brainstate 0.1.7__py2.py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.9__py2.py3-none-any.whl

brainstate/{functional → nn}/_activations_test.py

@@ -1,331 +1,331 @@
-# Copyright 2024 BDP Ecosystem Limited. All Rights Reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-# ==============================================================================
-
-"""Tests for nn module."""
-
-import itertools
-from functools import partial
-
-import jax
-import jax.numpy as jnp
-import scipy.stats
-from absl.testing import parameterized
-from jax._src import test_util as jtu
-from jax.test_util import check_grads
-
-import brainstate
-
-
-class NNFunctionsTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):
-    @jtu.skip_on_flag("jax_skip_slow_tests", True)
-    def testSoftplusGrad(self):
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.softplus, (1e-8,), order=4, )
-
-    def testSoftplusGradZero(self):
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.softplus, (0.,), order=1)
-
-    def testSoftplusGradInf(self):
-        self.assertAllClose(1., jax.grad(brainstate.functional.softplus)(float('inf')))
-
-    def testSoftplusGradNegInf(self):
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.softplus, (-float('inf'),), order=1)
-
-    def testSoftplusGradNan(self):
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.softplus, (float('nan'),), order=1)
-
-    @parameterized.parameters([int, float] + jtu.dtypes.floating + jtu.dtypes.integer)
-    def testSoftplusZero(self, dtype):
-        self.assertEqual(jnp.log(dtype(2)), brainstate.functional.softplus(dtype(0)))
-
-    def testSparseplusGradZero(self):
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus, (-2.,), order=1)
-
-    def testSparseplusGrad(self):
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus, (0.,), order=1)
-
-    def testSparseplusAndSparseSigmoid(self):
-        self.assertAllClose(
-            jax.grad(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus)(0.),
-            brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(0.),
-            check_dtypes=False)
-        self.assertAllClose(
-            jax.grad(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus)(2.),
-            brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(2.),
-            check_dtypes=False)
-        self.assertAllClose(
-            jax.grad(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus)(-2.),
-            brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(-2.),
-            check_dtypes=False)
-
-    #   def testSquareplusGrad(self):
-    #     check_grads(brainstate.functional.squareplus, (1e-8,), order=4,
-    #                 )
-
-    #   def testSquareplusGradZero(self):
-    #     check_grads(brainstate.functional.squareplus, (0.,), order=1,
-    #                 )
-
-    #   def testSquareplusGradNegInf(self):
-    #     check_grads(brainstate.functional.squareplus, (-float('inf'),), order=1,
-    #                 )
-
-    #   def testSquareplusGradNan(self):
-    #     check_grads(brainstate.functional.squareplus, (float('nan'),), order=1,
-    #                 )
-
-    #   @parameterized.parameters([float] + jtu.dtypes.floating)
-    #   def testSquareplusZero(self, dtype):
-    #     self.assertEqual(dtype(1), brainstate.functional.squareplus(dtype(0), dtype(4)))
-    #
-    # def testMishGrad(self):
-    #   check_grads(brainstate.functional.mish, (1e-8,), order=4,
-    #               )
-    #
-    # def testMishGradZero(self):
-    #   check_grads(brainstate.functional.mish, (0.,), order=1,
-    #               )
-    #
-    # def testMishGradNegInf(self):
-    #   check_grads(brainstate.functional.mish, (-float('inf'),), order=1,
-    #               )
-    #
-    # def testMishGradNan(self):
-    #   check_grads(brainstate.functional.mish, (float('nan'),), order=1,
-    #               )
-
-    @parameterized.parameters([float] + jtu.dtypes.floating)
-    def testMishZero(self, dtype):
-        self.assertEqual(dtype(0), brainstate.functional.mish(dtype(0)))
-
-    def testReluGrad(self):
-        rtol = None
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.relu, (1.,), order=3, rtol=rtol)
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.relu, (-1.,), order=3, rtol=rtol)
-        jaxpr = jax.make_jaxpr(jax.grad(brainstate.functional.relu))(0.)
-        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(jaxpr.jaxpr.eqns), 2)
-
-    def testRelu6Grad(self):
-        rtol = None
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.relu6, (1.,), order=3, rtol=rtol)
-        check_grads(brainstate.functional.relu6, (-1.,), order=3, rtol=rtol)
-        self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(brainstate.functional.relu6)(0.), 0., check_dtypes=False)
-        self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(brainstate.functional.relu6)(6.), 0., check_dtypes=False)
-
-    def testSoftplusValue(self):
-        val = brainstate.functional.softplus(89.)
-        self.assertAllClose(val, 89., check_dtypes=False)
-
-    def testSparseplusValue(self):
-        val = brainstate.functional.sparse_plus(89.)
-        self.assertAllClose(val, 89., check_dtypes=False)
-
-    def testSparsesigmoidValue(self):
-        self.assertAllClose(brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(-2.), 0., check_dtypes=False)
-        self.assertAllClose(brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(2.), 1., check_dtypes=False)
-        self.assertAllClose(brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(0.), .5, check_dtypes=False)
-
-    #   def testSquareplusValue(self):
-    #     val = brainstate.functional.squareplus(1e3)
-    #     self.assertAllClose(val, 1e3, check_dtypes=False, atol=1e-3)
-
-    def testMishValue(self):
-        val = brainstate.functional.mish(1e3)
-        self.assertAllClose(val, 1e3, check_dtypes=False, atol=1e-3)
-
-    def testEluValue(self):
-        val = brainstate.functional.elu(1e4)
-        self.assertAllClose(val, 1e4, check_dtypes=False)
-
-    def testGluValue(self):
-        val = brainstate.functional.glu(jnp.array([1.0, 0.0]), axis=0)
-        self.assertAllClose(val, jnp.array([0.5]))
-
-    @parameterized.parameters(False, True)
-    def testGeluIntType(self, approximate):
-        val_float = brainstate.functional.gelu(jnp.array(-1.0), approximate=approximate)
-        val_int = brainstate.functional.gelu(jnp.array(-1), approximate=approximate)
-        self.assertAllClose(val_float, val_int)
-
-    @parameterized.parameters(False, True)
-    def testGelu(self, approximate):
-        def gelu_reference(x):
-            return x * scipy.stats.norm.cdf(x)
-
-        rng = jtu.rand_default(self.rng())
-        args_maker = lambda: [rng((4, 5, 6), jnp.float32)]
-        self._CheckAgainstNumpy(
-            gelu_reference, partial(brainstate.functional.gelu, approximate=approximate), args_maker,
-            check_dtypes=False, tol=1e-3 if approximate else None)
-
-    @parameterized.parameters(*itertools.product(
-        (jnp.float32, jnp.bfloat16, jnp.float16),
-        (partial(brainstate.functional.gelu, approximate=False),
-         partial(brainstate.functional.gelu, approximate=True),
-         brainstate.functional.relu,
-         brainstate.functional.softplus,
-         brainstate.functional.sparse_plus,
-         brainstate.functional.sigmoid,
-         #  brainstate.functional.squareplus,
-         brainstate.functional.mish)))
-    def testDtypeMatchesInput(self, dtype, fn):
-        x = jnp.zeros((), dtype=dtype)
-        out = fn(x)
-        self.assertEqual(out.dtype, dtype)
-
-    def testEluMemory(self):
-        # see https://github.com/google/jax/pull/1640
-        with jax.enable_checks(False):  # With checks we materialize the array
-            jax.make_jaxpr(lambda: brainstate.functional.elu(jnp.ones((10 ** 12,))))  # don't oom
-
-    def testHardTanhMemory(self):
-        # see https://github.com/google/jax/pull/1640
-        with jax.enable_checks(False):  # With checks we materialize the array
-            jax.make_jaxpr(lambda: brainstate.functional.hard_tanh(jnp.ones((10 ** 12,))))  # don't oom
-
-    @parameterized.parameters([brainstate.functional.softmax, brainstate.functional.log_softmax])
-    def testSoftmaxEmptyArray(self, fn):
-        x = jnp.array([], dtype=float)
-        self.assertArraysEqual(fn(x), x)
-
-    @parameterized.parameters([brainstate.functional.softmax, brainstate.functional.log_softmax])
-    def testSoftmaxEmptyMask(self, fn):
-        x = jnp.array([5.5, 1.3, -4.2, 0.9])
-        m = jnp.zeros_like(x, dtype=bool)
-        expected = jnp.full_like(x, 0.0 if fn is brainstate.functional.softmax else -jnp.inf)
-        self.assertArraysEqual(fn(x, where=m), expected)
-
-    @parameterized.parameters([brainstate.functional.softmax, brainstate.functional.log_softmax])
-    def testSoftmaxWhereMask(self, fn):
-        x = jnp.array([5.5, 1.3, -4.2, 0.9])
-        m = jnp.array([True, False, True, True])
-
-        out = fn(x, where=m)
-        self.assertAllClose(out[m], fn(x[m]))
-
-        probs = out if fn is brainstate.functional.softmax else jnp.exp(out)
-        self.assertAllClose(probs.sum(), 1.0)
-
-    @parameterized.parameters([brainstate.functional.softmax, brainstate.functional.log_softmax])
-    def testSoftmaxWhereGrad(self, fn):
-        # regression test for https://github.com/google/jax/issues/19490
-        x = jnp.array([36., 10000.])
-        mask = x < 1000
-
-        f = lambda x, mask: fn(x, where=mask)[0]
-
-        self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(f)(x, mask), jnp.zeros_like(x))
-
-    def testSoftmaxGrad(self):
-        x = jnp.array([5.5, 1.3, -4.2, 0.9])
-        jtu.check_grads(brainstate.functional.softmax, (x,), order=2, atol=5e-3)
-
-    def testStandardizeWhereMask(self):
-        x = jnp.array([5.5, 1.3, -4.2, 0.9])
-        m = jnp.array([True, False, True, True])
-        x_filtered = jnp.take(x, jnp.array([0, 2, 3]))
-
-        out_masked = jnp.take(brainstate.functional.standardize(x, where=m), jnp.array([0, 2, 3]))
-        out_filtered = brainstate.functional.standardize(x_filtered)
-
-        self.assertAllClose(out_masked, out_filtered)
-
-    def testOneHot(self):
-        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([0, 1, 2]), 3)
-        expected = jnp.array([[1., 0., 0.],
-                              [0., 1., 0.],
-                              [0., 0., 1.]])
-        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
-
-        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([1, 2, 0]), 3)
-        expected = jnp.array([[0., 1., 0.],
-                              [0., 0., 1.],
-                              [1., 0., 0.]])
-        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
-
-    def testOneHotOutOfBound(self):
-        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([-1, 3]), 3)
-        expected = jnp.array([[0., 0., 0.],
-                              [0., 0., 0.]])
-        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
-
-    def testOneHotNonArrayInput(self):
-        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot([0, 1, 2], 3)
-        expected = jnp.array([[1., 0., 0.],
-                              [0., 1., 0.],
-                              [0., 0., 1.]])
-        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
-
-    def testOneHotCustomDtype(self):
-        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([0, 1, 2]), 3, dtype=jnp.bool_)
-        expected = jnp.array([[True, False, False],
-                              [False, True, False],
-                              [False, False, True]])
-        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected)
-
-    def testOneHotAxis(self):
-        expected = jnp.array([[0., 1., 0.],
-                              [0., 0., 1.],
-                              [1., 0., 0.]]).T
-
-        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([1, 2, 0]), 3, axis=0)
-        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
-
-        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([1, 2, 0]), 3, axis=-2)
-        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
-
-    def testTanhExists(self):
-        print(brainstate.functional.tanh)  # doesn't crash
-
-    def testCustomJVPLeak(self):
-        # https://github.com/google/jax/issues/8171
-        @jax.jit
-        def fwd():
-            a = jnp.array(1.)
-
-            def f(hx, _):
-                hx = brainstate.functional.sigmoid(hx + a)
-                return hx, None
-
-            hx = jnp.array(0.)
-            jax.lax.scan(f, hx, None, length=2)
-
-        with jax.checking_leaks():
-            fwd()  # doesn't crash
-
-    def testCustomJVPLeak2(self):
-        # https://github.com/google/jax/issues/8171
-        # The above test uses jax.brainstate.functional.sigmoid, as in the original #8171, but that
-        # function no longer actually has a custom_jvp! So we inline the old def.
-
-        @jax.custom_jvp
-        def sigmoid(x):
-            one = jnp.float32(1)
-            return jax.lax.div(one, jax.lax.add(one, jax.lax.exp(jax.lax.neg(x))))
-
-        sigmoid.defjvps(lambda g, ans, x: g * ans * (jnp.float32(1) - ans))
-
-        @jax.jit
-        def fwd():
-            a = jnp.array(1., 'float32')
-
-            def f(hx, _):
-                hx = sigmoid(hx + a)
-                return hx, None
-
-            hx = jnp.array(0., 'float32')
-            jax.lax.scan(f, hx, None, length=2)
-
-        with jax.checking_leaks():
-            fwd()  # doesn't crash
+# Copyright 2024 BDP Ecosystem Limited. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ==============================================================================
+
+"""Tests for nn module."""
+
+import itertools
+from functools import partial
+
+import jax
+import jax.numpy as jnp
+import scipy.stats
+from absl.testing import parameterized
+from jax._src import test_util as jtu
+from jax.test_util import check_grads
+
+import brainstate
+
+
+class NNFunctionsTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):
+    @jtu.skip_on_flag("jax_skip_slow_tests", True)
+    def testSoftplusGrad(self):
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.softplus, (1e-8,), order=4, )
+
+    def testSoftplusGradZero(self):
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.softplus, (0.,), order=1)
+
+    def testSoftplusGradInf(self):
+        self.assertAllClose(1., jax.grad(brainstate.functional.softplus)(float('inf')))
+
+    def testSoftplusGradNegInf(self):
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.softplus, (-float('inf'),), order=1)
+
+    def testSoftplusGradNan(self):
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.softplus, (float('nan'),), order=1)
+
+    @parameterized.parameters([int, float] + jtu.dtypes.floating + jtu.dtypes.integer)
+    def testSoftplusZero(self, dtype):
+        self.assertEqual(jnp.log(dtype(2)), brainstate.functional.softplus(dtype(0)))
+
+    def testSparseplusGradZero(self):
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus, (-2.,), order=1)
+
+    def testSparseplusGrad(self):
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus, (0.,), order=1)
+
+    def testSparseplusAndSparseSigmoid(self):
+        self.assertAllClose(
+            jax.grad(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus)(0.),
+            brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(0.),
+            check_dtypes=False)
+        self.assertAllClose(
+            jax.grad(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus)(2.),
+            brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(2.),
+            check_dtypes=False)
+        self.assertAllClose(
+            jax.grad(brainstate.functional.sparse_plus)(-2.),
+            brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(-2.),
+            check_dtypes=False)
+
+    #   def testSquareplusGrad(self):
+    #     check_grads(brainstate.functional.squareplus, (1e-8,), order=4,
+    #                 )
+
+    #   def testSquareplusGradZero(self):
+    #     check_grads(brainstate.functional.squareplus, (0.,), order=1,
+    #                 )
+
+    #   def testSquareplusGradNegInf(self):
+    #     check_grads(brainstate.functional.squareplus, (-float('inf'),), order=1,
+    #                 )
+
+    #   def testSquareplusGradNan(self):
+    #     check_grads(brainstate.functional.squareplus, (float('nan'),), order=1,
+    #                 )
+
+    #   @parameterized.parameters([float] + jtu.dtypes.floating)
+    #   def testSquareplusZero(self, dtype):
+    #     self.assertEqual(dtype(1), brainstate.functional.squareplus(dtype(0), dtype(4)))
+    #
+    # def testMishGrad(self):
+    #   check_grads(brainstate.functional.mish, (1e-8,), order=4,
+    #               )
+    #
+    # def testMishGradZero(self):
+    #   check_grads(brainstate.functional.mish, (0.,), order=1,
+    #               )
+    #
+    # def testMishGradNegInf(self):
+    #   check_grads(brainstate.functional.mish, (-float('inf'),), order=1,
+    #               )
+    #
+    # def testMishGradNan(self):
+    #   check_grads(brainstate.functional.mish, (float('nan'),), order=1,
+    #               )
+
+    @parameterized.parameters([float] + jtu.dtypes.floating)
+    def testMishZero(self, dtype):
+        self.assertEqual(dtype(0), brainstate.functional.mish(dtype(0)))
+
+    def testReluGrad(self):
+        rtol = None
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.relu, (1.,), order=3, rtol=rtol)
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.relu, (-1.,), order=3, rtol=rtol)
+        jaxpr = jax.make_jaxpr(jax.grad(brainstate.functional.relu))(0.)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(jaxpr.jaxpr.eqns), 2)
+
+    def testRelu6Grad(self):
+        rtol = None
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.relu6, (1.,), order=3, rtol=rtol)
+        check_grads(brainstate.functional.relu6, (-1.,), order=3, rtol=rtol)
+        self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(brainstate.functional.relu6)(0.), 0., check_dtypes=False)
+        self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(brainstate.functional.relu6)(6.), 0., check_dtypes=False)
+
+    def testSoftplusValue(self):
+        val = brainstate.functional.softplus(89.)
+        self.assertAllClose(val, 89., check_dtypes=False)
+
+    def testSparseplusValue(self):
+        val = brainstate.functional.sparse_plus(89.)
+        self.assertAllClose(val, 89., check_dtypes=False)
+
+    def testSparsesigmoidValue(self):
+        self.assertAllClose(brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(-2.), 0., check_dtypes=False)
+        self.assertAllClose(brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(2.), 1., check_dtypes=False)
+        self.assertAllClose(brainstate.functional.sparse_sigmoid(0.), .5, check_dtypes=False)
+
+    #   def testSquareplusValue(self):
+    #     val = brainstate.functional.squareplus(1e3)
+    #     self.assertAllClose(val, 1e3, check_dtypes=False, atol=1e-3)
+
+    def testMishValue(self):
+        val = brainstate.functional.mish(1e3)
+        self.assertAllClose(val, 1e3, check_dtypes=False, atol=1e-3)
+
+    def testEluValue(self):
+        val = brainstate.functional.elu(1e4)
+        self.assertAllClose(val, 1e4, check_dtypes=False)
+
+    def testGluValue(self):
+        val = brainstate.functional.glu(jnp.array([1.0, 0.0]), axis=0)
+        self.assertAllClose(val, jnp.array([0.5]))
+
+    @parameterized.parameters(False, True)
+    def testGeluIntType(self, approximate):
+        val_float = brainstate.functional.gelu(jnp.array(-1.0), approximate=approximate)
+        val_int = brainstate.functional.gelu(jnp.array(-1), approximate=approximate)
+        self.assertAllClose(val_float, val_int)
+
+    @parameterized.parameters(False, True)
+    def testGelu(self, approximate):
+        def gelu_reference(x):
+            return x * scipy.stats.norm.cdf(x)
+
+        rng = jtu.rand_default(self.rng())
+        args_maker = lambda: [rng((4, 5, 6), jnp.float32)]
+        self._CheckAgainstNumpy(
+            gelu_reference, partial(brainstate.functional.gelu, approximate=approximate), args_maker,
+            check_dtypes=False, tol=1e-3 if approximate else None)
+
+    @parameterized.parameters(*itertools.product(
+        (jnp.float32, jnp.bfloat16, jnp.float16),
+        (partial(brainstate.functional.gelu, approximate=False),
+         partial(brainstate.functional.gelu, approximate=True),
+         brainstate.functional.relu,
+         brainstate.functional.softplus,
+         brainstate.functional.sparse_plus,
+         brainstate.functional.sigmoid,
+         #  brainstate.functional.squareplus,
+         brainstate.functional.mish)))
+    def testDtypeMatchesInput(self, dtype, fn):
+        x = jnp.zeros((), dtype=dtype)
+        out = fn(x)
+        self.assertEqual(out.dtype, dtype)
+
+    def testEluMemory(self):
+        # see https://github.com/google/jax/pull/1640
+        with jax.enable_checks(False):  # With checks we materialize the array
+            jax.make_jaxpr(lambda: brainstate.functional.elu(jnp.ones((10 ** 12,))))  # don't oom
+
+    def testHardTanhMemory(self):
+        # see https://github.com/google/jax/pull/1640
+        with jax.enable_checks(False):  # With checks we materialize the array
+            jax.make_jaxpr(lambda: brainstate.functional.hard_tanh(jnp.ones((10 ** 12,))))  # don't oom
+
+    @parameterized.parameters([brainstate.functional.softmax, brainstate.functional.log_softmax])
+    def testSoftmaxEmptyArray(self, fn):
+        x = jnp.array([], dtype=float)
+        self.assertArraysEqual(fn(x), x)
+
+    @parameterized.parameters([brainstate.functional.softmax, brainstate.functional.log_softmax])
+    def testSoftmaxEmptyMask(self, fn):
+        x = jnp.array([5.5, 1.3, -4.2, 0.9])
+        m = jnp.zeros_like(x, dtype=bool)
+        expected = jnp.full_like(x, 0.0 if fn is brainstate.functional.softmax else -jnp.inf)
+        self.assertArraysEqual(fn(x, where=m), expected)
+
+    @parameterized.parameters([brainstate.functional.softmax, brainstate.functional.log_softmax])
+    def testSoftmaxWhereMask(self, fn):
+        x = jnp.array([5.5, 1.3, -4.2, 0.9])
+        m = jnp.array([True, False, True, True])
+
+        out = fn(x, where=m)
+        self.assertAllClose(out[m], fn(x[m]))
+
+        probs = out if fn is brainstate.functional.softmax else jnp.exp(out)
+        self.assertAllClose(probs.sum(), 1.0)
+
+    @parameterized.parameters([brainstate.functional.softmax, brainstate.functional.log_softmax])
+    def testSoftmaxWhereGrad(self, fn):
+        # regression test for https://github.com/google/jax/issues/19490
+        x = jnp.array([36., 10000.])
+        mask = x < 1000
+
+        f = lambda x, mask: fn(x, where=mask)[0]
+
+        self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(f)(x, mask), jnp.zeros_like(x))
+
+    def testSoftmaxGrad(self):
+        x = jnp.array([5.5, 1.3, -4.2, 0.9])
+        jtu.check_grads(brainstate.functional.softmax, (x,), order=2, atol=5e-3)
+
+    def testStandardizeWhereMask(self):
+        x = jnp.array([5.5, 1.3, -4.2, 0.9])
+        m = jnp.array([True, False, True, True])
+        x_filtered = jnp.take(x, jnp.array([0, 2, 3]))
+
+        out_masked = jnp.take(brainstate.functional.standardize(x, where=m), jnp.array([0, 2, 3]))
+        out_filtered = brainstate.functional.standardize(x_filtered)
+
+        self.assertAllClose(out_masked, out_filtered)
+
+    def testOneHot(self):
+        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([0, 1, 2]), 3)
+        expected = jnp.array([[1., 0., 0.],
+                              [0., 1., 0.],
+                              [0., 0., 1.]])
+        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
+
+        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([1, 2, 0]), 3)
+        expected = jnp.array([[0., 1., 0.],
+                              [0., 0., 1.],
+                              [1., 0., 0.]])
+        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
+
+    def testOneHotOutOfBound(self):
+        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([-1, 3]), 3)
+        expected = jnp.array([[0., 0., 0.],
+                              [0., 0., 0.]])
+        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
+
+    def testOneHotNonArrayInput(self):
+        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot([0, 1, 2], 3)
+        expected = jnp.array([[1., 0., 0.],
+                              [0., 1., 0.],
+                              [0., 0., 1.]])
+        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
+
+    def testOneHotCustomDtype(self):
+        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([0, 1, 2]), 3, dtype=jnp.bool_)
+        expected = jnp.array([[True, False, False],
+                              [False, True, False],
+                              [False, False, True]])
+        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected)
+
+    def testOneHotAxis(self):
+        expected = jnp.array([[0., 1., 0.],
+                              [0., 0., 1.],
+                              [1., 0., 0.]]).T
+
+        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([1, 2, 0]), 3, axis=0)
+        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
+
+        actual = brainstate.functional.one_hot(jnp.array([1, 2, 0]), 3, axis=-2)
+        self.assertAllClose(actual, expected, check_dtypes=False)
+
+    def testTanhExists(self):
+        print(brainstate.functional.tanh)  # doesn't crash
+
+    def testCustomJVPLeak(self):
+        # https://github.com/google/jax/issues/8171
+        @jax.jit
+        def fwd():
+            a = jnp.array(1.)
+
+            def f(hx, _):
+                hx = brainstate.functional.sigmoid(hx + a)
+                return hx, None
+
+            hx = jnp.array(0.)
+            jax.lax.scan(f, hx, None, length=2)
+
+        with jax.checking_leaks():
+            fwd()  # doesn't crash
+
+    def testCustomJVPLeak2(self):
+        # https://github.com/google/jax/issues/8171
+        # The above test uses jax.brainstate.functional.sigmoid, as in the original #8171, but that
+        # function no longer actually has a custom_jvp! So we inline the old def.
+
+        @jax.custom_jvp
+        def sigmoid(x):
+            one = jnp.float32(1)
+            return jax.lax.div(one, jax.lax.add(one, jax.lax.exp(jax.lax.neg(x))))
+
+        sigmoid.defjvps(lambda g, ans, x: g * ans * (jnp.float32(1) - ans))
+
+        @jax.jit
+        def fwd():
+            a = jnp.array(1., 'float32')
+
+            def f(hx, _):
+                hx = sigmoid(hx + a)
+                return hx, None
+
+            hx = jnp.array(0., 'float32')
+            jax.lax.scan(f, hx, None, length=2)
+
+        with jax.checking_leaks():
+            fwd()  # doesn't crash