Trajectree 0.0.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.0.3__py3-none-any.whl

trajectree/quimb/tests/test_tensor/test_circuit.py

@@ -1,816 +0,0 @@
-import math
-import itertools
-
-import pytest
-import numpy as np
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
-
-import quimb as qu
-import quimb.tensor as qtn
-
-
-def rand_reg_graph(reg, n, seed=None):
-    import networkx as nx
-
-    G = nx.random_regular_graph(reg, n, seed=seed)
-    return G
-
-
-def graph_to_qsim(G, gamma0=-0.743043, beta0=0.754082):
-    n = G.number_of_nodes()
-
-    # add all the gates
-    circ = f"{n}\n"
-    for i in range(n):
-        circ += f"H {i}\n"
-    for i, j in G.edges:
-        circ += f"Rzz {gamma0} {i} {j}\n"
-    for i in range(n):
-        circ += f"Rx {beta0} {i}\n"
-
-    return circ
-
-
-def random_a2a_circ(L, depth, seed=42):
-    rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
-
-    qubits = np.arange(L)
-    gates = []
-
-    for i in range(L):
-        gates.append((0, "h", i))
-
-    for d in range(depth):
-        rng.shuffle(qubits)
-
-        for i in range(0, L - 1, 2):
-            g = rng.choice(["cx", "cy", "cz", "iswap"])
-            gates.append((d, g, qubits[i], qubits[i + 1]))
-
-        for q in qubits:
-            g = rng.choice(["rx", "ry", "rz"])
-            gates.append((d, g, rng.normal(1.0, 0.5), q))
-
-    circ = qtn.Circuit(L)
-    circ.apply_gates(gates)
-
-    return circ
-
-
-def qft_circ(n, swaps=True, **circuit_opts):
-    circ = qtn.Circuit(n, **circuit_opts)
-
-    for i in range(n):
-        circ.h(i)
-        for j, m in zip(range(i + 1, n), itertools.count(2)):
-            circ.cu1(2 * math.pi / 2**m, j, i)
-
-    if swaps:
-        for i in range(n // 2):
-            circ.swap(i, n - i - 1)
-
-    return circ
-
-
-def swappy_circ(n, depth):
-    circ = qtn.Circuit(n)
-
-    for d in range(depth):
-        pairs = np.random.permutation(np.arange(n))
-
-        for i in range(n // 2):
-            qi = pairs[2 * i]
-            qj = pairs[2 * i + 1]
-
-            gate = np.random.choice(["FSIM", "SWAP"])
-            if gate == "FSIM":
-                params = np.random.randn(2)
-            elif gate == "FSIMG":
-                params = np.random.randn(5)
-            else:
-                params = ()
-
-            circ.apply_gate(gate, *params, qi, qj)
-
-    return circ
-
-
-def example_openqasm2_qft():
-    return """
-    // quantum Fourier transform
-
-    OPENQASM 2.0;
-    include "qelib1.inc";
-
-    qreg q[4];
-    creg c[4];
-    x q[0];
-    x q[2];
-    barrier q;
-    h q[0];
-    cu1(pi/2) q[1],q[0];
-    h q[1];
-    cu1(pi/4) q[2],q[0];
-    cu1(pi/2) q[2],q[1];
-    /*
-    This is a multi line comment.
-    */
-    h q[2];
-    cu1(pi/8) q[3],q[0];
-    cu1(pi/4) q[3],q[1];
-    cu1(pi/2) q[3],q[2];
-    h q[3];
-
-    measure q -> c;
-    """
-
-
-class TestCircuit:
-    def test_prepare_GHZ(self):
-        qc = qtn.Circuit(3)
-        gates = [
-            ("H", 0),
-            ("H", 1),
-            ("CNOT", 1, 2),
-            ("CNOT", 0, 2),
-            ("H", 0),
-            ("H", 1),
-            ("H", 2),
-        ]
-        qc.apply_gates(gates)
-        assert qu.expec(qc.psi.to_dense(), qu.ghz_state(3)) == pytest.approx(1)
-        counts = qc.simulate_counts(1024)
-        assert len(counts) == 2
-        assert "000" in counts
-        assert "111" in counts
-        assert counts["000"] + counts["111"] == 1024
-
-    def test_from_qsim(self):
-        G = rand_reg_graph(reg=3, n=18, seed=42)
-        qsim = graph_to_qsim(G)
-        qc = qtn.Circuit.from_qsim_str(qsim)
-        assert (qc.psi.H & qc.psi) ^ all == pytest.approx(1.0)
-
-    def test_from_openqasm2(self):
-        qc = qtn.Circuit.from_openqasm2_str(example_openqasm2_qft())
-        assert (qc.psi.H & qc.psi) ^ all == pytest.approx(1.0)
-
-    def test_openqasm2_custom_gates(self):
-        circ = qtn.Circuit.from_openqasm2_str(
-            """
-        OPENQASM 2.0;
-        include "qelib1.inc";
-        qreg q[3];
-
-        gate hello a, b {
-            h a;
-            cx a, b;
-            u3(0.1, 0.2, 0.3) b;
-        }
-
-        gate world(param1, θ) q
-        {
-            u2(θ / 2, param1) q;
-            u2(param1, θ / 2) q;
-        }
-
-        hello q[0], q[1];
-        world(0.1, 0.2) q[2];
-        hello q[2], q[1];
-        """
-        )
-        assert [g.label for g in circ.gates] == [
-            "H",
-            "CX",
-            "U3",
-            "U2",
-            "U2",
-            "H",
-            "CX",
-            "U3",
-        ]
-
-    def test_openqasm2_custom_nested_gates(self):
-        circ = qtn.Circuit.from_openqasm2_str(
-            """
-        OPENQASM 2.0;
-        include "qelib1.inc";
-        qreg q[3];
-
-        gate cphase(θ) a, b
-        {
-            U3(0, 0, θ / 2) a;
-            CX a, b;
-            U3(0, 0, -θ / 2) b;
-            CX a, b;
-            U3(0, 0, θ / 2) b;
-        }
-
-        gate doublecphase(θ) a, b, c {
-            cphase(θ) a, b;
-            cphase(θ) b, c;
-        }
-
-        doublecphase(0.1) q[0], q[1], q[2];
-        doublecphase(0.2) q[2], q[0], q[1];
-        """
-        )
-        assert [g.label for g in circ.gates] == [
-            "U3",
-            "CX",
-            "U3",
-            "CX",
-            "U3",
-        ] * 4
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-        "Circ", [qtn.Circuit, qtn.CircuitMPS, qtn.CircuitDense]
-    )
-    def test_all_gate_methods(self, Circ):
-        import random
-
-        g_nq_np = [
-            # single qubit
-            ("x", 1, 0),
-            ("y", 1, 0),
-            ("z", 1, 0),
-            ("s", 1, 0),
-            ("t", 1, 0),
-            ("h", 1, 0),
-            ("iden", 1, 0),
-            ("x_1_2", 1, 0),
-            ("y_1_2", 1, 0),
-            ("z_1_2", 1, 0),
-            ("w_1_2", 1, 0),
-            ("hz_1_2", 1, 0),
-            # single qubit parametrizable
-            ("rx", 1, 1),
-            ("ry", 1, 1),
-            ("rz", 1, 1),
-            ("u3", 1, 3),
-            ("u2", 1, 2),
-            ("u1", 1, 1),
-            ("phase", 1, 1),
-            # two qubit
-            ("cx", 2, 0),
-            ("cy", 2, 0),
-            ("cz", 2, 0),
-            ("cnot", 2, 0),
-            ("swap", 2, 0),
-            ("iswap", 2, 0),
-            # two qubit parametrizable
-            ("rxx", 2, 1),
-            ("ryy", 2, 1),
-            ("rzz", 2, 1),
-            ("crx", 2, 1),
-            ("cry", 2, 1),
-            ("crz", 2, 1),
-            ("cu3", 2, 3),
-            ("cu2", 2, 2),
-            ("cu1", 2, 1),
-            ("cphase", 2, 1),
-            ("fsim", 2, 2),
-            ("fsimg", 2, 5),
-            ("givens", 2, 1),
-            ("givens2", 2, 2),
-            ("su4", 2, 15),
-        ]
-        random.shuffle(g_nq_np)
-
-        psi0 = qtn.MPS_rand_state(2, 2)
-        circ = Circ(2, psi0=psi0, tags="PSI0")
-
-        for g, n_q, n_p in g_nq_np:
-            args = [
-                *np.random.uniform(0, 2 * np.pi, size=n_p),
-                *np.random.choice([0, 1], replace=False, size=n_q),
-            ]
-            getattr(circ, g)(*args)
-
-        assert circ.psi.H @ circ.psi == pytest.approx(1.0)
-        assert abs((circ.psi.H & psi0) ^ all) < 0.99999999
-
-    def test_su4(self):
-        psi0 = qtn.MPS_rand_state(2, 2)
-        circ_a = qtn.Circuit(psi0=psi0)
-        params = qu.randn(15)
-
-        circ_a.su4(*params, 0, 1)
-        psi_a = circ_a.to_dense()
-
-        circ_b = qtn.Circuit(psi0=psi0)
-        (
-            theta1,
-            phi1,
-            lamda1,
-            theta2,
-            phi2,
-            lamda2,
-            theta3,
-            phi3,
-            lamda3,
-            theta4,
-            phi4,
-            lamda4,
-            t1,
-            t2,
-            t3,
-        ) = params
-        circ_b.u3(theta1, phi1, lamda1, 0)
-        circ_b.u3(theta2, phi2, lamda2, 1)
-        circ_b.cnot(1, 0)
-        circ_b.rz(t1, 0)
-        circ_b.ry(t2, 1)
-        circ_b.cnot(0, 1)
-        circ_b.ry(t3, 1)
-        circ_b.cnot(1, 0)
-        circ_b.u3(theta3, phi3, lamda3, 0)
-        circ_b.u3(theta4, phi4, lamda4, 1)
-        psi_b = circ_b.to_dense()
-
-        assert qu.fidelity(psi_a, psi_b) == pytest.approx(1.0)
-
-    def test_three_qubit_gates(self):
-        psi0 = qtn.MPS_rand_state(3, 2)
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(psi0=psi0)
-        circ.ccx(0, 1, 2)
-        circ.cswap(2, 1, 0)
-        circ.toffoli(0, 1, 2)
-        circ.ccy(1, 0, 2)
-        circ.ccz(1, 2, 0)
-        circ.fredkin(2, 1, 0)
-        psi = circ.psi.to_dense()
-        assert qu.expec(psi, psi) == pytest.approx(1.0)
-
-    def test_auto_split_gate(self):
-        n = 3
-        ops = [
-            ("u3", 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 0),
-            ("u3", 2.0, 3.0, 1.0, 1),
-            ("u3", 3.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2),
-            ("cz", 0, 1),
-            ("iswap", 1, 2),
-            ("cx", 2, 0),
-            ("iswap", 2, 1),
-            ("h", 0),
-            ("h", 1),
-            ("h", 2),
-        ]
-        cnorm = qtn.Circuit(n, gate_opts=dict(contract="split-gate"))
-        cnorm.apply_gates(ops)
-        assert cnorm.psi.max_bond() == 4
-
-        cswap = qtn.Circuit(n, gate_opts=dict(contract="swap-split-gate"))
-        cswap.apply_gates(ops)
-        assert cswap.psi.max_bond() == 4
-
-        cauto = qtn.Circuit(n, gate_opts=dict(contract="auto-split-gate"))
-        cauto.apply_gates(ops)
-        assert cauto.psi.max_bond() == 2
-
-        assert qu.fidelity(
-            cnorm.psi.to_dense(), cswap.psi.to_dense()
-        ) == pytest.approx(1.0)
-        assert qu.fidelity(
-            cswap.psi.to_dense(), cauto.psi.to_dense()
-        ) == pytest.approx(1.0)
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize("gate2", ["cx", "iswap"])
-    def test_circuit_simplify_tensor_network(self, gate2):
-        import random
-        import itertools
-
-        depth = n = 8
-
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(n)
-
-        def random_single_qubit_layer():
-            return [
-                (random.choice(["X_1_2", "Y_1_2", "W_1_2"]), i)
-                for i in range(n)
-            ]
-
-        def even_two_qubit_layer():
-            return [(gate2, i, i + 1) for i in range(0, n, 2)]
-
-        def odd_two_qubit_layer():
-            return [(gate2, i, i + 1) for i in range(1, n - 1, 2)]
-
-        layering = itertools.cycle(
-            [
-                random_single_qubit_layer,
-                even_two_qubit_layer,
-                random_single_qubit_layer,
-                odd_two_qubit_layer,
-            ]
-        )
-
-        for i, layer_fn in zip(range(depth), layering):
-            for g in layer_fn():
-                circ.apply_gate(*g, gate_round=i)
-
-        psif = qtn.MPS_computational_state("0" * n).squeeze_()
-        tn = circ.psi & psif
-
-        c = tn.contract(all)
-        cw = tn.contraction_width()
-
-        tn_s = tn.full_simplify()
-        assert tn_s.num_tensors < tn.num_tensors
-        assert tn_s.num_indices < tn.num_indices
-        # need to specify output inds since we now have hyper edges
-        c_s = tn_s.contract(all, output_inds=[])
-        assert c_s == pytest.approx(c)
-        cw_s = tn_s.contraction_width(output_inds=[])
-        assert cw_s <= cw
-
-    def test_amplitude(self):
-        L = 5
-        circ = random_a2a_circ(L, 3)
-        psi = circ.to_dense()
-
-        for i in range(2**L):
-            b = f"{i:0>{L}b}"
-            c = circ.amplitude(b)
-            assert c == pytest.approx(psi[i, 0])
-
-    def test_partial_trace(self):
-        L = 5
-        circ = random_a2a_circ(L, 3)
-        psi = circ.to_dense()
-        for i in range(L - 1):
-            keep = (i, i + 1)
-            assert_allclose(
-                qu.partial_trace(psi, [2] * 5, keep=keep),
-                circ.partial_trace(keep),
-                atol=1e-12,
-            )
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize("group_size", (1, 2, 6))
-    def test_sample(self, group_size):
-        import collections
-        from scipy.stats import power_divergence
-
-        C = 2**10
-        L = 5
-        circ = random_a2a_circ(L, 3)
-
-        psi = circ.to_dense()
-        p_exp = abs(psi.reshape(-1)) ** 2
-        f_exp = p_exp * C
-
-        counts = collections.Counter(circ.sample(C, group_size=group_size))
-        f_obs = np.zeros(2**L)
-        for b, c in counts.items():
-            f_obs[int(b, 2)] = c
-
-        assert power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp)[0] < 100
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize("group_size", (1, 3))
-    def test_sample_gate_by_gate(self, group_size):
-        import collections
-        from scipy.stats import power_divergence
-
-        C = 2**10
-        L = 5
-        circ = random_a2a_circ(L, 3)
-
-        psi = circ.to_dense()
-        p_exp = abs(psi.reshape(-1)) ** 2
-        f_exp = p_exp * C
-
-        counts = collections.Counter(
-            circ.sample_gate_by_gate(C, group_size=group_size)
-        )
-        f_obs = np.zeros(2**L)
-        for b, c in counts.items():
-            f_obs[int(b, 2)] = c
-
-        assert power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp)[0] < 100
-
-    def test_sample_chaotic(self):
-        import collections
-        from scipy.stats import power_divergence
-
-        C = 2**12
-        L = 5
-        reps = 3
-        depth = 2
-        goodnesses = [0] * 5
-
-        for _ in range(reps):
-            circ = random_a2a_circ(L, depth)
-
-            psi = circ.to_dense()
-            p_exp = abs(psi.reshape(-1)) ** 2
-            f_exp = p_exp * C
-
-            for num_marginal in [3, 4, 5]:
-                counts = collections.Counter(
-                    circ.sample_chaotic(C, num_marginal, seed=666)
-                )
-                f_obs = np.zeros(2**L)
-                for b, c in counts.items():
-                    f_obs[int(b, 2)] = c
-
-                goodness = power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp)[0]
-                goodnesses[num_marginal - 1] += goodness
-
-        # assert average sampling goodness gets better with larger marginal
-        assert sum(goodnesses[i] < goodnesses[i - 1] for i in range(1, L)) == 2
-
-    def test_local_expectation(self):
-        import random
-
-        L = 5
-        depth = 3
-        circ = random_a2a_circ(L, depth)
-        psi = circ.to_dense()
-        for _ in range(10):
-            G = qu.rand_matrix(4)
-            i = random.randint(0, L - 2)
-            where = (i, i + 1)
-            x1 = qu.expec(qu.ikron(G, [2] * L, where), psi)
-            x2 = circ.local_expectation(G, where)
-            assert x1 == pytest.approx(x2)
-
-    def test_local_expectation_multigate(self):
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(2)
-        circ.h(0)
-        circ.cnot(0, 1)
-        circ.y(1)
-        Gs = [qu.kronpow(qu.pauli(s), 2) for s in "xyz"]
-        exps = circ.local_expectation(Gs, [0, 1])
-        assert exps[0] == pytest.approx(-1)
-        assert exps[1] == pytest.approx(-1)
-        assert exps[2] == pytest.approx(-1)
-
-    def test_local_expectation_len1(self):
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(1)
-        circ.apply_gate("H", 0, gate_round=0)
-        circ.local_expectation([qu.pauli("X")], (0,))
-
-    def test_uni_to_dense(self):
-        import cmath
-
-        circ = qft_circ(3)
-        U = circ.uni.to_dense()
-        w = cmath.exp(2j * math.pi / 2**3)
-        ex = 2 ** (-3 / 2) * np.array(
-            [
-                [w**0, w**0, w**0, w**0, w**0, w**0, w**0, w**0],
-                [w**0, w**1, w**2, w**3, w**4, w**5, w**6, w**7],
-                [w**0, w**2, w**4, w**6, w**0, w**2, w**4, w**6],
-                [w**0, w**3, w**6, w**1, w**4, w**7, w**2, w**5],
-                [w**0, w**4, w**0, w**4, w**0, w**4, w**0, w**4],
-                [w**0, w**5, w**2, w**7, w**4, w**1, w**6, w**3],
-                [w**0, w**6, w**4, w**2, w**0, w**6, w**4, w**2],
-                [w**0, w**7, w**6, w**5, w**4, w**3, w**2, w**1],
-            ]
-        )
-        assert_allclose(U, ex)
-
-    def test_swap_lighcones(self):
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(3)
-        circ.x(0)  # 0
-        circ.x(1)  # 1
-        circ.x(2)  # 2
-        circ.swap(0, 1)  # 3
-        circ.cx(1, 2)  # 4
-        circ.cx(0, 1)  # 5
-        assert circ.get_reverse_lightcone_tags((2,)) == (
-            "PSI0",
-            "GATE_0",
-            "GATE_2",
-            "GATE_4",
-        )
-
-    def test_swappy_local_expecs(self):
-        circ = swappy_circ(4, 4)
-        Gs = [qu.rand_matrix(4) for _ in range(3)]
-        pairs = [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)]
-
-        psi = circ.to_dense()
-        dims = [2] * 4
-
-        exs = [
-            qu.expec(qu.ikron(G, dims, pair), psi)
-            for G, pair in zip(Gs, pairs)
-        ]
-        aps = [circ.local_expectation(G, pair) for G, pair in zip(Gs, pairs)]
-
-        assert_allclose(exs, aps)
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-        "name, densefn, nparam, nqubit",
-        [
-            ("rx", qu.Rx, 1, 1),
-            ("ry", qu.Ry, 1, 1),
-            ("rz", qu.Rz, 1, 1),
-            ("u3", qu.U_gate, 3, 1),
-            ("fsim", qu.fsim, 2, 2),
-            ("fsimg", qu.fsimg, 5, 2),
-        ],
-    )
-    def test_parametrized_gates_rx(self, name, densefn, nparam, nqubit):
-        k0 = qu.rand_ket(2**nqubit)
-        params = qu.randn(nparam)
-        kf = densefn(*params) @ k0
-        k0mps = qtn.MatrixProductState.from_dense(k0, [2] * nqubit)
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(psi0=k0mps, gate_opts={"contract": False})
-        getattr(circ, name)(*params, *range(nqubit), parametrize=True)
-        tn = circ.psi
-        assert isinstance(tn["GATE_0"], qtn.PTensor)
-        assert_allclose(circ.to_dense(), kf)
-
-    def test_apply_raw_gate(self):
-        k0 = qu.rand_ket(4)
-        psi0 = qtn.MatrixProductState.from_dense(k0, [2] * 2)
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(psi0=psi0)
-        U = qu.rand_uni(4)
-        circ.apply_gate_raw(U, [0, 1], tags="UCUSTOM")
-        assert len(circ.gates) == 1
-        assert "UCUSTOM" in circ.psi.tags
-        assert qu.fidelity(circ.to_dense(), U @ k0) == pytest.approx(1)
-
-    def test_apply_controlled_gate_basic_equiv(self):
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(3)
-        circ.apply_gate("x", qubits=(2,), controls=(0, 1))
-        U = circ.get_uni().to_dense()
-        assert_allclose(U, qu.toffoli())
-
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(3)
-        circ.apply_gate("swap", qubits=(1, 2), controls=(0,))
-        U = circ.get_uni().to_dense()
-        assert_allclose(U, qu.fredkin())
-
-    def test_multi_controlled_circuit(self):
-        import random
-
-        N = 10
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(N)
-        regs = list(range(N))
-        random.shuffle(regs)
-        circ.apply_gate("H", regs[0])
-        for i in range(N - 1):
-            circ.apply_gate("CNOT", regs[i], regs[i + 1])
-        circ.apply_gate("X", N - 1, controls=range(N - 1))
-        circ.apply_gate("SWAP", qubits=(N - 2, N - 1), controls=range(N - 2))
-        (b,) = circ.sample(1, group_size=3)
-        assert b[N - 2] == "0"
-
-
-class TestCircuitMPS:
-    def test_from_qsim_mps_swapsplit(self):
-        G = rand_reg_graph(reg=3, n=18, seed=42)
-        qsim = graph_to_qsim(G)
-        qc = qtn.CircuitMPS.from_qsim_str(qsim)
-        assert len(qc.psi.tensors) == 18
-        assert (qc.psi.H & qc.psi) ^ all == pytest.approx(1.0)
-
-    def test_multi_controlled_mps_circuit(self):
-        N = 10
-        rng = np.random.default_rng(42)
-
-        gates = []
-        for i in range(N):
-            gates.append(
-                qtn.Gate(
-                    "U3", params=rng.uniform(0, 2 * np.pi, size=3), qubits=[i]
-                )
-            )
-        gates.append(
-            qtn.Gate(
-                "SU4",
-                params=rng.uniform(0, 2 * np.pi, size=15),
-                qubits=[6, 2],
-                controls=[8, 3, 4, 0],
-            )
-        )
-        for i in range(N):
-            gates.append(
-                qtn.Gate(
-                    "U3", params=rng.uniform(0, 2 * np.pi, size=3), qubits=[i]
-                )
-            )
-        gates.append(
-            qtn.Gate.from_raw(
-                qu.rand_uni(2**3), qubits=[0, 9, 5], controls=[1, 2, 7]
-            )
-        )
-
-        circ = qtn.Circuit(N=10)
-        circ.apply_gates(gates)
-        psi_lazy = circ.psi
-        circ = qtn.CircuitMPS(N=10)
-        circ.apply_gates(gates)
-        mps = circ.psi
-        assert mps.norm() == pytest.approx(1.0)
-        assert mps.distance_normalized(psi_lazy) < 1e-6
-
-    def test_mps_sampling(self):
-        N = 6
-        circ = qtn.CircuitMPS(N)
-        circ.h(3)
-        circ.cx(3, 2)
-        circ.cx(2, 1)
-        circ.cx(1, 0)
-        circ.cx(0, 5)
-        circ.cx(5, 4)
-        circ.x(4)
-        for x in circ.sample(10):
-            assert x in {"000010", "111101"}
-
-    def test_mps_sampling_seed(self):
-        N = 1
-        circ = qtn.CircuitMPS(N)
-        circ.h(0)
-        samples = list(circ.sample(10, seed=1234))
-        assert len(set(samples)) == 2
-
-    def test_permmps_sampling(self):
-        N = 6
-        circ = qtn.CircuitPermMPS(N)
-        circ.h(3)
-        circ.cx(3, 2)
-        circ.cx(2, 1)
-        circ.cx(1, 0)
-        circ.cx(0, 5)
-        circ.cx(5, 4)
-        circ.x(4)
-        assert circ.qubits != tuple(range(N))
-        for x in circ.sample(10):
-            assert x in {"000010", "111101"}
-
-    def test_permmps_sampling_seed(self):
-        N = 1
-        circ = qtn.CircuitPermMPS(N)
-        circ.h(0)
-        samples = list(circ.sample(10, seed=1234))
-        assert len(set(samples)) == 2
-
-
-class TestCircuitGen:
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-        "ansatz,cyclic",
-        [
-            ("zigzag", False),
-            ("brickwork", False),
-            ("brickwork", True),
-            ("rand", False),
-            ("rand", True),
-        ],
-    )
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize("n", [4, 5])
-    def test_1D_ansatzes(self, ansatz, cyclic, n):
-        depth = 3
-        num_pairs = n if cyclic else n - 1
-
-        fn = {
-            "zigzag": qtn.circ_ansatz_1D_zigzag,
-            "brickwork": qtn.circ_ansatz_1D_brickwork,
-            "rand": qtn.circ_ansatz_1D_rand,
-        }[ansatz]
-
-        opts = dict(
-            n=n,
-            depth=3,
-            gate_opts=dict(contract=False),
-        )
-        if cyclic:
-            opts["cyclic"] = True
-        if ansatz == "rand":
-            opts["seed"] = 42
-
-        circ = fn(**opts)
-        tn = circ.uni
-
-        # total number of entangling gates
-        assert len(tn["CZ"]) == num_pairs * depth
-
-        # number of entangling gates per pair
-        for i in range(num_pairs):
-            assert len(tn["CZ", f"I{i}", f"I{(i + 1) % n}"]) == depth
-
-        assert all(isinstance(t, qtn.PTensor) for t in tn["U3"])
-
-    def test_qaoa(self):
-        G = rand_reg_graph(3, 10, seed=666)
-        terms = {(i, j): 1.0 for i, j in G.edges}
-        ZZ = qu.pauli("Z") & qu.pauli("Z")
-
-        gammas = [-0.6]
-        betas = [-0.4]
-
-        circ1 = qtn.circ_qaoa(terms, 1, gammas, betas)
-
-        energy1 = sum(circ1.local_expectation(ZZ, edge) for edge in terms)
-        assert energy1 < -4
-
-        gammas = [-0.4]
-        betas = [0.3]
-
-        circ2 = qtn.circ_qaoa(terms, 1, gammas, betas)
-
-        energy2 = sum(circ2.local_expectation(ZZ, edge) for edge in terms)
-        assert energy2 > 4