
+           in Category of finite dimensional vector spaces with basis over Rational Field
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, ['a','b'], ['x','y'], ncols=4)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: inconsistent number of columns:
+        should be cardinality of ['x', 'y'] but got 4
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, ['a','b'], ['x','y'], nrows=2, ncols=2)
+        Set of Morphisms
+         from Free module generated by {'x', 'y'} over Rational Field
+           to Free module generated by {'a', 'b'} over Rational Field
+           in Category of finite dimensional vector spaces with basis over Rational Field
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, ['a','b'], ['x','y'], nrows=2, ncols=4)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: inconsistent number of columns:
+        should be cardinality of ['x', 'y'] but got 4
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, ['a','b'], ['x','y'], nrows=4, ncols=4)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: inconsistent number of columns:
+        should be cardinality of ['x', 'y'] but got 4
+        sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, 4, ['a','b'], nrows=4, ncols=2)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: duplicate values for nrows
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, base_ring,
+                      nrows_or_row_keys=None, ncols_or_column_keys=None,
+                      sparse=False, implementation=None, *,
+                      nrows=None, ncols=None,
+                      row_keys=None, column_keys=None,
+                      **kwds):
+        """
+        Normalize the arguments to call the ``__init__`` constructor or delegate to another class.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M1 = MatrixSpace(QQ, 2)
+            sage: M2 = MatrixSpace(QQ, 2)
+            sage: M1 is M2
+            True
+            sage: M3 = MatrixSpace(QQ, 2, implementation='flint')                       # needs sage.libs.flint
+            sage: M1 is M3                                                              # needs sage.libs.flint
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 10, implementation='flint')                       # needs sage.libs.flint
+            sage: M                                                                     # needs sage.libs.flint
+            Full MatrixSpace of 10 by 10 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+            sage: loads(M.dumps()) is M                                                 # needs sage.libs.flint
+            True
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 10, implementation='foobar')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: unknown matrix implementation 'foobar' over Integer Ring
+
+        Check that :issue:`29466` is fixed::
+
+            sage: class MyMatrixSpace(MatrixSpace):
+            ....:     @staticmethod
+            ....:     def __classcall__(cls, base_ring, nrows, ncols=None, my_option=True, sparse=False, implementation=None):
+            ....:         return super().__classcall__(cls, base_ring, nrows, ncols=ncols, my_option=my_option, sparse=sparse, implementation=implementation)
+            ....:
+            ....:     def __init__(self, base_ring, nrows, ncols, sparse,  implementation, my_option=True):
+            ....:         super().__init__(base_ring, nrows, ncols, sparse, implementation)
+            ....:         self._my_option = my_option
+
+            sage: MS1 = MyMatrixSpace(ZZ, 2)
+            sage: MS1._my_option
+            True
+            sage: MS2 = MyMatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, my_option=False)
+            sage: MS2._my_option
+            False
+        """
+        if base_ring not in _Rings:
+            raise TypeError("base_ring (=%s) must be a ring" % base_ring)
+
+        if ncols_or_column_keys is not None:
+            try:
+                n = int(ncols_or_column_keys)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                if column_keys is not None:
+                    raise ValueError("duplicate values for column_keys")
+                column_keys = ncols_or_column_keys
+            else:
+                if ncols is not None:
+                    raise ValueError("duplicate values for ncols")
+                ncols = n
+        if column_keys is not None and ncols is not None and ncols != len(column_keys):
+            raise ValueError(f"inconsistent number of columns: should be cardinality of {column_keys} "
+                             f"but got {ncols}")
+
+        if nrows_or_row_keys is not None:
+            try:
+                n = int(nrows_or_row_keys)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                if row_keys is not None:
+                    raise ValueError("duplicate values for row_keys")
+                row_keys = nrows_or_row_keys
+            else:
+                if nrows is not None:
+                    raise ValueError("duplicate values for nrows")
+                nrows = n
+        if row_keys is not None and nrows is not None and nrows != len(row_keys):
+            raise ValueError(f"inconsistent number of rows: should be cardinality of {row_keys} "
+                             f"but got {nrows}")
+
+        if ncols is None and column_keys is None:
+            ncols = nrows
+            column_keys = row_keys
+
+        sparse = bool(sparse)
+
+        if row_keys is not None or column_keys is not None:
+            from sage.categories.homset import Hom
+            from sage.modules.free_module import FreeModule
+
+            domain = FreeModule(base_ring, rank=ncols, basis_keys=column_keys,
+                                sparse=sparse, **kwds)
+            codomain = FreeModule(base_ring, rank=nrows, basis_keys=row_keys,
+                                  sparse=sparse, **kwds)
+            return Hom(domain, codomain)
+
+        if nrows < 0:
+            raise ArithmeticError("nrows must be nonnegative")
+        if ncols < 0:
+            raise ArithmeticError("ncols must be nonnegative")
+        if nrows > sys.maxsize or ncols > sys.maxsize:
+            raise OverflowError("number of rows and columns may be at most %s" % sys.maxsize)
+
+        matrix_cls = get_matrix_class(base_ring, nrows, ncols, sparse, implementation)
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, base_ring, nrows,
+                                     ncols, sparse, matrix_cls, **kwds)
+
+    def __init__(self, base_ring, nrows, ncols, sparse, implementation):
+        r"""
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base_ring``
+
+        - ``nrows`` -- positive integer; the number of rows
+
+        - ``ncols`` -- positive integer (default: ``nrows``); the number of
+          columns
+
+        - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether or not matrices
+          are given a sparse representation
+
+        - ``implementation`` -- (optional) string or matrix class; a possible
+          implementation. Depending on the base ring the string can be
+
+           - ``'generic'`` -- on any base rings
+
+           - ``'flint'`` -- for integers and rationals
+
+           - ``'meataxe'`` -- finite fields, needs to install the optional package meataxe
+
+           - ``m4ri`` -- for characteristic 2 using M4RI library
+
+           - ``linbox-float`` -- for integer mod rings up to `2^8 = 256`
+
+           - ``linbox-double`` -- for integer mod rings up to
+             `floor(2^26*sqrt(2) + 1/2) = 94906266`
+
+           - ``numpy`` -- for real and complex floating point numbers
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, 2)
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Rational Field
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3, 2)
+            Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 2 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3, sparse=False)
+            Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ,10,5)
+            Full MatrixSpace of 10 by 5 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ,10,5).category()
+            Category of infinite enumerated finite dimensional modules with basis over
+             (Dedekind domains and euclidean domains
+              and noetherian rings
+              and infinite enumerated sets and metric spaces)
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ,10,10).category()
+            Category of infinite enumerated finite dimensional algebras with basis over
+             (Dedekind domains and euclidean domains
+              and noetherian rings
+              and infinite enumerated sets and metric spaces)
+            sage: MatrixSpace(QQ,10).category()
+            Category of infinite finite dimensional algebras with basis over
+             (number fields and quotient fields and metric spaces)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We test that in the real or complex double dense case,
+        conversion from the base ring is done by a call morphism.
+        Note that by :issue:`9138`, other algebras usually
+        get a conversion map by multiplication with the one element.
+        ::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(RDF, 2, 2)
+            sage: MS.convert_map_from(RDF)
+            Coercion map:
+              From: Real Double Field
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Real Double Field
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(CDF, 2, 2)
+            sage: MS.convert_map_from(CDF)
+            Coercion map:
+              From: Complex Double Field
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Complex Double Field
+
+        We check that :issue:`10095` is fixed::
+
+            sage: M = Matrix(QQ, [[1 for dummy in range(125)]])
+            sage: V = M.right_kernel()
+            sage: V
+            Vector space of degree 125 and dimension 124 over Rational Field
+            Basis matrix:
+            124 x 125 dense matrix over Rational Field
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ,20,20)(1).solve_right(MatrixSpace(ZZ,20,1).random_element())
+            20 x 1 dense matrix over Rational Field (use the '.str()' method to see the entries)
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ,200,200)(1).solve_right(MatrixSpace(ZZ,200,1).random_element())
+            200 x 1 dense matrix over Rational Field (use the '.str()' method to see the entries)
+            sage: A = MatrixSpace(RDF,1000,1000).random_element()
+            sage: B = MatrixSpace(RDF,1000,1000).random_element()
+
+            sage: # needs numpy (otherwise timeout)
+            sage: C = A * B
+
+        We check that :issue:`18186` is fixed::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ,0,3) in FiniteSets()
+            True
+            sage: MatrixSpace(Zmod(4),2) in FiniteSets()
+            True
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ,2) in Sets().Infinite()
+            True
+        """
+        # Checks of input data are supposed to be done in __classcall__
+        assert isinstance(implementation, type)
+
+        self.Element = implementation
+        self.__nrows = nrows
+        self.__ncols = ncols
+        self.__is_sparse = sparse
+
+        from sage.categories.modules import Modules
+        from sage.categories.algebras import Algebras
+        if nrows == ncols:
+            category = Algebras(base_ring.category())
+        else:
+            category = Modules(base_ring.category())
+
+        category = category.WithBasis().FiniteDimensional()
+
+        if not self.__nrows or not self.__ncols:
+            is_finite = True
+        else:
+            try:
+                is_finite = base_ring.is_finite()
+            except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+                is_finite = None
+
+        if is_finite is True:
+            category = category.Finite()
+        elif is_finite is False:
+            category = category.Infinite()
+
+        if base_ring in EnumeratedSets():
+            category = category.Enumerated()
+
+        Parent.__init__(self, base_ring, category=category)
+
+    def cardinality(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the number of elements in ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(GF(3), 2, 3).cardinality()
+            729
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2).cardinality()
+            +Infinity
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 0, 3).cardinality()
+            1
+        """
+        if not self.__nrows or not self.__ncols:
+            from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+            return ZZ.one()
+        else:
+            return self.base_ring().cardinality() ** (self.__nrows * self.__ncols)
+
+    def characteristic(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2).characteristic()
+            0
+            sage: MatrixSpace(GF(9), 0).characteristic()                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            3
+        """
+        return self.base_ring().characteristic()
+
+    def is_exact(self):
+        """
+        Test whether elements of this matrix space are represented exactly.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Return ``True`` if elements of this matrix space are represented exactly, i.e.,
+        there is no precision loss when doing arithmetic.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3).is_exact()
+            True
+            sage: MatrixSpace(RR, 3).is_exact()
+            False
+        """
+        return self._base.is_exact()
+
+    def _has_default_implementation(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='generic')._has_default_implementation()
+            False
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='flint')._has_default_implementation()          # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            True
+        """
+        default = get_matrix_class(self.base_ring(), self.nrows(), self.ncols(), self.is_sparse(), None)
+        return self.Element is default
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def transposed(self):
+        """
+        The transposed matrix space, having the same base ring and sparseness,
+        but number of columns and rows is swapped.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(3), 7, 10)
+            sage: MS.transposed
+            Full MatrixSpace of 10 by 7 dense matrices over Finite Field of size 3
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(3), 7, 7)
+            sage: MS.transposed is MS
+            True
+
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, 3)
+            sage: M.transposed
+            Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 2 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+        """
+        return MatrixSpace(self._base, self.__ncols, self.__nrows,
+                self.__is_sparse, self.Element)
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def _copy_zero(self):
+        """
+        Is it faster to copy a zero matrix or is it faster to create a
+        new matrix from scratch?
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(2), 20, 20)
+            sage: MS._copy_zero
+            False
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(3), 20, 20)
+            sage: MS._copy_zero
+            True
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(3), 200, 200)
+            sage: MS._copy_zero
+            False
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,200,200)
+            sage: MS._copy_zero
+            False
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,30,30)
+            sage: MS._copy_zero
+            True
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(QQ,200,200)
+            sage: MS._copy_zero
+            False
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(QQ,20,20)
+            sage: MS._copy_zero
+            False
+        """
+        if self.__is_sparse:
+            return False
+        elif self.Element is sage.matrix.matrix_mod2_dense.Matrix_mod2_dense:
+            return False
+        elif self.Element is sage.matrix.matrix_rational_dense.Matrix_rational_dense:
+            return False
+        elif self.__nrows > 40 and self.__ncols > 40:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, entries, **kwds):
+        """
+        Construct an element of ``self`` from ``entries``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: k = GF(7)
+            sage: G = MatrixGroup([matrix(k, 2, [1,1,0,1]), matrix(k, 2, [1,0,0,2])])
+            sage: g = G.0
+            sage: MatrixSpace(k, 2)(g)
+            [1 1]
+            [0 1]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,2,4)
+            sage: M2 = MS(range(8)); M2
+            [0 1 2 3]
+            [4 5 6 7]
+            sage: M2 == MS(M2.rows())
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,2,4, sparse=True)
+            sage: M2 = MS(range(8)); M2
+            [0 1 2 3]
+            [4 5 6 7]
+            sage: M2 == MS(M2.rows())
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,2,2, sparse=True)
+            sage: MS([1,2,3,4])
+            [1 2]
+            [3 4]
+
+            sage: # needs sage.modular
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2)
+            sage: g = Gamma0(5)([1,1,0,1])
+            sage: MS(g)
+            [1 1]
+            [0 1]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,2,2, sparse=True)
+            sage: mat = MS(); mat
+            [0 0]
+            [0 0]
+            sage: mat.is_mutable()
+            True
+            sage: mat2 = mat.change_ring(QQ); mat2.is_mutable()
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Ensure that :issue:`12020` is fixed::
+
+            sage: rings = [ZZ, QQ, RDF]
+            sage: rings.extend([RealField(100), ComplexField(100)])                     # needs sage.rings.real_mpfr
+            sage: rings.append(CDF)                                                     # needs sage.rings.complex_double
+            sage: rings.append(PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x'))
+            sage: rings.append(PolynomialRing(CC, 2, 'x'))                              # needs sage.rings.real_mpfr
+            sage: rings.append(SR)                                                      # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: rings.extend([GF(2), GF(11)])
+            sage: rings.extend([GF(2^8,'a'), GF(3^19,'a')])                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: x = polygen(QQ)
+            sage: rings.extend([NumberField(x^3 + 2, 'a'), CyclotomicField(4)])         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: for R in rings:
+            ....:     A = MatrixSpace(R, 60, 30, sparse=False)(0)
+            ....:     B = A.augment(A)
+            ....:     A = MatrixSpace(R, 60, 30, sparse=True)(0)
+            ....:     B = A.augment(A)
+
+        Check that :issue:`13012` is fixed::
+
+            sage: m = zero_matrix(2, 3)
+            sage: m
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3, 5)
+            sage: M.zero()
+            [0 0 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 0 0]
+            sage: M(m)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: inconsistent number of rows: should be 3 but got 2
+            sage: M.matrix(m)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: inconsistent number of rows: should be 3 but got 2
+
+        Check that :issue:`15110` is fixed::
+
+            sage: S.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(ZZ)
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(S,1,1)
+            sage: MS([[t]])   # given as a list of lists
+            [t]
+            sage: MS([t])     # given as a list of coefficients
+            [t]
+            sage: MS(t)       # given as a scalar matrix
+            [t]
+
+        Calling a matrix space `M` with a matrix in `M` as argument
+        returns the original matrix unless ``copy=True`` is specified
+        (:issue:`31078`)::
+
+            sage: m = Matrix([[0, 1], [2, 3]])
+            sage: M = m.parent()
+            sage: M(m) is m
+            True
+            sage: M(m, copy=True) is m
+            False
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, entries, **kwds)
+
+    def change_ring(self, R):
+        """
+        Return matrix space over R with otherwise same parameters as ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``R`` -- ring
+
+        OUTPUT: a matrix space
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Mat(QQ, 3, 5).change_ring(GF(7))
+            Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 5 dense matrices
+             over Finite Field of size 7
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__change_ring[R]
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__change_ring = {}
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        M = MatrixSpace(R, self.__nrows, self.__ncols, self.__is_sparse)
+        self.__change_ring[R] = M
+        return M
+
+    def base_extend(self, R):
+        """
+        Return base extension of this matrix space to R.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``R`` -- ring
+
+        OUTPUT: a matrix space
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Mat(ZZ, 3, 5).base_extend(QQ)
+            Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 5 dense matrices over Rational Field
+            sage: Mat(QQ, 3, 5).base_extend(GF(7))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no base extension defined
+        """
+        if R.has_coerce_map_from(self.base_ring()):
+            return self.change_ring(R)
+        raise TypeError("no base extension defined")
+
+    def construction(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = matrix(ZZ, 2, [1..4], sparse=True)
+            sage: A.parent().construction()
+            (MatrixFunctor, Integer Ring)
+            sage: A.parent().construction()[0](QQ['x'])
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 sparse matrices over
+             Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+            sage: parent(A/2)
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 sparse matrices over Rational Field
+        """
+        from sage.categories.pushout import MatrixFunctor
+        return MatrixFunctor(self.__nrows, self.__ncols, is_sparse=self.is_sparse()), self.base_ring()
+
+    def _get_action_(self, S, op, self_on_left):
+        r"""
+        Return the action of S on ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``S`` -- a parent
+
+        - ``op`` -- an operator
+
+        - ``self_on_left`` -- whether the operation is on left or on right
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: V = QQ^(2,3)
+            sage: W1 = QQ^(3,4); W2 = QQ^(2,2)
+            sage: V.get_action(W1, operator.mul)
+            Left action by Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field on Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 4 dense matrices over Rational Field
+            sage: V.get_action(W2, operator.mul)
+            sage: V.get_action(W1, operator.mul, self_on_left=False)
+            sage: V.get_action(W2, operator.mul, self_on_left=False)
+            Left action by Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Rational Field on Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: V2 = QQ^2; V3 = QQ^3
+            sage: V.get_action(V3, operator.mul)
+            Left action by Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field on Vector space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
+            sage: V.get_action(V2, operator.mul)
+            sage: V.get_action(V3, operator.mul, self_on_left=False)
+            sage: V.get_action(V2, operator.mul, self_on_left=False)
+            Right action by Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field on Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: V.get_action(ZZ, operator.mul)
+            Right scalar multiplication by Integer Ring on Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field
+            sage: V.get_action(ZZ, operator.mul, self_on_left=False)
+            Left scalar multiplication by Integer Ring on Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field
+        """
+        try:
+            try:
+                from sage.schemes.generic.homset import SchemeHomset_generic
+                from sage.schemes.generic.homset import SchemeHomset_points
+            except ImportError:
+                SchemeHomset_generic = SchemeHomset_points = None
+            if op is operator.mul:
+                from . import action as matrix_action
+                if self_on_left:
+                    if isinstance(S, MatrixSpace):
+                        # matrix multiplications
+                        return matrix_action.MatrixMatrixAction(self, S)
+                    elif isinstance(S, sage.modules.free_module.FreeModule_generic):
+                        return matrix_action.MatrixVectorAction(self, S)
+                    elif isinstance(S, SchemeHomset_points):
+                        return matrix_action.MatrixSchemePointAction(self, S)
+                    elif isinstance(S, SchemeHomset_generic):
+                        return matrix_action.MatrixPolymapAction(self, S)
+                    else:
+                        # action of base ring
+                        return sage.structure.coerce_actions.RightModuleAction(S, self)
+                else:
+                    if isinstance(S, MatrixSpace):
+                        # matrix multiplications
+                        return matrix_action.MatrixMatrixAction(S, self)
+                    elif isinstance(S, sage.modules.free_module.FreeModule_generic):
+                        return matrix_action.VectorMatrixAction(self, S)
+                    elif isinstance(S, SchemeHomset_generic):
+                        return matrix_action.PolymapMatrixAction(self, S)
+                    else:
+                        # action of base ring
+                        return sage.structure.coerce_actions.LeftModuleAction(S, self)
+        except TypeError:
+            return None
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_base_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return a coercion map from the base ring of ``self``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This is only called for algebras of square matrices.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS1 = MatrixSpace(QQ, 3)
+            sage: MS1.coerce_map_from(QQ)
+            Coercion map:
+              From: Rational Field
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field
+            sage: MS1.coerce_map_from(ZZ)
+            Composite map:
+              From: Integer Ring
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field
+              Defn:   Natural morphism:
+                      From: Integer Ring
+                      To:   Rational Field
+                    then
+                      Coercion map:
+                      From: Rational Field
+                      To:   Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field
+
+            sage: MS2 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3)
+            sage: MS2.coerce_map_from(QQ)
+            sage: MS2.coerce_map_from(ZZ)
+            Coercion map:
+              From: Integer Ring
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, 1, 3).coerce_map_from(QQ)
+        """
+        return self._generic_coerce_map(self.base_ring())
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, S):
+        r"""
+        Canonical coercion from ``S`` to this matrix space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS1 = MatrixSpace(QQ, 3)
+            sage: MS2 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3)
+            sage: MS1.coerce_map_from(MS2)
+            Coercion map:
+              From: Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 3 dense matrices over Rational Field
+            sage: MS2.coerce_map_from(MS1)
+
+        There are also coercions possible from matrix group and
+        arithmetic subgroups::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(3), 2, 2)
+            sage: MS.coerce_map_from(GL(2, 3))
+            Coercion map:
+              From: General Linear Group of degree 2 over Finite Field of size 3
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Finite Field of size 3
+            sage: MS.coerce_map_from(GL(2, 2))
+            sage: MS.coerce_map_from(Gamma1(5))                                         # needs sage.modular
+            Coercion map:
+              From: Congruence Subgroup Gamma1(5)
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Finite Field of size 3
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`22091` is fixed::
+
+            sage: A = Zmod(4)
+            sage: R = MatrixSpace(A, 2)
+            sage: G = GL(2, A)
+            sage: R.coerce_map_from(G)
+            Coercion map:
+              From: General Linear Group of degree 2 over Ring of integers modulo 4
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Ring of integers modulo 4
+            sage: R.coerce_map_from(GL(2, ZZ))
+            Coercion map:
+              From: General Linear Group of degree 2 over Integer Ring
+              To:   Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Ring of integers modulo 4
+
+            sage: m = R([[1, 0], [0, 1]])
+            sage: m in G
+            True
+            sage: m in list(G)                                                          # needs sage.libs.gap
+            True
+            sage: m == G(m)
+            True
+
+            sage: G = SL(3, QQ)
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(QQ, 3)
+            sage: G.one() == M.identity_matrix()
+            True
+            sage: G.one() + M.identity_matrix()
+            [2 0 0]
+            [0 2 0]
+            [0 0 2]
+
+        Verify which coercion maps are allowed (this should form a
+        poset)::
+
+            sage: S = []
+            sage: S += [MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3, implementation='flint')]                     # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            sage: S += [MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3, implementation='generic')]
+            sage: S += [MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3, implementation='gap')]                       # needs sage.libs.gap
+            sage: S += [MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3, sparse=True)]
+            sage: mult = ''
+            sage: for A in S:
+            ....:     for B in S:
+            ....:         if A.has_coerce_map_from(B):
+            ....:             mult += 'X'
+            ....:         else:
+            ....:             mult += ' '
+            ....:     mult += '\n'
+            sage: print(mult)                                                           # needs sage.libs.linbox sage.libs.gap
+            XXXX
+             X X
+              XX
+               X
+
+        Thanks to the coercion model, arithmetic is allowed between all
+        these parents::
+
+            sage: for A in S:
+            ....:     for B in S:
+            ....:         a = A.an_element()
+            ....:         b = B.an_element()
+            ....:         dummy = (a * b) + (a - b)
+        """
+        B = self.base()
+
+        if isinstance(S, MatrixSpace):
+            # Disallow coercion if dimensions do not match
+            if self.nrows() != S.nrows() or self.ncols() != S.ncols():
+                return False
+            T = S.base()
+            if B is not T:
+                # Matrix spaces over different base rings.
+                # TODO: make this an actual map induced by the map
+                # on the bases, see Issue #25540
+                return B.has_coerce_map_from(T)
+
+            # Base ring and dimensions are the same. So the only
+            # difference can be the implementation and sparseness.
+            if self.is_sparse() != S.is_sparse():
+                # Allow coercion sparse -> dense
+                return S.is_sparse()
+
+            # Allow coercion to the default implementation.
+            # As a consequence, the default implementation is considered
+            # the "common parent" when mixing implementations.
+            return self._has_default_implementation()
+
+        # Check for other parents whose elements are some kind of matrices
+        try:
+            meth_matrix_space = S.matrix_space
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            MS = meth_matrix_space()
+            if isinstance(S, MatrixGroup_base):
+                return self.has_coerce_map_from(MS)
+
+            try:
+                from sage.modular.arithgroup.arithgroup_generic import ArithmeticSubgroup
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if isinstance(S, ArithmeticSubgroup):
+                    return self.has_coerce_map_from(MS)
+
+            return False
+
+        # The parent is not matrix-like: coerce via base ring
+        return (self.nrows() == self.ncols()) and self._coerce_map_via([B], S)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return the string representation of a MatrixSpace.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,2,4,true)
+            sage: repr(MS)
+            'Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 4 sparse matrices over Integer Ring'
+            sage: MS
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 4 sparse matrices over Integer Ring
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='flint')                            # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='generic')
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Integer Ring (using Matrix_generic_dense)
+        """
+        if self.is_sparse():
+            s = "sparse"
+        else:
+            s = "dense"
+        s = "Full MatrixSpace of %s by %s %s matrices over %s" % (
+            self.__nrows, self.__ncols, s, self.base_ring())
+
+        if not self._has_default_implementation():
+            s += " (using {})".format(self.Element.__name__)
+
+        return s
+
+    def _repr_option(self, key):
+        """
+        Metadata about the :meth:`_repr_` output.
+
+        See :meth:`sage.structure.parent._repr_option` for details.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,2,4,true)
+            sage: MS._repr_option('element_ascii_art')
+            True
+        """
+        if key == 'element_ascii_art':
+            return self.__nrows > 1
+        return super()._repr_option(key)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the latex representation of a MatrixSpace.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS3 = MatrixSpace(QQ,6,6,true)
+            sage: latex(MS3)
+            \mathrm{Mat}_{6\times 6}(\Bold{Q})
+        """
+        return "\\mathrm{Mat}_{%s\\times %s}(%s)" % (self.nrows(), self.ncols(),
+                                                     latex.latex(self.base_ring()))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """
+        Return number of elements of this matrix space if it fits in
+        an int; raise a :exc:`TypeError` if there are infinitely many
+        elements, and raise an :exc:`OverflowError` if there are finitely
+        many but more than the size of an int.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: len(MatrixSpace(GF(3), 3, 2))
+            729
+            sage: len(MatrixSpace(GF(3), 2, 3))
+            729
+            sage: 3^(2*3)
+            729
+
+            sage: len(MatrixSpace(GF(2003), 3, 2))                                      # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            OverflowError: cannot fit 'int' into an index-sized integer
+
+            sage: len(MatrixSpace(QQ,3,2))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: len() of unsized object
+        """
+        return len(self.base_ring())**(self.nrows() * self.ncols())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a generator object which iterates through the elements of
+        ``self``. The order in which the elements are generated is based on a
+        'weight' of a matrix which is the number of iterations on the base
+        ring that are required to reach that matrix.
+
+        The ordering is similar to a degree negative lexicographic order in
+        monomials in a multivariate polynomial ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES: Consider the case of 2 x 2 matrices over GF(5).
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: list(GF(5))
+            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(5), 2, 2)
+            sage: l = list(MS)
+
+        Then, consider the following matrices::
+
+            sage: A = MS([2,1,0,1]); A
+            [2 1]
+            [0 1]
+            sage: B = MS([1,2,1,0]); B
+            [1 2]
+            [1 0]
+            sage: C = MS([1,2,0,0]); C
+            [1 2]
+            [0 0]
+
+        A appears before B since the weight of one of A's entries exceeds
+        the weight of the corresponding entry in B earliest in the list.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: l.index(A)
+            41
+            sage: l.index(B)
+            46
+
+        However, A would come after the matrix C since C has a lower weight
+        than A.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: l.index(A)
+            41
+            sage: l.index(C)
+            19
+
+        The weights of matrices over other base rings are not as obvious.
+        For example, the weight of
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, 2)
+            sage: MS([-1,0,0,0])
+            [-1  0]
+            [ 0  0]
+
+        is 2 since
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: i = iter(ZZ)
+            sage: next(i)
+            0
+            sage: next(i)
+            1
+            sage: next(i)
+            -1
+
+        Some more examples::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(2), 2)
+            sage: a = list(MS)
+            sage: len(a)
+            16
+            sage: for m in a:
+            ....:     print(m)
+            ....:     print('-')
+            [0 0]
+            [0 0]
+            -
+            [1 0]
+            [0 0]
+            -
+            [0 1]
+            [0 0]
+            -
+            [0 0]
+            [1 0]
+            -
+            [0 0]
+            [0 1]
+            -
+            [1 1]
+            [0 0]
+            -
+            [1 0]
+            [1 0]
+            -
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            -
+            [0 1]
+            [1 0]
+            -
+            [0 1]
+            [0 1]
+            -
+            [0 0]
+            [1 1]
+            -
+            [1 1]
+            [1 0]
+            -
+            [1 1]
+            [0 1]
+            -
+            [1 0]
+            [1 1]
+            -
+            [0 1]
+            [1 1]
+            -
+            [1 1]
+            [1 1]
+            -
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(2), 2, 3)
+            sage: a = list(MS)
+            sage: len(a)
+            64
+            sage: a[0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, 3)
+            sage: i = iter(MS)
+            sage: a = [ next(i) for _ in range(6) ]
+            sage: a[0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            sage: a[4]
+            [0 0 0]
+            [1 0 0]
+
+        For degenerate cases, where either the number of rows or columns
+        (or both) are zero, then the single element of the space is
+        returned.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: list(MatrixSpace(GF(2), 2, 0))
+            [[]]
+            sage: list(MatrixSpace(GF(2), 0, 2))
+            [[]]
+            sage: list(MatrixSpace(GF(2), 0, 0))
+            [[]]
+
+        If the base ring does not support iteration (for example, with the
+        reals), then the matrix space over that ring does not support
+        iteration either.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(RR, 2)
+            sage: a = list(MS)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: len() of an infinite set
+        """
+        # Make sure that we can iterate over the base ring
+        base_ring = self.base_ring()
+        base_iter = iter(base_ring)
+
+        number_of_entries = (self.__nrows * self.__ncols)
+
+        # If the number of entries is zero, then just
+        # yield the empty matrix in that case and return
+        if number_of_entries == 0:
+            yield self(0)
+            return
+
+        import sage.combinat.integer_vector
+
+        if not base_ring.is_finite():
+            # When the base ring is not finite, then we should go
+            # through and yield the matrices by "weight", which is
+            # the total number of iterations that need to be done
+            # on the base ring to reach the matrix.
+            base_elements = [next(base_iter)]
+            weight = 0
+            while True:
+                for iv in sage.combinat.integer_vector.IntegerVectors(weight, number_of_entries):
+                    yield self([base_elements[i] for i in iv])
+                weight += 1
+                base_elements.append(next(base_iter))
+        else:
+            # In the finite case, we do a similar thing except that
+            # the "weight" of each entry is bounded by the number
+            # of elements in the base ring
+            order = base_ring.order()
+            base_elements = list(base_ring)
+            for weight in range((order - 1) * number_of_entries + 1):
+                for iv in sage.combinat.integer_vector.IntegerVectors(weight, number_of_entries, max_part=(order - 1)):
+                    yield self([base_elements[i] for i in iv])
+
+    def __getitem__(self, x):
+        """
+        Return a polynomial ring over this ring or the `n`-th element of this ring.
+
+        This method implements the syntax ``R['x']`` to define polynomial rings
+        over matrix rings, while still allowing to get the `n`-th element of a
+        finite matrix ring with ``R[n]`` for backward compatibility.
+
+        (If this behaviour proves desirable for all finite enumerated rings, it
+        should eventually be implemented in the corresponding category rather
+        than here.)
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`sage.categories.rings.Rings.ParentMethod.__getitem__`,
+            :meth:`sage.structure.parent.Parent.__getitem__`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(3), 2, 2)
+            sage: MS['x']
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x
+             over Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices
+              over Finite Field of size 3
+            sage: MS[0]
+            [0 0]
+            [0 0]
+            sage: MS[9]
+            [0 2]
+            [0 0]
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(QQ, 7)
+            sage: MS['x']
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Full MatrixSpace of 7 by 7 dense matrices over Rational Field
+            sage: MS[2]
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            AttributeError: 'MatrixSpace_with_category' object has no attribute 'list'...
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, (integer.Integer, int)):
+            return self.list()[x]
+        return super().__getitem__(x)
+
+    def basis(self):
+        """
+        Return a basis for this matrix space.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            This will of course compute every generator of this matrix
+            space. So for large dimensions, this could take a long time,
+            waste a massive amount of memory (for dense matrices), and
+            is likely not very useful. Don't use this on large matrix
+            spaces.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: list(Mat(ZZ,2,2).basis())
+            [
+            [1 0]  [0 1]  [0 0]  [0 0]
+            [0 0], [0 0], [1 0], [0 1]
+            ]
+        """
+        v = {(r, c): self.zero_matrix().__copy__()
+             for r in range(self.__nrows)
+             for c in range(self.__ncols)}
+        one = self.base_ring().one()
+        keys = []
+        for r in range(self.__nrows):
+            for c in range(self.__ncols):
+                keys.append((r, c))
+                v[r, c][r, c] = one
+                v[r, c].set_immutable()
+        from sage.sets.family import Family
+        return Family(keys, v.__getitem__)
+
+    def dimension(self):
+        r"""
+        Return (m rows) \* (n cols) of ``self`` as ``Integer``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,4,6)
+            sage: u = MS.dimension()
+            sage: u - 24 == 0
+            True
+        """
+        return self.__nrows * self.__ncols
+
+    def dims(self):
+        """
+        Return (m row, n col) representation of ``self`` dimension.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,4,6)
+            sage: MS.dims()
+            (4, 6)
+        """
+        return (self.__nrows, self.__ncols)
+
+    def submodule(self, gens, check=True, already_echelonized=False,
+                  unitriangular=False, support_order=None, category=None,
+                  *args, **opts):
+        r"""
+        The submodule spanned by a finite set of matrices.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``gens`` -- list or family of elements of ``self``
+
+        - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); whether to verify that the
+          elements of ``gens`` are in ``self``
+
+        - ``already_echelonized`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether
+          the elements of ``gens`` are already in (not necessarily
+          reduced) echelon form
+
+        - ``unitriangular`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether
+          the lift morphism is unitriangular
+
+        - ``support_order`` -- (optional) either something that can
+          be converted into a tuple or a key function
+
+        If ``already_echelonized`` is ``False``, then the
+        generators are put in reduced echelon form using
+        :meth:`echelonize`, and reindexed by `0, 1, \ldots`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            At this point, this method only works for finite
+            dimensional submodules and if matrices can be
+            echelonized over the base ring.
+
+        If in addition ``unitriangular`` is ``True``, then
+        the generators are made such that the coefficients of
+        the pivots are 1, so that lifting map is unitriangular.
+
+        The basis of the submodule uses the same index set as the
+        generators, and the lifting map sends `y_i` to `gens[i]`.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+             :meth:`ModulesWithBasis.ParentMethods.submodule`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(QQ, 2)
+            sage: mat = M.matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+            sage: X = M.submodule([mat], already_echelonized=True); X
+            Free module generated by {0} over Rational Field
+
+            sage: mat2 = M.matrix([[1, 0], [-3, 2]])
+            sage: X = M.submodule([mat, mat2])
+            sage: [X.lift(b) for b in X.basis()]
+            [
+            [ 1  0]  [0 1]
+            [-3  2], [3 1]
+            ]
+
+            sage: A = matrix([[1, 1], [0, -1]])
+            sage: B = matrix([[0, 1], [0, 2]])
+            sage: X = M.submodule([A, B])
+            sage: Xp = M.submodule([A, B], support_order=[(0,1), (1,1), (0,0)])
+            sage: [X.lift(b) for b in X.basis()]
+            [
+            [ 1  0]  [0 1]
+            [ 0 -3], [0 2]
+            ]
+            sage: [Xp.lift(b) for b in Xp.basis()]
+            [
+            [2/3   1]  [-1/3    0]
+            [  0   0], [   0    1]
+            ]
+        """
+        support_order = self._compute_support_order(gens, support_order)
+        if not already_echelonized:
+            gens = self.echelon_form(gens, unitriangular, order=support_order)
+        else:
+            from copy import copy
+            # We will be making gens immutable, so copy the mutable matrices
+            gens = [copy(g) if g.is_mutable() else g for g in gens]
+
+        # We need to make sure the result immutable
+        for g in gens:
+            g.set_immutable()
+
+        from sage.modules.with_basis.subquotient import SubmoduleWithBasis
+        return SubmoduleWithBasis(gens, ambient=self,
+                                  support_order=support_order,
+                                  unitriangular=unitriangular,
+                                  category=category, *args, **opts)
+
+    from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+
+    @cached_method
+    def identity_matrix(self):
+        """
+        Return the identity matrix in ``self``.
+
+        ``self`` must be a space of square
+        matrices. The returned matrix is immutable. Please use ``copy`` if
+        you want a modified copy.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS1 = MatrixSpace(ZZ,4)
+            sage: MS2 = MatrixSpace(QQ,3,4)
+            sage: I = MS1.identity_matrix()
+            sage: I
+            [1 0 0 0]
+            [0 1 0 0]
+            [0 0 1 0]
+            [0 0 0 1]
+            sage: Er = MS2.identity_matrix()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: identity matrix must be square
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: MS1.one()[1,2] = 3
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: matrix is immutable; please change a copy instead (i.e., use copy(M) to change a copy of M).
+
+        Check different implementations::
+
+            sage: M1 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='flint')                       # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            sage: M2 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='generic')
+
+            sage: type(M1.identity_matrix())                                            # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'>
+            sage: type(M2.identity_matrix())
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_generic_dense.Matrix_generic_dense'>
+        """
+        if self.__nrows != self.__ncols:
+            raise TypeError("identity matrix must be square")
+        A = self.zero_matrix().__copy__()
+        for i in range(self.__nrows):
+            A[i, i] = 1
+        A.set_immutable()
+        return A
+
+    one = identity_matrix
+
+    def diagonal_matrix(self, entries):
+        """
+        Create a diagonal matrix in ``self`` using the specified elements.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``entries`` -- the elements to use as the diagonal entries
+
+        ``self`` must be a space of square matrices. The length of
+        ``entries`` must be less than or equal to the matrix
+        dimensions. If the length of ``entries`` is less than the
+        matrix dimensions, ``entries`` is padded with zeroes at the
+        end.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS1 = MatrixSpace(ZZ,4)
+            sage: MS2 = MatrixSpace(QQ,3,4)
+            sage: I = MS1.diagonal_matrix([1, 2, 3, 4])
+            sage: I
+            [1 0 0 0]
+            [0 2 0 0]
+            [0 0 3 0]
+            [0 0 0 4]
+            sage: MS2.diagonal_matrix([1, 2])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: diagonal matrix must be square
+            sage: MS1.diagonal_matrix([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: number of diagonal matrix entries (5) exceeds the matrix size (4)
+            sage: MS1.diagonal_matrix([1/2, 2, 3, 4])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: no conversion of this rational to integer
+
+        Check different implementations::
+
+            sage: M1 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='flint')                       # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            sage: M2 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, implementation='generic')
+
+            sage: type(M1.diagonal_matrix([1, 2]))                                      # needs sage.libs.linbox
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'>
+            sage: type(M2.diagonal_matrix([1, 2]))
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_generic_dense.Matrix_generic_dense'>
+        """
+        if self.__nrows != self.__ncols:
+            raise TypeError("diagonal matrix must be square")
+        if self.__nrows < len(entries):
+            raise ValueError('number of diagonal matrix entries (%s) exceeds the matrix size (%s)' % (len(entries), self.__nrows))
+        A = self.zero_matrix().__copy__()
+        for i in range(len(entries)):
+            A[i, i] = entries[i]
+        return A
+
+    def is_dense(self):
+        """
+        Return whether matrices in ``self`` are dense.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Mat(RDF,2,3).is_sparse()
+            False
+            sage: Mat(RR,123456,22,sparse=True).is_sparse()
+            True
+        """
+        return not self.__is_sparse
+
+    def is_sparse(self):
+        """
+        Return whether matrices in ``self`` are sparse.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Mat(GF(2011), 10000).is_sparse()                                      # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            False
+            sage: Mat(GF(2011), 10000, sparse=True).is_sparse()                         # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            True
+        """
+        return self.__is_sparse
+
+    def is_finite(self):
+        """
+        Return whether this matrix space is finite.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(GF(101), 10000).is_finite()
+            True
+            sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, 2).is_finite()
+            False
+        """
+        return self.base_ring().is_finite()
+
+    def gen(self, n):
+        """
+        Return the `n`-th generator of this matrix space.
+
+        This does not compute all basis matrices, so it is reasonably
+        intelligent.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Mat(GF(7), 10000, 5); M.ngens()
+            50000
+            sage: a = M.10
+            sage: a[:4]
+            [0 0 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 0 0]
+            [1 0 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 0 0]
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, '__basis'):
+            return self.__basis[n]
+        r = n // self.__ncols
+        c = n - (r * self.__ncols)
+        z = self.zero_matrix().__copy__()
+        z[r, c] = 1
+        return z
+
+    @cached_method
+    def zero_matrix(self):
+        """
+        Return the zero matrix in ``self``.
+
+        ``self`` must be a space of square matrices. The returned matrix is
+        immutable. Please use ``copy`` if you want a modified copy.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: z = MatrixSpace(GF(7), 2, 4).zero_matrix(); z
+            [0 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 0]
+            sage: z.is_mutable()
+            False
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: MM = MatrixSpace(RDF,1,1,sparse=False); mat = MM.zero_matrix()
+            sage: copy(mat)
+            [0.0]
+            sage: MM = MatrixSpace(RDF,0,0,sparse=False); mat = MM.zero_matrix()
+            sage: copy(mat)
+            []
+            sage: mat.is_mutable()
+            False
+            sage: MM.zero().is_mutable()
+            False
+
+        Check that :issue:`38221` is fixed::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: G = CyclicPermutationGroup(7)
+            sage: R = GF(2)
+            sage: A = G.algebra(R)
+            sage: S = MatrixSpace(A, 3, 3)
+            sage: S.zero_matrix()
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+        """
+        res = self.element_class(self, None, False, False)
+        res.set_immutable()
+        return res
+
+    zero = zero_matrix
+
+    def ngens(self):
+        """
+        Return the number of generators of this matrix space.
+
+        This is the number of entries in the matrices in this space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Mat(GF(7), 100, 200); M.ngens()
+            20000
+        """
+        return self.dimension()
+
+    def matrix(self, x=None, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Create a matrix in ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- data to construct a new matrix from. See :func:`matrix`
+
+        - ``coerce`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False``, assume
+          without checking that the values in ``x`` lie in the base ring
+
+        OUTPUT: a matrix in ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2)
+            sage: M.matrix([[1,0],[0,-1]])
+            [ 1  0]
+            [ 0 -1]
+            sage: M.matrix([1,0,0,-1])
+            [ 1  0]
+            [ 0 -1]
+            sage: M.matrix([1,2,3,4])
+            [1 2]
+            [3 4]
+
+        Note that the last "flip" cannot be performed if ``x`` is a
+        matrix, no matter what is ``rows`` (it used to be possible but
+        was fixed by :issue:`10793`)::
+
+            sage: projection = matrix(ZZ,[[1,0,0],[0,1,0]])
+            sage: projection
+            [1 0 0]
+            [0 1 0]
+            sage: projection.parent()
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 3 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 3 , 2)
+            sage: M
+            Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 2 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+            sage: M(projection)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: inconsistent number of rows: should be 3 but got 2
+
+        If you really want to make from a matrix another matrix of different
+        dimensions, use either transpose method or explicit conversion to a
+        list::
+
+            sage: M(projection.list())
+            [1 0]
+            [0 0]
+            [1 0]
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The following corner cases were problematic while working on
+        :issue:`10628`::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ,2,1)
+            sage: MS([[1],[2]])
+            [1]
+            [2]
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.real_mpfr
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(CC, 2, 1)
+            sage: x = polygen(ZZ, 'x')
+            sage: F = NumberField(x^2 + 1, name='x')                                    # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: MS([F(1), F(0)])                                                      # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            [ 1.00000000000000]
+            [0.000000000000000]
+
+        :issue:`10628` allowed to provide the data as lists of matrices, but
+        :issue:`13012` prohibited it::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 4,2)
+            sage: MS0 = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2)
+            sage: MS.matrix([MS0([1,2,3,4]), MS0([5,6,7,8])])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to coerce <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'> to an integer
+
+        A mixed list of matrices and vectors is prohibited as well::
+
+            sage: MS.matrix( [MS0([1,2,3,4])] + list(MS0([5,6,7,8])) )
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to coerce <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense.Matrix_integer_dense'> to an integer
+
+        Check that :issue:`13302` is fixed::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(Qp(3), 1,1)([Qp(3).zero()])                               # needs sage.rings.padics
+            [0]
+            sage: MatrixSpace(Qp(3), 1,1)([Qp(3)(4/3)])                                 # needs sage.rings.padics
+            [3^-1 + 1 + O(3^19)]
+
+        One-rowed matrices over combinatorial free modules used to break
+        the constructor (:issue:`17124`). Check that this is fixed::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: Sym = SymmetricFunctions(ZZ)
+            sage: h = Sym.h()
+            sage: MatrixSpace(h, 1,1)([h[1]])
+            [h[1]]
+            sage: MatrixSpace(h, 2,1)([h[1], h[2]])
+            [h[1]]
+            [h[2]]
+
+        Converting sparse to dense matrices used to be too slow
+        (:issue:`20470`). Check that this is fixed::
+
+            sage: m = identity_matrix(GF(2), 2000, sparse=True)
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(GF(2), 2000, sparse=False)
+            sage: md = MS(m)
+            sage: md.parent() is MS
+            True
+        """
+        return self(x, **kwds)
+
+    def matrix_space(self, nrows=None, ncols=None, sparse=False):
+        """
+        Return the matrix space with given number of rows, columns and
+        sparsity over the same base ring as self, and defaults the same as
+        ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Mat(GF(7), 100, 200)
+            sage: M.matrix_space(5000)
+            Full MatrixSpace of 5000 by 200 dense matrices over Finite Field of size 7
+            sage: M.matrix_space(ncols=5000)
+            Full MatrixSpace of 100 by 5000 dense matrices over Finite Field of size 7
+            sage: M.matrix_space(sparse=True)
+            Full MatrixSpace of 100 by 200 sparse matrices over Finite Field of size 7
+        """
+        if nrows is None:
+            nrows = self.__nrows
+        if ncols is None:
+            ncols = self.__ncols
+        base = self._base
+        return MatrixSpace(base, nrows, ncols, sparse=sparse)
+
+    def ncols(self):
+        """
+        Return the number of columns of matrices in this space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Mat(ZZ['x'], 200000, 500000, sparse=True)
+            sage: M.ncols()
+            500000
+        """
+        return self.__ncols
+
+    def nrows(self):
+        """
+        Return the number of rows of matrices in this space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Mat(ZZ, 200000, 500000)
+            sage: M.nrows()
+            200000
+        """
+        return self.__nrows
+
+    def row_space(self):
+        """
+        Return the module spanned by all rows of matrices in this matrix
+        space. This is a free module of rank the number of rows. It will be
+        sparse or dense as this matrix space is sparse or dense.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Mat(ZZ,20,5,sparse=False); M.row_space()
+            Ambient free module of rank 5 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__row_space
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__row_space = sage.modules.free_module.FreeModule(self.base_ring(),
+                                                self.ncols(), sparse=self.is_sparse())
+            return self.__row_space
+
+    def column_space(self):
+        """
+        Return the module spanned by all columns of matrices in this matrix
+        space. This is a free module of rank the number of columns. It will
+        be sparse or dense as this matrix space is sparse or dense.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Mat(GF(9,'a'), 20, 5, sparse=True); M.column_space()              # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Sparse vector space of dimension 20 over Finite Field in a of size 3^2
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__column_space
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__column_space = sage.modules.free_module.FreeModule(self.base_ring(), self.nrows(),
+                                                                   sparse=self.is_sparse())
+            return self.__column_space
+
+    def random_element(self, density=None, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return a random element from this matrix space.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``density`` -- ``float`` or ``None`` (default: ``None``);  rough
+          measure of the proportion of nonzero entries in the random matrix;
+          if set to ``None``, all entries of the matrix are randomized,
+          allowing for any element of the underlying ring, but if set to
+          a ``float``, a proportion of entries is selected and randomized to
+          nonzero elements of the ring
+
+        - ``*args, **kwds`` -- remaining parameters, which may be passed to
+          the random_element function of the base ring. ("may be", since this
+          function calls the ``randomize`` function on the zero matrix, which
+          need not call the ``random_element`` function of the base ring at
+          all in general.)
+
+        OUTPUT: Matrix
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This method will randomize a proportion of roughly ``density`` entries
+            in a newly allocated zero matrix.
+
+            By default, if the user sets the value of ``density`` explicitly, this
+            method will enforce that these entries are set to nonzero values.
+            However, if the test for equality with zero in the base ring is too
+            expensive, the user can override this behaviour by passing the
+            argument ``nonzero=False`` to this method.
+
+            Otherwise, if the user does not set the value of ``density``, the
+            default value is taken to be 1, and the option ``nonzero=False`` is
+            passed to the ``randomize`` method.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Mat(ZZ, 2, 5).random_element()
+            sage: TestSuite(M).run()
+
+            sage: M = Mat(QQ, 2, 5).random_element(density=0.5)
+            sage: TestSuite(M).run()
+
+            sage: M = Mat(QQ, 3, sparse=True).random_element()
+            sage: TestSuite(M).run()                                                    # needs sage.libs.pari
+
+            sage: M = Mat(GF(9,'a'), 3, sparse=True).random_element()                   # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: TestSuite(M).run()                                                    # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+        """
+        Z = self.zero_matrix().__copy__()
+        if density is None:
+            Z.randomize(density=float(1), nonzero=kwds.pop('nonzero', False),
+                *args, **kwds)
+        else:
+            Z.randomize(density=density, nonzero=kwds.pop('nonzero', True),
+                *args, **kwds)
+        return Z
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        """
+        Create a typical element of this matrix space.
+
+        This uses ``some_elements`` of the base ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(QQ, 3, 3).an_element()  # indirect doctest
+            [ 1/2 -1/2    2]
+            [  -2    0    1]
+            [  -1   42  2/3]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: MatrixSpace(ZZ, 0, 0).an_element()
+            []
+
+        Check that this works for large matrices and that it returns a
+        matrix which is not too trivial::
+
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(GF(2), 100, 100).an_element()
+            sage: M.rank() >= 2
+            True
+
+        Check that this works for sparse matrices::
+
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 1000, 1000, sparse=True).an_element()
+            sage: 96 <= M.density() * 10^6 <= 99
+            True
+        """
+        from .args import MatrixArgs
+        dim = self.dimension()
+        if dim > 100 and self.is_sparse():
+            # Sparse case: add 100 elements
+            D = {}
+            nr = self.nrows()
+            nc = self.ncols()
+            from random import randrange
+            n = 0
+            while True:
+                for el in self.base().some_elements():
+                    if n == 100:
+                        ma = MatrixArgs(D, space=self)
+                        del D
+                        return ma.matrix()
+                    D[randrange(nr), randrange(nc)] = el
+                    n += 1
+                assert D
+        else:
+            # Dense case
+            # Keep appending to L until we have enough elements
+            L = []
+            while True:
+                for el in self.base().some_elements():
+                    if len(L) == dim:
+                        ma = MatrixArgs(L, space=self)
+                        del L  # for efficiency: this may avoid a copy of L
+                        return ma.matrix()
+                    L.append(el)
+                assert L
+
+    def some_elements(self):
+        r"""
+        Return some elements of this matrix space.
+
+        See :class:`TestSuite` for a typical use case.
+
+        OUTPUT: an iterator
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2, 2)
+            sage: tuple(M.some_elements())
+            (
+            [ 0  1]  [1 0]  [0 1]  [0 0]  [0 0]
+            [-1  2], [0 0], [0 0], [1 0], [0 1]
+            )
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(QQ, 2, 3)
+            sage: tuple(M.some_elements())
+            (
+            [ 1/2 -1/2    2]  [1 0 0]  [0 1 0]  [0 0 1]  [0 0 0]  [0 0 0]  [0 0 0]
+            [  -2    0    1], [0 0 0], [0 0 0], [0 0 0], [1 0 0], [0 1 0], [0 0 1]
+            )
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(SR, 2, 2)                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: tuple(M.some_elements())                                              # needs sage.symbolic
+            (
+            [some_variable some_variable]  [1 0]  [0 1]  [0 0]  [0 0]
+            [some_variable some_variable], [0 0], [0 0], [1 0], [0 1]
+            )
+        """
+        yield self.an_element()
+        yield from self.gens()
+
+    def _magma_init_(self, magma):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES: We first coerce a square matrix.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: magma(MatrixSpace(QQ, 3))                     # optional - magma
+            Full Matrix Algebra of degree 3 over Rational Field
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: magma(MatrixSpace(Integers(8), 2, 3))         # optional - magma
+            Full RMatrixSpace of 2 by 3 matrices over IntegerRing(8)
+        """
+        K = magma(self.base_ring())
+        if self.__nrows == self.__ncols:
+            return 'MatrixAlgebra(%s,%s)' % (K.name(), self.__nrows)
+        return 'RMatrixSpace(%s,%s,%s)' % (K.name(), self.__nrows, self.__ncols)
+
+    def _polymake_init_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the polymake representation of the matrix space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polymake(MatrixSpace(QQ, 3))                  # optional - jupymake
+            Matrix<Rational>
+            sage: polymake(MatrixSpace(QuadraticField(5), 3))   # optional - jupymake, needs sage.rings.number_field
+            Matrix<QuadraticExtension>
+        """
+        from sage.interfaces.polymake import polymake
+        K = polymake(self.base_ring())
+        return '"Matrix<{}>"'.format(K)
+
+    def _random_nonzero_element(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return a random nonzero matrix.
+
+        This function repeatedly calls ``random_element`` until a nonzero
+        matrix is obtained.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``*args``, ``**kwds`` -- parameters that can be forwarded to the
+          ``random_element`` method
+
+        OUTPUT: random nonzero matrix
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 4)
+            sage: A = M._random_nonzero_element()
+            sage: A.is_zero()
+            False
+
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(ZZ, 0)
+            sage: A = M._random_nonzero_element()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Full MatrixSpace of 0 by 0 dense matrices over Integer Ring only has zero elements
+        """
+        if 0 in self.dims():
+            raise ValueError("{} only has zero elements".format(self))
+        rand_matrix = self.random_element(*args, **kwds)
+        while rand_matrix.is_zero():
+            rand_matrix = self.random_element(*args, **kwds)
+        return rand_matrix
+
+    def from_vector(self, vector, order=None, coerce=True):
+        r"""
+        Build an element of ``self`` from a vector.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = matrix([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
+            sage: v = vector(A); v
+            (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+            sage: MS = A.parent()
+            sage: MS.from_vector(v)
+            [1 2 3]
+            [4 5 6]
+            sage: order = [(1,2), (1,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,0), (1,1)]
+            sage: MS.from_vector(v, order=order)
+            [5 3 4]
+            [2 6 1]
+        """
+        if order is None:
+            if self.is_dense():
+                return self.element_class(self, vector, coerce=coerce)
+            else:
+                nc = self.ncols()
+                d = {(k // nc, k % nc): c for k, c in vector.dict().items()}
+                return self.element_class(self, d, coerce=coerce)
+        return super().from_vector(vector, order=order, coerce=coerce)
+
+    def _from_dict(self, d, coerce=True, remove_zeros=True):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element of ``self`` from the dictionary ``d``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coerce`` -- boolean; coerce the coefficients to the base ring
+        - ``remove_zeros`` -- ignored; for compatibility
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: MS = MatrixSpace(QQ['x'], 10, 5)
+            sage: A = MS.random_element()
+            sage: MS._from_dict(A.monomial_coefficients()) == A
+            True
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, d, coerce=coerce)
+
+
+def dict_to_list(entries, nrows, ncols):
+    r"""
+    Given a dictionary of coordinate tuples, return the list given by
+    reading off the nrows\*ncols matrix in row order.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_space import dict_to_list
+        sage: d = {}
+        sage: d[(0,0)] = 1
+        sage: d[(1,1)] = 2
+        sage: dict_to_list(d, 2, 2)
+        [1, 0, 0, 2]
+        sage: dict_to_list(d, 2, 3)
+        [1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0]
+    """
+    v = [0] * (nrows * ncols)
+    for ij, y in entries.items():
+        i, j = ij
+        v[i * ncols + j] = y
+    return v
+
+
+def _test_trivial_matrices_inverse(ring, sparse=True, implementation=None, checkrank=True):
+    """
+    Test inversion, determinant and is_invertible for trivial matrices.
+
+    This function is a helper to check that the inversion of trivial matrices
+    (of size 0x0, nx0, 0xn or 1x1) is handled consistently by the various
+    implementation of matrices. The coherency is checked through a bunch of
+    assertions. If an inconsistency is found, an :exc:`AssertionError` is
+    raised which should make clear what is the problem.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``ring`` -- a ring
+    - ``sparse`` -- boolean
+    - ``checkrank`` -- boolean
+
+    OUTPUT: nothing if everything is correct, otherwise raise an AssertionError
+
+    The methods determinant, is_invertible, rank and inverse are checked for
+     - the 0x0 empty identity matrix
+     - the 0x3 and 3x0 matrices
+     - the 1x1 null matrix [0]
+     - the 1x1 identity matrix [1]
+
+    If ``checkrank`` is ``False`` then the rank is not checked. This is used
+    the check matrix over ring where echelon form is not implemented.
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        This must be adapted to category check framework when ready
+        (see :issue:`5274`).
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.matrix.matrix_space import _test_trivial_matrices_inverse as tinv
+        sage: tinv(ZZ, sparse=True)
+        sage: tinv(ZZ, sparse=False, implementation='flint')                            # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        sage: tinv(ZZ, sparse=False, implementation='generic')
+        sage: tinv(QQ, sparse=True)
+        sage: tinv(QQ, sparse=False, implementation='flint')                            # needs sage.libs.linbox
+        sage: tinv(QQ, sparse=False, implementation='generic')
+        sage: tinv(GF(11), sparse=True)
+        sage: tinv(GF(11), sparse=False)
+        sage: tinv(GF(2), sparse=True)
+        sage: tinv(GF(2), sparse=False)
+        sage: tinv(SR, sparse=True)                                                     # needs sage.symbolic
+        sage: tinv(SR, sparse=False)                                                    # needs sage.symbolic
+
+        sage: # needs scipy
+        sage: tinv(RDF, sparse=True)
+        sage: tinv(RDF, sparse=False)
+        sage: tinv(CDF, sparse=True)                                                    # needs sage.rings.complex_double
+        sage: tinv(CDF, sparse=False)                                                   # needs sage.rings.complex_double
+        sage: tinv(CyclotomicField(7), sparse=True)                                     # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: tinv(CyclotomicField(7), sparse=False)                                    # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: tinv(QQ['x,y'], sparse=True)
+        sage: tinv(QQ['x,y'], sparse=False)
+    """
+    # Check that the empty 0x0 matrix is it's own inverse with det=1.
+    ms00 = MatrixSpace(ring, 0, 0, sparse=sparse)
+    m00 = ms00(0)
+    assert m00.determinant() == ring(1)
+    assert m00.is_invertible()
+    assert m00.inverse() == m00
+    if checkrank:
+        assert m00.rank() == 0
+
+    # Check that the empty 0x3 and 3x0 matrices are not invertible and that
+    # computing the determinant raise the proper exception.
+    for ms0 in [MatrixSpace(ring, 0, 3, sparse=sparse),
+                MatrixSpace(ring, 3, 0, sparse=sparse)]:
+        mn0 = ms0(0)
+        assert not mn0.is_invertible()
+        try:
+            d = mn0.determinant()
+            print(d)
+            res = False
+        except ValueError:
+            res = True
+        assert res
+        try:
+            mn0.inverse()
+            res = False
+        except ArithmeticError:
+            res = True
+        assert res
+        if checkrank:
+            assert mn0.rank() == 0
+
+    # Check that the null 1x1 matrix is not invertible and that det=0
+    ms1 = MatrixSpace(ring, 1, 1, sparse=sparse)
+    m0 = ms1(0)
+    assert not m0.is_invertible()
+    assert m0.determinant() == ring(0)
+    try:
+        m0.inverse()
+        res = False
+    except (ZeroDivisionError, RuntimeError):
+        # FIXME: Make pynac throw a ZeroDivisionError on division by
+        # zero instead of a runtime Error
+        res = True
+    assert res
+    if checkrank:
+        assert m0.rank() == 0
+
+    # Check that the identity 1x1 matrix is its own inverse with det=1
+    m1 = ms1(1)
+    assert m1.is_invertible()
+    assert m1.determinant() == ring(1)
+    inv = m1.inverse()
+    assert inv == m1
+    if checkrank:
+        assert m1.rank() == 1
+
+
+test_trivial_matrices_inverse = deprecated_function_alias(33612, _test_trivial_matrices_inverse)
+
+
+# Fix unpickling Matrix_modn_dense and Matrix_integer_2x2
+lazy_import('sage.matrix.matrix_modn_dense_double', 'Matrix_modn_dense_double')
+lazy_import('sage.matrix.matrix_integer_dense', 'Matrix_integer_dense')
+
+
+def _MatrixSpace_ZZ_2x2():
+    from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+    return MatrixSpace(ZZ, 2)
+
+
+register_unpickle_override('sage.matrix.matrix_modn_dense',
+    'Matrix_modn_dense', Matrix_modn_dense_double)
+register_unpickle_override('sage.matrix.matrix_integer_2x2',
+    'Matrix_integer_2x2', Matrix_integer_dense)
+register_unpickle_override('sage.matrix.matrix_integer_2x2',
+    'MatrixSpace_ZZ_2x2_class', MatrixSpace)
+register_unpickle_override('sage.matrix.matrix_integer_2x2',
+    'MatrixSpace_ZZ_2x2', _MatrixSpace_ZZ_2x2)
+lazy_import('sage.matrix.matrix_gf2e_dense', 'unpickle_matrix_gf2e_dense_v0')
+register_unpickle_override('sage.matrix.matrix_mod2e_dense',
+    'unpickle_matrix_mod2e_dense_v0', unpickle_matrix_gf2e_dense_v0)