passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/rings/function_field/drinfeld_modules/morphism.py

@@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+r"""
+Drinfeld module morphisms
+
+This module provides the class
+:class:`sage.rings.function_fields.drinfeld_module.morphism.DrinfeldModuleMorphism`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+- Antoine Leudière (2022-04)
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+#        Copyright (C) 2022 Antoine Leudière <antoine.leudiere@inria.fr>
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#                   http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.inherit_comparison import InheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass
+from sage.misc.latex import latex
+from sage.categories.morphism import Morphism
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.structure.element import coerce_binop
+
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+
+
+class DrinfeldModuleMorphism(Morphism, UniqueRepresentation,
+                             metaclass=InheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass):
+    r"""
+    This class represents Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-module morphisms.
+
+    Let `\phi` and `\psi` be two Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-modules over
+    a field `K`. A *morphism of Drinfeld modules* `\phi \to \psi` is an
+    Ore polynomial `f \in K\{\tau\}` such that `f \phi_a = \psi_a f` for
+    every `a \in \mathbb{F}_q[T]`. In our case, this is equivalent to `f
+    \phi_T = \psi_T f`. An *isogeny* is a nonzero morphism.
+
+    To create a morphism object, the user should never explicitly
+    instantiate :class:`DrinfeldModuleMorphism`, but rather call the
+    parent homset with the defining Ore polynomial::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(4)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+        sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, z^2 + z, z^2 + z])
+        sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+        sage: ore_pol = t + z^5 + z^3 + z + 1
+        sage: psi = phi.velu(ore_pol)
+        sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(ore_pol)
+        sage: morphism
+        Drinfeld Module morphism:
+          From: Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (z^2 + z)*t^2 + (z^2 + z)*t + z
+          To:   Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (z^5 + z^2 + z + 1)*t^2 + (z^4 + z + 1)*t + z
+          Defn: t + z^5 + z^3 + z + 1
+
+
+    The given Ore polynomial must indeed define a morphism::
+
+        sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(1)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Ore polynomial does not define a morphism
+
+    One can get basic data on the morphism::
+
+        sage: morphism.domain()
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (z^2 + z)*t^2 + (z^2 + z)*t + z
+        sage: morphism.domain() is phi
+        True
+
+        sage: morphism.codomain()
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (z^5 + z^2 + z + 1)*t^2 + (z^4 + z + 1)*t + z
+        sage: morphism.codomain() is psi
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: morphism.ore_polynomial()
+        t + z^5 + z^3 + z + 1
+        sage: morphism.ore_polynomial() is ore_pol
+        True
+
+    One can check various properties::
+
+        sage: morphism.is_zero()
+        False
+        sage: morphism.is_isogeny()
+        True
+        sage: morphism.is_endomorphism()
+        False
+        sage: morphism.is_isomorphism()
+        False
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: morphism.parent() is Hom(phi, psi)
+        True
+        sage: Hom(phi, psi)(morphism) == morphism
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: phi.frobenius_endomorphism().parent() == End(phi)
+        True
+        sage: End(phi)(0).parent() == End(phi)
+        True
+
+    For the sake of completeness, we explain how the user can directly
+    instantiate the class, even though this should never be explicitly
+    done::
+
+        sage: from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.morphism import DrinfeldModuleMorphism
+        sage: DrinfeldModuleMorphism(Hom(phi, psi), ore_pol)
+        Drinfeld Module morphism:
+          From: Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (z^2 + z)*t^2 + (z^2 + z)*t + z
+          To:   Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (z^5 + z^2 + z + 1)*t^2 + (z^4 + z + 1)*t + z
+          Defn: t + z^5 + z^3 + z + 1
+        sage: DrinfeldModuleMorphism(Hom(phi, psi), ore_pol) is morphism
+        True
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, parent, x):
+        """
+        Create the morphism.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``cls`` -- the class ``DrinfeldModuleMorphism``
+
+        - ``parent`` -- the Drinfeld module homset
+
+        - ``x`` -- a morphism of Drinfeld modules or an element
+          (either an Ore polynomial or an element in the base
+          ring) defining it
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: End(phi)(T + 1)
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^2 + t + z6
+              Defn: t^2 + t + z6 + 1
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: morphism is Hom(phi, psi)(morphism)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.morphism import DrinfeldModuleMorphism
+            sage: morphism = DrinfeldModuleMorphism(Sets(), t + 1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: parent should be a DrinfeldModuleHomset
+        """
+        from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.homset import DrinfeldModuleHomset
+        if not isinstance(parent, DrinfeldModuleHomset):
+            raise TypeError('parent should be a DrinfeldModuleHomset')
+        domain = parent.domain()
+        codomain = parent.codomain()
+        A = domain.category().function_ring()
+        # NOTE: it used to be x.parent() is parent, but this was False.
+        # DrinfeldModuleHomset inherits Homset, which does NOT inherit
+        # UniqueRepresentation
+        if x.parent() == parent:
+            # x is a DrinfeldModuleMorphism
+            ore_pol = x.ore_polynomial()
+        elif domain is codomain and A.has_coerce_map_from(x.parent()):
+            # x is in the function field; we return the endomorphism phi_x
+            ore_pol = domain(A(x))
+        else:
+            # x is an Ore polynomial
+            ore_pol = domain.ore_polring()(x)
+        if ore_pol * domain.gen() != codomain.gen() * ore_pol:
+            raise ValueError('Ore polynomial does not define a morphism')
+        return cls.__classcall__(cls, parent, ore_pol)
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, ore_pol):
+        r"""
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``parent`` -- the Drinfeld module homset
+
+        - ``ore_pol`` -- the Ore polynomial that defines the morphism
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: morphism._domain is phi
+            True
+            sage: morphism._codomain is psi
+            True
+            sage: morphism._ore_polynomial == t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1
+            True
+        """
+        super().__init__(parent)
+        self._domain = parent.domain()
+        self._codomain = parent.codomain()
+        self._ore_polynomial = ore_pol
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX representation of the morphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: latex(morphism)
+            t + z_{6}^{5} + z_{6}^{2} + 1
+        """
+        return f'{latex(self._ore_polynomial)}'
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of the morphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: morphism
+            Drinfeld Module morphism:
+              From: Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^2 + t + z6
+              To:   Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^2 + (z6^4 + z6^2 + 1)*t + z6
+              Defn: t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1
+        """
+        if self.is_identity():
+            return f'Identity morphism of {self._domain}'
+        elif self.is_endomorphism():
+            return f'Endomorphism of {self._domain}\n' \
+                   f'  Defn: {self._ore_polynomial}'
+        else:
+            return f'Drinfeld Module morphism:\n' \
+                   f'  From: {self._domain}\n'  \
+                   f'  To:   {self._codomain}\n' \
+                   f'  Defn: {self._ore_polynomial}'
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a hash of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: hash(morphism)  # random
+            -4214883752078138009
+        """
+        return hash((self._domain, self._codomain, self._ore_polynomial))
+
+    def is_zero(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` whether the morphism is the zero morphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: morphism.is_zero()
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: zero_morphism = End(phi)(0)
+            sage: zero_morphism.is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._ore_polynomial.is_zero()
+
+    def is_identity(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` whether the morphism is the identity morphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: morphism = End(phi)(1)
+            sage: morphism.is_identity()
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: morphism.is_identity()
+            False
+        """
+        return self._ore_polynomial == 1
+
+    def is_isogeny(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` whether the morphism is an isogeny.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: morphism.is_isogeny()
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: zero_morphism = End(phi)(0)
+            sage: zero_morphism.is_isogeny()
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: identity_morphism = End(phi)(1)
+            sage: identity_morphism.is_isogeny()
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: frobenius_endomorphism = phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: frobenius_endomorphism.is_isogeny()
+            True
+        """
+        return not self.is_zero()
+
+    def is_isomorphism(self):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` whether the morphism is an isomorphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: morphism.is_isomorphism()
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: zero_morphism = End(phi)(0)
+            sage: zero_morphism.is_isomorphism()
+            False
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: identity_morphism = End(phi)(1)
+            sage: identity_morphism.is_isomorphism()
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: frobenius_endomorphism = phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: frobenius_endomorphism.is_isomorphism()
+            False
+        """
+        return self.is_isogeny() and self._ore_polynomial.degree() == 0
+
+    def ore_polynomial(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the Ore polynomial that defines the morphism.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, 1, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z6, z6^4 + z6^2 + 1, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: morphism = Hom(phi, psi)(t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1)
+            sage: ore_pol = morphism.ore_polynomial()
+            sage: ore_pol
+            t + z6^5 + z6^2 + 1
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: ore_pol * phi(T) == psi(T) * ore_pol
+            True
+        """
+        return self._ore_polynomial
+
+    @coerce_binop
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Return the sum of this morphism and ``other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a morphism of Drinfeld modules in the
+          same category
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1, z])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_variable()
+            sage: f = phi.hom(t + 1)
+            sage: g = T * f
+            sage: f + g  # indirect doctest
+            Drinfeld Module morphism:
+              From: Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              To:   Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (2*z^2 + 4*z + 4)*t^3 + (3*z^2 + 2*z + 2)*t^2 + (2*z^2 + 3*z + 4)*t + z
+              Defn: (2*z^2 + 4*z + 4)*t^4 + (z + 1)*t^3 + t^2 + (2*z^2 + 4*z)*t + z + 1
+
+        We check that coercion from the function ring works::
+
+            sage: F = phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: F + T
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              Defn: (z + 1)*t^3 + t^2 + z
+        """
+        return self.parent()(self.ore_polynomial() + other.ore_polynomial())
+
+    def _composition_(self, other, H):
+        r"""
+        Return the composite of this morphism and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(2)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 1, z, z^2])
+            sage: f = phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: f
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z^2*t^3 + z*t^2 + t + z
+              Defn: t^3
+            sage: f * f  # indirect doctest
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z^2*t^3 + z*t^2 + t + z
+              Defn: t^6
+        """
+        return H(self.ore_polynomial() * other.ore_polynomial())
+
+    def inverse(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse of this morphism.
+
+        Only morphisms defined by constant nonzero Ore
+        polynomials are invertible.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 1, z, z^2])
+            sage: f = phi.hom(2); f
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z^2*t^3 + z*t^2 + t + z
+              Defn: 2
+            sage: f.inverse()
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z^2*t^3 + z*t^2 + t + z
+              Defn: 3
+
+        Inversion of general isomorphisms between different Drinfeld modules
+        also works::
+
+            sage: g = phi.hom(z); g
+            Drinfeld Module morphism:
+              From: Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z^2*t^3 + z*t^2 + t + z
+              To:   Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z^2*t^3 + (z^2 + 2*z + 3)*t^2 + (z^2 + 3*z)*t + z
+              Defn: z
+            sage: g.inverse()
+            Drinfeld Module morphism:
+              From: Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z^2*t^3 + (z^2 + 2*z + 3)*t^2 + (z^2 + 3*z)*t + z
+              To:   Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z^2*t^3 + z*t^2 + t + z
+              Defn: 3*z^2 + 4
+
+        When the morphism is not invertible, an error is raised::
+
+            sage: F = phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: F.inverse()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ZeroDivisionError: this morphism is not invertible
+        """
+        return self.__invert__()
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse of this morphism.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: coeffs = [z] + [K.random_element() for _ in range(10)]
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, coeffs)
+            sage: a = K.random_element()
+            sage: while a.is_zero():
+            ....:     a = K.random_element()
+            sage: f = phi.hom(a)
+            sage: g = ~f
+            sage: (f*g).is_identity()
+            True
+            sage: (g*f).is_identity()
+            True
+        """
+        if not self.is_isomorphism():
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("this morphism is not invertible")
+        H = self.codomain().Hom(self.domain())
+        return H(~(self.ore_polynomial()[0]))
+
+    def _motive_matrix(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the matrix giving the action of this morphism
+        on the motives of the underlying Drinfeld modules.
+
+        For internal use. Do not call this method directly.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_variable()
+            sage: u = t^2 + (2*z^2 + 3*z + 3)*t + (2*z + 3)
+            sage: f = phi.hom(u)
+            sage: f._motive_matrix()
+            [                      T + 3 + z                 3 + 3*z + 2*z^2]
+            [(1 + z + z^2)*T + 3 + 2*z - z^2               T + 2 - z + 2*z^2]
+        """
+        phi = self.domain()
+        phiT = phi.gen()
+        r = phiT.degree()
+        K = phi.base_over_constants_field()
+        S = phi.ore_polring()
+        Frob = S.twisting_morphism()
+        KT = PolynomialRing(K, name='T')
+
+        # The first row:
+        # we write u = u0 + u1*phiT + u2*phiT^2 + ...
+        u = self.ore_polynomial()
+        us = [ ]
+        while not u.is_zero():
+            u, ui = u.right_quo_rem(phiT)
+            us.append(ui)
+        l = len(us)
+        row = [KT([us[i][j] for i in range(l)]) for j in range(r)]
+        rows = [row]
+
+        # The next rows:
+        # each row is obtained from the previous one by
+        # applying the semi-linear transformation f |-> t*f
+        inv = K(phiT[r]).inverse()
+        B = inv * phiT
+        T = KT.gen()
+        for i in range(1, r):
+            twist = [c.map_coefficients(Frob) for c in row]
+            row = [(inv*T - B[0]) * twist[-1]]
+            row += [twist[j-1] - B[j]*twist[-1] for j in range(1, r)]
+            rows.append(row)
+
+        return matrix(KT, rows)
+
+    def norm(self, ideal=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the norm of this isogeny.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``ideal`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``, return the
+          norm as an ideal in the function ring of the Drinfeld modules; if
+          ``False``, return the norm as an element in this function ring (only
+          relevant for endomorphisms)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1, z])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_variable()
+            sage: f = phi.hom(t + 1)
+            sage: f.norm()
+            Principal ideal (T + 4) of Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field of size 5
+
+        The norm of the Frobenius endomorphism is equal to the characteristic::
+
+            sage: F = phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: F.norm()
+            Principal ideal (T^3 + 3*T + 3) of Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field of size 5
+            sage: phi.characteristic()
+            T^3 + 3*T + 3
+
+        For `a` in the underlying function ring, the norm of the
+        endomorphism given by `\phi_a` is `a^r` where `r` is the rank::
+
+            sage: g = phi.hom(T)
+            sage: g.norm()
+            Principal ideal (T^3) of Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field of size 5
+
+            sage: h = phi.hom(T+1)
+            sage: h.norm()
+            Principal ideal (T^3 + 3*T^2 + 3*T + 1) of Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field of size 5
+
+        For endomorphisms, the norm is not an ideal of `A` but it makes
+        sense as an actual element of `A`. We can get this element by passing
+        in the argument ``ideal=False``::
+
+            sage: phi.hom(2*T).norm(ideal=False)
+            3*T^3
+
+            sage: f.norm(ideal=False)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: norm is defined as an actual element only for endomorphisms
+        """
+        nu = self._motive_matrix().det()
+        # We cast to A
+        A = self.domain().function_ring()
+        if ideal:
+            nu = A([c.in_base() for c in nu.monic().list()])
+            return A.ideal(nu)
+        elif self.domain() is self.codomain():
+            return A([c.in_base() for c in nu.list()])
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("norm is defined as an actual element only for endomorphisms")
+
+    def dual_isogeny(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a dual isogeny to this morphism.
+
+        By definition, a dual isogeny of `f : \phi \to \psi` is an
+        isogeny `g : \psi \to \phi` such that the composite `g \circ f`
+        is the multiplication by a generator of the norm of `f`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1, z])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_variable()
+            sage: f = phi.hom(t + 1)
+            sage: f
+            Drinfeld Module morphism:
+              From: Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              To:   Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (2*z^2 + 4*z + 4)*t^3 + (3*z^2 + 2*z + 2)*t^2 + (2*z^2 + 3*z + 4)*t + z
+              Defn: t + 1
+            sage: g = f.dual_isogeny()
+            sage: g
+            Drinfeld Module morphism:
+              From: Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (2*z^2 + 4*z + 4)*t^3 + (3*z^2 + 2*z + 2)*t^2 + (2*z^2 + 3*z + 4)*t + z
+              To:   Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              Defn: z*t^2 + (4*z + 1)*t + z + 4
+
+        We check that `f \circ g` (resp. `g \circ f`) is the multiplication
+        by the norm of `f`::
+
+            sage: a = f.norm().gen(); a
+            T + 4
+            sage: g * f == phi.hom(a)
+            True
+
+            sage: psi = f.codomain()
+            sage: f * g == psi.hom(a)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: zero = phi.hom(0)
+            sage: zero.dual_isogeny()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the dual isogeny of the zero morphism is not defined
+        """
+        if not self.is_isogeny():
+            raise ValueError("the dual isogeny of the zero morphism is not defined")
+        nu = self._motive_matrix().det().monic()
+        A = self.domain().function_ring()
+        nu = A([c.in_base() for c in nu.list()])
+        dual = self.domain()(nu) // self.ore_polynomial()
+        return self.codomain().hom(dual, codomain=self.domain())
+
+    def characteristic_polynomial(self, var='X'):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic polynomial of this endomorphism.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``var`` -- string (default: ``X``), the name of the
+          variable of the characteristic polynomial
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1, z])
+
+            sage: f = phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: f.characteristic_polynomial()
+            X^3 + (T + 1)*X^2 + (2*T + 3)*X + 2*T^3 + T + 1
+
+        We verify, on an example, that the characteristic polynomial
+        of a morphism corresponding to `\phi_a` is `(X-a)^r` where `r`
+        is the rank::
+
+            sage: g = phi.hom(T^2 + 1)
+            sage: chi = g.characteristic_polynomial()
+            sage: chi.factor()                                                          # needs sage.libs.singular
+            (X + 4*T^2 + 4)^3
+
+        An example with another variable name::
+
+            sage: f.characteristic_polynomial(var='Y')
+            Y^3 + (T + 1)*Y^2 + (2*T + 3)*Y + 2*T^3 + T + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: t = phi.ore_variable()
+            sage: isog = phi.hom(t + 1)
+            sage: isog.characteristic_polynomial()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: characteristic polynomial is only defined for endomorphisms
+        """
+        if self.domain() is not self.codomain():
+            raise ValueError("characteristic polynomial is only defined for endomorphisms")
+        P = self._motive_matrix().charpoly()
+        # We cast to the correct parent
+        A = self.domain().function_ring()
+        parent = PolynomialRing(A, name=var)
+        return parent([A([c.in_base() for c in co.list()]) for co in P.list()])
+
+    def charpoly(self, var='X'):
+        r"""
+        Return the characteristic polynomial of this endomorphism.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``var`` -- string (default: ``'X'``); the name of the
+          variable of the characteristic polynomial
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1, z])
+
+            sage: f = phi.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: chi = f.charpoly()
+            sage: chi
+            X^3 + (T + 1)*X^2 + (2*T + 3)*X + 2*T^3 + T + 1
+
+        We check that the characteristic polynomial annihilates the
+        morphism (Cayley-Hamilton's theorem)::
+
+            sage: chi(f)
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              Defn: 0
+
+        We verify, on an example, that the characteristic polynomial
+        of the morphism corresponding to `\phi_a` is `(X-a)^r` where `r`
+        is the rank::
+
+            sage: g = phi.hom(T^2 + 1)
+            sage: g.charpoly().factor()                                                 # needs sage.libs.singular
+            (X + 4*T^2 + 4)^3
+
+        An example with another variable name::
+
+            sage: f.charpoly(var='Y')
+            Y^3 + (T + 1)*Y^2 + (2*T + 3)*Y + 2*T^3 + T + 1
+        """
+        return self.characteristic_polynomial(var)