passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/rings/function_field/drinfeld_modules/drinfeld_module.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2087 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+r"""
+Drinfeld modules
+
+This module provides the class
+:class:`sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_module.drinfeld_module.DrinfeldModule`.
+
+For finite Drinfeld modules and their theory of complex multiplication, see
+class
+:class:`sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_module.finite_drinfeld_module.DrinfeldModule`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Antoine Leudière (2022-04): initial version
+- Xavier Caruso (2022-06): initial version
+- David Ayotte (2023-03): added basic `j`-invariants
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+#        Copyright (C) 2022 Antoine Leudière <antoine.leudiere@inria.fr>
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#                   http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.arith.misc import gcd
+from sage.categories.drinfeld_modules import DrinfeldModules
+from sage.categories.homset import Hom
+from sage.misc.latex import latex
+from sage.misc.latex import latex_variable_name
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.misc.lazy_string import _LazyString
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.fraction_field import FractionField_generic
+from sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_element import OrePolynomial
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import PolynomialRing_generic
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.sage_object import SageObject
+from sage.structure.sequence import Sequence
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+lazy_import('sage.rings.ring_extension', 'RingExtension_generic')
+lazy_import('sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor', 'Polyhedron')
+
+
+class DrinfeldModule(Parent, UniqueRepresentation):
+    r"""
+    This class implements Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-modules.
+
+    Let `\mathbb{F}_q[T]` be a polynomial ring with coefficients in a
+    finite field `\mathbb{F}_q` and let `K` be a field. Fix a ring
+    morphism `\gamma: \mathbb{F}_q[T] \to K`; we say that `K` is an
+    `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-*field*. Let `K\{\tau\}` be the ring of Ore
+    polynomials with coefficients in `K`, whose multiplication is given
+    by the rule `\tau \lambda = \lambda^q \tau` for any `\lambda \in K`.
+
+    A Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-module over the base
+    `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-field `K` is an `\mathbb{F}_q`-algebra morphism
+    `\phi: \mathbb{F}_q[T] \to K\{\tau\}` such that `\mathrm{Im}(\phi)
+    \not\subset K` and `\phi` agrees with `\gamma` on `\mathbb{F}_q`.
+
+    For `a` in `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`, `\phi(a)` is denoted `\phi_a`.
+
+    The Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-module `\phi` is uniquely determined
+    by the image `\phi_T` of `T`; this serves as input of the class.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        See also :class:`sage.categories.drinfeld_modules`.
+
+    The *base morphism* is the morphism `\gamma: \mathbb{F}_q[T] \to K`.
+    The monic polynomial that generates the kernel of `\gamma` is called
+    the `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-*characteristic*, or *function-field
+    characteristic*, of the base field. We say that `\mathbb{F}_q[T]` is
+    the *function ring* of `\phi`; `K\{\tau\}` is the *Ore polynomial
+    ring*. Further, the *generator* is `\phi_T` and the *constant
+    coefficient* is the constant coefficient of `\phi_T`.
+
+    A Drinfeld module is said to be *finite* if the field `K` is.
+    Despite an emphasis on this case, the base field can be any
+    extension of `\mathbb{F}_q`::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(25)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(6)
+        sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 4, 1])
+        sage: phi
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^2 + 4*t + z
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(49)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: K = Frac(A)
+        sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [K(T), T+1])
+        sage: psi
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (T + 1)*t + T
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        Finite Drinfeld modules are implemented in the class
+        :class:`sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.finite_drinfeld_module`.
+
+    Classical references on Drinfeld modules include [Gos1998]_,
+    [Rosen2002]_, [VS06]_ and [Gek1991]_.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        Drinfeld modules are defined in a larger setting, in which the
+        polynomial ring `\mathbb{F}_q[T]` is replaced by a more general
+        function ring: the ring of functions in `k` that are regular
+        outside `\infty`, where `k` is a function field over
+        `\mathbb{F}_q` with transcendence degree `1` and `\infty` is a
+        fixed place of `k`. This is out of the scope of this
+        implementation.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``function_ring`` -- a univariate polynomial ring whose base field
+      is a finite field
+
+    - ``gen`` -- the generator of the Drinfeld module; as a list of
+      coefficients or an Ore polynomial
+
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``'t'``) the name of the Ore polynomial ring
+      generator
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Construction
+
+    A Drinfeld module object is constructed by giving the function ring
+    and the generator::
+
+        sage: Fq.<z2> = GF(3^2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(6)
+        sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 1, 1])
+        sage: phi
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^2 + t + z
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        Note that the definition of the base field is implicit; it is
+        automatically defined as the compositum of all the parents of
+        the coefficients.
+
+    The above Drinfeld module is finite; it can also be infinite::
+
+        sage: L = Frac(A)
+        sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [L(T), 1, T^3 + T + 1])
+        sage: psi
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (T^3 + T + 1)*t^2 + t + T
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: phi.is_finite()
+        True
+        sage: psi.is_finite()
+        False
+
+    In those examples, we used a list of coefficients (``[z, 1, 1]``) to
+    represent the generator `\phi_T = z + t + t^2`. One can also use
+    regular Ore polynomials::
+
+        sage: ore_polring = phi.ore_polring()
+        sage: t = ore_polring.gen()
+        sage: rho_T = z + t^3
+        sage: rho = DrinfeldModule(A, rho_T)
+        sage: rho
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^3 + z
+        sage: rho(T) == rho_T
+        True
+
+    Images under the Drinfeld module are computed by calling the
+    object::
+
+        sage: phi(T)  # phi_T, the generator of the Drinfeld module
+        t^2 + t + z
+        sage: phi(T^3 + T + 1)  # phi_(T^3 + T + 1)
+        t^6 + (z^11 + z^9 + 2*z^6 + 2*z^4 + 2*z + 1)*t^4
+        + (2*z^11 + 2*z^10 + z^9 + z^8 + 2*z^7 + 2*z^6 + z^5 + 2*z^3)*t^3
+        + (2*z^11 + z^10 + z^9 + 2*z^7 + 2*z^6 + z^5 + z^4 + 2*z^3 + 2*z + 2)*t^2
+        + (2*z^11 + 2*z^8 + 2*z^6 + z^5 + z^4 + 2*z^2)*t + z^3 + z + 1
+        sage: phi(1)  # phi_1
+        1
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: The category of Drinfeld modules
+
+    Drinfeld modules have their own category (see class
+    :class:`sage.categories.drinfeld_modules.DrinfeldModules`)::
+
+        sage: phi.category()
+        Category of Drinfeld modules over Finite Field in z of size 3^12 over its base
+        sage: phi.category() is psi.category()
+        False
+        sage: phi.category() is rho.category()
+        True
+
+    One can use the category to directly create new objects::
+
+        sage: cat = phi.category()
+        sage: cat.object([z, 0, 0, 1])
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^3 + z
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: The base field of a Drinfeld module
+
+    The base field of the Drinfeld module is retrieved using
+    :meth:`base`::
+
+        sage: phi.base()
+        Finite Field in z of size 3^12 over its base
+
+    The base morphism is retrieved using :meth:`base_morphism`::
+
+        sage: phi.base_morphism()
+        Ring morphism:
+          From: Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field in z2 of size 3^2
+          To:   Finite Field in z of size 3^12 over its base
+          Defn: T |--> z
+
+    Note that the base field is *not* the field `K`. Rather, it is a
+    ring extension
+    (see :class:`sage.rings.ring_extension.RingExtension`) whose
+    underlying ring is `K` and whose base is the base morphism::
+
+        sage: phi.base() is K
+        False
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Getters
+
+    One can retrieve basic properties::
+
+        sage: phi.base_morphism()
+        Ring morphism:
+          From: Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field in z2 of size 3^2
+          To:   Finite Field in z of size 3^12 over its base
+          Defn: T |--> z
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: phi.ore_polring()  # K{t}
+        Ore Polynomial Ring in t over Finite Field in z of size 3^12 over its base
+         twisted by Frob^2
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: phi.function_ring()  # Fq[T]
+        Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field in z2 of size 3^2
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: phi.gen()  # phi_T
+        t^2 + t + z
+        sage: phi.gen() == phi(T)
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: phi.constant_coefficient()  # Constant coefficient of phi_T
+        z
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: phi.morphism()  # The Drinfeld module as a morphism
+        Ring morphism:
+          From: Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field in z2 of size 3^2
+          To:   Ore Polynomial Ring in t
+                over Finite Field in z of size 3^12 over its base
+                twisted by Frob^2
+          Defn: T |--> t^2 + t + z
+
+    One can compute the rank and height::
+
+        sage: phi.rank()
+        2
+        sage: phi.height()
+        1
+
+    As well as the j-invariant::
+
+        sage: phi.j_invariant()  # j-invariant
+        1
+
+    A Drinfeld `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-module can be seen as an Ore polynomial
+    with positive degree and constant coefficient `\gamma(T)`, where
+    `\gamma` is the base morphism. This analogy is the motivation for
+    the following methods::
+
+        sage: phi.coefficients()
+        [z, 1, 1]
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: phi.coefficient(1)
+        1
+
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Morphisms and isogenies
+
+    A *morphism* of Drinfeld modules `\phi \to \psi` is an Ore
+    polynomial `f \in K\{\tau\}` such that `f \phi_a = \psi_a f` for
+    every `a` in the function ring. In our case, this is equivalent to
+    `f \phi_T = \psi_T f`. An *isogeny* is a nonzero morphism.
+
+    Use the ``in`` syntax to test if an Ore polynomial defines a
+    morphism::
+
+        sage: phi(T) in Hom(phi, phi)
+        True
+        sage: t^6 in Hom(phi, phi)
+        True
+        sage: t^5 + 2*t^3 + 1 in Hom(phi, phi)
+        False
+        sage: 1 in Hom(phi, rho)
+        False
+        sage: 1 in Hom(phi, phi)
+        True
+        sage: 0 in Hom(phi, rho)
+        True
+
+    To create a SageMath object representing the morphism, call the
+    homset (``hom``)::
+
+        sage: hom = Hom(phi, phi)
+        sage: frobenius_endomorphism = hom(t^6)
+        sage: identity_morphism = hom(1)
+        sage: zero_morphism = hom(0)
+        sage: frobenius_endomorphism
+        Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^2 + t + z
+          Defn: t^6
+        sage: identity_morphism
+        Identity morphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^2 + t + z
+        sage: zero_morphism
+        Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^2 + t + z
+          Defn: 0
+
+    The underlying Ore polynomial is retrieved with the method
+    :meth:`ore_polynomial`::
+
+        sage: frobenius_endomorphism.ore_polynomial()
+        t^6
+        sage: identity_morphism.ore_polynomial()
+        1
+
+    One checks if a morphism is an isogeny, endomorphism or
+    isomorphism::
+
+        sage: frobenius_endomorphism.is_isogeny()
+        True
+        sage: identity_morphism.is_isogeny()
+        True
+        sage: zero_morphism.is_isogeny()
+        False
+        sage: frobenius_endomorphism.is_isomorphism()
+        False
+        sage: identity_morphism.is_isomorphism()
+        True
+        sage: zero_morphism.is_isomorphism()
+        False
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: The Vélu formula
+
+    Let ``P`` be a nonzero Ore polynomial. We can decide if ``P``
+    defines an isogeny with a given domain and, if it does, find
+    the codomain::
+
+        sage: P = (2*z^6 + z^3 + 2*z^2 + z + 2)*t + z^11 + 2*z^10 + 2*z^9 + 2*z^8 + z^7 + 2*z^6 + z^5 + z^3 + z^2 + z
+        sage: psi = phi.velu(P)
+        sage: psi
+        Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (2*z^11 + 2*z^9 + z^6 + 2*z^5 + 2*z^4 + 2*z^2 + 1)*t^2
+         + (2*z^11 + 2*z^10 + 2*z^9 + z^8 + 2*z^7 + 2*z^6 + z^5 + 2*z^4 + 2*z^2 + 2*z)*t + z
+        sage: P in Hom(phi, psi)
+        True
+        sage: P * phi(T) == psi(T) * P
+        True
+
+    If the input does not define an isogeny, an exception is raised::
+
+        sage: phi.velu(0)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the input does not define an isogeny
+        sage: phi.velu(t)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the input does not define an isogeny
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: The action of a Drinfeld module
+
+    The `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-Drinfeld module `\phi` induces a special left
+    `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-module structure on any field extension `L/K`. Let
+    `x \in L` and `a` be in the function ring; the action is defined as
+    `(a, x) \mapsto \phi_a(x)`. The method :meth:`action` returns a
+    :class:`sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.action.Action`
+    object representing the Drinfeld module action.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        In this implementation, `L` is `K`::
+
+            sage: action = phi.action()
+            sage: action
+            Action on Finite Field in z of size 3^12 over its base
+             induced by Drinfeld module defined by T |--> t^2 + t + z
+
+    The action on elements is computed by calling the action object::
+
+        sage: P = T + 1
+        sage: a = z
+        sage: action(P, a)
+        ...
+        z^9 + 2*z^8 + 2*z^7 + 2*z^6 + 2*z^3 + z^2
+        sage: action(0, K.random_element())
+        0
+        sage: action(A.random_element(), 0)
+        0
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        The class ``DrinfeldModuleAction`` may be replaced later on. See
+        issues #34833 and #34834.
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    The generator must have positive degree::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(2)
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: DrinfeldModule(A, [K(1)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: generator must have positive degree
+
+    The constant coefficient must be nonzero::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(2)
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: DrinfeldModule(A, [K(0), K(1)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: constant coefficient must be nonzero
+
+    The coefficients of the generator must lie in an
+    `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-field, where `\mathbb{F}_q[T]` is the function
+    ring of the Drinfeld module::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(2)
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: DrinfeldModule(A, [z, QQ(1)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: function ring base must coerce into base field
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(2)
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: DrinfeldModule(A, [1, QQ(1)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: function ring base must coerce into base field
+
+    The function ring must be an univariate polynomial ring whose
+    base is a finite field::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(2)
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: DrinfeldModule(K, [z, 1, 1])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError: function ring must be a polynomial ring
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(2)
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: AY.<Y> = A[]
+        sage: DrinfeldModule(AY, [z, 1, 1])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: function ring base must be a finite field
+
+    If you already defined a category of Drinfeld modules, and you
+    create a Drinfeld module through this category, you must ensure that
+    the constant coefficient is that of the category::
+
+        sage: Fq = GF(2)
+        sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 1])
+        sage: phi.category().object([1, 1, K(1)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: constant coefficient must equal that of the category
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Fq = K = GF(2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, 1])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: function ring base must coerce into base field
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: Fq = K = GF(2)
+        sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+        sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [K(1), 1])
+        sage: isinstance(phi.ore_polring(), OrePolynomialRing)
+        True
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, function_ring, gen, name='t'):
+        """
+        Check input validity and return a ``DrinfeldModule`` or
+        ``DrinfeldModule_finite`` object accordingly.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``function_ring`` -- a univariate polynomial ring whose base
+          is a finite field
+
+        - ``gen`` -- the generator of the Drinfeld module; as a list of
+          coefficients or an Ore polynomial
+
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``'t'``) the name of the Ore polynomial
+          ring gen
+
+        OUTPUT: a DrinfeldModule or DrinfeldModule_finite
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.finite_drinfeld_module import DrinfeldModule_finite
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: isinstance(phi, DrinfeldModule_finite)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: K = Frac(A)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [K(T), 1])
+            sage: isinstance(psi, DrinfeldModule_finite)
+            False
+        """
+
+        # FIXME: function_ring must be checked before calling base_ring
+        # on it. But then it is checked twice: firstly here, secondly in
+        # the category. Another problem is that those lines are
+        # duplicate. As a general comment, there are sanity checks both
+        # here and in the category constructor, which is not ideal.
+        # Check domain is Fq[T]
+        if not isinstance(function_ring, PolynomialRing_generic):
+            raise NotImplementedError('function ring must be a polynomial '
+                                      'ring')
+        function_ring_base = function_ring.base_ring()
+        if not function_ring_base.is_field() \
+                or not function_ring_base.is_finite():
+            raise TypeError('function ring base must be a finite field')
+
+        # Check all possible input types for gen
+        # `gen` is an Ore polynomial:
+        if isinstance(gen, OrePolynomial):
+            ore_polring = gen.parent()
+            # Base ring without morphism structure:
+            base_field_noext = ore_polring.base()
+            name = ore_polring.variable_name()
+        # `gen` is a list of coefficients (function_ring = Fq[T]):
+        elif isinstance(gen, (list, tuple)):
+            ore_polring = None
+            # Base ring without morphism structure:
+            base_field_noext = Sequence(gen).universe()
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('generator must be list of coefficients or Ore '
+                            'polynomial')
+        # Constant coefficient must be nonzero:
+        if gen[0].is_zero():
+            raise ValueError('constant coefficient must be nonzero')
+        # The coefficients are in a base field that has coercion from Fq:
+        if not (hasattr(base_field_noext, 'has_coerce_map_from') and
+                base_field_noext.has_coerce_map_from(function_ring.base_ring())):
+            raise ValueError('function ring base must coerce into base field')
+
+        # Build the category
+        T = function_ring.gen()
+        if isinstance(base_field_noext, RingExtension_generic):
+            base_field = base_field_noext
+        elif base_field_noext.has_coerce_map_from(function_ring) \
+                and T == gen[0]:
+            base_morphism = base_field_noext.coerce_map_from(function_ring)
+            base_field = base_field_noext.over(base_morphism)
+        else:
+            base_morphism = Hom(function_ring, base_field_noext)(gen[0])
+            base_field = base_field_noext.over(base_morphism)
+
+        # This test is also done in the category. We put it here also
+        # to have a friendlier error message
+        if not base_field.is_field():
+            raise ValueError('generator coefficients must live in a field')
+
+        category = DrinfeldModules(base_field, name=name)
+
+        # Check gen as Ore polynomial
+        ore_polring = category.ore_polring()  # Sanity cast
+        gen = ore_polring(gen)
+        if gen.degree() <= 0:
+            raise ValueError('generator must have positive degree')
+
+        # Instantiate the appropriate class:
+        backend = base_field.backend(force=True)
+        if backend.is_finite():
+            from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.finite_drinfeld_module import DrinfeldModule_finite
+            return DrinfeldModule_finite(gen, category)
+        if isinstance(backend, FractionField_generic):
+            ring = backend.ring()
+            if (isinstance(ring, PolynomialRing_generic)
+            and ring.base_ring() is function_ring_base
+            and base_morphism(T) == ring.gen()):
+                from .charzero_drinfeld_module import DrinfeldModule_rational
+                return DrinfeldModule_rational(gen, category)
+        if not category._characteristic:
+            from .charzero_drinfeld_module import DrinfeldModule_charzero
+            return DrinfeldModule_charzero(gen, category)
+        return cls.__classcall__(cls, gen, category)
+
+    def __init__(self, gen, category):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        Validity of the input is checked in meth:`__classcall_private__`.
+        The meth:`__init__` just saves attributes.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``function_ring`` -- a univariate polynomial ring whose base
+          is a finite field
+
+        - ``gen`` -- the generator of the Drinfeld module; as a list of
+          coefficients or an Ore polynomial
+
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``'t'``) the name of the Ore polynomial
+          ring gen
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: gen = [p_root, z12^3, z12^5]
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, gen)
+            sage: ore_polring = phi.ore_polring()
+            sage: phi._base == phi.category().base()
+            True
+            sage: phi._function_ring == A
+            True
+            sage: phi._gen == ore_polring(gen)
+            True
+            sage: phi._ore_polring == ore_polring
+            True
+            sage: phi._morphism == Hom(A, ore_polring)(phi._gen)
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: TestSuite(phi).run()
+        """
+        self._base = category.base()
+        self._function_ring = category.function_ring()
+        self._gen = gen
+        self._morphism = category._function_ring.hom([gen])
+        self._ore_polring = gen.parent()
+        self._Fq = self._function_ring.base_ring()  # Must be last
+        super().__init__(base=self._base, category=category)
+
+    def __call__(self, a):
+        r"""
+        Return the image of input ``a`` by the morphism that defines the
+        Drinfeld module; i.e. `\phi_a` if the Drinfeld module is denoted
+        `phi`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``a`` -- a function ring element
+
+        OUTPUT: an element in the base codomain
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+
+        ::
+            sage: a = T^3 + 4*T + 2
+            sage: phi(a) == phi(T)^3 + 4*phi(T) + 2
+            True
+            sage: phi(a)[0] == p_root^3 + 4*p_root + 2
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi(0)
+            0
+            sage: phi(1)
+            1
+            sage: phi(T) == phi._gen
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: a = A.random_element(5)
+            sage: phi(a)[0] == phi.category().base()(a)
+            True
+        """
+        return self._morphism(a)
+
+    def _Hom_(self, other, category):
+        r"""
+        Return the set of morphisms from ``self`` to ``other``.
+
+        Validity of the input is checked at the instantiation of
+        ``DrinfeldModuleHomset``; ``self`` and ``other`` only need be in
+        the same category.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- the codomain of the homset
+
+        - ``category`` -- the category in which we consider the
+          morphisms, usually ``self.category()``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: isog = t + 2*z12^11 + 4*z12^9 + 2*z12^8 + 2*z12^6 + 3*z12^5 + z12^4 + 2*z12^3 + 4*z12^2 + 4*z12 + 4
+            sage: psi = phi.velu(isog)
+            sage: hom = phi._Hom_(psi, category=phi.category())
+            sage: hom is Hom(phi, psi)  # known bug
+            True
+            sage: from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.homset import DrinfeldModuleHomset
+            sage: isinstance(hom, DrinfeldModuleHomset)
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.homset import DrinfeldModuleHomset
+        return DrinfeldModuleHomset(self, other, category)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX representation of the Drinfeld module.
+
+        If a representation name is given with meth:`rename`, it is
+        taken into account for LaTeX representation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: latex(phi)
+            \phi: T \mapsto z_{12}^{5} t^{2} + z_{12}^{3} t + 2 z_{12}^{11} + 2 z_{12}^{10} + z_{12}^{9} + 3 z_{12}^{8} + z_{12}^{7} + 2 z_{12}^{5} + 2 z_{12}^{4} + 3 z_{12}^{3} + z_{12}^{2} + 2 z_{12}
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.rename('phi')
+            sage: latex(phi)
+            \phi
+            sage: phi.reset_name()
+        """
+        if self.get_custom_name() is not None:
+            return latex_variable_name(self.get_custom_name())
+        else:
+            return f'\\phi: {latex(self._function_ring.gen())} \\mapsto ' \
+                   f'{latex(self._gen)}'
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of this Drinfeld module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi
+            Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z12^5*t^2 + z12^3*t + 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+        """
+        return f'Drinfeld module defined by {self._function_ring.gen()} ' \
+               f'|--> {self._gen}'
+
+    def _test_category(self, **options):
+        """
+        Run generic tests on the method :meth:`.category`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi._test_category()
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            We reimplemented this method because Drinfeld modules are
+            parents, and
+            meth:`sage.structure.parent.Parent._test_category` requires
+            parents' categories to be subcategories of ``Sets()``.
+        """
+        tester = self._tester(**options)
+        SageObject._test_category(self, tester=tester)
+        category = self.category()
+        # Tests that self inherits methods from the categories
+        tester.assertTrue(isinstance(self, category.parent_class),
+                _LazyString("category of %s improperly initialized", (self,), {}))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a hash of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: hash(phi)  # random
+            -6894299335185957188
+        """
+        return hash((self.base(), self._gen))
+
+    def action(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the action object
+        (:class:`sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.action.Action`)
+        that represents the module action, on the base codomain, that is
+        induced by the Drinfeld module.
+
+        OUTPUT: a Drinfeld module action object
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: action = phi.action()
+            sage: action
+            Action on Finite Field in z12 of size 5^12 over its base
+             induced by Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z12^5*t^2 + z12^3*t + 2*z12^11
+              + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+
+        The action on elements is computed as follows::
+
+            sage: P = T^2 + T + 1
+            sage: a = z12 + 1
+            sage: action(P, a)
+            3*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + 3*z12^9 + 3*z12^7 + 4*z12^5 + z12^4 + z12^3 + 2*z12 + 1
+            sage: action(0, a)
+            0
+            sage: action(P, 0)
+            0
+        """
+        from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.action import DrinfeldModuleAction
+        return DrinfeldModuleAction(self)
+
+    def basic_j_invariant_parameters(self, coeff_indices=None, nonzero=False):
+        r"""
+        Return the list of basic `j`-invariant parameters.
+
+        See the method :meth:`j_invariant` for definitions.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coeff_indices`` -- list or tuple, or NoneType (default:
+          ``None``); indices of the Drinfeld module generator
+          coefficients to be considered in the computation. If the
+          parameter is ``None`` (default), all the coefficients are
+          involved.
+
+        - ``nonzero``-- boolean (default: ``False``); if this flag
+          is set to ``True``, then only the parameters for which the
+          corresponding basic `j`-invariant is nonzero are returned
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The usage of this method can be computationally
+            expensive e.g. if the rank is greater than four,
+            or if `q` is large. Setting the ``nonzero`` flag to ``True``
+            can speed up the computation considerably if the Drinfeld
+            module generator possesses multiple zero coefficients.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = GF(5)['T']
+            sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, 0, T+1, T^2 + 1])
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariant_parameters()                                    # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            [((1,), (31, 1)),
+             ((1, 2), (1, 5, 1)),
+             ((1, 2), (7, 4, 1)),
+             ((1, 2), (8, 9, 2)),
+             ((1, 2), (9, 14, 3)),
+             ((1, 2), (10, 19, 4)),
+             ((1, 2), (11, 24, 5)),
+             ((1, 2), (12, 29, 6)),
+             ((1, 2), (13, 3, 1)),
+             ((1, 2), (15, 13, 3)),
+             ((1, 2), (17, 23, 5)),
+             ((1, 2), (19, 2, 1)),
+             ((1, 2), (20, 7, 2)),
+             ((1, 2), (22, 17, 4)),
+             ((1, 2), (23, 22, 5)),
+             ((1, 2), (25, 1, 1)),
+             ((1, 2), (27, 11, 3)),
+             ((1, 2), (29, 21, 5)),
+             ((1, 2), (31, 31, 7)),
+             ((2,), (31, 6))]
+
+        Use the ``nonzero=True`` flag to display only the parameters
+        whose `j`-invariant value is nonzero::
+
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariant_parameters(nonzero=True)                        # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            [((2,), (31, 6))]
+
+
+        One can specify the list of coefficients indices to be
+        considered in the computation::
+
+            sage: A = GF(2)['T']
+            sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, T, 1, T])
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariant_parameters([1, 2])                              # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            [((1,), (7, 1)),
+             ((1, 2), (1, 2, 1)),
+             ((1, 2), (4, 1, 1)),
+             ((1, 2), (5, 3, 2)),
+             ((1, 2), (6, 5, 3)),
+             ((1, 2), (7, 7, 4)),
+             ((2,), (7, 3))]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = GF(5)['T']
+            sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, 0, T+1, T^2 + 1])
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariant_parameters([1, 'x'])                            # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: coefficients indices must be integers
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariant_parameters([1, 10])                             # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: indices must be > 0 and < 3
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariant_parameters([1, 1])                              # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: indices must be distinct and sorted
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariant_parameters([2, 1])                              # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: indices must be distinct and sorted
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariant_parameters('x')                                 # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: indices must be None, a tuple or a list
+        """
+        r = self._gen.degree()
+        if coeff_indices is None:
+            if nonzero:
+                coeff_indices = [k for k, g in enumerate(
+                    self.coefficients(sparse=False)[1:-1], start=1) if g]
+            else:
+                coeff_indices = list(range(1, r))
+        # Check if coeff_indices is valid:
+        elif isinstance(coeff_indices, (tuple, list)):
+            coeff_indices = list(coeff_indices)
+            if not all(isinstance(k, (int, Integer)) for k in coeff_indices):
+                raise TypeError('coefficients indices must be integers')
+            if max(coeff_indices) >= r or min(coeff_indices) <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(f'indices must be > 0 and < {r}')
+            if not all(coeff_indices[i] < coeff_indices[i+1] for i in
+                       range(len(coeff_indices) - 1)):
+                raise ValueError('indices must be distinct and sorted')
+            if nonzero:
+                coeff_indices = [k for k in coeff_indices if self._gen[k]]
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('indices must be None, a tuple or a list')
+        # Create the equation and inequalities for the polyhedron:
+        q = self._Fq.order()
+        equation = [0]
+        inequalities = []
+        # Create the equation:
+        #   d_1 (q - 1) + ... + d_{r-1} (q^{r-1} - 1)
+        #   = d_r (q^r - 1)
+        for idx, i in enumerate(coeff_indices):
+            equation.append(q**i - 1)
+            # Create inequalities of the form 0 <= delta_i
+            lower_bounds = [0] * (len(coeff_indices) + 2)
+            lower_bounds[idx + 1] = 1
+            # Create inequalities of the form
+            #   delta_i <= (q^r - 1)/(q^{gcd(i,r)} - 1)
+            upper_bounds = [Integer((q**r - 1) / (q**(gcd(i, r)) - 1))]\
+                            + [0]*(len(coeff_indices) + 1)
+            upper_bounds[idx + 1] = -1
+            inequalities.extend((lower_bounds, upper_bounds))
+        equation.append(1 - q**r)
+        # Create the polyhedron defined by the equation and the
+        # inequalities.
+        polyhedron = Polyhedron(ieqs=inequalities, eqns=[equation])
+        # Compute its integral points
+        integral_points = polyhedron.integral_points()
+        # Format the result
+        parameters = []
+        for p in integral_points:
+            if gcd(p) != 1:
+                continue
+            ks = list(coeff_indices)
+            ds = p.list()
+            i = 0
+            while i < len(ks):
+                if ds[i] == 0:
+                    del ds[i]
+                    del ks[i]
+                else:
+                    i += 1
+            parameters.append((tuple(ks), tuple(ds)))
+        parameters.sort()
+        return parameters
+
+    def basic_j_invariants(self, nonzero=False):
+        r"""
+        Return a dictionary whose keys are all the basic `j`-invariants
+        parameters and values are the corresponding `j`-invariant.
+
+        See the method :meth:`j_invariant` for definitions.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``nonzero``-- boolean (default: ``False``); if this flag
+          is set to ``True``, then only the parameters for which the
+          corresponding basic `j`-invariant is nonzero are returned
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The usage of this method can be computationally
+            expensive e.g. if the rank is greater than four,
+            or if `q` is large. Setting the ``nonzero`` flag to ``True``
+            can speed up the computation considerably if the Drinfeld
+            module generator possesses multiple zero coefficients.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariants()                                              # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            {((1,), (26, 1)): z12^10 + 4*z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + 2*z12^7 + 3*z12^6 + z12^5 + z12^3 + 4*z12^2 + z12 + 2}
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, 0, 1, z12])
+            sage: phi.basic_j_invariants(nonzero=True)                                  # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            {((2,), (651, 26)): z12^11 + 3*z12^10 + 4*z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^6 + 3*z12^4 + 2*z12^3 + z12^2 + 4*z12}
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A = GF(5)['T']
+            sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, T + 2, T+1, 1])
+            sage: J_phi = phi.basic_j_invariants(); J_phi                               # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            {((1,), (31, 1)): T^31 + 2*T^30 + 2*T^26 + 4*T^25 + 2*T^6 + 4*T^5 + 4*T + 3,
+             ((1, 2), (1, 5, 1)): T^6 + 2*T^5 + T + 2,
+             ((1, 2), (7, 4, 1)): T^11 + 3*T^10 + T^9 + 4*T^8 + T^7 + 2*T^6 + 2*T^4 + 3*T^3 + 2*T^2 + 3,
+             ((1, 2), (8, 9, 2)): T^17 + 2*T^15 + T^14 + 4*T^13 + 4*T^11 + 4*T^10 + 3*T^9 + 2*T^8 + 3*T^7 + 2*T^6 + 3*T^5 + 2*T^4 + 3*T^3 + 4*T^2 + 3*T + 1,
+             ((1, 2), (9, 14, 3)): T^23 + 2*T^22 + 2*T^21 + T^19 + 4*T^18 + T^17 + 4*T^16 + T^15 + 4*T^14 + 2*T^12 + 4*T^11 + 4*T^10 + 2*T^8 + 4*T^7 + 4*T^6 + 2*T^4 + T^2 + 2*T + 2,
+             ((1, 2), (10, 19, 4)): T^29 + 4*T^28 + T^27 + 4*T^26 + T^25 + 2*T^24 + 3*T^23 + 2*T^22 + 3*T^21 + 2*T^20 + 4*T^19 + T^18 + 4*T^17 + T^16 + 4*T^15 + T^9 + 4*T^8 + T^7 + 4*T^6 + T^5 + 4*T^4 + T^3 + 4*T^2 + T + 4,
+             ...
+             ((2,), (31, 6)): T^31 + T^30 + T^26 + T^25 + T^6 + T^5 + T + 1}
+            sage: J_phi[((1, 2), (7, 4, 1))]                                            # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            T^11 + 3*T^10 + T^9 + 4*T^8 + T^7 + 2*T^6 + 2*T^4 + 3*T^3 + 2*T^2 + 3
+        """
+        return {parameter: self.j_invariant(parameter, check=False)
+                for parameter in self.basic_j_invariant_parameters(nonzero=nonzero)}
+
+    def coefficient(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return the `n`-th coefficient of the generator.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+        OUTPUT: an element in the base codomain
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.coefficient(0)
+            2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5
+            + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi.coefficient(0) == p_root
+            True
+            sage: phi.coefficient(1)
+            z12^3
+            sage: phi.coefficient(2)
+            z12^5
+            sage: phi.coefficient(5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: input must be >= 0 and <= rank
+        """
+        n = Integer(n)
+        if not 0 <= n <= self.rank():
+            raise ValueError('input must be >= 0 and <= rank')
+        return self.coefficients(sparse=False)[n]
+
+    def coefficients(self, sparse=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the coefficients of the generator, as a list.
+
+        If the flag ``sparse`` is ``True`` (default), only return the
+        nonzero coefficients; otherwise, return all of them.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``sparse`` -- boolean
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.coefficients()
+            [2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7
+               + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12,
+             z12^3,
+             z12^5]
+
+        Careful, the method only returns the nonzero coefficients,
+        unless otherwise specified::
+
+            sage: rho = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, 0, 0, 0, 1])
+            sage: rho.coefficients()
+            [2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7
+               + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12,
+             1]
+            sage: rho.coefficients(sparse=False)
+            [2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7
+               + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12,
+             0,
+             0,
+             0,
+             1]
+        """
+        return self._gen.coefficients(sparse=sparse)
+
+    def gen(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the generator of the Drinfeld module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.gen() == phi(T)
+            True
+        """
+        return self._gen
+
+    def height(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the height of the Drinfeld module if the function field
+        characteristic is a prime ideal; raise :exc:`ValueError` otherwise.
+
+        The height of a Drinfeld module is defined when the function
+        field characteristic is a prime ideal. In our case, this ideal
+        is even generated by a monic polynomial `\mathfrak{p}` in the
+        function field. Write `\phi_\mathfrak{p} = a_s \tau^s + \dots +
+        \tau^{r*\deg(\mathfrak{p})}`. The height of the Drinfeld module
+        is the well-defined positive integer `h =
+        \frac{s}{\deg(\mathfrak{p})}`.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            See [Gos1998]_, Definition 4.5.8 for the general definition.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.height() == 1
+            True
+            sage: phi.is_ordinary()
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(343)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z6> = Fq.extension(2)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [1, 0, z6])
+            sage: phi.height()
+            2
+            sage: phi.is_supersingular()
+            True
+
+        In characteristic zero, height is not defined::
+
+            sage: L = A.fraction_field()
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [L(T), L(1)])
+            sage: phi.height()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: height is only defined for prime function field characteristic
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        In the following case, sage is unable to determine the
+        characteristic; that is why an error is raised::
+
+            sage: B.<Y> = Fq[]
+            sage: L = Frac(B)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [L(2), L(1)])
+            sage: phi.height()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: height not implemented in this case
+        """
+        try:
+            if self.characteristic().is_zero():
+                raise ValueError('height is only defined for prime '
+                                 'function field characteristic')
+            else:
+                p = self.characteristic()
+                return Integer(self(p).valuation() // p.degree())
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            raise NotImplementedError('height not implemented in this case')
+
+    def is_isomorphic(self, other, absolutely=False):
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if this Drinfeld module is isomorphic to ``other``;
+        return ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``absolutely`` -- a boolean (default: ``False``); if ``False``,
+          check the existence of an isomorphism defined on the base
+          field. If ``True``, check over an algebraic closure.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1, z])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_variable()
+
+        We create a second Drinfeld module, which is isomorphic to `\phi`
+        and then check that they are indeed isomorphic::
+
+            sage: psi = phi.velu(z)
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(psi)
+            True
+
+        In the example below, `\phi` and `\psi` are isogenous but not
+        isomorphic::
+
+            sage: psi = phi.velu(t + 1)
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(psi)
+            False
+
+        Here is an example of two Drinfeld modules which are isomorphic
+        on an algebraic closure but not on the base field::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, z])
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(psi)
+            False
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(psi, absolutely=True)
+            True
+
+        In particular, two Drinfeld modules may have the same
+        `j`-invariant, while not being isomorphic on the base field::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, z])
+            sage: phi.j_invariant() == psi.j_invariant()
+            True
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(psi)
+            False
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(psi, absolutely=True)
+            True
+
+        On certain fields, testing isomorphisms over the base field may
+        fail::
+
+            sage: L = A.fraction_field()
+            sage: T = L.gen()
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, 0, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, 0, T])
+            sage: psi.is_isomorphic(phi)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: cannot solve the equation u^24 == T
+
+        However, it never fails over the algebraic closure::
+
+            sage: psi.is_isomorphic(phi, absolutely=True)
+            True
+
+        Note finally that when the constant coefficients of `\phi_T` and
+        `\psi_T` differ, `\phi` and `\psi` do not belong to the same category
+        and checking whether they are isomorphic does not make sense; in this
+        case, an error is raised::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z^2, 0, 1])
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(psi)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Drinfeld modules are not in the same category
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        A Drinfeld module is always isomorphic to itself::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z] + [K.random_element() for _ in range(3)] + [1])
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(phi)
+            True
+
+        Two Drinfeld modules of different ranks are never isomorphic::
+
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z] + [K.random_element() for _ in range(5)] + [1])
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(psi)
+            False
+
+        Two Drinfeld modules which are not patterned-alike are also not
+        isomorphic::
+
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, 1, 0, 1])
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, 1, 1, 1])
+            sage: phi.is_isomorphic(psi)
+            False
+        """
+        # Trivial cases
+        if self.category() is not other.category():
+            raise ValueError("Drinfeld modules are not in the same category")
+        if self is other:
+            return True
+        r = self.rank()
+        if other.rank() != r:
+            return False
+        # Check if there exists u such that u*self_X = other_X*u:
+        # if self_X = a_0 + a_1*t + ... + a_r*t^r
+        # and other_x = b_0 + b_1*t + ... + b_r*t^r
+        # this reduces to find a solution of the system:
+        #   b_i * u^(q^i - 1) = a_i  (0 <= i <= r)
+        # which, using gcds, can be reduced to a unique equation
+        # of the form u^e = ue.
+        q = self._Fq.cardinality()
+        A = self.gen()
+        B = other.gen()
+        e = Integer(0)
+        ue = self._base(1)
+        for i in range(1, r+1):
+            ai = A[i]
+            bi = B[i]
+            if ai == 0 and bi == 0:
+                continue
+            if ai == 0 or bi == 0:
+                return False
+            if e != q - 1:
+                # u^e = ue
+                # u^(q^i - 1) = ai/bi
+                e, s, t = e.xgcd(q**i - 1)
+                ue = ue**s * (ai/bi)**t
+        for i in range(1, r+1):
+            if A[i]:
+                f = (q**i - 1) // e
+                if A[i] != B[i] * ue**f:
+                    return False
+        # Solve the equation u^e = ue
+        # - when absolutely=True, over the algebraic closure (then a
+        #   solution always exists)
+        # - when absolutely=False, over the ground field.
+        if absolutely:
+            return True
+        else:
+            ue = ue.backend(force=True)
+            try:
+                _ = ue.nth_root(e)
+            except ValueError:
+                return False
+            except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+                raise NotImplementedError(f"cannot solve the equation u^{e} == {ue}")
+            return True
+
+    def is_finite(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return ``True`` if this Drinfeld module is finite,
+        ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.is_finite()
+            True
+            sage: B.<Y> = Fq[]
+            sage: L = Frac(B)
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [L(2), L(1)])
+            sage: psi.is_finite()
+            False
+        """
+        from sage.rings.function_field.drinfeld_modules.finite_drinfeld_module import DrinfeldModule_finite
+        return isinstance(self, DrinfeldModule_finite)
+
+    def j_invariant(self, parameter=None, check=True):
+        r"""
+        Return the `j`-invariant of the Drinfeld
+        `\mathbb{F}_q[T]`-module for the given parameter.
+
+        Suppose that `\phi_T = g_0 + g_1\tau + \cdots + g_r \tau^r` with
+        `g_r \neq 0`. Then the
+        `((k_1, \ldots, k_n), (d_1, \ldots, d_n, d_r))`-`j`-*invariant*
+        of `\phi` is defined by
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            j_{k_1, \ldots, k_n}^{d_1, \ldots, d_n, d_r}(\phi)
+            := \frac{1}{g_r^{d_r}}\prod_{i = 1}^n g_{k_i}^{d_i}
+
+        where `1\leqslant k_1 < k_2 < \ldots < k_n \leqslant r - 1` and
+        the integers `d_i` satisfy the *weight-0 condition*:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            d_1 (q^{k_1} - 1) + d_2 (q^{k_2} - 1)
+            + \cdots + d_{n} (q^{k_n} - 1) = d_r (q^r - 1).
+
+        Furthermore, if `\gcd(d_1,\ldots, d_n, d_r) = 1` and
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            0 \leq d_i \leq (q^r - 1)/(q^{\gcd(i, r)} - 1),
+            \quad 1 \leq i \leq n,
+
+        then the `j`-invariant is called *basic*. See the method
+        :meth:`basic_j_invariant_parameters` for computing the list of
+        all basic `j`-invariant parameters.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            In [Pap2023]_, Papikian follows a slightly different
+            convention:
+
+            - His `j`-invariants (see Definition 3.8.7) correspond to
+              our basic `j`-invariants, as defined above.
+            - His *basic* `j`-invariant (see Example 3.8.10) correspond
+              to our `j_k`-invariants, as implemented in
+              :meth:`jk_invariants`.
+
+            We chose to follow Potemine's convention, as he introduced
+            those objects in [Pot1998]_. Theorem 2.2 of [Pot1998]_ or
+            Theorem 3.8.11 of [Pap2023]_ assert that two Drinfeld
+            `\mathbb F_q[T]`-modules over `K` are isomorphic over the
+            separable closure of `K` if and only if their basic
+            `j`-invariants (as implemented here) coincide for any
+            well-defined couple of tuples `((k_1, k_2, \ldots, k_n),
+            (d_1, d_2, \ldots, d_n, d_r))`, .
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``parameter`` -- tuple or list, integer or NoneType (default:
+          ``None``); the `j`-invariant parameter:
+
+          - If ``parameter`` is a list or a tuple, then it must be of
+            the form:
+            `((k_1, k_2, \ldots, k_n), (d_1, d_2, \ldots, d_n, d_r))`,
+            where the `k_i` and `d_i` are integers satisfying the
+            weight-0 condition described above.
+
+          - If ``parameter`` is an integer `k` then the method returns
+            the ``j``-invariant associated to the parameter
+            `((k,), (d_k, d_r))`;
+
+          - If ``parameter`` is ``None`` and the rank of the Drinfeld
+            module is 2, then the method returns its usual
+            `j`-invariant, that is the `j`-invariant for the parameter
+            `((1,), (q+1, 1))`.
+
+        - ``check`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if this flag is set to
+          ``False`` then the code will not check if the given parameter
+          is valid and satisfy the weight-0 condition.
+
+        OUTPUT: the `j`-invariant of ``self`` for the given parameter
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.j_invariant()
+            z12^10 + 4*z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + 2*z12^7 + 3*z12^6 + z12^5 + z12^3 + 4*z12^2 + z12 + 2
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, 1, 1])
+            sage: psi.j_invariant()
+            1
+            sage: rho = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, 0, 1])
+            sage: rho.j_invariant()
+            0
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: A = GF(5)['T']
+            sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, T^2, 1, T + 1, T^3])
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(1)
+            T^309
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(2)
+            1/T^3
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(3)
+            (T^156 + T^155 + T^151 + T^150 + T^131 + T^130 + T^126 + T^125 + T^31 + T^30 + T^26 + T^25 + T^6 + T^5 + T + 1)/T^93
+
+        The parameter can either be a tuple or a list::
+
+            sage: Fq.<a> = GF(7)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [a, a^2 + a, 0, 3*a, a^2+1])
+            sage: J = phi.j_invariant(((1, 3), (267, 269, 39))); J
+            5
+            sage: J == (phi.coefficient(1)**267)*(phi.coefficient(3)**269)/(phi.coefficient(4)**39)
+            True
+            sage: phi.j_invariant([[3], [400, 57]])
+            4
+            sage: phi.j_invariant([[3], [400, 57]]) == phi.j_invariant(3)
+            True
+
+        The list of all basic `j`-invariant parameters can be retrieved
+        using the method :meth:`basic_j_invariant_parameters`::
+
+            sage: A = GF(3)['T']
+            sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, T^2 + T + 1, 0, T^4 + 1, T - 1])
+            sage: param = phi.basic_j_invariant_parameters(nonzero=True)                # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(param[1])                                             # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            T^13 + 2*T^12 + T + 2
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(param[2])                                             # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron
+            T^35 + 2*T^31 + T^27 + 2*T^8 + T^4 + 2
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A = GF(5)['T']
+            sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, T^2, 1, T + 1, T^3])
+            sage: phi.j_invariant()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: parameter must not be None if the rank is greater than 2
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(-1)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: integer parameter must be >= 1 and < the rank (=4)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant('x')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: parameter must be a tuple or a list of length 2 or an integer
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant((1, 2, 3))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: list or tuple parameter must be of length 2
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(('x', (1, 2, 3)))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: list or tuple parameter must contain tuples or lists
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(((1, 2), 'x'))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: list or tuple parameter must contain tuples or lists
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(((1, 2, 3, 4, 5), (2, 1)))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: components of tuple or list parameter have incorrect length
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(((1, 'x'), (2, 3, 8)))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: components of tuple or list parameter must contain only integers
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(((1, 2), (2, 3, 'x')))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: components of tuple or list parameter must contain only integers
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(((1, 2), (4, 3, 7)))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: parameter does not satisfy the weight-0 condition
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.j_invariant(((1, 2), (4, 3, 7)), check=False)
+            1/T^13
+        """
+        r = self._gen.degree()
+        q = self._Fq.order()
+        if parameter is None:
+            if r != 2:
+                raise TypeError("parameter must not be None "
+                                "if the rank is greater than 2")
+            return self._gen[1]**(q+1)/self._gen[2]
+        if parameter in ZZ:
+            parameter = ZZ(parameter)
+            if parameter <= 0 or parameter >= r:
+                raise ValueError("integer parameter must be >= 1 and < the "
+                                 f"rank (={r})")
+            dk = Integer((q**r - 1)/(q**gcd(parameter, r) - 1))
+            dr = Integer((q**parameter - 1)/(q**gcd(parameter, r) - 1))
+            return self._gen[parameter]**dk / self._gen[-1]**dr
+        elif isinstance(parameter, (tuple, list)):
+            if len(parameter) != 2:
+                raise ValueError("list or tuple parameter must be of length 2")
+            if not isinstance(parameter[0], (tuple, list)) \
+                    or not isinstance(parameter[1], (tuple, list)):
+                raise TypeError("list or tuple parameter must contain tuples "
+                                "or lists")
+            if not len(parameter[0]) < r or\
+                       not len(parameter[1]) == len(parameter[0]) + 1:
+                raise ValueError("components of tuple or list parameter have "
+                                 "incorrect length")
+            try:  # Check parameter's type
+                parameter_0 = [ZZ(p) for p in parameter[0]]
+                parameter_1 = [ZZ(p) for p in parameter[1]]
+            except TypeError:
+                raise TypeError("components of tuple or list parameter must "
+                                "contain only integers")
+            # Check that the weight-0 condition is satisfied:
+            #   d_1 (q - 1) + ... + d_{r-1} (q^{r-1} - 1)
+            #   = d_r (q^r - 1)
+            if check:
+                right = parameter_1[-1]*(q**r - 1)
+                left = sum(parameter_1[i]*(q**(parameter_0[i]) - 1) for i in
+                           range(len(parameter_0)))
+                if left != right:
+                    raise ValueError("parameter does not satisfy the "
+                                     "weight-0 condition")
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("parameter must be a tuple or a list of "
+                            "length 2 or an integer")
+        num = prod(self._gen[k]**d
+                   for k, d in zip(parameter_0, parameter_1[:-1]))
+        return num / (self._gen[-1]**parameter_1[-1])
+
+    def jk_invariants(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a dictionary whose keys are all the integers
+        `1 \leqslant k \leqslant r-1` and the values are the
+        corresponding `j_k`-invariants
+
+        Recall that the `j_k`-invariant of ``self`` is defined by:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            j_k := \frac{g_k^{(q^r - 1)/(\mathrm{gcd}(k, r) - 1)}}{g_r^{(q^k - 1)/(\mathrm{gcd}(k, r) - 1)}}
+
+        where `g_i` is the `i`-th coefficient of the generator of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = GF(3)['T']
+            sage: K.<T> = Frac(A)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [T, 1, T+1, T^3, T^6])
+            sage: jk_inv = phi.jk_invariants(); jk_inv
+            {1: 1/T^6, 2: (T^10 + T^9 + T + 1)/T^6, 3: T^42}
+            sage: jk_inv[2]
+            (T^10 + T^9 + T + 1)/T^6
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: F = GF(7**2)
+            sage: A = F['T']
+            sage: E.<z> = F.extension(4)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z^2, 1, z+1, z^2, z, z+1])
+            sage: phi.jk_invariants()
+            {1: 5*z^7 + 2*z^6 + 5*z^5 + 2*z^4 + 5*z^3 + z^2 + z + 2,
+             2: 3*z^7 + 4*z^6 + 5*z^5 + 6*z^4 + 4*z,
+             3: 5*z^7 + 6*z^6 + 6*z^5 + 4*z^3 + z^2 + 2*z + 1,
+             4: 3*z^6 + 2*z^5 + 4*z^4 + 2*z^3 + 4*z^2 + 6*z + 2}
+        """
+        r = self._gen.degree()  # rank of self
+        return {k: self.j_invariant(k) for k in range(1, r)}
+
+    def morphism(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the morphism object that defines the Drinfeld module.
+
+        OUTPUT: a ring morphism from the function ring to the Ore
+        polynomial ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.morphism()
+            Ring morphism:
+              From: Univariate Polynomial Ring in T over Finite Field in z2 of size 5^2
+              To:   Ore Polynomial Ring in t over Finite Field in z12 of size 5^12
+                    over its base twisted by Frob^2
+              Defn: T |--> z12^5*t^2 + z12^3*t + 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8
+                           + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: from sage.rings.morphism import RingHomomorphism
+            sage: isinstance(phi.morphism(), RingHomomorphism)
+            True
+
+        Actually, the ``DrinfeldModule`` method :meth:`__call__` simply
+        class the ``__call__`` method of this morphism::
+
+            sage: phi.morphism()(T) == phi(T)
+            True
+            sage: a = A.random_element()
+            sage: phi.morphism()(a) == phi(a)
+            True
+
+        And many methods of the Drinfeld module have a counterpart in
+        the morphism object::
+
+            sage: m = phi.morphism()
+            sage: m.domain() is phi.function_ring()
+            True
+            sage: m.codomain() is phi.ore_polring()
+            True
+            sage: m.im_gens()
+            [z12^5*t^2 + z12^3*t + 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8
+             + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12]
+            sage: phi(T) == m.im_gens()[0]
+            True
+        """
+        return self._morphism
+
+    def rank(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the rank of the Drinfeld module.
+
+        In our case, the rank is the degree of the generator.
+
+        OUTPUT: integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: phi.rank()
+            2
+            sage: psi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, 2])
+            sage: psi.rank()
+            1
+            sage: rho = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, 0, 0, 0, 1])
+            sage: rho.rank()
+            4
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The rank must be an ``Integer`` (see PR #35519)::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: isinstance(phi.rank(), Integer)
+            True
+        """
+        return self._gen.degree()
+
+    def velu(self, isog):
+        r"""
+        Return a new Drinfeld module such that ``isog`` defines an
+        isogeny to this module with domain ``self``; if no such isogeny
+        exists, raise an exception.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``isog`` -- the Ore polynomial that defines the isogeny
+
+        OUTPUT: a Drinfeld module
+
+        ALGORITHM:
+
+            The input defines an isogeny if only if:
+
+            1. The degree of the characteristic divides the height of
+            the input. (The height of an Ore polynomial `P(\tau)` is the
+            maximum `n` such that `\tau^n` right-divides `P(\tau)`.)
+
+            2. The input right-divides the generator, which can
+            be tested with Euclidean division.
+
+            We test if the input is an isogeny, and, if it is, we
+            return the quotient of the Euclidean division.
+
+            Height and Euclidean division of Ore polynomials are
+            implemented as methods of class
+            :class:`sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_element.OrePolynomial`.
+
+            Another possible algorithm is to recursively solve a system,
+            see :arxiv:`2203.06970`, Eq. 1.1.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(25)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z12> = Fq.extension(6)
+            sage: p_root = 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [p_root, z12^3, z12^5])
+            sage: t = phi.ore_polring().gen()
+            sage: isog = t + 2*z12^11 + 4*z12^9 + 2*z12^8 + 2*z12^6 + 3*z12^5 + z12^4 + 2*z12^3 + 4*z12^2 + 4*z12 + 4
+            sage: psi = phi.velu(isog)
+            sage: psi
+            Drinfeld module defined by T |-->
+             (z12^11 + 3*z12^10 + z12^9 + z12^7 + z12^5 + 4*z12^4 + 4*z12^3 + z12^2 + 1)*t^2
+             + (2*z12^11 + 4*z12^10 + 2*z12^8 + z12^6 + 3*z12^5 + z12^4 + 2*z12^3 + z12^2 + z12 + 4)*t
+             + 2*z12^11 + 2*z12^10 + z12^9 + 3*z12^8 + z12^7 + 2*z12^5 + 2*z12^4 + 3*z12^3 + z12^2 + 2*z12
+            sage: isog in Hom(phi, psi)
+            True
+
+        This method works for endomorphisms as well::
+
+            sage: phi.velu(phi(T)) is phi
+            True
+            sage: phi.velu(t^6) is phi
+            True
+
+        The following inputs do not define isogenies, and the method
+        returns ``None``::
+
+            sage: phi.velu(0)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the input does not define an isogeny
+            sage: phi.velu(t)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the input does not define an isogeny
+            sage: phi.velu(t^3 + t + 2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the input does not define an isogeny
+        """
+        if isog not in self.ore_polring():
+            raise TypeError('input must be an Ore polynomial')
+        e = ValueError('the input does not define an isogeny')
+        if isog == 0:
+            raise e
+        quo, rem = (isog * self.gen()).right_quo_rem(isog)
+        if rem.is_zero() and quo[0] == self.gen()[0]:
+            return self.category().object(quo)
+        else:
+            raise e
+
+    def hom(self, x, codomain=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the homomorphism defined by ``x`` having this Drinfeld
+        module as domain.
+
+        We recall that a homomorphism `f : \phi \to \psi` between
+        two Drinfeld modules is defined by an Ore polynomial `u`,
+        which is subject to the relation `phi_T u = u \psi_T`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- an element of the ring of functions, or an
+          Ore polynomial
+
+        - ``codomain`` -- a Drinfeld module or ``None`` (default:
+          ``None``)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1, z])
+            sage: phi
+            Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+
+        An important class of endomorphisms of a Drinfeld module
+        `\phi` is given by scalar multiplications, that are endomorphisms
+        corresponding to the Ore polynomials `\phi_a` with `a` in the function
+        ring `A`. We construct them as follows::
+
+            sage: phi.hom(T)
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              Defn: z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.hom(T^2 + 1)
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              Defn: z^2*t^6 + (3*z^2 + z + 1)*t^5 + t^4 + 2*z^2*t^3 + (3*z^2 + z + 1)*t^2 + z^2 + 1
+
+        We can also define a morphism by passing in the Ore polynomial
+        defining it.
+        For example, below, we construct the Frobenius endomorphism
+        of `\phi`::
+
+            sage: t = phi.ore_variable()
+            sage: phi.hom(t^3)
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              Defn: t^3
+
+        If the input Ore polynomial defines a morphism to another
+        Drinfeld module, the latter is determined automatically::
+
+            sage: phi.hom(t + 1)
+            Drinfeld Module morphism:
+              From: Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              To:   Drinfeld module defined by T |--> (2*z^2 + 4*z + 4)*t^3 + (3*z^2 + 2*z + 2)*t^2 + (2*z^2 + 3*z + 4)*t + z
+              Defn: t + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: phi.hom(t)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the input does not define an isogeny
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.hom(T + z)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the input does not define an isogeny
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.hom(t + 1, codomain=phi)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Ore polynomial does not define a morphism
+
+        Check that x = 0 (without specified codomain) gives the zero endomorphism::
+
+            sage: phi.hom(K.zero())
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by ...
+              Defn: 0
+        """
+        # When `x` is in the function ring (or something that coerces to it):
+        if self.function_ring().has_coerce_map_from(x.parent()):
+            return self.Hom(self)(x)
+        if codomain is None:
+            if x.is_zero():
+                return self.Hom(self)(0)
+            try:
+                codomain = self.velu(x)
+            except TypeError:
+                raise ValueError("the input does not define an isogeny")
+        H = self.Hom(codomain)
+        return H(x)
+
+        # TODO: implement the method `moh`, the analogue of `hom`
+        # with fixed codomain.
+        # It's not straightforward because `left_divides` does not
+        # work currently because Sage does not know how to invert the
+        # Frobenius endomorphism; this is due to the RingExtension stuff.
+
+    def scalar_multiplication(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Return the endomorphism of this Drinfeld module, which is
+        the multiplication by `x`, i.e. the isogeny defined by the
+        Ore polynomial `\phi_x`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- an element in the ring of functions
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: Fq = GF(5)
+            sage: A.<T> = Fq[]
+            sage: K.<z> = Fq.extension(3)
+            sage: phi = DrinfeldModule(A, [z, 0, 1, z])
+            sage: phi
+            Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+            sage: phi.hom(T)  # indirect doctest
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              Defn: z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: phi.hom(T^2 + 1)
+            Endomorphism of Drinfeld module defined by T |--> z*t^3 + t^2 + z
+              Defn: z^2*t^6 + (3*z^2 + z + 1)*t^5 + t^4 + 2*z^2*t^3 + (3*z^2 + z + 1)*t^2 + z^2 + 1
+        """
+        if not self.function_ring().has_coerce_map_from(x.parent()):
+            raise ValueError("%s is not element of the function ring" % x)
+        return self.Hom(self)(x)