passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/algebras/weyl_algebra.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1126 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat sage.modules
+r"""
+Weyl Algebras
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2013-09-06): Initial version
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2013 Travis Scrimshaw <tscrim at ucdavis.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.latex import latex, LatexExpr
+from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.categories.action import Action
+from sage.categories.rings import Rings
+from sage.categories.algebras_with_basis import AlgebrasWithBasis
+from sage.sets.family import Family
+import sage.data_structures.blas_dict as blas
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import PolynomialRing_generic
+from sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ring_base import MPolynomialRing_base
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+from sage.structure.global_options import GlobalOptions
+from sage.modules.with_basis.indexed_element import IndexedFreeModuleElement
+
+
+def repr_from_monomials(monomials, term_repr, use_latex=False) -> str:
+    r"""
+    Return a string representation of an element of a free module
+    from the dictionary ``monomials``.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``monomials`` -- list of pairs ``[m, c]`` where ``m`` is the index
+      and ``c`` is the coefficient
+    - ``term_repr`` -- a function which returns a string given an index
+      (can be ``repr`` or ``latex``, for example)
+    - ``use_latex`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` then the
+      output is in latex format
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.algebras.weyl_algebra import repr_from_monomials
+        sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+        sage: d = [(z, 4/7), (y, sqrt(2)), (x, -5)]                                     # needs sage.symbolic
+        sage: repr_from_monomials(d, lambda m: repr(m))                                 # needs sage.symbolic
+        '4/7*z + sqrt(2)*y - 5*x'
+        sage: a = repr_from_monomials(d, lambda m: latex(m), True); a                   # needs sage.symbolic
+        \frac{4}{7} z + \sqrt{2} y - 5 x
+        sage: type(a)                                                                   # needs sage.symbolic
+        <class 'sage.misc.latex.LatexExpr'>
+
+    The zero element::
+
+        sage: repr_from_monomials([], lambda m: repr(m))
+        '0'
+        sage: a = repr_from_monomials([], lambda m: latex(m), True); a
+        0
+        sage: type(a)
+        <class 'sage.misc.latex.LatexExpr'>
+
+    A "unity" element::
+
+        sage: repr_from_monomials([(1, 1)], lambda m: repr(m))
+        '1'
+        sage: a = repr_from_monomials([(1, 1)], lambda m: latex(m), True); a
+        1
+        sage: type(a)
+        <class 'sage.misc.latex.LatexExpr'>
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: repr_from_monomials([(1, -1)], lambda m: repr(m))
+        '-1'
+        sage: a = repr_from_monomials([(1, -1)], lambda m: latex(m), True); a
+        -1
+        sage: type(a)
+        <class 'sage.misc.latex.LatexExpr'>
+
+    Leading minus signs are dealt with appropriately::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+        sage: d = [(z, -4/7), (y, -sqrt(2)), (x, -5)]
+        sage: repr_from_monomials(d, lambda m: repr(m))
+        '-4/7*z - sqrt(2)*y - 5*x'
+        sage: a = repr_from_monomials(d, lambda m: latex(m), True); a
+        -\frac{4}{7} z - \sqrt{2} y - 5 x
+        sage: type(a)
+        <class 'sage.misc.latex.LatexExpr'>
+
+    Indirect doctests using a class that uses this function::
+
+        sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+        sage: A = CliffordAlgebra(QuadraticForm(R, 3, [x,0,-1,3,-4,5]))
+        sage: a,b,c = A.gens()
+        sage: a*b*c
+        e0*e1*e2
+        sage: b*c
+        e1*e2
+        sage: (a*a + 2)
+        x + 2
+        sage: c*(a*a + 2)*b
+        (-x - 2)*e1*e2 - 4*x - 8
+        sage: latex(c*(a*a + 2)*b)
+        \left( -x - 2 \right)  e_{1} e_{2} - 4 x - 8
+    """
+    if not monomials:
+        if use_latex:
+            return latex(0)
+        else:
+            return '0'
+
+    ret = ''
+    for m, c in monomials:
+        # Get the monomial portion
+        term = term_repr(m)
+
+        # Determine what to do with the coefficient
+        if use_latex:
+            coeff = latex(c)
+        else:
+            coeff = repr(c)
+
+        if not term or term == '1':
+            term = coeff
+        elif coeff == '-1':
+            term = '-' + term
+        elif coeff != '1':
+            atomic_repr = c.parent()._repr_option('element_is_atomic')
+            if not atomic_repr and (coeff.find("+") != -1 or coeff.rfind("-") > 0):
+                if use_latex:
+                    term = '\\left(' + coeff + '\\right) ' + term
+                elif coeff not in ['', '-']:
+                    term = '(' + coeff + ')*' + term
+            else:
+                if use_latex:
+                    term = coeff + ' ' + term
+                else:
+                    term = coeff + '*' + term
+
+        # Append this term with the correct sign
+        if ret:
+            if term[0] == '-':
+                ret += ' - ' + term[1:]
+            else:
+                ret += ' + ' + term
+        else:
+            ret = term
+    return ret
+
+
+def repr_factored(w, latex_output=False) -> str:
+    r"""
+    Return a string representation of ``w`` with the `dx_i` generators
+    factored on the right.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.algebras.weyl_algebra import repr_factored
+        sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+        sage: D = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+        sage: t, dt = D.gens()
+        sage: x = dt^3*t^3 + dt^2*t^4
+        sage: x
+        t^3*dt^3 + t^4*dt^2 + 9*t^2*dt^2 + 8*t^3*dt + 18*t*dt + 12*t^2 + 6
+        sage: print(repr_factored(x))
+        (12*t^2 + 6) + (8*t^3 + 18*t)*dt + (t^4 + 9*t^2)*dt^2 + (t^3)*dt^3
+        sage: repr_factored(x, True)
+        (12 t^{2} + 6) + (8 t^{3} + 18 t) \frac{\partial}{\partial t}
+         + (t^{4} + 9 t^{2}) \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}
+         + (t^{3}) \frac{\partial^{3}}{\partial t^{3}}
+        sage: repr_factored(D.zero())
+        '0'
+
+    With multiple variables::
+
+        sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+        sage: D = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+        sage: x, y, z, dx, dy, dz = D.gens()
+        sage: elt = dx^3*x^3 + (y^3-z*x)*dx^3 + dy^3*x^3 + dx*dy*dz*x*y*z
+        sage: elt
+        x^3*dy^3 + x*y*z*dx*dy*dz + y^3*dx^3 + x^3*dx^3 - x*z*dx^3 + y*z*dy*dz
+         + x*z*dx*dz + x*y*dx*dy + 9*x^2*dx^2 + z*dz + y*dy + 19*x*dx + 7
+        sage: print(repr_factored(elt))
+        (7) + (z)*dz + (y)*dy + (y*z)*dy*dz + (x^3)*dy^3 + (19*x)*dx
+         + (x*z)*dx*dz + (x*y)*dx*dy + (x*y*z)*dx*dy*dz
+         + (9*x^2)*dx^2 + (x^3 + y^3 - x*z)*dx^3
+        sage: repr_factored(D.zero(), True)
+        0
+    """
+    f = w.factor_differentials()
+    gens = w.parent().polynomial_ring().gens()
+
+    if latex_output:
+        def exp(e):
+            return '^{{{}}}'.format(e) if e > 1 else ''
+
+        def repr_dx(k):
+            total = sum(k)
+            if total == 0:
+                return ''
+            denom = ' '.join('\\partial {}{}'.format(latex(g), exp(e))
+                             for e, g in zip(k, gens) if e != 0)
+            return ''.join(' \\frac{{\\partial{}}}{{{}}}'.format(exp(total), denom))
+        repr_x = latex
+    else:
+        def exp(e):
+            return '^{}'.format(e) if e > 1 else ''
+
+        def repr_dx(k):
+            return ''.join('*d{}{}'.format(g, exp(e)) for e, g in zip(k, gens) if e != 0)
+        repr_x = repr
+    ret = " + ".join("({}){}".format(repr_x(f[k]), repr_dx(k))
+                     for k in sorted(f))
+    if not ret:
+        ret = '0'
+    if latex_output:
+        return LatexExpr(ret)
+    return ret
+
+
+class DifferentialWeylAlgebraElement(IndexedFreeModuleElement):
+    """
+    An element in a differential Weyl algebra.
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Some computations in the Weyl algebra, using the implicit
+    coercion from the polynomial ring into the Weyl algebra::
+
+        sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+        sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+        sage: elt = ((x^3-z)*dx + dy)^2
+        sage: TestSuite(elt).run()
+
+        sage: R.<x,y,z> =  QQ[]
+        sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+        sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+        sage: dy*(x^3-y*z)*dx == -z*dx + x^3*dx*dy - y*z*dx*dy
+        True
+        sage: W.zero() == 0
+        True
+        sage: W.one() == 1
+        True
+        sage: x == 1
+        False
+        sage: x + 1 == 1
+        False
+        sage: W(x^3 - y*z) == x^3 - y*z
+        True
+        sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+        sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+        sage: dx != dy
+        True
+        sage: W.one() != 1
+        False
+        sage: dy - (3*x - z)*dx
+        dy + z*dx - 3*x*dx
+        sage: (dx*dy) + dz + x^3 - 2
+        dx*dy + dz + x^3 - 2
+        sage: elt = (dy - (3*x - z)*dx)
+        sage: sorted(elt.monomial_coefficients().items())
+        [(((0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)), 1),
+         (((0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)), 1),
+         (((1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)), -3)]
+        sage: elt = dy - (3*x - z)*dx + 1
+        sage: sorted(elt.support())
+        [((0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0)),
+         ((0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)),
+         ((0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)),
+         ((1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0))]
+
+    Hashing works::
+
+        sage: hash(dx) == hash(dx) # hashing works
+        True
+
+    Comparison works, even if mathematically meaningless
+    (but useful e.g. for sorting)::
+
+        sage: dx < dy or dy < dx
+        True
+    """
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+            sage: ((x^3-z)*dx + dy)^2
+            dy^2 + 2*x^3*dx*dy - 2*z*dx*dy + x^6*dx^2 - 2*x^3*z*dx^2
+             + z^2*dx^2 + 3*x^5*dx - 3*x^2*z*dx
+        """
+        if self.parent().options.factor_representation:
+            return repr_factored(self, False)
+
+        def term(m):
+            ret = ''
+            for i, power in enumerate(m[0] + m[1]):
+                if power == 0:
+                    continue
+                name = self.parent().variable_names()[i]
+                if ret:
+                    ret += '*'
+                if power == 1:
+                    ret += '{}'.format(name)
+                else:
+                    ret += '{}^{}'.format(name, power)
+            return ret
+        return repr_from_monomials(self.list(), term)
+
+    def _latex_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Return a `\LaTeX` representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x', 3)
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: x0,x1,x2,dx0,dx1,dx2 = W.gens()
+            sage: latex( ((x0^3-x2)*dx0 + dx1)^2 )
+            \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x_{1}^{2}}
+             + 2 x_{0}^{3} \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x_{0} \partial x_{1}}
+             - 2 x_{2} \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x_{0} \partial x_{1}}
+             + x_{0}^{6} \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x_{0}^{2}}
+             - 2 x_{0}^{3} x_{2} \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x_{0}^{2}}
+             + x_{2}^{2} \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x_{0}^{2}}
+             + 3 x_{0}^{5} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{0}}
+             - 3 x_{0}^{2} x_{2} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{0}}
+        """
+        if self.parent().options.factor_representation:
+            return repr_factored(self, True)
+
+        def exp(e):
+            return '^{{{}}}'.format(e) if e > 1 else ''
+
+        def term(m):
+            R = self.parent()._poly_ring
+
+            def half_term(mon, polynomial):
+                total = sum(mon)
+                if total == 0:
+                    return '1'
+                ret = ' '.join('{}{}'.format(latex(R.gen(i)), exp(power)) if polynomial
+                               else '\\partial {}{}'.format(latex(R.gen(i)), exp(power))
+                               for i, power in enumerate(mon) if power > 0)
+                if not polynomial:
+                    return '\\frac{{\\partial{}}}{{{}}}'.format(exp(total), ret)
+                return ret
+            p = half_term(m[0], True)
+            d = half_term(m[1], False)
+            if p == '1':  # No polynomial part
+                return d
+            elif d == '1':  # No differential part
+                return p
+            else:
+                return p + ' ' + d
+        return repr_from_monomials(self.list(), term, True)
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return ``self`` multiplied by ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+            sage: dx*(x*y + z)
+            x*y*dx + z*dx + y
+            sage: ((x^3-z)*dx + dy) * (dx*dz^2 - 10*x)
+            dx*dy*dz^2 + x^3*dx^2*dz^2 - z*dx^2*dz^2 - 10*x*dy - 10*x^4*dx
+             + 10*x*z*dx - 10*x^3 + 10*z
+        """
+        def add_tuples(x, y):
+            return tuple(a + y[i] for i, a in enumerate(x))
+
+        d = {}
+        n = self.parent()._n
+        t = tuple([0] * n)
+        zero = self.parent().base_ring().zero()
+        for ml in self._monomial_coefficients:
+            cl = self._monomial_coefficients[ml]
+            for mr in other._monomial_coefficients:
+                cr = other._monomial_coefficients[mr]
+                cur = [((mr[0], t), cl * cr)]
+                for i, p in enumerate(ml[1]):
+                    for _ in range(p):
+                        next = []
+                        for m, c in cur:  # Distribute and apply the derivative
+                            diff = list(m[1])
+                            diff[i] += 1
+                            next.append(((m[0], tuple(diff)), c))
+                            if m[0][i] != 0:
+                                poly = list(m[0])
+                                c *= poly[i]
+                                poly[i] -= 1
+                                next.append(((tuple(poly), m[1]), c))
+                        cur = next
+
+                for m, c in cur:
+                    # multiply the resulting term by the other term
+                    m = (add_tuples(ml[0], m[0]), add_tuples(mr[1], m[1]))
+                    d[m] = d.get(m, zero) + c
+                    if d[m] == zero:
+                        del d[m]
+        return self.__class__(self.parent(), d)
+
+    def _rmul_(self, other):
+        """
+        Multiply ``self`` on the right side of ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+            sage: a = (x*y + z) * dx
+            sage: 3/2 * a
+            3/2*x*y*dx + 3/2*z*dx
+        """
+        if other == 0:
+            return self.parent().zero()
+        M = self._monomial_coefficients
+        return self.__class__(self.parent(), {t: other * M[t] for t in M})
+
+    def _lmul_(self, other):
+        """
+        Multiply ``self`` on the left side of ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+            sage: a = (x*y + z) * dx
+            sage: a * 3/2
+            3/2*x*y*dx + 3/2*z*dx
+        """
+        if other == 0:
+            return self.parent().zero()
+        M = self._monomial_coefficients
+        return self.__class__(self.parent(), {t: M[t] * other for t in M})
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        Return an iterator of ``self``.
+
+        This is the iterator of ``self.list()``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+            sage: list(dy - (3*x - z)*dx)
+            [(((0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)), 1),
+             (((0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)), 1),
+             (((1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)), -3)]
+        """
+        return iter(self.list())
+
+    def list(self) -> list:
+        """
+        Return ``self`` as a list.
+
+        This list consists of pairs `(m, c)`, where `m` is a pair of
+        tuples indexing a basis element of ``self``, and `c` is the
+        coordinate of ``self`` corresponding to this basis element.
+        (Only nonzero coordinates are shown.)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+            sage: elt = dy - (3*x - z)*dx
+            sage: elt.list()
+            [(((0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)), 1),
+             (((0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)), 1),
+             (((1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0)), -3)]
+        """
+        return sorted(self._monomial_coefficients.items(),
+                      key=lambda x: (-sum(x[0][1]), x[0][1], -sum(x[0][0]), x[0][0]))
+
+    # This is essentially copied from
+    #   sage.combinat.free_module.CombinatorialFreeModuleElement
+    def __truediv__(self, x):
+        """
+        Division by coefficients.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: x / 2
+            1/2*x
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(ZZ)
+            sage: a = 2*x + 4*y*z
+            sage: a / 2
+            2*y*z + x
+        """
+        F = self.parent()
+        D = self._monomial_coefficients
+        if F.base_ring().is_field():
+            x = F.base_ring()(x)
+            x_inv = x**-1
+            D = blas.linear_combination([(D, x_inv)])
+
+            return self.__class__(F, D)
+
+        return self.__class__(F, {t: D[t]._divide_if_possible(x) for t in D})
+
+    def factor_differentials(self) -> dict:
+        """
+        Return a dict representing ``self`` with the differentials
+        factored out.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: D = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: t, dt = D.gens()
+            sage: x = dt^3*t^3 + dt^2*t^4
+            sage: x
+            t^3*dt^3 + t^4*dt^2 + 9*t^2*dt^2 + 8*t^3*dt + 18*t*dt + 12*t^2 + 6
+            sage: x.factor_differentials()
+            {(0,): 12*t^2 + 6, (1,): 8*t^3 + 18*t, (2,): t^4 + 9*t^2, (3,): t^3}
+            sage: D.zero().factor_differentials()
+            {}
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: D = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: x, y, z, dx, dy, dz = D.gens()
+            sage: elt = dx^3*x^3 + (y^3-z*x)*dx^3 + dy^3*x^3 + dx*dy*dz*x*y*z
+            sage: elt
+            x^3*dy^3 + x*y*z*dx*dy*dz + y^3*dx^3 + x^3*dx^3 - x*z*dx^3 + y*z*dy*dz
+             + x*z*dx*dz + x*y*dx*dy + 9*x^2*dx^2 + z*dz + y*dy + 19*x*dx + 7
+            sage: elt.factor_differentials()
+            {(0, 0, 0): 7,
+             (0, 0, 1): z,
+             (0, 1, 0): y,
+             (0, 1, 1): y*z,
+             (0, 3, 0): x^3,
+             (1, 0, 0): 19*x,
+             (1, 0, 1): x*z,
+             (1, 1, 0): x*y,
+             (1, 1, 1): x*y*z,
+             (2, 0, 0): 9*x^2,
+             (3, 0, 0): x^3 + y^3 - x*z}
+        """
+        ret = {}
+        DW = self.parent()
+        P = DW.polynomial_ring()
+        gens = P.gens()
+        for m, c in self:
+            x, dx = m
+            if dx not in ret:
+                ret[dx] = P.zero()
+            ret[dx] += c * prod(g**e for e, g in zip(x, gens))
+        return ret
+
+    def diff(self, p):
+        """
+        Apply this differential operator to a polynomial.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- polynomial of the underlying polynomial ring
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        The result of the left action of the Weyl algebra on the polynomial
+        ring via differentiation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = R.weyl_algebra()
+            sage: dx, dy = W.differentials()
+            sage: dx.diff(x^3)
+            3*x^2
+            sage: (dx*dy).diff(W(x^3*y^3))
+            9*x^2*y^2
+            sage: (x*dx + dy + 1).diff(x^4*y^4 + 1)
+            5*x^4*y^4 + 4*x^4*y^3 + 1
+        """
+        return self.parent().diff_action(self, p)
+
+
+class DifferentialWeylAlgebra(UniqueRepresentation, Parent):
+    r"""
+    The differential Weyl algebra of a polynomial ring.
+
+    Let `R` be a commutative ring. The (differential) Weyl algebra `W` is
+    the algebra generated by `x_1, x_2, \ldots x_n, \partial_{x_1},
+    \partial_{x_2}, \ldots, \partial_{x_n}` subject to the relations:
+    `[x_i, x_j] = 0`, `[\partial_{x_i}, \partial_{x_j}] = 0`, and
+    `\partial_{x_i} x_j = x_j \partial_{x_i} + \delta_{ij}`. Therefore
+    `\partial_{x_i}` is acting as the partial differential operator on `x_i`.
+
+    The Weyl algebra can also be constructed as an iterated Ore extension
+    of the polynomial ring `R[x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n]` by adding `x_i` at
+    each step. It can also be seen as a quantization of the symmetric algebra
+    `Sym(V)`, where `V` is a finite dimensional vector space over a field
+    of characteristic zero, by using a modified Groenewold-Moyal
+    product in the symmetric algebra.
+
+    The Weyl algebra (even for `n = 1`) over a field of characteristic 0
+    has many interesting properties.
+
+    - It's a non-commutative domain.
+    - It's a simple ring (but not in positive characteristic) that is not
+      a matrix ring over a division ring.
+    - It has no finite-dimensional representations.
+    - It's a quotient of the universal enveloping algebra of the
+      Heisenberg algebra `\mathfrak{h}_n`.
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - :wikipedia:`Weyl_algebra`
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- a (polynomial) ring
+    - ``names`` -- (default: ``None``) if ``None`` and ``R`` is a
+      polynomial ring, then the variable names correspond to
+      those of ``R``; otherwise if ``names`` is specified, then ``R``
+      is the base ring
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    There are two ways to create a Weyl algebra, the first is from
+    a polynomial ring::
+
+        sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+        sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R); W
+        Differential Weyl algebra of polynomials in x, y, z over Rational Field
+
+    We can call ``W.inject_variables()`` to give the polynomial ring
+    variables, now as elements of ``W``, and the differentials::
+
+        sage: W.inject_variables()
+        Defining x, y, z, dx, dy, dz
+        sage: (dx * dy * dz) * (x^2 * y * z + x * z * dy + 1)
+        x*z*dx*dy^2*dz + z*dy^2*dz + x^2*y*z*dx*dy*dz + dx*dy*dz
+         + x*dx*dy^2 + 2*x*y*z*dy*dz + dy^2 + x^2*z*dx*dz + x^2*y*dx*dy
+         + 2*x*z*dz + 2*x*y*dy + x^2*dx + 2*x
+
+    Or directly by specifying a base ring and variable names::
+
+        sage: W.<a,b> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ); W
+        Differential Weyl algebra of polynomials in a, b over Rational Field
+
+    .. TODO::
+
+        Implement the :meth:`graded_algebra` as a polynomial ring once
+        they are considered to be graded rings (algebras).
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, R, names=None):
+        """
+        Normalize input to ensure a unique representation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W1.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: W2 = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ['x,y,z'])
+            sage: W1 is W2
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(R, (PolynomialRing_generic, MPolynomialRing_base)):
+            if names is None:
+                names = R.variable_names()
+                R = R.base_ring()
+        elif names is None:
+            raise ValueError("the names must be specified")
+        elif R not in Rings().Commutative():
+            raise TypeError("argument R must be a commutative ring")
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, R, names)
+
+    def __init__(self, R, names=None) -> None:
+        r"""
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: TestSuite(W).run()
+        """
+        self._n = len(names)
+        self._poly_ring = PolynomialRing(R, names)
+        names = names + tuple('d' + n for n in names)
+        if len(names) != self._n * 2:
+            raise ValueError("variable names cannot differ by a leading 'd'")
+        # TODO: Make this into a filtered algebra under the natural grading of
+        #   x_i and dx_i have degree 1
+        # Filtered is not included because it is a supercategory of super
+        if R.is_field():
+            cat = AlgebrasWithBasis(R).NoZeroDivisors().Super()
+        else:
+            cat = AlgebrasWithBasis(R).Super()
+        Parent.__init__(self, base=R, names=names, category=cat)
+
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            Differential Weyl algebra of polynomials in x, y, z over Rational Field
+        """
+        poly_gens = ', '.join(repr(x) for x in self.variables())
+        return "Differential Weyl algebra of polynomials in {} over {}".format(
+            poly_gens, self.base_ring())
+
+    # add options to class
+    class options(GlobalOptions):
+        r"""
+        Set the global options for elements of the differential Weyl
+        algebra class. The default is to have the factored
+        representations turned off.
+
+        @OPTIONS@
+
+        If no parameters are set, then the function returns a copy of the
+        options dictionary.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: D = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: t,dt = D.gens()
+            sage: x = dt^3*t^3 + dt^2*t^4
+            sage: x
+            t^3*dt^3 + t^4*dt^2 + 9*t^2*dt^2 + 8*t^3*dt + 18*t*dt + 12*t^2 + 6
+
+            sage: D.options.factor_representation = True
+            sage: x
+            (12*t^2 + 6) + (8*t^3 + 18*t)*dt + (t^4 + 9*t^2)*dt^2 + (t^3)*dt^3
+
+            sage: D.options._reset()
+        """
+        NAME = 'DifferentialWeylAlgebra'
+        module = 'sage.algebras.weyl_algebra'
+        factor_representation = {'default': False,
+                                 'description': 'Controls whether to factor the differentials out or not in the output representations',
+                                 'checker': lambda x: x in [True, False]}
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, x):
+        """
+        Construct an element of ``self`` from ``x``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: a = W(2); a
+            2
+            sage: a.parent() is W
+            True
+            sage: W(x^2 - y*z)
+            -y*z + x^2
+        """
+        t = tuple([0] * (self._n))
+        if x in self.base_ring():
+            if x == self.base_ring().zero():
+                return self.zero()
+            return self.element_class(self, {(t, t): x})
+        if isinstance(x, DifferentialWeylAlgebraElement):
+            R = self.base_ring()
+            if x.parent().base_ring() is R:
+                return self.element_class(self, dict(x))
+            zero = R.zero()
+            return self.element_class(self, {i: R(c) for i, c in x if R(c) != zero})
+        x = self._poly_ring(x)
+        return self.element_class(self, {(tuple(m), t): c
+                                         for m, c in x.monomial_coefficients().items()})
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
+        """
+        Return data which determines if there is a coercion map
+        from ``R`` to ``self``.
+
+        If such a map exists, the output could be a map, callable,
+        or ``True``, which constructs a generic map. Otherwise the output
+        must be ``False`` or ``None``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> =  QQ[]
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: W._coerce_map_from_(R)
+            True
+            sage: W._coerce_map_from_(QQ)
+            True
+            sage: W._coerce_map_from_(ZZ['x'])
+            True
+
+        Order of the names matter::
+
+            sage: Wp = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ['x,z,y'])
+            sage: W.has_coerce_map_from(Wp)
+            False
+            sage: Wp.has_coerce_map_from(W)
+            False
+
+        Zero coordinates are handled appropriately::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = ZZ[]
+            sage: W3 = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(GF(3)['x,y,z'])
+            sage: W3.has_coerce_map_from(R)
+            True
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(ZZ)
+            sage: W3.has_coerce_map_from(W)
+            True
+            sage: W3(3*x + y)
+            y
+        """
+        if self._poly_ring.has_coerce_map_from(R):
+            return True
+        if isinstance(R, DifferentialWeylAlgebra):
+            return (R.variable_names() == self.variable_names()
+                    and self.base_ring().has_coerce_map_from(R.base_ring()))
+        return super()._coerce_map_from_(R)
+
+    def degree_on_basis(self, i):
+        """
+        Return the degree of the basis element indexed by ``i``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<a,b> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: W.degree_on_basis( ((1, 3, 2), (0, 1, 3)) )
+            10
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: dx,dy,dz = W.differentials()
+            sage: elt = y*dy - (3*x - z)*dx
+            sage: elt.degree()
+            2
+        """
+        return sum(i[0]) + sum(i[1])
+
+    def polynomial_ring(self):
+        """
+        Return the associated polynomial ring of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<a,b> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: W.polynomial_ring()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a, b over Rational Field
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: W.polynomial_ring() == R
+            True
+        """
+        return self._poly_ring
+
+    @cached_method
+    def basis(self):
+        """
+        Return a basis of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: B = W.basis()
+            sage: it = iter(B)
+            sage: [next(it) for i in range(20)]
+            [1, x, y, dx, dy, x^2, x*y, x*dx, x*dy, y^2, y*dx, y*dy,
+             dx^2, dx*dy, dy^2, x^3, x^2*y, x^2*dx, x^2*dy, x*y^2]
+            sage: dx, dy = W.differentials()
+            sage: sorted((dx*x).monomials(), key=str)
+            [1, x*dx]
+            sage: B[(x*y).support()[0]]
+            x*y
+            sage: sorted((dx*x).monomial_coefficients().items())
+            [(((0, 0), (0, 0)), 1), (((1, 0), (1, 0)), 1)]
+        """
+        n = self._n
+        from sage.combinat.integer_lists.nn import IntegerListsNN
+
+        def elt_map(u):
+            return (tuple(u[:n]), tuple(u[n:]))
+
+        I = IntegerListsNN(length=2 * n, element_constructor=elt_map)
+        one = self.base_ring().one()
+
+        def f(x):
+            return self.element_class(self, {(x[0], x[1]): one})
+
+        return Family(I, f, name="basis map")
+
+    @cached_method
+    def algebra_generators(self):
+        """
+        Return the algebra generators of ``self``.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`variables`, :meth:`differentials`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: W.algebra_generators()
+            Finite family {'x': x, 'y': y, 'z': z, 'dx': dx, 'dy': dy, 'dz': dz}
+        """
+        d = {x: self.gen(i) for i, x in enumerate(self.variable_names())}
+        return Family(self.variable_names(), lambda x: d[x])
+
+    gens = algebra_generators
+
+    @cached_method
+    def variables(self):
+        """
+        Return the variables of ``self``.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`algebra_generators`, :meth:`differentials`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: W.variables()
+            Finite family {'x': x, 'y': y, 'z': z}
+        """
+        N = self.variable_names()[:self._n]
+        d = {x: self.gen(i) for i, x in enumerate(N)}
+        return Family(N, lambda x: d[x])
+
+    @cached_method
+    def differentials(self):
+        """
+        Return the differentials of ``self``.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`algebra_generators`, :meth:`variables`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y,z> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: W.differentials()
+            Finite family {'dx': dx, 'dy': dy, 'dz': dz}
+        """
+        N = self.variable_names()[self._n:]
+        d = {x: self.gen(self._n + i) for i, x in enumerate(N)}
+        return Family(N, lambda x: d[x])
+
+    def gen(self, i):
+        """
+        Return the ``i``-th generator of ``self``.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`algebra_generators`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: [W.gen(i) for i in range(6)]
+            [x, y, z, dx, dy, dz]
+        """
+        P = [0] * self._n
+        D = [0] * self._n
+        if i < self._n:
+            P[i] = 1
+        else:
+            D[i - self._n] = 1
+        return self.element_class(self, {(tuple(P), tuple(D)): self.base_ring().one()})
+
+    def ngens(self):
+        """
+        Return the number of generators of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: W.ngens()
+            6
+        """
+        return self._n * 2
+
+    @cached_method
+    def one(self):
+        """
+        Return the multiplicative identity element `1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: W.one()
+            1
+        """
+        t = tuple([0] * self._n)
+        return self.element_class(self, {(t, t): self.base_ring().one()})
+
+    @cached_method
+    def zero(self):
+        """
+        Return the additive identity element `0`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(R)
+            sage: W.zero()
+            0
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, {})
+
+    @lazy_attribute
+    def diff_action(self):
+        """
+        Left action of this Weyl algebra on the underlying polynomial ring by
+        differentiation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: W = R.weyl_algebra()
+            sage: dx, dy = W.differentials()
+            sage: W.diff_action
+            Left action by Differential Weyl algebra of polynomials in x, y
+            over Rational Field on Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over
+            Rational Field
+            sage: W.diff_action(dx^2 + dy + 1, x^3*y^3)
+            x^3*y^3 + 3*x^3*y^2 + 6*x*y^3
+        """
+        return DifferentialWeylAlgebraAction(self)
+
+    Element = DifferentialWeylAlgebraElement
+
+
+class DifferentialWeylAlgebraAction(Action):
+    """
+    Left action of a Weyl algebra on its underlying polynomial ring by
+    differentiation.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+        sage: W = R.weyl_algebra()
+        sage: dx, dy = W.differentials()
+        sage: W.diff_action
+        Left action by Differential Weyl algebra of polynomials in x, y
+        over Rational Field on Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over
+        Rational Field
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: g = dx^2 + x*dy
+        sage: p = x^5 + x^3 + y^2*x^2 + 1
+        sage: W.diff_action(g, p)
+        2*x^3*y + 20*x^3 + 2*y^2 + 6*x
+
+    The action is a left action::
+
+        sage: h = dx*x + x*y
+        sage: W.diff_action(h, W.diff_action(g, p)) == W.diff_action(h*g, p)
+        True
+
+    The action endomorphism of a differential operator::
+
+        sage: dg = W.diff_action(g); dg
+        Action of dx^2 + x*dy on Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over
+        Rational Field under Left action by Differential Weyl algebra...
+        sage: dg(p) == W.diff_action(g, p) == g.diff(p)
+        True
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, G) -> None:
+        """
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``G`` -- Weyl algebra
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.algebras.weyl_algebra import DifferentialWeylAlgebraAction
+            sage: W.<x,y> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: DifferentialWeylAlgebraAction(W)
+            Left action by Differential Weyl algebra of polynomials in x, y
+            over Rational Field on Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over
+            Rational Field
+        """
+        super().__init__(G, G.polynomial_ring(), is_left=True)
+
+    def _act_(self, g, x):
+        """
+        Apply a differential operator to a polynomial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: W.<x,y> = DifferentialWeylAlgebra(QQ)
+            sage: dx, dy = W.differentials()
+            sage: W.diff_action(dx^3 + dx, x^3*y^3 + x*y)
+            3*x^2*y^3 + 6*y^3 + y
+        """
+        f = g * x
+        D = {y: c for (y, dy), c in f.monomial_coefficients(copy=False).items()
+             if all(dyi == 0 for dyi in dy)}
+        return self.right_domain()(D)