passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/combinat/root_system/fundamental_group.py

@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.graphs sage.groups
+r"""
+Fundamental group of an extended affine Weyl group
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Mark Shimozono (2013) initial version
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2013 Mark Shimozono <mshimo at math.vt.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from sage.combinat.root_system.cartan_type import CartanType
+from sage.categories.groups import Groups
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.structure.element import MultiplicativeGroupElement
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.sets.family import Family
+from sage.combinat.root_system.root_system import RootSystem
+from sage.categories.category import Category
+from sage.categories.enumerated_sets import EnumeratedSets
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.sets.family import LazyFamily
+
+
+def FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(cartan_type, prefix='pi',
+                                              general_linear=None):
+    r"""
+    Factory for the fundamental group of an extended affine Weyl group.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``cartan_type`` -- a Cartan type that is either affine or finite, with the latter being a
+      shorthand for the untwisted affinization
+    - ``prefix`` -- (default: ``'pi'``) string that labels the elements of the group
+    - ``general_linear`` -- (default: ``None``, meaning ``False``) In untwisted
+      type `A`, if ``True``, use the universal central extension
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Fundamental group
+
+    Associated to each affine Cartan type `\tilde{X}` is an extended affine Weyl group `E`.
+    Its subgroup of length-zero elements is called the fundamental group `F`.
+    The group `F` can be identified with a subgroup of the group of automorphisms of the
+    affine Dynkin diagram. As such, every element of `F` can be viewed as a permutation of the
+    set `I` of affine Dynkin nodes.
+
+    Let `0 \in I` be the distinguished affine node; it is the one whose removal produces the
+    associated finite Cartan type (call it `X`). A node `i \in I` is called *special*
+    if some automorphism of the affine Dynkin diagram, sends `0` to `i`.
+    The node `0` is always special due to the identity automorphism.
+    There is a bijection of the set of special nodes with the fundamental group. We denote the
+    image of `i` by `\pi_i`. The structure of `F` is determined as follows.
+
+    - `\tilde{X}` is untwisted -- `F` is isomorphic to `P^\vee/Q^\vee` where `P^\vee` and `Q^\vee` are the
+      coweight and coroot lattices of type `X`. The group `P^\vee/Q^\vee` consists of the cosets `\omega_i^\vee + Q^\vee`
+      for special nodes `i`, where `\omega_0^\vee = 0` by convention. In this case the special nodes `i`
+      are the *cominuscule* nodes, the ones such that `\omega_i^\vee(\alpha_j)` is `0` or `1` for all `j\in I_0 = I \setminus \{0\}`.
+      For `i` special, addition by `\omega_i^\vee+Q^\vee` permutes `P^\vee/Q^\vee` and therefore permutes the set of special nodes.
+      This permutation extends uniquely to an automorphism of the affine Dynkin diagram.
+    - `\tilde{X}` is dual untwisted -- (that is, the dual of `\tilde{X}` is untwisted) `F` is isomorphic to `P/Q`
+      where `P` and `Q` are the weight and root lattices of type `X`. The group `P/Q` consists of the cosets
+      `\omega_i + Q` for special nodes `i`, where `\omega_0 = 0` by convention. In this case the special nodes `i`
+      are the *minuscule* nodes, the ones such that `\alpha_j^\vee(\omega_i)` is `0` or `1` for all `j \in I_0`.
+      For `i` special, addition by `\omega_i+Q` permutes `P/Q` and therefore permutes the set of special nodes.
+      This permutation extends uniquely to an automorphism of the affine Dynkin diagram.
+    - `\tilde{X}` is mixed -- (that is, not of the above two types) `F` is the trivial group.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+        sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1]); F
+        Fundamental group of type ['A', 3, 1]
+        sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
+        0
+        O-------+
+        |       |
+        |       |
+        O---O---O
+        1   2   3
+        A3~
+        sage: F.special_nodes()
+        (0, 1, 2, 3)
+        sage: F(1)^2
+        pi[2]
+        sage: F(1)*F(2)
+        pi[3]
+        sage: F(3)^(-1)
+        pi[1]
+
+        sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("B3"); F
+        Fundamental group of type ['B', 3, 1]
+        sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
+            O 0
+            |
+            |
+        O---O=>=O
+        1   2   3
+        B3~
+        sage: F.special_nodes()
+        (0, 1)
+
+        sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("C2"); F
+        Fundamental group of type ['C', 2, 1]
+        sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
+        O=>=O=<=O
+        0   1   2
+        C2~
+        sage: F.special_nodes()
+        (0, 2)
+
+        sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("D4"); F
+        Fundamental group of type ['D', 4, 1]
+        sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
+            O 4
+            |
+            |
+        O---O---O
+        1   |2  3
+            |
+            O 0
+        D4~
+        sage: F.special_nodes()
+        (0, 1, 3, 4)
+        sage: (F(4), F(4)^2)
+        (pi[4], pi[0])
+
+        sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("D5"); F
+        Fundamental group of type ['D', 5, 1]
+        sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
+          0 O   O 5
+            |   |
+            |   |
+        O---O---O---O
+        1   2   3   4
+        D5~
+        sage: F.special_nodes()
+        (0, 1, 4, 5)
+        sage: (F(5), F(5)^2, F(5)^3, F(5)^4)
+        (pi[5], pi[1], pi[4], pi[0])
+        sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("E6"); F
+        Fundamental group of type ['E', 6, 1]
+        sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
+                O 0
+                |
+                |
+                O 2
+                |
+                |
+        O---O---O---O---O
+        1   3   4   5   6
+        E6~
+        sage: F.special_nodes()
+        (0, 1, 6)
+        sage: F(1)^2
+        pi[6]
+
+        sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',4,2]); F
+        Fundamental group of type ['C', 3, 1]^*
+        sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
+        O=<=O---O=>=O
+        0   1   2   3
+        C3~*
+        sage: F.special_nodes()
+        (0, 3)
+
+    We also implement a fundamental group for `GL_n`. It is defined to be the group of integers, which is the
+    covering group of the fundamental group Z/nZ for affine `SL_n`::
+
+        sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True); F
+        Fundamental group of GL(3)
+        sage: x = F.an_element(); x
+        pi[5]
+        sage: x*x
+        pi[10]
+        sage: x.inverse()
+        pi[-5]
+        sage: wt = F.cartan_type().classical().root_system().ambient_space().an_element(); wt
+        (2, 2, 3)
+        sage: x.act_on_classical_ambient(wt)
+        (2, 3, 2)
+        sage: w = WeylGroup(F.cartan_type(),prefix='s').an_element(); w
+        s0*s1*s2
+        sage: x.act_on_affine_weyl(w)
+        s2*s0*s1
+    """
+    cartan_type = CartanType(cartan_type)
+    if cartan_type.is_finite():
+        cartan_type = cartan_type.affine()
+    if not cartan_type.is_affine():
+        raise NotImplementedError("Cartan type is not affine")
+    if general_linear is True:
+        if cartan_type.is_untwisted_affine() and cartan_type.type() == "A":
+            return FundamentalGroupGL(cartan_type, prefix)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("General Linear Fundamental group is untwisted type A")
+    return FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup_Class(cartan_type, prefix,
+                                                           finite=True)
+
+
+class FundamentalGroupElement(MultiplicativeGroupElement):
+    def __init__(self, parent, x):
+        r"""
+        This should not be called directly.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: x = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',4,1], prefix='f').an_element()
+            sage: TestSuite(x).run()
+        """
+        if x not in parent.special_nodes():
+            raise ValueError("%s is not a special node" % x)
+        self._value = x
+        MultiplicativeGroupElement.__init__(self, parent)
+
+    def value(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the special node which indexes the special automorphism ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',4,1], prefix='f')
+            sage: F.special_nodes()
+            (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
+            sage: x = F(4); x
+            f[4]
+            sage: x.value()
+            4
+        """
+        return self._value
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representing ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',4,1], prefix='f')
+            sage: F(2)^3 # indirect doctest
+            f[1]
+        """
+        return self.parent()._prefix + "[" + repr(self.value()) + "]"
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse element of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
+            sage: F(1).inverse()   # indirect doctest
+            pi[3]
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['E',6,1], prefix='f')
+            sage: F(1).inverse()
+            f[6]
+        """
+        par = self.parent()
+        return self.__class__(par, par.dual_node(self.value()))
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, x, op):
+        r"""
+        Compare ``self`` with `x`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
+            sage: x = F(0); y = F(2)
+            sage: y > x
+            True
+            sage: y == y
+            True
+            sage: y != y
+            False
+            sage: x <= y
+            True
+        """
+        return richcmp(self.value(), x.value(), op)
+
+    def act_on_affine_weyl(self, w):
+        r"""
+        Act by ``self`` on the element `w` of the affine Weyl group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
+            sage: W = WeylGroup(F.cartan_type(),prefix='s')
+            sage: w = W.from_reduced_word([2,3,0])
+            sage: F(1).act_on_affine_weyl(w).reduced_word()
+            [3, 0, 1]
+        """
+        par = self.parent()
+        if self == par.one():
+            return w
+        action = par.action(self.value())
+        return w.parent().from_reduced_word([action(j) for j in w.reduced_word()])
+
+    def act_on_affine_lattice(self, wt):
+        r"""
+        Act by ``self`` on the element ``wt`` of an affine root/weight lattice realization.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
+            sage: wt = RootSystem(F.cartan_type()).weight_lattice().an_element(); wt
+            2*Lambda[0] + 2*Lambda[1] + 3*Lambda[2]
+            sage: F(3).act_on_affine_lattice(wt)
+            2*Lambda[0] + 3*Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[3]
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            Doesn't work on ambient spaces.
+        """
+        return wt.map_support(self.parent().action(self.value()))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the hash of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`36121` is fixed::
+
+            sage: W = ExtendedAffineWeylGroup('A4')
+            sage: fun = W.fundamental_group().an_element()
+            sage: hash(fun) == hash(fun.value())
+            True
+        """
+        return hash(self.value())
+
+
+class FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup_Class(UniqueRepresentation,
+                                                      Parent):
+    r"""
+    The group of length zero elements in the extended affine Weyl group.
+    """
+    Element = FundamentalGroupElement
+
+    def __init__(self, cartan_type, prefix, finite=True):
+        r"""
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
+            sage: F in Groups().Commutative().Finite()
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(F).run()
+        """
+        def leading_support(beta):
+            r"""
+            Given a dictionary with one key, return this key
+            """
+            supp = beta.support()
+            assert len(supp) == 1
+            return supp[0]
+
+        self._cartan_type = cartan_type
+        self._prefix = prefix
+        special_node = cartan_type.special_node()
+        self._special_nodes = cartan_type.special_nodes()
+
+        # initialize dictionaries with the entries for the
+        # distinguished special node
+
+        # dictionary of inverse elements
+        inverse_dict = {}
+        inverse_dict[special_node] = special_node
+        # dictionary for the action of special automorphisms by
+        # permutations of the affine Dynkin nodes
+        auto_dict = {}
+        for i in cartan_type.index_set():
+            auto_dict[special_node,i] = i
+        # dictionary for the finite Weyl component of the special automorphisms
+        reduced_words_dict = {}
+        reduced_words_dict[0] = tuple()
+
+        if cartan_type.dual().is_untwisted_affine():
+            # this combines the computations for an untwisted affine
+            # type and its affine dual
+            cartan_type = cartan_type.dual()
+        if cartan_type.is_untwisted_affine():
+            cartan_type_classical = cartan_type.classical()
+            I = list(cartan_type_classical.index_set())
+            Q = RootSystem(cartan_type_classical).root_lattice()
+            alpha = Q.simple_roots()
+            omega = RootSystem(cartan_type_classical).weight_lattice().fundamental_weights()
+            W = Q.weyl_group(prefix='s')
+            for i in self._special_nodes:
+                if i == special_node:
+                    continue
+                antidominant_weight, reduced_word = omega[i].to_dominant_chamber(reduced_word=True, positive=False)
+                reduced_words_dict[i] = tuple(reduced_word)
+                w0i = W.from_reduced_word(reduced_word)
+                idual = leading_support(-antidominant_weight)
+                inverse_dict[i] = idual
+                auto_dict[i,special_node] = i
+                for j in I:
+                    if j == idual:
+                        auto_dict[i, j] = special_node
+                    else:
+                        auto_dict[i, j] = leading_support(w0i.action(alpha[j]))
+
+        self._action = Family(self._special_nodes, lambda i: Family(cartan_type.index_set(), lambda j: auto_dict[i, j]))
+        self._dual_node = Family(self._special_nodes, inverse_dict.__getitem__)
+        self._reduced_words = Family(self._special_nodes, reduced_words_dict.__getitem__)
+
+        if finite:
+            cat = Category.join((Groups().Commutative().Finite(),
+                                 EnumeratedSets()))
+        else:
+            cat = Groups().Commutative().Infinite()
+        Parent.__init__(self, category=cat)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def one(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the identity element of the fundamental group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
+            sage: F.one()
+            pi[0]
+        """
+        return self(self.cartan_type().special_node())
+
+    def product(self, x, y):
+        r"""
+        Return the product of `x` and `y`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
+            sage: F.special_nodes()
+            (0, 1, 2, 3)
+            sage: F(2)*F(3)
+            pi[1]
+            sage: F(1)*F(3)^(-1)
+            pi[2]
+        """
+        return self(self.action(x.value())(y.value()))
+
+    def cartan_type(self):
+        r"""
+        The Cartan type of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1]).cartan_type()
+            ['A', 3, 1]
+        """
+        return self._cartan_type
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        A string representing ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1]) # indirect doctest
+            Fundamental group of type ['A', 3, 1]
+        """
+        return "Fundamental group of type %s" % self.cartan_type()
+
+    def special_nodes(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the special nodes of ``self``.
+
+        See :meth:`sage.combinat.root_system.cartan_type.special_nodes()`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',4,1]).special_nodes()
+            (0, 1, 3, 4)
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1]).special_nodes()
+            (0, 1, 2)
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['C',3,1]).special_nodes()
+            (0, 3)
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',4,2]).special_nodes()
+            (0, 3)
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).special_nodes()
+            Integer Ring
+        """
+        return self._special_nodes
+
+    def group_generators(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a tuple of generators of the fundamental group.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            This returns the entire group, a necessary behavior because it
+            is used in :meth:`__iter__`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['E',6,1],prefix='f').group_generators()
+            Finite family {0: f[0], 1: f[1], 6: f[6]}
+        """
+        return Family(self.special_nodes(), self)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the iterator for ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['E',6,1],prefix='f')
+            sage: [x for x in F] # indirect doctest
+            [f[0], f[1], f[6]]
+        """
+        return iter(self.group_generators())
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return an element of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',4,1],prefix='f').an_element()
+            f[4]
+        """
+        return self.last()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def index_set(self):
+        r"""
+        The node set of the affine Cartan type of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1]).index_set()
+            (0, 1, 2)
+        """
+        return self.cartan_type().index_set()
+
+    def action(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Return a function which permutes the affine Dynkin node set by the `i`-th special automorphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1])
+            sage: [[(i, j, F.action(i)(j)) for j in F.index_set()] for i in F.special_nodes()]
+            [[(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 2)], [(1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 0)], [(2, 0, 2), (2, 1, 0), (2, 2, 1)]]
+            sage: G = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',4,1])
+            sage: [[(i, j, G.action(i)(j)) for j in G.index_set()] for i in G.special_nodes()]
+            [[(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 2), (0, 3, 3), (0, 4, 4)], [(1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 2), (1, 3, 4), (1, 4, 3)], [(3, 0, 3), (3, 1, 4), (3, 2, 2), (3, 3, 0), (3, 4, 1)], [(4, 0, 4), (4, 1, 3), (4, 2, 2), (4, 3, 1), (4, 4, 0)]]
+        """
+        return lambda j: self._action[i][j]
+
+    def dual_node(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Return the node that indexes the inverse of the `i`-th element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',4,1])
+            sage: [(i, F.dual_node(i)) for i in F.special_nodes()]
+            [(0, 0), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)]
+            sage: G = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['E',6,1])
+            sage: [(i, G.dual_node(i)) for i in G.special_nodes()]
+            [(0, 0), (1, 6), (6, 1)]
+            sage: H = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',5,1])
+            sage: [(i, H.dual_node(i)) for i in H.special_nodes()]
+            [(0, 0), (1, 1), (4, 5), (5, 4)]
+        """
+        return self._dual_node[i]
+
+    def reduced_word(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Return a reduced word for the finite Weyl group element associated with the `i`-th special automorphism.
+
+        More precisely, for each special node `i`, ``self.reduced_word(i)`` is a reduced word for
+        the element `v` in the finite Weyl group such that in the extended affine Weyl group,
+        the `i`-th special automorphism is equal to `t v` where `t` is a translation element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
+            sage: [(i, F.reduced_word(i)) for i in F.special_nodes()]
+            [(0, ()), (1, (1, 2, 3)), (2, (2, 1, 3, 2)), (3, (3, 2, 1))]
+        """
+        return self._reduced_words[i]
+
+
+class FundamentalGroupGLElement(FundamentalGroupElement):
+    def act_on_classical_ambient(self, wt):
+        r"""
+        Act by ``self`` on the classical ambient weight vector ``wt``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
+            sage: f = F.an_element(); f
+            pi[5]
+            sage: la = F.cartan_type().classical().root_system().ambient_space().an_element(); la
+            (2, 2, 3)
+            sage: f.act_on_classical_ambient(la)
+            (2, 3, 2)
+        """
+        return wt.map_support(self.parent().action(self.value()))
+
+
+class FundamentalGroupGL(FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup_Class):
+    r"""
+    Fundamental group of `GL_n`. It is just the integers with extra privileges.
+    """
+    Element = FundamentalGroupGLElement
+
+    def __init__(self, cartan_type, prefix='pi'):
+        r"""
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
+            sage: F in Groups().Commutative().Infinite()
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(F).run()
+        """
+        FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup_Class.__init__(self, cartan_type, prefix, finite=False)
+        self._special_nodes = ZZ
+        self._n = cartan_type.n + 1
+
+    @cached_method
+    def one(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the identity element of the fundamental group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).one()
+            pi[0]
+        """
+        return self(ZZ.zero())
+
+    def product(self, x, y):
+        r"""
+        Return the product of `x` and `y`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
+            sage: F.special_nodes()
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: F(2)*F(3)
+            pi[5]
+            sage: F(1)*F(3)^(-1)
+            pi[-2]
+        """
+        return self(x.value() + y.value())
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representing the fundamental group.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True) # indirect doctest
+            Fundamental group of GL(3)
+        """
+        return "Fundamental group of GL(%s)" % self._n
+
+    def family(self):
+        r"""
+        The family associated with the set of special nodes.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: fam = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).family() # indirect doctest
+            sage: fam
+            Lazy family (<lambda>(i))_{i in Integer Ring}
+            sage: fam[-3]
+            -3
+        """
+        return LazyFamily(ZZ, lambda i: i)
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        An element of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).an_element()
+            pi[5]
+        """
+        return self(ZZ(5))
+
+    def some_elements(self):
+        r"""
+        Return some elements of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).some_elements()
+            [pi[-2], pi[2], pi[5]]
+        """
+        return [self(ZZ(i)) for i in [-2, 2, 5]]
+
+    def group_generators(self):
+        r"""
+        Return group generators for ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).group_generators()
+            (pi[1],)
+        """
+        return (self(ZZ.one()),)
+
+    def action(self, i):
+        r"""
+        The action of the `i`-th automorphism on the affine Dynkin node set.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
+            sage: F.action(4)(2)
+            0
+            sage: F.action(-4)(2)
+            1
+        """
+        return lambda j: (i + j) % self._n
+
+    def dual_node(self, i):
+        r"""
+        The node whose special automorphism is inverse to that of `i`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
+            sage: F.dual_node(2)
+            -2
+        """
+        return -i
+
+    @cached_method
+    def reduced_word(self, i):
+        r"""
+        A reduced word for the finite permutation part of the
+        special automorphism indexed by `i`.
+
+        More precisely, return a reduced word for the finite Weyl group element `u`
+        where `i`-th automorphism (expressed in the extended affine Weyl group)
+        has the form `t u` where `t` is a translation element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
+            sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
+            sage: F.reduced_word(10)
+            (1, 2)
+        """
+        i = i % self._n
+        if i == 0:
+            return tuple()
+        om = self.cartan_type().classical().root_system().weight_lattice().fundamental_weight(i)
+        return tuple((-om).reduced_word())