passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/rings/function_field/drinfeld_modules/finite_drinfeld_module.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+r"""
+Finite Drinfeld modules
+
+This module provides the class
+:class:`sage.rings.function_fields.drinfeld_module.finite_drinfeld_module.DrinfeldModule_finite`,
+which inherits
+:class:`sage.rings.function_fields.drinfeld_module.drinfeld_module.DrinfeldModule`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Antoine Leudière (2022-04)
+- Yossef Musleh (2023-02): added characteristic polynomial methods
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+#        Copyright (C) 2022 Antoine Leudière <antoine.leudiere@inria.fr>
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#                   http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.functions.log import logb
+from sage.functions.other import ceil, sqrt
+from sage.matrix.constructor import Matrix
+from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+from sage.matrix.special import companion_matrix
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.drinfeld_module import DrinfeldModule
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+
+
+class DrinfeldModule_finite(DrinfeldModule):
+    r"""
+    This class implements finite Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-modules.
+
+    A *finite Drinfeld module* is a Drinfeld module whose base field is
+    finite. In this case, the function field characteristic is a prime
+    ideal.
+
+    For general definitions and help on Drinfeld modules, see class
+    :class:`sage.rings.function_fields.drinfeld_module.drinfeld_module.DrinfeldModule`.
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Construction:
+
+    The user does not ever need to directly call
+    ``DrinfeldModule_finite`` --- the metaclass ``DrinfeldModule`` is
+    responsible for instantiating ``DrinfeldModule`` or
+    ``DrinfeldModule_finite`` depending on the input::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(343)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(2)
+        sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 0, 5])
+        sage: phi
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> 5*t^2 + z6
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: isinstance(phi, DrinfeldModule)
+        True
+        sage: from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.finite_drinfeld_module import DrinfeldModule_finite
+        sage: isinstance(phi, DrinfeldModule_finite)
+        True
+
+    The user should never use ``DrinfeldModule_finite`` to test if a
+    Drinfeld module is finite, but rather the ``is_finite`` method::
+
+        sage: phi.is_finite()
+        True
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Complex multiplication of rank two finite Drinfeld modules
+
+    We can handle some aspects of the theory of complex multiplication
+    of finite Drinfeld modules. Apart from the method
+    ``frobenius_endomorphism``, we only handle rank two Drinfeld
+    modules.
+
+    First of all, it is easy to create the Frobenius endomorphism::
+
+        sage: frobenius_endomorphism = phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+        sage: frobenius_endomorphism
+        Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> 5*t^2 + z6
+          Defn: t^2
+
+    Its characteristic polynomial can be computed::
+
+        sage: chi = phi.frobenius_charpoly()
+        sage: chi
+        X^2 + (T + 2*z3^2 + 2*z3 + 1)*X + 2*T^2 + (z3^2 + z3 + 4)*T + 2*z3
+        sage: frob_pol = frobenius_endomorphism.ore_polynomial()
+        sage: chi(frob_pol, phi(T))
+        0
+
+    as well as its trace and norm::
+
+        sage: phi.frobenius_trace()
+        6*T + 5*z3^2 + 5*z3 + 6
+        sage: phi.frobenius_trace() == -chi[1]
+        True
+        sage: phi.frobenius_norm()
+        2*T^2 + (z3^2 + z3 + 4)*T + 2*z3
+
+    We can decide if a Drinfeld module is ordinary or supersingular::
+
+        sage: phi.is_ordinary()
+        True
+        sage: phi.is_supersingular()
+        False
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Inverting the Drinfeld module
+
+    The morphism that defines a Drinfeld module is injective (see
+    [Gos1998]_, cor. 4.5.2). If the Drinfeld module is finite, one can
+    retrieve preimages::
+
+        sage: a = A.random_element()
+        sage: phi.invert(phi(a)) == a
+        True
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, gen, category):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        Validity of the input is checked in ``__classcall_private__``. The
+        ``__init__`` just saves attributes.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``function_ring`` -- a univariate polynomial ring whose base
+          is a finite field
+
+        - ``gen`` -- the generator of the Drinfeld module as a list of
+          coefficients or an Ore polynomial
+
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``'t'``) the name of the Ore polynomial
+          ring gen
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: gen = [p_root, z12^3, z12^5]
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, gen)
+            sage: ore_polring = phi.ore_polring()
+            sage: phi._gen == ore_polring(gen)
+            True
+        """
+        # NOTE: There used to be no __init__ here (which was fine). I
+        # added one to ensure that DrinfeldModule_finite would always
+        # have _frobenius_norm and _frobenius_trace attributes.
+        super().__init__(gen, category)
+        self._base_degree_over_constants = self.base_over_constants_field().degree(self._Fq)
+        self._frobenius_norm = None
+        self._frobenius_trace = None
+        self._frobenius_charpoly = None
+
+    def _frobenius_matrix_crystalline(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the matrix representing the Frobenius endomorphism on the
+        crystalline cohomology of the Drinfeld module. This is done up to
+        precision [K:Fq] + 1, which is enough to ensure the characteristic
+        polynomial can be recovered.
+
+        For the formal construction of the crystalline cohomology, see
+        [Ang1997]_. It is a free module of rank r over the ring of Witt
+        vectors in `T - \mathfrak{p}`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi._frobenius_matrix_crystalline()
+            [...((z2 + 3) + z12 + (4*z2 + 1)*z12^2 + (z2 + 4)*z12^3 + (z2 + 4)*z12^4 + (2*z2 + 3)*z12^5)*T^3 + (2*z2 + 2*z2*z12 + (2*z2 + 3)*z12^2 + ... + (3*z2 + 4)*z12^3 + (2*z2 + 3)*z12^4 + 3*z2*z12^5]
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Compute the action of the Frobenius on an explicit basis for the
+        cohomology using a recurrence relation, and return the resulting
+        matrix.
+        """
+        Fq = self._Fq
+        K = self.base_over_constants_field()
+        A = self.function_ring()
+        char, q = Fq.characteristic(), Fq.cardinality()
+        qdeg = logb(q, char)
+        r, n = self.rank(), self._base_degree_over_constants
+        nstar = ceil(sqrt(n))
+        nquo, nrem = divmod(n, nstar)
+        drin_coeffs = self.coefficients(sparse=False)
+        poly_K = PolynomialRing(K, name=str(A.gen()))
+        matrix_poly_K = MatrixSpace(poly_K, r, r)
+        mu_coeffs = ((poly_K.gen() - drin_coeffs[0])**(n+1)) \
+                    .coefficients(sparse=False)
+
+        def companion(order):
+            # + [1] is required to satisfy formatting for companion matrix
+            M = matrix_poly_K(companion_matrix([(drin_coeffs[i]/drin_coeffs[r])
+                               .frobenius(qdeg*order)
+                               for i in range(r)] + [1], format='top'))
+            M[0, r-1] += poly_K.gen() / drin_coeffs[r].frobenius(qdeg*order)
+            return M
+
+        companion_initial = prod([companion(i) for i in range(nrem, 0, -1)])
+        companion_step = prod([companion(i)
+                              for i in range(nstar + nrem, nrem, -1)])
+        reduced_companions = []
+        for k in range(nquo - 1, 0, -1):
+            M = Matrix(poly_K, r, r)
+            modulus = poly_K([c.frobenius(qdeg*(-k*nstar % n))
+                                                for c in mu_coeffs])
+            for i, row in enumerate(companion_step):
+                for j, entry in enumerate(row):
+                    reduction = entry % modulus
+                    M[i, j] = poly_K([c.frobenius(qdeg*(k*nstar))
+                                     for c in reduction
+                                              .coefficients(sparse=False)])
+            reduced_companions.append(M)
+        return (prod(reduced_companions) * companion_step * companion_initial)
+
+    def frobenius_endomorphism(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the Frobenius endomorphism of the Drinfeld module as a
+        morphism object.
+
+        Let `q` be the order of the base field of the function ring. The
+        *Frobenius endomorphism* is defined as the endomorphism whose
+        defining Ore polynomial is `t^q`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(343)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, 0, z6])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z6*t^2 + 1
+              Defn: t^2
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.morphism import DrinfeldModuleMorphism
+            sage: isinstance(phi.frobenius_endomorphism(), DrinfeldModuleMorphism)
+            True
+        """
+        t = self.ore_polring().gen()
+        deg = self.base_over_constants_field().degree_over()
+        return self._Hom_(self, category=self.category())(t**deg)
+
+    def frobenius_charpoly(self, var='X', algorithm=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius
+        endomorphism.
+
+        Let `\mathbb{F}_q` be the base field of the function ring. The
+        *characteristic polynomial* `\chi` *of the Frobenius endomorphism*
+        is defined in [Gek1991]_. An important feature of this
+        polynomial is that it is monic, univariate, and has coefficients
+        in the function ring. As in our case the function
+        ring is a univariate polynomial ring, it is customary to see the
+        characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius endomorphism as a
+        bivariate polynomial.
+
+        Let `\chi = X^r + \sum_{i=0}^{r-1} A_{i}(T)X^{i}` be the
+        characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius endomorphism, and
+        let `t^n` be the Ore polynomial that defines the Frobenius
+        endomorphism of `\phi`; by definition, `n` is the degree of `K`
+        over the base field `\mathbb{F}_q`. Then we have
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \chi(t^n)(\phi(T))
+            = t^{nr} + \sum_{i=1}^{r} \phi_{A_{i}}t^{n(i)}
+            = 0,
+
+        with `\deg(A_i) \leq \frac{n(r-i)}{r}`.
+
+        Note that the *Frobenius trace* is defined as `A_{r-1}(T)` and the
+        *Frobenius norm* is defined as `A_0(T)`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``var`` (default: ``'X'``) -- the name of the second variable
+        - ``algorithm`` (default: ``None``) -- the algorithm
+          used to compute the characteristic polynomial
+
+        .. NOTE:
+
+        Available algorithms are:
+
+            - ``'CSA'`` -- it exploits the fact that `K\{\tau\}` is a
+              central simple algebra (CSA) over `\mathbb
+              F_q[\text{Frob}_\phi]` (see Chapter 4 of [CL2023]_).
+            - ``'crystalline'`` -- it uses the action of the Frobenius
+              on the crystalline cohomology (see [MS2023]_).
+            - ``'gekeler'`` -- it tries to identify coefficients by
+              writing that the characteristic polynomial annihilates the
+              Frobenius endomorphism; this algorithm may fail is some
+              cases (see [Gek2008]_).
+            - ``'motive'`` -- it uses the action of the Frobenius on the
+              Anderson motive (see Chapter 2 of [CL2023]_).
+
+        The method raises an exception if the user asks for an
+        unimplemented algorithm, even if the characteristic polynomial
+        has already been computed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly()
+            X^2 + ((4*z2 + 4)*T^3 + (z2 + 3)*T^2 + 3*T + 2*z2 + 3)*X + 3*z2*T^6 + (4*z2 + 3)*T^5 + (4*z2 + 4)*T^4 + 2*T^3 + (3*z2 + 3)*T^2 + (z2 + 2)*T + 4*z2
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(343)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, 0, z6])
+            sage: chi = phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='crystalline')
+            sage: chi
+            X^2 + ((3*z3^2 + z3 + 4)*T + 4*z3^2 + 6*z3 + 3)*X + (5*z3^2 + 2*z3)*T^2 + (4*z3^2 + 3*z3)*T + 5*z3^2 + 2*z3
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: frob_pol = phi.frobenius_endomorphism().ore_polynomial()
+            sage: chi(frob_pol, phi(T))
+            0
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='motive')(phi.frobenius_endomorphism())
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z6*t^2 + 1
+              Defn: 0
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm="NotImplemented")
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: algorithm "NotImplemented" not implemented
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+            If the user specifies an algorithm, then the characteristic
+            polynomial is computed according to the user's input (see
+            the note above), even if it had already been computed.
+
+            If no algorithm is given, then the function either returns a
+            cached value, or if no cached value is available, the
+            function computes the Frobenius characteristic polynomial
+            from scratch. In that case, if the rank `r` is less than the
+            extension degree `n`, then the ``crystalline`` algorithm is
+            used, while the ``CSA`` algorithm is used otherwise.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(9)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: k.<zk> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: K.<z> = k.extension(3)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [K(zk), z^8, z^7])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='CSA')
+            X^2 + (2*T^3 + (2*z2 + 2)*T^2 + (z2 + 1)*T + 2*z2)*X + z2*T^6 + (2*z2 + 2)*T^3 + 2
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='crystalline')
+            X^2 + (2*T^3 + (2*z2 + 2)*T^2 + (z2 + 1)*T + 2*z2)*X + z2*T^6 + (2*z2 + 2)*T^3 + 2
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='gekeler')
+            X^2 + (2*T^3 + (2*z2 + 2)*T^2 + (z2 + 1)*T + 2*z2)*X + z2*T^6 + (2*z2 + 2)*T^3 + 2
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='motive')
+            X^2 + (2*T^3 + (2*z2 + 2)*T^2 + (z2 + 1)*T + 2*z2)*X + z2*T^6 + (2*z2 + 2)*T^3 + 2
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly()(phi.frobenius_endomorphism()).ore_polynomial()
+            0
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [K(zk), z^2, z^3, z^4])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='CSA')
+            X^3 + ((z2 + 1)*T^2 + (z2 + 1)*T + z2 + 2)*X^2 + ((z2 + 2)*T^4 + 2*T^3 + z2*T^2 + T + 2*z2)*X + T^6 + 2*z2*T^3 + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='crystalline')
+            X^3 + ((z2 + 1)*T^2 + (z2 + 1)*T + z2 + 2)*X^2 + ((z2 + 2)*T^4 + 2*T^3 + z2*T^2 + T + 2*z2)*X + T^6 + 2*z2*T^3 + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='gekeler')
+            X^3 + ((z2 + 1)*T^2 + (z2 + 1)*T + z2 + 2)*X^2 + ((z2 + 2)*T^4 + 2*T^3 + z2*T^2 + T + 2*z2)*X + T^6 + 2*z2*T^3 + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='motive')
+            X^3 + ((z2 + 1)*T^2 + (z2 + 1)*T + z2 + 2)*X^2 + ((z2 + 2)*T^4 + 2*T^3 + z2*T^2 + T + 2*z2)*X + T^6 + 2*z2*T^3 + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly()(phi.frobenius_endomorphism()).ore_polynomial()
+            0
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [K(zk), z^8, z^7, z^20])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='CSA')
+            X^3 + (z2*T^2 + z2*T + z2 + 1)*X^2 + (T^4 + (2*z2 + 1)*T^3 + (z2 + 2)*T^2 + (2*z2 + 1)*T + z2 + 2)*X + T^6 + 2*z2*T^3 + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='crystalline')
+            X^3 + (z2*T^2 + z2*T + z2 + 1)*X^2 + (T^4 + (2*z2 + 1)*T^3 + (z2 + 2)*T^2 + (2*z2 + 1)*T + z2 + 2)*X + T^6 + 2*z2*T^3 + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='gekeler')
+            X^3 + (z2*T^2 + z2*T + z2 + 1)*X^2 + (T^4 + (2*z2 + 1)*T^3 + (z2 + 2)*T^2 + (2*z2 + 1)*T + z2 + 2)*X + T^6 + 2*z2*T^3 + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='motive')
+            X^3 + (z2*T^2 + z2*T + z2 + 1)*X^2 + (T^4 + (2*z2 + 1)*T^3 + (z2 + 2)*T^2 + (2*z2 + 1)*T + z2 + 2)*X + T^6 + 2*z2*T^3 + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly()(phi.frobenius_endomorphism()).ore_polynomial()
+            0
+
+        Check that ``var`` inputs are taken into account for cached
+        characteristic polynomials::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly()
+            X^2 + X + T^2 + T + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(var='Foo')
+            Foo^2 + Foo + T^2 + T + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(var='Bar')
+            Bar^2 + Bar + T^2 + T + 1
+        """
+        # If no algorithm is specified, return cached data (if it
+        # exists), or pick an algorithm:
+        if algorithm is None:
+            if self._frobenius_charpoly is not None:
+                return self._frobenius_charpoly.change_variable_name(var)
+            else:
+                if self.rank() < self._base_degree_over_constants:
+                    algorithm = 'crystalline'
+                else:
+                    algorithm = 'CSA'
+        # If an algorithm is specified, do not use cached data, even
+        # if it is possible:
+        method_name = f'_frobenius_charpoly_{algorithm}'
+        if not hasattr(self, method_name):
+            raise NotImplementedError(f'algorithm "{algorithm}" not implemented')
+        self._frobenius_charpoly = getattr(self, method_name)()
+        return self._frobenius_charpoly.change_variable_name(var)
+
+    def _frobenius_charpoly_CSA(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius
+        endomorphism using Crystalline cohomology.
+
+        The algorithm works for Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-modules of
+        any rank.
+
+        This method is private and should not be directly called.
+        Instead, use :meth:`frobenius_charpoly` with the option
+        `algorithm='CSA'`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z^i for i in range(1, 50)])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm="CSA")  # indirect doctest
+            X^48 + 4*X^47 + 4*X^46 + X^45 + 3*X^44 + X^42 + 4*X^41 + 4*X^39 + 2*X^37 + 4*X^36 + 3*X^35 + 2*X^33 + (4*T + 2)*X^32 + (4*T + 1)*X^31 + (3*T + 1)*X^30 + 4*T*X^29 + 4*T*X^28 + 2*X^27 + X^26 + (3*T + 4)*X^25 + (4*T + 4)*X^24 + (T + 1)*X^23 + (T + 3)*X^22 + 4*T*X^21 + (2*T + 1)*X^20 + 4*X^19 + 4*T*X^18 + (T + 4)*X^17 + 4*T^2*X^16 + (T^2 + 3*T + 3)*X^15 + (4*T^2 + 3*T + 3)*X^14 + (3*T^2 + 3*T + 3)*X^13 + (3*T^2 + 4*T + 4)*X^12 + (T^2 + 2*T + 2)*X^11 + (3*T^2 + 4*T + 4)*X^10 + (3*T^2 + T + 1)*X^9 + (4*T + 4)*X^8 + (3*T + 3)*X^7 + (T^2 + 3*T + 3)*X^6 + (3*T^2 + T + 1)*X^5 + (2*T^2 + 3*T + 3)*X^4 + (2*T^2 + 3*T + 3)*X^3 + 3*T^2*X^2 + 4*T^2*X + 2*T^3 + T + 1
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Compute the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius from
+        the reduced characteristic polynomial of the Ore polynomial
+        `\phi_T`. This algorithm is particularly interesting when the
+        rank of the Drinfeld module is large compared to the degree
+        of the extension `K/\mathbb F_q`. See [CL2023]_.
+        """
+        E = self._base
+        EZ = PolynomialRing(E, name='Z')
+        n = self._base_degree_over_constants
+        f = self.gen()  # phi_T, which is updated in the subsequent loop
+        t = self.ore_variable()
+        rows = []
+        for i in range(n):
+            m = f.degree() + 1
+            row = [EZ([f[jj] for jj in range(j, m, n)]) for j in range(n)]
+            rows.append(row)
+            f = t * f
+        chi = Matrix(rows).charpoly()
+        # Format the result
+        K = self.base_over_constants_field()
+        A = self.function_ring()
+        n = self._base_degree_over_constants
+        r = self.rank()
+        lc = chi[0][r]
+        coeffs = [A([K(chi[i][j]/lc).in_base()
+                     for i in range((r-j)*n // r + 1)])
+                  for j in range(r+1)]
+        return PolynomialRing(A, name='X')(coeffs)
+
+    def _frobenius_charpoly_crystalline(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius
+        endomorphism using Crystalline cohomology.
+
+        The algorithm works for Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-modules of
+        any rank.
+
+        This method is private and should not be directly called.
+        Instead, use :meth:`frobenius_charpoly` with the option
+        `algorithm='crystalline'`.
+
+        OUTPUT: a univariate polynomial with coefficients in the
+                function ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='crystalline') # indirect doctest
+            X^2 + ((4*z2 + 4)*T^3 + (z2 + 3)*T^2 + 3*T + 2*z2 + 3)*X + 3*z2*T^6 + (4*z2 + 3)*T^5 + (4*z2 + 4)*T^4 + 2*T^3 + (3*z2 + 3)*T^2 + (z2 + 2)*T + 4*z2
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(8)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 4, 1, z, z+1, 2, z+2, 1, 1, 3, 1])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='crystalline') # indirect doctest
+            X^10 + X^9 + (3*T + z2 + 1)*X^8 + (4*T^2 + z2*T + 2*z2 + 1)*X^7 + ... + (4*z2 + 4)*T^4 + 4*z2*T^2 + (z2 + 2)*T + z2
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(27)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(10)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, z^2 + z, 2, 1, z, z+1, 2, z+2, 0, 1, 1, z^2 + z])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='crystalline') # indirect doctest
+            X^11 + (z3^2 + 2*z3)*X^10 + ((z3 + 1)*T + z3)*X^9 + ((2*z3^2 + z3 + 2)*T^2 + ... + (2*z3^2 + 2*z3 + 2)*T + z3^2
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Compute the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius endomorphism
+        acting on the crystalline cohomology of a Drinfeld module, which
+        is equal to that of the Frobenius endomorphism on the Drinfeld
+        module. A recurrence on elements of the cohomology allows us to
+        compute a matrix representation of the Frobenius endomorphism
+        efficiently using a companion matrix method. Based on the algorithm
+        of section 6.3 in [MS2023]_.
+        """
+        A = self.function_ring()
+        charpoly_K = self._frobenius_matrix_crystalline().charpoly().list()
+
+        # The above line obtains the char poly with coefficients in K[T]
+        # This maps them into A = Fq[T]
+
+        coeffs_A = [A([x.in_base() for x in coeff]) for coeff in charpoly_K]
+        return PolynomialRing(A, name='X')(coeffs_A)
+
+    def _frobenius_charpoly_gekeler(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius
+        endomorphism using Gekeler's algorithm.
+
+        The algorithm works for Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-modules of
+        any rank, provided that the constant coefficient is a generator
+        of the base field.
+
+        This method is private and should not be directly called.
+        Instead, use :meth:`frobenius_charpoly` with the option
+        `algorithm='gekeler'`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            This algorithm only works in the generic case when the
+            corresponding linear system is invertible. Notable cases
+            where this fails include Drinfeld modules whose minimal
+            polynomial is not equal to the characteristic polynomial,
+            and rank 2 Drinfeld modules where the degree 1 coefficient
+            of `\phi_T` is 0. In that case, an exception is raised.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 4, 1, z])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='gekeler') # indirect doctest
+            X^3 + ((z2 + 2)*T^2 + (z2 + 2)*T + 4*z2 + 4)*X^2 + ... + (3*z2 + 2)*T^2 + (3*z2 + 3)*T + 4
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(125)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, z])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='gekeler') # indirect doctest
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            NotImplementedError: 'gekeler' algorithm failed
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Construct a linear system based on the requirement that the
+        Frobenius satisfies a degree r polynomial with coefficients in
+        the function ring. This generalizes the procedure from
+        [Gek2008]_ for the rank 2 case.
+        """
+        K = self.base_over_constants_field()
+        A = self.function_ring()
+        r, n = self.rank(), self._base_degree_over_constants
+        # Compute constants that determine the block structure of the
+        # linear system. The system is prepared such that the solution
+        # vector has the form [a_0, a_1, ... a_{r-1}]^T with each a_i
+        # corresponding to a block of length (n*(r - i))//r + 1
+        shifts = [(n*(r - i))//r + 1 for i in range(r)]
+        rows, cols = n*r + 1, sum(shifts)
+        block_shifts = [0]
+        for i in range(r-1):
+            block_shifts.append(block_shifts[-1] + shifts[i])
+        # Compute the images \phi_T^i for i = 0 .. n.
+        gen_powers = [self(A.gen()**i).coefficients(sparse=False)
+                      for i in range(0, n + 1)]
+        sys, vec = Matrix(K, rows, cols), vector(K, rows)
+        vec[rows - 1] = -1
+        for j in range(r):
+            for k in range(shifts[j]):
+                for i in range(len(gen_powers[k])):
+                    sys[i + n*j, block_shifts[j] + k] = gen_powers[k][i]
+        if sys.right_nullity() != 0:
+            raise NotImplementedError("'gekeler' algorithm failed")
+        sol = list(sys.solve_right(vec))
+        # The system is solved over K, but the coefficients should all
+        # be in Fq We project back into Fq here.
+        sol_Fq = [K(x).vector()[0] for x in sol]
+        char_poly = []
+        for i in range(r):
+            char_poly.append([sol_Fq[block_shifts[i] + j]
+                              for j in range(shifts[i])])
+        return PolynomialRing(A, name='X')(char_poly + [1])
+
+    def _frobenius_charpoly_motive(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius
+        endomorphism using Motivic cohomology.
+
+        The algorithm works for Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-modules of
+        any rank.
+
+        This method is private and should not be directly called.
+        Instead, use :meth:`frobenius_charpoly` with the option
+        `algorithm='motive'`.
+
+        OUTPUT: a univariate polynomial with coefficients in the
+                function ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='motive') # indirect doctest
+            X^2 + ((4*z2 + 4)*T^3 + (z2 + 3)*T^2 + 3*T + 2*z2 + 3)*X + 3*z2*T^6 + (4*z2 + 3)*T^5 + (4*z2 + 4)*T^4 + 2*T^3 + (3*z2 + 3)*T^2 + (z2 + 2)*T + 4*z2
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(8)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 4, 1, z, z+1, 2, z+2, 1, 1, 3, 1])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='motive') # indirect doctest
+            X^10 + X^9 + (3*T + z2 + 1)*X^8 + (4*T^2 + z2*T + 2*z2 + 1)*X^7 + ... + (4*z2 + 4)*T^4 + 4*z2*T^2 + (z2 + 2)*T + z2
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(27)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(10)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, z^2 + z, 2, 1, z, z+1, 2, z+2, 0, 1, 1, z^2 + z])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_charpoly(algorithm='motive') # indirect doctest
+            X^11 + (z3^2 + 2*z3)*X^10 + ((z3 + 1)*T + z3)*X^9 + ((2*z3^2 + z3 + 2)*T^2 + ... + (2*z3^2 + 2*z3 + 2)*T + z3^2
+        """
+        return self.frobenius_endomorphism().characteristic_polynomial('X')
+
+    def frobenius_norm(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the Frobenius norm of the Drinfeld module.
+
+        Let `C(X) = \sum_{i=0}^r a_iX^{i}` denote the characteristic
+        polynomial of the Frobenius endomorphism. The Frobenius norm
+        is `a_{0}`, and given by the formula
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            a_0 = (-1)^{nr - n -r}
+                  \mathrm{Norm}_{K/\mathbb F_q}(\Delta)^{-1}
+                  p^{n / \mathrm{deg}(p)},
+
+        where `K` is the ground field, which as degree `n` over
+        `\mathbb F_q`, `r` is the rank of the Drinfeld module,
+        and `\Delta` is the leading coefficient of the generator.
+        This formula is given in Theorem~4.2.7 of [Pap2023]_.
+
+        Note that the Frobenius norm computed by this method may be
+        different than what is computed as the isogeny norm of the
+        Frobenius endomorphism (see :meth:`norm` on the Frobenius
+        endomorphism), which is an ideal defined of the function ring
+        given by its monic generator; the Frobenius norm may not be
+        monic.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(343)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, 0, z6])
+            sage: frobenius_norm = phi.frobenius_norm()
+            sage: frobenius_norm
+            (5*z3^2 + 2*z3)*T^2 + (4*z3^2 + 3*z3)*T + 5*z3^2 + 2*z3
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: n = 2  # Degree of the base field over Fq
+            sage: frobenius_norm.degree() == n
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: frobenius_norm == phi.frobenius_charpoly()[0]
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: lc = frobenius_norm.leading_coefficient()
+            sage: isogeny_norm = phi.frobenius_endomorphism().norm()
+            sage: isogeny_norm.gen() == frobenius_norm / lc
+            True
+            sage: A.ideal(frobenius_norm) == isogeny_norm
+            True
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+            The Frobenius norm is computed using the formula, by
+            Gekeler, given in [MS2019]_, Section 4, Proposition 3.
+        """
+        if self._frobenius_norm is not None:
+            return self._frobenius_norm
+        K = self.base_over_constants_field()
+        n = K.degree(self._Fq)
+        r = self.rank()
+        p = self.characteristic()
+        norm = K(self.coefficients()[-1]).norm()
+        self._frobenius_norm = (-1) ** (n*r - n - r) \
+                               * norm**(-1) \
+                               * p ** (n//p.degree())
+        return self._frobenius_norm
+
+    def frobenius_trace(self, algorithm=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the Frobenius trace of the Drinfeld module.
+
+        Let `C(X) = \sum_{i=0}^r a_iX^{i}` denote the characteristic
+        polynomial of the Frobenius endomorphism. The Frobenius trace
+        is `-a_{r-1}`. This is an element of the regular function ring
+        and if `n` is the degree of the base field over `\mathbb{F}_q`,
+        then the Frobenius trace has degree at most `\frac{n}{r}`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``algorithm`` (default: ``None``) -- the algorithm
+          used to compute the characteristic polynomial
+
+        .. NOTE:
+
+        Available algorithms are:
+
+            - ``'CSA'`` -- it exploits the fact that `K\{\tau\}` is a
+              central simple algebra (CSA) over `\mathbb
+              F_q[\text{Frob}_\phi]` (see Chapter 4 of [CL2023]_).
+            - ``'crystalline'`` -- it uses the action of the Frobenius
+              on the crystalline cohomology (see [MS2023]_).
+
+        The method raises an exception if the user asks for an
+        unimplemented algorithm, even if the characteristic has already
+        been computed. See :meth:`frobenius_charpoly` for more details.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(343)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, 0, z6])
+            sage: frobenius_trace = phi.frobenius_trace()
+            sage: frobenius_trace
+            (4*z3^2 + 6*z3 + 3)*T + 3*z3^2 + z3 + 4
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: n = 2  # Degree over Fq of the base codomain
+            sage: frobenius_trace.degree() <= n/2
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: frobenius_trace == -phi.frobenius_charpoly()[1]
+            True
+
+        One can specify an algorithm::
+
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, z6^3, z6 + 1])
+            sage: psi.frobenius_trace(algorithm='crystalline')
+            z3^2 + 6*z3 + 2
+            sage: psi.frobenius_trace(algorithm='CSA')
+            z3^2 + 6*z3 + 2
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+            If the user specifies an algorithm, then the trace is
+            computed according to the user's input (see the note above),
+            even if the Frobenius trace or the Frobenius characteristic
+            polynomial had already been computed.
+
+            If no algorithm is given, then the function either returns a
+            cached value, or if no cached value is available, the
+            function computes the Frobenius trace from scratch. In that
+            case, if the rank `r` is less than the extension degree `n`,
+            then the ``crystalline`` algorithm is used, while the
+            ``CSA`` algorithm is used otherwise.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        These test values are taken from :meth:`frobenius_charpoly`::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(9)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: k.<zk> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: K.<z> = k.extension(3)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [K(zk), z^8, z^7])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_trace(algorithm='CSA')
+            T^3 + (z2 + 1)*T^2 + (2*z2 + 2)*T + z2
+            sage: phi.frobenius_trace(algorithm='crystalline')
+            T^3 + (z2 + 1)*T^2 + (2*z2 + 2)*T + z2
+            sage: charpoly = phi.frobenius_charpoly()
+            sage: trace = phi.frobenius_trace()
+            sage: trace == -charpoly[1]
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [K(zk), z^2, z^3, z^4])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_trace(algorithm='CSA')
+            (2*z2 + 2)*T^2 + (2*z2 + 2)*T + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: phi.frobenius_trace(algorithm='crystalline')
+            (2*z2 + 2)*T^2 + (2*z2 + 2)*T + 2*z2 + 1
+            sage: charpoly = phi.frobenius_charpoly()
+            sage: trace = phi.frobenius_trace()
+            sage: trace == -charpoly[2]
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [K(zk), z^8, z^7, z^20])
+            sage: phi.frobenius_trace(algorithm='CSA')
+            2*z2*T^2 + 2*z2*T + 2*z2 + 2
+            sage: phi.frobenius_trace(algorithm='crystalline')
+            2*z2*T^2 + 2*z2*T + 2*z2 + 2
+            sage: charpoly = phi.frobenius_charpoly()
+            sage: trace = phi.frobenius_trace()
+            sage: trace == -charpoly[2]
+            True
+        """
+        if algorithm is None:
+            # If no algorithm is specified, return cached data (if it
+            # exists), or pick an algorithm:
+            # However, if an algorithm is specified, do not use cached
+            # data, even if it is possible
+            if self._frobenius_trace is not None:
+                return self._frobenius_trace
+            if self._frobenius_charpoly is not None:
+                self._frobenius_trace = -self._frobenius_charpoly \
+                                        .coefficients(sparse=False)[-2]
+                return self._frobenius_trace
+            else:
+                if self.rank() < self._base_degree_over_constants:
+                    algorithm = 'crystalline'
+                else:
+                    algorithm = 'CSA'
+        # We first check if a matrix method is available
+        matrix_method_name = f'_frobenius_matrix_{algorithm}'
+        if hasattr(self, matrix_method_name):
+            matrix = getattr(self, matrix_method_name)()
+            trace = matrix.trace()
+            A = self.function_ring()
+            self._frobenius_trace = A([x.in_base() for x in trace])
+            return self._frobenius_trace
+        # If it is not, we look for a charpoly method
+        charpoly_method_name = f'_frobenius_charpoly_{algorithm}'
+        if hasattr(self, charpoly_method_name):
+            charpoly = getattr(self, charpoly_method_name)()
+            self._frobenius_trace = -charpoly.list()[-2]
+            return self._frobenius_trace
+        # If all fail, we raise an error
+        raise NotImplementedError(f'algorithm "{algorithm}" not implemented')
+
+    def invert(self, ore_pol):
+        r"""
+        Return the preimage of the input under the Drinfeld module, if it
+        exists.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``ore_pol`` -- the Ore polynomial whose preimage we want to
+          compute
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: a = A.random_element()
+            sage: phi.invert(phi(a)) == a
+            True
+            sage: phi.invert(phi(T)) == T
+            True
+            sage: phi.invert(phi(Fq.gen())) == Fq.gen()
+            True
+
+        When the input is not in the image of the Drinfeld module, an
+        exception is raised::
+
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: phi.invert(t + 1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: input must be in the image of the Drinfeld module
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.invert(t^4 + t^2 + 1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: input must be in the image of the Drinfeld module
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+            The algorithm relies on the inversion of a linear algebra
+            system. See [MS2019]_, 3.2.5 for details.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: a = A.random_element()
+            sage: cat = phi.category()
+            sage: phi_r1 = cat.random_object(1)
+            sage: phi_r1.invert(phi_r1(a)) == a
+            True
+            sage: phi_r2 = cat.random_object(2)
+            sage: phi_r2.invert(phi_r2(a)) == a
+            True
+            sage: phi_r3 = cat.random_object(3)
+            sage: phi_r3.invert(phi_r3(a)) == a
+            True
+            sage: phi_r4 = cat.random_object(4)
+            sage: phi_r4.invert(phi_r4(a)) == a
+            True
+            sage: phi_r5 = cat.random_object(5)
+            sage: phi_r5.invert(phi_r5(a)) == a
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: B.<X> = Fq[]
+            sage: phi_r5.invert(X)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: input must be an Ore polynomial
+        """
+        deg = ore_pol.degree()
+        r = self.rank()
+        E = self.base()
+        K = self.base_over_constants_field()
+        if ore_pol in self._ore_polring:
+            ore_pol = self._ore_polring(ore_pol)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('input must be an Ore polynomial')
+
+        # Trivial cases
+        if deg <= 0:
+            return K(ore_pol[0]).in_base()
+        if deg % r != 0:
+            raise ValueError('input must be in the image of the Drinfeld module')
+        # Write the system and solve it
+        k = deg // r
+        A = self._function_ring
+        mat_rows = [[E.zero() for _ in range(k+1)] for _ in range(k+1)]
+        mat_rows[0][0] = E.one()
+        phiT = self.gen()
+        phiTi = self.ore_polring().one()
+        for i in range(1, k+1):
+            phiTi *= phiT
+            for j in range(i+1):
+                mat_rows[j][i] = phiTi[r*j]
+        mat = Matrix(mat_rows)
+        vec = vector([ore_pol[r*j] for j in range(k+1)])
+        coeffs_K = list(mat.inverse() * vec)
+        # Cast the coefficients to Fq
+        try:
+            coeffs_Fq = [K(c).in_base() for c in coeffs_K]
+            pre_image = A(coeffs_Fq)
+            if self(pre_image) == ore_pol:
+                return pre_image
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        raise ValueError('input must be in the image of the Drinfeld module')
+
+    def is_isogenous(self, psi):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` when ``self`` is isogenous to the other
+        Drinfeld module.
+
+        If the Drinfeld modules do not belong to the same category, an
+        exception is raised.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, z + 1, z^2 + z + 1])
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, z^2 + z + 1, z^2 + z])
+            sage: phi.is_isogenous(psi)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: chi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, z + 1, z^2 + z])
+            sage: phi.is_isogenous(chi)
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: mu = DrinfeldModule(A, [z + 1, z^2 + z + 1, z^2 + z])
+            sage: phi.is_isogenous(mu)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Drinfeld modules are not in the same category
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: mu = 1
+            sage: phi.is_isogenous(mu)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: input must be a Drinfeld module
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+        Two Drinfeld A-modules of equal characteristic are isogenous
+        if and only if:
+
+        - they have the same rank
+        - the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius endomorphism
+          for both Drinfeld modules are equal.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(psi, DrinfeldModule):
+            raise TypeError("input must be a Drinfeld module")
+        if self.category() != psi.category():
+            raise TypeError("Drinfeld modules are not in the same category")
+        return self.rank() == psi.rank() \
+               and self.frobenius_charpoly() == psi.frobenius_charpoly()
+
+    def is_supersingular(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if this Drinfeld module is supersingular.
+
+        A Drinfeld module is supersingular if and only if its
+        height equals its rank.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(343)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, 0, z6])
+            sage: phi.is_supersingular()
+            True
+            sage: phi(phi.characteristic())   # Purely inseparable
+            z6*t^2
+
+        In rank two, a Drinfeld module is either ordinary or
+        supersinguler. In higher ranks, it could be neither of
+        the two::
+
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, 0, z6, z6])
+            sage: psi.is_ordinary()
+            False
+            sage: psi.is_supersingular()
+            False
+        """
+        return self.height() == self.rank()
+
+    def is_ordinary(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if this Drinfeld module is ordinary.
+
+        A Drinfeld module is ordinary if and only if its
+        height is one.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(343)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, 0, z6])
+            sage: phi.is_ordinary()
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, z6, 0, z6])
+            sage: phi.is_ordinary()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.height() == 1