passagemath-modules 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl

sage/rings/derivation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2334 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+r"""
+Derivations
+
+Let `A` be a ring and `B` be a bimodule over `A`.
+A derivation `d : A \to B` is an additive map that satisfies
+the Leibniz rule
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    d(xy) = x d(y) + d(x) y.
+
+If `B` is an algebra over `A` and if we are given in addition a
+ring homomorphism `\theta : A \to B`, a twisted derivation with respect
+to `\theta` (or a `\theta`-derivation) is an additive map `d : A \to B`
+such that
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    d(xy) = \theta(x) d(y) + d(x) y.
+
+When `\theta` is the morphism defining the structure of `A`-algebra
+on `B`, a `\theta`-derivation is nothing but a derivation.
+In general, if `\iota : A \to B` denotes the defining morphism above,
+one easily checks that `\theta - \iota` is a `\theta`-derivation.
+
+This file provides support for derivations and twisted derivations
+over commutative rings with values in algebras (i.e. we require
+that `B` is a commutative `A`-algebra).
+In this case, the set of derivations (resp. `\theta`-derivations)
+is a module over `B`.
+
+Given a ring `A`, the module of derivations over `A` can be created
+as follows::
+
+    sage: A.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+    sage: M = A.derivation_module()
+    sage: M
+    Module of derivations over
+     Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Rational Field
+
+The method :meth:`~sage.rings.derivation.RingDerivationModule.gens`
+returns the generators of this module::
+
+    sage: A.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+    sage: M = A.derivation_module()
+    sage: M.gens()
+    (d/dx, d/dy, d/dz)
+
+We can combine them in order to create all derivations::
+
+    sage: d = 2*M.gen(0) + z*M.gen(1) + (x^2 + y^2)*M.gen(2)
+    sage: d
+    2*d/dx + z*d/dy + (x^2 + y^2)*d/dz
+
+and now play with them::
+
+    sage: d(x + y + z)
+    x^2 + y^2 + z + 2
+    sage: P = A.random_element()
+    sage: Q = A.random_element()
+    sage: d(P*Q) == P*d(Q) + d(P)*Q
+    True
+
+Alternatively we can use the method
+:meth:`~sage.rings.ring.CommutativeRing.derivation`
+of the ring `A` to create derivations::
+
+    sage: Dx = A.derivation(x); Dx
+    d/dx
+    sage: Dy = A.derivation(y); Dy
+    d/dy
+    sage: Dz = A.derivation(z); Dz
+    d/dz
+    sage: A.derivation([2, z, x^2+y^2])
+    2*d/dx + z*d/dy + (x^2 + y^2)*d/dz
+
+Sage knows moreover that `M` is a Lie algebra::
+
+    sage: M.category()
+    Join of
+     Category of Lie algebras with basis over Rational Field and
+     Category of modules with basis over
+      Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Rational Field
+
+Computations of Lie brackets are implemented as well::
+
+    sage: Dx.bracket(Dy)
+    0
+    sage: d.bracket(Dx)
+    -2*x*d/dz
+
+At the creation of a module of derivations, a codomain can be specified::
+
+    sage: B = A.fraction_field()
+    sage: A.derivation_module(B)
+    Module of derivations from Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Rational Field
+     to Fraction Field of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Rational Field
+
+Alternatively, one can specify a morphism `f` with domain `A`.
+In this case, the codomain of the derivations is the codomain of
+`f` but the latter is viewed as an algebra over `A` through the
+homomorphism `f`.
+This construction is useful, for example, if we want to work with
+derivations on `A` at a certain point, e.g. `(0,1,2)`. Indeed,
+in order to achieve this, we first define the evaluation map at
+this point::
+
+    sage: ev = A.hom([QQ(0), QQ(1), QQ(2)])
+    sage: ev
+    Ring morphism:
+      From: Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Rational Field
+      To:   Rational Field
+      Defn: x |--> 0
+            y |--> 1
+            z |--> 2
+
+Now we use this ring homomorphism to define a structure of `A`-algebra
+on `\QQ` and then build the following module of derivations::
+
+    sage: M = A.derivation_module(ev)
+    sage: M
+    Module of derivations
+     from Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Rational Field
+       to Rational Field
+    sage: M.gens()
+    (d/dx, d/dy, d/dz)
+
+Elements in `M` then acts as derivations at `(0,1,2)`::
+
+    sage: Dx = M.gen(0)
+    sage: Dy = M.gen(1)
+    sage: Dz = M.gen(2)
+    sage: f = x^2 + y^2 + z^2
+    sage: Dx(f)  # = 2*x evaluated at (0,1,2)
+    0
+    sage: Dy(f)  # = 2*y evaluated at (0,1,2)
+    2
+    sage: Dz(f)  # = 2*z evaluated at (0,1,2)
+    4
+
+
+Twisted derivations are handled similarly::
+
+    sage: theta = B.hom([B(y),B(z),B(x)])
+    sage: theta
+    Ring endomorphism of Fraction Field of
+     Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y, z over Rational Field
+      Defn: x |--> y
+            y |--> z
+            z |--> x
+
+    sage: M = B.derivation_module(twist=theta)
+    sage: M
+    Module of twisted derivations over Fraction Field of Multivariate Polynomial Ring
+     in x, y, z over Rational Field (twisting morphism: x |--> y, y |--> z, z |--> x)
+
+Over a field, one proves that every `\theta`-derivation is a multiple
+of `\theta - id`, so that::
+
+    sage: d = M.gen(); d
+    [x |--> y, y |--> z, z |--> x] - id
+
+and then::
+
+    sage: d(x)
+    -x + y
+    sage: d(y)
+    -y + z
+    sage: d(z)
+    x - z
+    sage: d(x + y + z)
+    0
+
+AUTHOR:
+
+- Xavier Caruso (2018-09)
+"""
+
+# ***************************************************************************
+#    Copyright (C) 2018 Xavier Caruso <xavier.caruso@normalesup.org>
+#
+#    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#    the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+#    (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ***************************************************************************
+
+from sage.structure.richcmp import op_EQ, op_NE
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.sets.family import Family
+from sage.modules.module import Module
+from sage.structure.element import ModuleElement
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import PolynomialRing_generic
+from sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ring_base import MPolynomialRing_base
+from sage.rings.power_series_ring import PowerSeriesRing_generic
+from sage.rings.laurent_series_ring import LaurentSeriesRing
+from sage.rings.fraction_field import FractionField_generic
+from sage.rings.quotient_ring import QuotientRing_generic
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_quotient_ring import PolynomialQuotientRing_generic
+from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import IntegerModRing_generic
+from sage.rings.padics.padic_generic import pAdicGeneric
+from sage.rings.function_field.function_field import FunctionField
+from sage.rings.function_field.function_field_rational import RationalFunctionField
+from sage.categories.number_fields import NumberFields
+from sage.categories.finite_fields import FiniteFields
+from sage.categories.modules import Modules
+from sage.categories.modules_with_basis import ModulesWithBasis
+from sage.categories.lie_algebras import LieAlgebras
+
+from sage.categories.map import Map
+from sage.categories.rings import Rings
+
+from sage.misc.latex import latex
+
+
+class RingDerivationModule(Module, UniqueRepresentation):
+    """
+    A class for modules of derivations over a commutative ring.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, domain, codomain, twist=None):
+        """
+        Initialize this module of derivation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: A.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: M = A.derivation_module()
+            sage: TestSuite(M).run()
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.derivation import RingDerivationModule
+            sage: R5.<x> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: R25.<x> = GF(25)[]                                                    # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: R7.<x> = GF(7)[]
+
+            sage: RingDerivationModule(R5, R25)                                         # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Module of derivations
+             from Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 5
+               to Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field in z2 of size 5^2
+            sage: RingDerivationModule(R5, R5^2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: the codomain must be an algebra over the domain
+             or a morphism with the correct domain
+            sage: RingDerivationModule(R5, R7)                                          # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: the codomain must be an algebra over the domain
+             or a morphism with the correct domain
+
+            sage: theta = R5.hom([R5.gen()^2])
+            sage: RingDerivationModule(R5, R25, twist=theta)                            # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Module of twisted derivations
+             from Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 5
+               to Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field in z2 of size 5^2
+             (twisting morphism: x |--> x^2)
+            sage: RingDerivationModule(R7, R7, twist=theta)                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: the domain of the derivation must coerce to the domain of the twisting homomorphism
+        """
+        if domain not in Rings().Commutative():
+            raise TypeError("the domain must be a commutative ring")
+
+        if codomain in Rings().Commutative() and codomain.has_coerce_map_from(domain):
+            defining_morphism = codomain.coerce_map_from(domain)
+        elif (isinstance(codomain,Map)
+              and codomain.category_for().is_subcategory(Rings())
+              and codomain.domain().has_coerce_map_from(domain)):
+            if codomain.domain() is domain:
+                defining_morphism = codomain
+            else:
+                defining_morphism = codomain * codomain.domain().coerce_map_from(domain)
+            codomain = defining_morphism.codomain()
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("the codomain must be an algebra over the domain"
+                            " or a morphism with the correct domain")
+
+        if twist is not None:
+            if not (isinstance(twist, Map) and twist.category_for().is_subcategory(Rings())):
+                raise TypeError("the twisting homomorphism must be a homomorphism of rings")
+            if twist.domain() is not domain:
+                map = twist.domain().coerce_map_from(domain)
+                if map is None:
+                    raise TypeError("the domain of the derivation must coerce"
+                                    " to the domain of the twisting homomorphism")
+                twist = twist * map
+            if twist.codomain() is not codomain:
+                map = codomain.coerce_map_from(twist.codomain())
+                if map is None:
+                    raise TypeError("the codomain of the twisting homomorphism"
+                                    " must coerce to the codomain of the derivation")
+                twist = map * twist
+            # We check if the twisting morphism is the defining morphism
+            try:
+                if twist == defining_morphism:
+                    twist = None
+                else:
+                    for g in domain.gens():
+                        if twist(g) != defining_morphism(g):
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        twist = None
+            except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+                pass
+
+        self._domain = domain
+        self._codomain = codomain
+        self._defining_morphism = defining_morphism
+        self._twist = twist
+        self._base_derivation = None
+        self._gens = None
+        self._basis = self._dual_basis = None
+        # Currently basis and gens play exactly the same role because
+        # the only rings that are supported lead to free modules of derivations
+        # So the code is a bit redundant but we except to be able to cover more
+        # rings (with non free modules of derivations) in a near future
+        self._constants = (ZZ, False)
+        if twist is not None:
+            self.Element = RingDerivationWithTwist_generic
+            if domain.is_field():
+                self._gens = [ 1 ]
+                self._basis = [ 1 ]
+        elif (domain is ZZ or domain in NumberFields() or domain in FiniteFields()
+              or isinstance(domain, IntegerModRing_generic)
+              or (isinstance(domain, pAdicGeneric) and (domain.is_field() or domain.absolute_e() == 1))):
+            self.Element = RingDerivationWithoutTwist_zero
+            self._gens = [ ]
+            self._basis = [ ]
+            self._dual_basis = [ ]
+            self._constants = (domain, True)
+        elif (isinstance(domain, (PolynomialRing_generic, MPolynomialRing_base, PowerSeriesRing_generic, LaurentSeriesRing))
+              or (isinstance(domain, FractionField_generic)
+                  and isinstance(domain.ring(), (PolynomialRing_generic, MPolynomialRing_base)))):
+            self._base_derivation = RingDerivationModule(domain.base_ring(), defining_morphism)
+            self.Element = RingDerivationWithoutTwist_function
+            try:
+                self._gens = self._base_derivation.gens() + domain.gens()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            try:
+                self._basis = tuple(self._base_derivation.basis()) + domain.gens()
+                self._dual_basis = tuple(self._base_derivation.dual_basis()) + domain.gens()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            constants, sharp = self._base_derivation._constants
+            if domain.characteristic() == 0:
+                self._constants = (constants, sharp)
+            else:
+                # in this case, the constants are polynomials in x^p
+                # TODO: implement this
+                self._constants = (constants, False)
+        elif isinstance(domain, FractionField_generic):
+            self._base_derivation = RingDerivationModule(domain.ring(), defining_morphism)
+            self.Element = RingDerivationWithoutTwist_fraction_field
+            try:
+                self._gens = self._base_derivation.gens()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            try:
+                self._basis = self._base_derivation.basis()
+                self._dual_basis = self._base_derivation.dual_basis()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            constants, sharp = self._base_derivation._constants
+            self._constants = (constants.fraction_field(), False)
+        elif isinstance(domain, PolynomialQuotientRing_generic):
+            self._base_derivation = RingDerivationModule(domain.base(), defining_morphism)
+            modulus = domain.modulus()
+            for der in self._base_derivation.gens():
+                if der(modulus) != 0:
+                    raise NotImplementedError("derivations over quotient rings"
+                                              " are not fully supported")
+            self.Element = RingDerivationWithoutTwist_quotient
+            try:
+                self._gens = self._base_derivation.gens()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            try:
+                self._basis = self._base_derivation.basis()
+                self._dual_basis = self._base_derivation.dual_basis()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            constants, sharp = self._base_derivation._constants
+            self._constants = (constants, False)  # can we do better?
+        elif isinstance(domain, QuotientRing_generic):
+            self._base_derivation = RingDerivationModule(domain.cover_ring(), defining_morphism)
+            if any(der(modulus) != 0 for modulus in domain.defining_ideal().gens()
+                   for der in self._base_derivation.gens()):
+                raise NotImplementedError("derivations over quotient rings"
+                                          " are not fully supported")
+            self.Element = RingDerivationWithoutTwist_quotient
+            try:
+                self._gens = self._base_derivation.gens()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            try:
+                self._basis = self._base_derivation.basis()
+                self._dual_basis = self._base_derivation.dual_basis()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            constants, sharp = self._base_derivation._constants
+            self._constants = (constants, False)  # can we do better?
+        elif isinstance(domain, RationalFunctionField):
+            from sage.rings.function_field.derivations_rational import FunctionFieldDerivation_rational
+            self.Element = FunctionFieldDerivation_rational
+            self._gens = self._basis = [ None ]
+            self._dual_basis = [ domain.gen() ]
+        elif isinstance(domain, FunctionField):
+            if domain.is_separable():
+                from sage.rings.function_field.derivations_polymod import FunctionFieldDerivation_separable
+                self._base_derivation = RingDerivationModule(domain.base_ring(), defining_morphism)
+                self.Element = FunctionFieldDerivation_separable
+                try:
+                    self._gens = self._base_derivation.gens()
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    self._basis = self._base_derivation.basis()
+                    self._dual_basis = self._base_derivation.dual_basis()
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    pass
+            else:
+                from sage.rings.function_field.derivations_polymod import FunctionFieldDerivation_inseparable
+                M, f, self._t = domain.separable_model()
+                self._base_derivation = RingDerivationModule(M, defining_morphism * f)
+                self._d = self._base_derivation(None)
+                self.Element = FunctionFieldDerivation_inseparable
+                self._gens = self._basis = [ None ]
+                self._dual_basis = [ f(M.base_ring().gen()) ]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("derivations over this ring is not implemented")
+        if self._basis is None:
+            category = Modules(codomain)
+        else:
+            category = ModulesWithBasis(codomain)
+        if self._twist is None and domain is codomain:
+            category &= LieAlgebras(self._constants[0])
+        Module.__init__(self, codomain, category=category)
+        if self._gens is not None:
+            self._gens = [self.element_class(self, x) for x in self._gens]
+        if self._basis is not None:
+            self._basis = [self.element_class(self, x) for x in self._basis]
+        if self._dual_basis is not None:
+            self._dual_basis = [domain(x) for x in self._dual_basis]
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return a hash of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: hash(M) == hash((M.domain(), M.codomain(), M.twisting_morphism()))
+            True
+        """
+        return hash((self._domain, self._codomain, self._twist))
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if there is a coercion map from ``R``
+        to this module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: B.<y> = A[]
+            sage: M1 = A.derivation_module(); M1
+            Module of derivations over Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+            sage: M2 = A.derivation_module(B); M2
+            Module of derivations
+             from Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+               to Univariate Polynomial Ring in y over
+                   Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+            sage: M1._coerce_map_from_(M2) is None
+            True
+            sage: M1.has_coerce_map_from(M2)
+            False
+            sage: M2.has_coerce_map_from(M1)
+            True
+
+            sage: M1.has_coerce_map_from(ZZ)
+            False
+            sage: M1.has_coerce_map_from(QQ)
+            False
+            sage: M1.has_coerce_map_from(A)
+            False
+        """
+        if isinstance(R, RingDerivationModule):
+            if R.domain().has_coerce_map_from(self._domain) and self._codomain.has_coerce_map_from(R.codomain()):
+                morR = R.defining_morphism()
+                morS = self._defining_morphism
+                try:
+                    # this test is not perfect
+                    for g in self._domain.gens():
+                        if morR(g) != morS(g):
+                            return False
+                    return True
+                except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+                    pass
+        return super()._coerce_map_from_(R)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of this module of derivations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: R.derivation_module()
+            Module of derivations over Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: R.derivation_module(twist=theta)
+            Module of twisted derivations over Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y
+             over Integer Ring (twisting morphism: x |--> y, y |--> x)
+        """
+        t = ""
+        if self._twist is None:
+            s = "Module of derivations"
+        else:
+            s = "Module of twisted derivations"
+            try:
+                t = " (twisting morphism: %s)" % self._twist._repr_short()
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+        if self._domain is self._codomain:
+            s += " over %s" % self._domain
+        else:
+            s += " from %s to %s" % (self._domain, self._codomain)
+        return s + t
+
+    def domain(self):
+        """
+        Return the domain of the derivations in this module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module(); M
+            Module of derivations over Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+            sage: M.domain()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+        """
+        return self._domain
+
+    def codomain(self):
+        """
+        Return the codomain of the derivations in this module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module(); M
+            Module of derivations over Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+            sage: M.codomain()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+        """
+        return self._codomain
+
+    def defining_morphism(self):
+        """
+        Return the morphism defining the structure of algebra
+        of the codomain over the domain.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.defining_morphism()
+            Identity endomorphism of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+
+            sage: S.<y> = R[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module(S)
+            sage: M.defining_morphism()
+            Polynomial base injection morphism:
+              From: Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+              To:   Univariate Polynomial Ring in y over
+                     Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+
+            sage: ev = R.hom([QQ(0)])
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module(ev)
+            sage: M.defining_morphism()
+            Ring morphism:
+              From: Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+              To:   Rational Field
+              Defn: x |--> 0
+        """
+        return self._defining_morphism
+
+    def twisting_morphism(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the twisting homomorphism of the derivations in this module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module(twist=theta); M
+            Module of twisted derivations over Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y
+             over Integer Ring (twisting morphism: x |--> y, y |--> x)
+            sage: M.twisting_morphism()
+            Ring endomorphism of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+              Defn: x |--> y
+                    y |--> x
+
+        When the derivations are untwisted, this method returns nothing::
+
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.twisting_morphism()
+        """
+        return self._twist
+
+    def ngens(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the number of generators of this module of derivations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module(); M
+            Module of derivations over Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+            sage: M.ngens()
+            2
+
+        Indeed, generators are::
+
+            sage: M.gens()
+            (d/dx, d/dy)
+
+        We check that, for a nontrivial twist over a field, the module of
+        twisted derivation is a vector space of dimension 1 generated by
+        ``twist - id``::
+
+            sage: K = R.fraction_field()
+            sage: theta = K.hom([K(y),K(x)])
+            sage: M = K.derivation_module(twist=theta); M
+            Module of twisted derivations over Fraction Field of Multivariate Polynomial
+             Ring in x, y over Integer Ring (twisting morphism: x |--> y, y |--> x)
+            sage: M.ngens()
+            1
+            sage: M.gen()
+            [x |--> y, y |--> x] - id
+        """
+        if self._gens is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("generators are not implemented for this derivation module")
+        return len(self._gens)
+
+    def gens(self) -> tuple:
+        r"""
+        Return the generators of this module of derivations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module(); M
+            Module of derivations over Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+            sage: M.gens()
+            (d/dx, d/dy)
+
+        We check that, for a nontrivial twist over a field, the module of
+        twisted derivation is a vector space of dimension 1 generated by
+        ``twist - id``::
+
+            sage: K = R.fraction_field()
+            sage: theta = K.hom([K(y),K(x)])
+            sage: M = K.derivation_module(twist=theta); M
+            Module of twisted derivations over Fraction Field of Multivariate Polynomial
+             Ring in x, y over Integer Ring (twisting morphism: x |--> y, y |--> x)
+            sage: M.gens()
+            ([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id,)
+        """
+        if self._gens is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("generators are not implemented for this derivation module")
+        return tuple(self._gens)
+
+    def gen(self, n=0):
+        r"""
+        Return the `n`-th generator of this module of derivations.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer (default: `0`)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module(); M
+            Module of derivations over Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+            sage: M.gen()
+            d/dx
+            sage: M.gen(1)
+            d/dy
+        """
+        if self._gens is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("generators are not implemented for this derivation module")
+        try:
+            return self._gens[n]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise ValueError("generator not defined")
+
+    def basis(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a basis of this module of derivations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.basis()
+            Family (d/dx, d/dy)
+        """
+        if self._basis is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("basis is not implemented for this derivation module")
+        return Family(self._basis)
+
+    def dual_basis(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the dual basis of the canonical basis of this module of
+        derivations (which is that returned by the method :meth:`basis`).
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            The dual basis of `(d_1, \dots, d_n)` is a family
+            `(x_1, \ldots, x_n)` of elements in the domain such
+            that `d_i(x_i) = 1` and `d_i(x_j) = 0` if `i \neq j`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.basis()
+            Family (d/dx, d/dy)
+            sage: M.dual_basis()
+            Family (x, y)
+        """
+        if self._dual_basis is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("basis is not implemented for this derivation module")
+        return Family(self._dual_basis)
+
+    def ring_of_constants(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the subring of the domain consisting of elements
+        `x` such that `d(x) = 0` for all derivation `d` in this module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.basis()
+            Family (d/dx, d/dy)
+            sage: M.ring_of_constants()
+            Rational Field
+        """
+        if not self._constants[1]:
+            raise NotImplementedError("the computation of the ring of constants"
+                                      " is not implemented for this derivation module")
+        return self._constants[0]
+
+    def random_element(self, *args, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return a random derivation in this module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.random_element()  # random
+            (x^2 + x*y - 3*y^2 + x + 1)*d/dx + (-2*x^2 + 3*x*y + 10*y^2 + 2*x + 8)*d/dy
+        """
+        if self._gens is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("generators are not implemented for this derivation module")
+        return self([ self._codomain.random_element(*args, **kwds) for _ in range(len(self._gens)) ])
+
+    def some_elements(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a list of elements of this module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.some_elements()
+            [d/dx, d/dy, x*d/dx, x*d/dy, y*d/dx, y*d/dy]
+        """
+        if self._gens is None:
+            return self.an_element()
+        if self._dual_basis is None:
+            return self._gens
+        return self._gens + [f * D for f in self._dual_basis for D in self._gens]
+
+
+# The class RingDerivation does not derive from Map (or RingMap)
+# because we don't want to see derivations as morphisms in some
+# category since they are not stable by composition.
+class RingDerivation(ModuleElement):
+    r"""
+    An abstract class for twisted and untwisted derivations over
+    commutative rings.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+        sage: f = R.derivation(x) + 2*R.derivation(y); f
+        d/dx + 2*d/dy
+        sage: f(x*y)
+        2*x + y
+    """
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        """
+        Return the image of ``x`` under this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = x*R.derivation(x) + y*R.derivation(y)
+            sage: f(x^2 + 3*x*y - y^2)
+            2*x^2 + 6*x*y - 2*y^2
+        """
+        arg = self.parent().domain()(x)
+        return self._call_(arg)
+
+    def domain(self):
+        """
+        Return the domain of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = R.derivation(y); f
+            d/dy
+            sage: f.domain()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
+            sage: f.domain() is R
+            True
+        """
+        return self.parent().domain()
+
+    def codomain(self):
+        """
+        Return the codomain of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = R.derivation(); f
+            d/dx
+            sage: f.codomain()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+            sage: f.codomain() is R
+            True
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: S.<y> = R[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module(S)
+            sage: M.random_element().codomain()
+            Univariate Polynomial Ring in y over
+             Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+            sage: M.random_element().codomain() is S
+            True
+        """
+        return self.parent().codomain()
+
+
+class RingDerivationWithoutTwist(RingDerivation):
+    """
+    An abstract class for untwisted derivations.
+    """
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: R.derivation(x)
+            d/dx
+            sage: R.derivation(y)
+            d/dy
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        try:
+            dual_basis = parent.dual_basis()
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            return "A derivation on %s" % parent.domain()
+        coeffs = self.list()
+        s = ""
+        for i in range(len(dual_basis)):
+            c = coeffs[i]
+            sc = str(c)
+            if sc == "0":
+                continue
+            name = str(dual_basis[i])
+            if all(name.find(c) == -1 for c in "+-*/ ()"):
+                ddx = "d/d%s" % name
+            else:
+                ddx = "d_{%s}" % name
+            if sc == "1":
+                s += " + " + ddx
+            elif sc == "-1":
+                s += " - " + ddx
+            elif c._is_atomic() and sc[0] != "-":
+                s += " + %s*%s" % (sc, ddx)
+            elif (-c)._is_atomic():
+                s += " - %s*%s" % (-c, ddx)
+            else:
+                s += " + (%s)*%s" % (sc, ddx)
+        if s[:3] == " + ":
+            return s[3:]
+        elif s[:3] == " - ":
+            return "-" + s[3:]
+        elif s == "":
+            return "0"
+        else:
+            return s
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX representation of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: ddx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: ddy = R.derivation(y)
+
+            sage: latex(ddx)
+            \frac{d}{dx}
+            sage: latex(ddy)
+            \frac{d}{dy}
+            sage: latex(ddx + ddy)
+            \frac{d}{dx} + \frac{d}{dy}
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        try:
+            dual_basis = parent.dual_basis()
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            return "\\text{A derivation on } %s" % latex(parent.domain())
+        coeffs = self.list()
+        s = ""
+        for i in range(len(dual_basis)):
+            c = coeffs[i]
+            sc = str(c)
+            if sc == "0":
+                continue
+            name = str(dual_basis[i])
+            if all(name.find(c) == -1 for c in "+-*/ ()"):
+                ddx = "\\frac{d}{d%s}" % latex(dual_basis[i])
+            else:
+                ddx = "d_{%s}" % latex(dual_basis[i])
+            if sc == "1":
+                s += " + " + ddx
+            elif sc == "-1":
+                s += " - " + ddx
+            elif c._is_atomic() and sc[0] != "-":
+                s += " + %s %s" % (sc, ddx)
+            elif (-c)._is_atomic():
+                s += " - %s %s" % (-c, ddx)
+            else:
+                s += " + \\left(%s\\right) %s" % (sc, ddx)
+        if s[:3] == " + ":
+            return s[3:]
+        elif s[:3] == " - ":
+            return "-" + s[3:]
+        elif s == "":
+            return "0"
+        else:
+            return s
+
+    def list(self):
+        """
+        Return the list of coefficient of this derivation
+        on the canonical basis.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.basis()
+            Family (d/dx, d/dy)
+
+            sage: R.derivation(x).list()
+            [1, 0]
+            sage: R.derivation(y).list()
+            [0, 1]
+
+            sage: f = x*R.derivation(x) + y*R.derivation(y); f
+            x*d/dx + y*d/dy
+            sage: f.list()
+            [x, y]
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        return [self(x) for x in parent.dual_basis()]
+
+    def monomial_coefficients(self, copy=None):
+        r"""
+        Return dictionary of nonzero coordinates (on the canonical
+        basis) of this derivation.
+
+        More precisely, this returns a dictionary whose keys are indices
+        of basis elements and whose values are the corresponding coefficients.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.basis()
+            Family (d/dx, d/dy)
+
+            sage: R.derivation(x).monomial_coefficients()
+            {0: 1}
+            sage: R.derivation(y).monomial_coefficients()
+            {1: 1}
+
+            sage: f = x*R.derivation(x) + y*R.derivation(y); f
+            x*d/dx + y*d/dy
+            sage: f.monomial_coefficients()
+            {0: x, 1: y}
+        """
+        dual_basis = self.parent().dual_basis()
+        dict = { }
+        for i in range(len(dual_basis)):
+            c = self(dual_basis[i])
+            if c != 0:
+                dict[i] = c
+        return dict
+
+    def is_zero(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if this derivation is zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = R.derivation(); f
+            d/dx
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            False
+
+            sage: (f-f).is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        for c in self.list():
+            if not c.is_zero():
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        """
+        Compare this derivation with ``other`` according
+        to the comparison operator ``op``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: D = sum(v*R.derivation(v) for v in R.gens()); D
+            x*d/dx + y*d/dy + z*d/dz
+            sage: D.pth_power() == D
+            True
+        """
+        if op == op_EQ:
+            if isinstance(other, RingDerivationWithoutTwist):
+                return self.list() == other.list()
+            else:
+                return False
+        if op == op_NE:
+            if isinstance(other, RingDerivationWithoutTwist):
+                return self.list() != other.list()
+            else:
+                return True
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def _bracket_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the Lie bracket (that is the commutator) of
+        this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dy = R.derivation(y)
+            sage: Dx._bracket_(Dy)
+            0
+
+            sage: Dx.bracket(x*Dy)
+            d/dy
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: X = M.random_element()
+            sage: X.bracket(X)
+            0
+
+        We check the Jacobi identity::
+
+            sage: Y = M.random_element()
+            sage: Z = M.random_element()
+            sage: X.bracket(Y.bracket(Z)) + Y.bracket(Z.bracket(X)) + Z.bracket(X.bracket(Y))
+            0
+
+        and the product rule::
+
+            sage: f = R.random_element()
+            sage: X.bracket(f*Y) == X(f)*Y + f*X.bracket(Y)
+            True
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        if parent.domain() is not parent.codomain():
+            raise TypeError("the bracket is only defined for derivations with same domain and codomain")
+        arg = [self(other(x)) - other(self(x)) for x in parent.dual_basis()]
+        return parent(arg)
+
+    def pth_power(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the `p`-th power of this derivation where `p`
+        is the characteristic of the domain.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Leibniz rule implies that this is again a derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: R.<x,y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dx.pth_power()
+            0
+            sage: (x*Dx).pth_power()
+            x*d/dx
+            sage: (x^6*Dx).pth_power()
+            x^26*d/dx
+
+            sage: Dy = R.derivation(y)                                                  # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: (x*Dx + y*Dy).pth_power()                                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            x*d/dx + y*d/dy
+
+        An error is raised if the domain has characteristic zero::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dx.pth_power()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: the domain of the derivation must have positive and prime characteristic
+
+        or if the characteristic is not a prime number::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = Integers(10)[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dx.pth_power()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: the domain of the derivation must have positive and prime characteristic
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: R.<x,y> = GF(3)[]
+            sage: D = R.derivation_module().random_element()
+            sage: Dp = D.pth_power()
+            sage: f = R.random_element()
+            sage: Dp(f) == D(D(D(f)))
+            True
+
+            sage: D.bracket(Dp)                                                         # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            0
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        if parent.domain() is not parent.codomain():
+            raise TypeError("the derivation must have the same domain and codomain")
+        p = parent.domain().characteristic()
+        if not p.is_prime():
+            raise TypeError("the domain of the derivation must have positive and prime characteristic")
+        arg = [ ]
+        for x in parent.dual_basis():
+            res = x
+            for _ in range(p):
+                res = self(res)
+            arg.append(res)
+        return parent(arg)
+
+    def precompose(self, morphism):
+        r"""
+        Return the derivation obtained by applying first
+        ``morphism`` and then this derivation.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``morphism`` -- a homomorphism of rings whose codomain is
+          the domain of this derivation or a ring that coerces to
+          the domain of this derivation
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: B.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: D = B.derivation(x) - 2*x*B.derivation(y); D
+            d/dx - 2*x*d/dy
+
+        When restricting to ``A``, the term ``d/dy`` disappears
+        (since it vanishes on ``A``)::
+
+            sage: D.precompose(A)
+            d/dx
+
+        If we restrict to another well chosen subring, the derivation vanishes::
+
+            sage: C.<t> = QQ[]
+            sage: f = C.hom([x^2 + y]); f
+            Ring morphism:
+              From: Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
+              To:   Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Rational Field
+              Defn: t |--> x^2 + y
+            sage: D.precompose(f)
+            0
+
+        Note that this method cannot be used to compose derivations::
+
+            sage: D.precompose(D)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: you must give a homomorphism of rings
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: D.precompose(C)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: the given ring does not coerce to the domain of the derivation
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        if morphism in Rings().Commutative():
+            if parent.domain().has_coerce_map_from(morphism):
+                morphism = parent.domain().coerce_map_from(morphism)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("the given ring does not coerce to the domain of the derivation")
+        elif not (isinstance(morphism, Map) and morphism.category_for().is_subcategory(Rings())):
+            raise TypeError("you must give a homomorphism of rings")
+        M = RingDerivationModule(morphism.domain(), parent.defining_morphism() * morphism)
+        arg = [self(morphism(x)) for x in M.dual_basis()]
+        return M(arg)
+
+    def postcompose(self, morphism):
+        """
+        Return the derivation obtained by applying first
+        this derivation and then ``morphism``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``morphism`` -- a homomorphism of rings whose domain is
+          the codomain of this derivation or a ring into which the
+          codomain of this derivation coerces
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A.<x,y>= QQ[]
+            sage: ev = A.hom([QQ(0), QQ(1)])
+            sage: Dx = A.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dy = A.derivation(y)
+
+        We can define the derivation at `(0,1)` just by postcomposing
+        with ``ev``::
+
+            sage: dx = Dx.postcompose(ev)
+            sage: dy = Dy.postcompose(ev)
+            sage: f = x^2 + y^2
+            sage: dx(f)
+            0
+            sage: dy(f)
+            2
+
+        Note that we cannot avoid the creation of the evaluation morphism:
+        if we pass in ``QQ`` instead, an error is raised since there is
+        no coercion morphism from ``A`` to ``QQ``::
+
+            sage: Dx.postcompose(QQ)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: the codomain of the derivation does not coerce to the given ring
+
+        Note that this method cannot be used to compose derivations::
+
+            sage: Dx.precompose(Dy)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: you must give a homomorphism of rings
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        if morphism in Rings().Commutative():
+            if morphism.has_coerce_map_from(parent.codomain()):
+                morphism = morphism.coerce_map_from(parent.codomain())
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("the codomain of the derivation does not coerce to the given ring")
+        elif not (isinstance(morphism, Map) and morphism.category_for().is_subcategory(Rings())):
+            raise TypeError("you must give a homomorphism of rings")
+        M = RingDerivationModule(parent.domain(), morphism * parent.defining_morphism())
+        arg = [morphism(self(x)) for x in M.dual_basis()]
+        return M(arg)
+
+    def extend_to_fraction_field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the extension of this derivation to fraction fields of
+        the domain and the codomain.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: d = S.derivation()
+            sage: d
+            d/dx
+
+            sage: D = d.extend_to_fraction_field()
+            sage: D
+            d/dx
+            sage: D.domain()
+            Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field
+
+            sage: D(1/x)
+            -1/x^2
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        domain = parent.domain().fraction_field()
+        codomain = parent.codomain().fraction_field()
+        M = RingDerivationModule(domain, codomain)
+        try:
+            return M(self)
+        except (ValueError, NotImplementedError):
+            return M(self.list())
+
+
+class RingDerivationWithoutTwist_zero(RingDerivationWithoutTwist):
+    """
+    This class can only represent the zero derivation.
+
+    It is used when the parent is the zero derivation module
+    (e.g., when its domain is ``ZZ``, ``QQ``, a finite field, etc.)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, arg=None):
+        """
+        Initialize this derivation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = ZZ.derivation_module()
+            sage: der = M(); der
+            0
+
+            sage: from sage.rings.derivation import RingDerivationWithoutTwist_zero
+            sage: isinstance(der, RingDerivationWithoutTwist_zero)
+            True
+
+            sage: TestSuite(der).run()
+        """
+        if isinstance(arg, list) and len(arg) == 1 and isinstance(arg[0], RingDerivation):
+            arg = arg[0]
+        if arg and not (isinstance(arg, RingDerivation) and arg.is_zero()):
+            raise ValueError("unable to create the derivation")
+        RingDerivation.__init__(self, parent)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ZZ.derivation_module()
+            sage: M()
+            0
+        """
+        return "0"
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ZZ.derivation_module()
+            sage: latex(M())
+            0
+        """
+        return "0"
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return a hash of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: hash(f)  # random
+            3713081631936575706
+        """
+        return hash(tuple(self.list()))
+
+    def _add_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the sum of this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dy = R.derivation(y)
+            sage: Dx + Dy
+            d/dx + d/dy
+        """
+        return other
+
+    def _sub_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the difference of this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dy = R.derivation(y)
+            sage: Dx - Dy
+            d/dx - d/dy
+        """
+        return -other
+
+    def _neg_(self):
+        """
+        Return the opposite of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: -Dx
+            -d/dx
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _lmul_(self, factor):
+        """
+        Return the product of this derivation by the scalar ``factor``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dx * 2
+            2*d/dx
+            sage: Dx * x^2
+            x^2*d/dx
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _rmul_(self, left):
+        """
+        Return the product of this derivation by the scalar ``factor``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: 2 * Dx
+            2*d/dx
+            sage: x^2 * Dx
+            x^2*d/dx
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        """
+        Return the image of ``x`` under this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = x*R.derivation(x) + y*R.derivation(y)
+            sage: f(x^2 + 3*x*y - y^2)
+            2*x^2 + 6*x*y - 2*y^2
+        """
+        return self.parent().codomain().zero()
+
+    def _bracket_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the Lie bracket (that is the commutator) of
+        this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dy = R.derivation(y)
+            sage: Dx._bracket_(Dy)
+            0
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def is_zero(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if this derivation vanishes.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = QQ.derivation_module()
+            sage: M().is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def list(self):
+        """
+        Return the list of coefficient of this derivation
+        on the canonical basis.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = QQ.derivation_module()
+            sage: M().list()
+            []
+        """
+        return []
+
+
+class RingDerivationWithoutTwist_wrapper(RingDerivationWithoutTwist):
+    """
+    This class is a wrapper for derivation.
+
+    It is useful for changing the parent without changing the
+    computation rules for derivations. It is used for derivations
+    over fraction fields and quotient rings.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, arg=None):
+        """
+        Initialize this derivation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: from sage.rings.derivation import RingDerivationWithoutTwist_wrapper
+            sage: R.<x,y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: S = R.quo([x^5, y^5])
+            sage: M = S.derivation_module()
+            sage: der = M.random_element()
+            sage: isinstance(der, RingDerivationWithoutTwist_wrapper)
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(der).run()
+        """
+        if isinstance(arg, list) and len(arg) == 1 and isinstance(arg[0], RingDerivation):
+            arg = arg[0]
+        if isinstance(arg, RingDerivationWithoutTwist_wrapper):
+            self._base_derivation = arg._base_derivation
+        else:
+            self._base_derivation = parent._base_derivation(arg)
+        RingDerivation.__init__(self, parent)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return a hash of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: hash(f)  # random
+            3713081631936575706
+        """
+        return hash(tuple(self.list()))
+
+    def _add_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the sum of this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: R.<X,Y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: S.<x,y> = R.quo([X^5, Y^5])
+            sage: Dx = S.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dy = S.derivation(y)
+            sage: Dx + Dy
+            d/dx + d/dy
+        """
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), self._base_derivation + other._base_derivation)
+
+    def _sub_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the difference of this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: R.<X,Y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: S.<x,y> = R.quo([X^5, Y^5])
+            sage: Dx = S.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dy = S.derivation(y)
+            sage: Dx - Dy
+            d/dx - d/dy
+        """
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), self._base_derivation - other._base_derivation)
+
+    def _neg_(self):
+        """
+        Return the opposite of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: R.<X,Y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: S.<x,y> = R.quo([X^5, Y^5])
+            sage: Dx = S.derivation(x)
+            sage: -Dx
+            -d/dx
+        """
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), -self._base_derivation)
+
+    def _lmul_(self, factor):
+        """
+        Return the product of this derivation by the scalar ``factor``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: R.<X,Y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: S.<x,y> = R.quo([X^5, Y^5])
+            sage: Dx = S.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dx * 2
+            2*d/dx
+            sage: Dx * x^2
+            x^2*d/dx
+        """
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), self._base_derivation * factor)
+
+    def _rmul_(self, factor):
+        """
+        Return the product of this derivation by the scalar ``factor``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: R.<X,Y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: S.<x,y> = R.quo([X^5, Y^5])
+            sage: Dx = S.derivation(x)
+            sage: 2 * Dx
+            2*d/dx
+            sage: x^2 * Dx
+            x^2*d/dx
+        """
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), factor * self._base_derivation)
+
+    def list(self):
+        """
+        Return the list of coefficient of this derivation
+        on the canonical basis.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: R.<X,Y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: S.<x,y> = R.quo([X^5, Y^5])
+            sage: M = S.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.basis()
+            Family (d/dx, d/dy)
+            sage: S.derivation(x).list()
+            [1, 0]
+            sage: S.derivation(y).list()
+            [0, 1]
+            sage: f = x*S.derivation(x) + y*S.derivation(y); f
+            x*d/dx + y*d/dy
+            sage: f.list()
+            [x, y]
+        """
+        return self._base_derivation.list()
+
+
+class RingDerivationWithoutTwist_function(RingDerivationWithoutTwist):
+    """
+    A class for untwisted derivations over rings whose elements
+    are either polynomials, rational fractions, power series or
+    Laurent series.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, arg=None):
+        """
+        Initialize this derivation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: R.derivation(x)
+            d/dx
+            sage: der = R.derivation([1,2])
+            sage: der
+            d/dx + 2*d/dy
+
+            sage: TestSuite(der).run()
+        """
+        domain = parent.domain()
+        codomain = parent.codomain()
+        ngens = domain.ngens()
+        self._base_derivation = parent._base_derivation()
+        self._images = [codomain.zero() for _ in range(ngens)]
+        if arg is None:
+            arg = domain.gen()
+        if isinstance(arg, list) and len(arg) == 1 and isinstance(arg[0], RingDerivation):
+            arg = arg[0]
+        if not arg:
+            pass
+        elif (isinstance(arg, RingDerivationWithoutTwist_function)
+              and parent.has_coerce_map_from(arg.parent())):
+            self._base_derivation = parent._base_derivation(arg._base_derivation)
+            self._images = [codomain(x) for x in arg._images]
+        elif isinstance(arg, (tuple, list)):
+            if len(arg) < ngens:
+                raise ValueError("the number of images is incorrect")
+            self._base_derivation = parent._base_derivation(arg[:-ngens])
+            self._images = [codomain(x) for x in arg[-ngens:]]
+        else:
+            for i in range(ngens):
+                if arg == domain.gen(i):
+                    self._base_derivation = parent._base_derivation()
+                    self._images[i] = codomain.one()
+                    break
+            else:
+                self._base_derivation = parent._base_derivation(arg)
+        RingDerivation.__init__(self, parent)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return a hash of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: hash(f)  # random
+            3713081631936575706
+        """
+        return hash(tuple(self.list()))
+
+    def _add_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the sum of this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dy = R.derivation(y)
+            sage: Dx + Dy
+            d/dx + d/dy
+        """
+        base_derivation = self._base_derivation + other._base_derivation
+        im = [ self._images[i] + other._images[i] for i in range(self.parent().domain().ngens()) ]
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), [base_derivation] + im)
+
+    def _sub_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the subtraction of this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dy = R.derivation(y)
+            sage: Dx - Dy
+            d/dx - d/dy
+        """
+        base_derivation = self._base_derivation - other._base_derivation
+        im = [ self._images[i] - other._images[i] for i in range(self.parent().domain().ngens()) ]
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), [base_derivation] + im)
+
+    def _rmul_(self, factor):
+        """
+        Return the product of this derivation by the scalar ``factor``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: 2 * Dx
+            2*d/dx
+            sage: x^2 * Dx
+            x^2*d/dx
+        """
+        factor = self.parent().codomain()(factor)
+        base_derivation = factor * self._base_derivation
+        im = [ factor*x for x in self._images ]
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), [base_derivation] + im)
+
+    def _lmul_(self, factor):
+        """
+        Return the product of this derivation by the scalar ``factor``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: Dx * 2
+            2*d/dx
+            sage: Dx * x^2
+            x^2*d/dx
+        """
+        return self._rmul_(factor)
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        """
+        Return the image of ``x`` under this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: D = x*R.derivation(x) + y*R.derivation(y)
+            sage: D(x^2 + 3*x*y - y^2)
+            2*x^2 + 6*x*y - 2*y^2
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        domain = parent.domain()
+        codomain = parent.codomain()
+        defining_morphism = parent.defining_morphism()
+        if isinstance(domain, FractionField_generic):
+            num = x.numerator()
+            den = x.denominator()
+            u = defining_morphism(num)
+            v = defining_morphism(den)
+            up = num.map_coefficients(self._base_derivation, codomain)(*domain.gens())
+            vp = den.map_coefficients(self._base_derivation, codomain)(*domain.gens())
+            res = (up*v - u*vp) / (v*v)
+        else:
+            res = x.map_coefficients(self._base_derivation, codomain)(*domain.gens())
+        for i in range(len(self._images)):
+            res += defining_morphism(x.derivative(domain.gen(i))) * self._images[i]
+        return res
+
+    def is_zero(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if this derivation is zero.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = R.derivation(); f
+            d/dx
+            sage: f.is_zero()
+            False
+
+            sage: (f-f).is_zero()
+            True
+        """
+        if not self._base_derivation.is_zero():
+            return False
+        return all(im == 0 for im in self._images)
+
+    def list(self):
+        """
+        Return the list of coefficient of this derivation
+        on the canonical basis.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = GF(5)[[]]
+            sage: M = R.derivation_module()
+            sage: M.basis()
+            Family (d/dx, d/dy)
+
+            sage: R.derivation(x).list()
+            [1, 0]
+            sage: R.derivation(y).list()
+            [0, 1]
+
+            sage: f = x*R.derivation(x) + y*R.derivation(y); f
+            x*d/dx + y*d/dy
+            sage: f.list()
+            [x, y]
+        """
+        return self._base_derivation.list() + self._images
+
+
+class RingDerivationWithoutTwist_fraction_field(RingDerivationWithoutTwist_wrapper):
+    """
+    This class handles derivations over fraction fields.
+    """
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return a hash of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: hash(f)  # random
+            3713081631936575706
+        """
+        return hash(tuple(self.list()))
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        """
+        Return the image of ``x`` under this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: K = R.fraction_field()
+            sage: f = K.derivation(); f
+            d/dx
+            sage: f(1/x)
+            (-1)/x^2
+        """
+        defining_morphism = self.parent().defining_morphism()
+        num = x.numerator()
+        den = x.denominator()
+        u = defining_morphism(num)
+        v = defining_morphism(den)
+        up = self._base_derivation(u)
+        vp = self._base_derivation(v)
+        return (up*v - u*vp) / (v*v)
+
+
+class RingDerivationWithoutTwist_quotient(RingDerivationWithoutTwist_wrapper):
+    """
+    This class handles derivations over quotient rings.
+    """
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return a hash of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: f = R.derivation(x)
+            sage: hash(f)  # random
+            3713081631936575706
+        """
+        return hash(tuple(self.list()))
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        """
+        Return the image of ``x`` under this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.singular
+            sage: R.<X,Y> = GF(5)[]
+            sage: S.<x,y> = R.quo([X^5, Y^5])
+            sage: f = x^3*S.derivation(); f
+            x^3*d/dx
+            sage: f(x^3)
+            0
+        """
+        return self._base_derivation(x.lift())
+
+
+class RingDerivationWithTwist_generic(RingDerivation):
+    r"""
+    The class handles `\theta`-derivations of the form
+    `\lambda (\theta - \iota)` (where `\iota` is the defining
+    morphism of the codomain over the domain) for a scalar
+    `\lambda` varying in the codomain.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, scalar=0):
+        """
+        Initialize this derivation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: R.derivation(twist=theta)
+            0
+            sage: R.derivation(1, twist=theta)
+            [x |--> y, y |--> x] - id
+
+            sage: der = R.derivation(x, twist=theta)
+            sage: TestSuite(der).run()
+        """
+        codomain = parent.codomain()
+        self._scalar = codomain(scalar)
+        RingDerivation.__init__(self, parent)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Return a hash of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: f = R.derivation(1, twist=theta)
+            sage: hash(f)  # random
+            -6511057926760520014
+        """
+        return hash(self._scalar)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: R.derivation(1, twist=theta)
+            [x |--> y, y |--> x] - id
+        """
+        scalar = self._scalar
+        sc = str(scalar)
+        if sc == "0":
+            return "0"
+        defining_morphism = self.parent().defining_morphism()
+        twisting_morphism = self.parent().twisting_morphism()
+        try:
+            if defining_morphism.is_identity():
+                sdef = "id"
+            else:
+                sdef = "[%s]" % defining_morphism._repr_short()
+        except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+            sdef = "defining_morphism"
+        try:
+            stwi = "[%s]" % twisting_morphism._repr_short()
+        except AttributeError:
+            stwi = "twisting_morphism"
+        if sc == "1":
+            return "%s - %s" % (stwi, sdef)
+        elif sc == "-1":
+            s = "-"
+        elif scalar._is_atomic():
+            s = "%s*" % sc
+        elif (-scalar)._is_atomic():
+            s = "-%s*" % (-scalar)
+        else:
+            s = "(%s)*" % sc
+        return "%s(%s - %s)" % (s, stwi, sdef)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a LaTeX representation of this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3)
+            sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
+            sage: der = k.derivation(a + 1, twist=Frob)
+            sage: latex(der)
+            \left(a + 1\right)  \left(\left[a \mapsto a^{5}\right] - \text{id}\right)
+        """
+        scalar = self._scalar
+        sc = str(scalar)
+        if sc == "0":
+            return "0"
+        defining_morphism = self.parent().defining_morphism()
+        twisting_morphism = self.parent().twisting_morphism()
+        try:
+            if defining_morphism.is_identity():
+                sdef = "\\text{id}"
+            else:
+                sdef = "\\left[%s\\right]" % latex(defining_morphism)
+        except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+            sdef = "\\text{defining morphism}"
+        try:
+            stwi = "\\left[%s\\right]" % latex(twisting_morphism)
+        except AttributeError:
+            stwi = "\\text{twisting morphism}"
+        if sc == "1":
+            return "%s - %s" % (stwi, sdef)
+        elif sc == "-1":
+            s = "-"
+        elif scalar._is_atomic():
+            s = "%s " % sc
+        elif (-scalar)._is_atomic():
+            s = "-%s " % (-scalar)
+        else:
+            s = "\\left(%s\\right) " % sc
+        return "%s \\left(%s - %s\\right)" % (s, stwi, sdef)
+
+    def _add_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the sum of this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: der1 = R.derivation(x, twist=theta); der1
+            x*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+            sage: der2 = R.derivation(y, twist=theta); der2
+            y*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+            sage: der1 + der2
+            (x + y)*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+        """
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), self._scalar + other._scalar)
+
+    def _sub_(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the subtraction of this derivation and ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: der1 = R.derivation(x, twist=theta); der1
+            x*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+            sage: der2 = R.derivation(y, twist=theta); der2
+            y*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+            sage: der1 - der2
+            (x - y)*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: der1 - der1
+            0
+            sage: der2 - der2
+            0
+        """
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), self._scalar - other._scalar)
+
+    def _rmul_(self, factor):
+        """
+        Return the product of this derivation by the scalar ``factor``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: D = R.derivation(x, twist=theta); D
+            x*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+            sage: y * D
+            x*y*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+        """
+        return type(self)(self.parent(), factor * self._scalar)
+
+    def _lmul_(self, factor):
+        """
+        Return the product of this derivation by the scalar ``factor``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: D = R.derivation(x, twist=theta); D
+            x*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+            sage: D * y
+            x*y*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+        """
+        return self._rmul_(factor)
+
+    def _call_(self, x):
+        """
+        Return the image of ``x`` under this derivation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: f = R.derivation(1, twist=theta); f
+            [x |--> y, y |--> x] - id
+            sage: f(x)
+            -x + y
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        return self._scalar * (parent.twisting_morphism()(x) - parent.defining_morphism()(x))
+
+    def list(self):
+        """
+        Return the list of coefficient of this twisted derivation
+        on the canonical basis.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: K = R.fraction_field()
+            sage: theta = K.hom([y,x])
+            sage: M = K.derivation_module(twist=theta)
+            sage: M.basis()
+            Family (twisting_morphism - id,)
+            sage: f = (x+y) * M.gen()
+            sage: f
+            (x + y)*(twisting_morphism - id)
+            sage: f.list()
+            [x + y]
+        """
+        return [ self._scalar ]
+
+    def precompose(self, morphism):
+        r"""
+        Return the twisted derivation obtained by applying first
+        ``morphism`` and then this twisted derivation.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``morphism`` -- a homomorphism of rings whose codomain is
+          the domain of this derivation or a ring that coerces to
+          the domain of this derivation
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: D = R.derivation(x, twist=theta); D
+            x*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+
+            sage: f = R.hom([x^2, y^3])
+            sage: g = D.postcompose(f); g
+            x^2*([x |--> y^3, y |--> x^2] - [x |--> x^2, y |--> y^3])
+
+        Observe that the `g` is no longer a `\theta`-derivation but
+        a `(f \circ \theta)`-derivation::
+
+            sage: g.parent().twisting_morphism()
+            Ring endomorphism of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+              Defn: x |--> y^3
+                    y |--> x^2
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        if morphism in Rings().Commutative():
+            if parent.domain().has_coerce_map_from(morphism):
+                morphism = parent.domain().coerce_map_from(morphism)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("the given ring does not coerce to the domain of the derivation")
+        elif not (isinstance(morphism, Map) and morphism.category_for().is_subcategory(Rings())):
+            raise TypeError("you must give a homomorphism of rings")
+        M = RingDerivationModule(morphism.domain(), parent.defining_morphism() * morphism,
+                                 parent.twisting_morphism() * morphism)
+        return M(self._scalar)
+
+    def postcompose(self, morphism):
+        r"""
+        Return the twisted derivation obtained by applying first
+        this twisted derivation and then ``morphism``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``morphism`` -- a homomorphism of rings whose domain is
+          the codomain of this derivation or a ring into which the
+          codomain of this derivation
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: D = R.derivation(x, twist=theta); D
+            x*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+
+            sage: f = R.hom([x^2, y^3])
+            sage: g = D.precompose(f); g
+            x*([x |--> y^2, y |--> x^3] - [x |--> x^2, y |--> y^3])
+
+        Observe that the `g` is no longer a `\theta`-derivation but
+        a `(\theta \circ f)`-derivation::
+
+            sage: g.parent().twisting_morphism()
+            Ring endomorphism of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+              Defn: x |--> y^2
+                    y |--> x^3
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        if morphism in Rings().Commutative():
+            if morphism.has_coerce_map_from(parent.codomain()):
+                morphism = morphism.coerce_map_from(parent.codomain())
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("the codomain of the derivation does not coerce to the given ring")
+        elif not (isinstance(morphism, Map) and morphism.category_for().is_subcategory(Rings())):
+            raise TypeError("you must give a homomorphism of rings")
+        M = RingDerivationModule(parent.domain(), morphism * parent.defining_morphism(),
+                                 morphism * parent.twisting_morphism())
+        return M(morphism(self._scalar))
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        """
+        Compare this derivation with ``other`` according
+        to the comparison operator ``op``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: Dx = R.derivation(x, twist=theta); Dx
+            x*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+            sage: Dy = R.derivation(y, twist=theta); Dy
+            y*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+            sage: D = R.derivation(x+y, twist=theta); D
+            (x + y)*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+
+            sage: Dx == Dy
+            False
+            sage: D == Dx + Dy
+            True
+
+            sage: D != Dy
+            True
+        """
+        if op == op_EQ:
+            if isinstance(other, RingDerivationWithTwist_generic):
+                return self._scalar == other._scalar
+            else:
+                return False
+        if op == op_NE:
+            if isinstance(other, RingDerivationWithTwist_generic):
+                return self._scalar != other._scalar
+            else:
+                return True
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def extend_to_fraction_field(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the extension of this derivation to fraction fields of
+        the domain and the codomain.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R.<x,y> = ZZ[]
+            sage: theta = R.hom([y,x])
+            sage: d = R.derivation(x, twist=theta)
+            sage: d
+            x*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+
+            sage: D = d.extend_to_fraction_field(); D                                   # needs sage.libs.singular
+            x*([x |--> y, y |--> x] - id)
+            sage: D.domain()                                                            # needs sage.libs.singular
+            Fraction Field of Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Integer Ring
+
+            sage: D(1/x)                                                                # needs sage.libs.singular
+            (x - y)/y
+        """
+        parent = self.parent()
+        domain = parent.domain().fraction_field()
+        codomain = parent.codomain().fraction_field()
+        twist = parent.twisting_morphism().extend_to_fraction_field()
+        M = RingDerivationModule(domain, codomain, twist)
+        return M(codomain(self._scalar))