Sphinx 7.2.6__py3-none-any.whl → 7.3.0__py3-none-any.whl

sphinx/domains/cpp/_ast.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3635 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from docutils import nodes
+
+from sphinx import addnodes
+from sphinx.domains.cpp._ids import (
+    _id_char_from_prefix,
+    _id_explicit_cast,
+    _id_fundamental_v1,
+    _id_fundamental_v2,
+    _id_operator_unary_v2,
+    _id_operator_v1,
+    _id_operator_v2,
+    _id_prefix,
+    _id_shorthands_v1,
+    _max_id,
+)
+from sphinx.util.cfamily import (
+    ASTAttributeList,
+    ASTBaseBase,
+    ASTBaseParenExprList,
+    NoOldIdError,
+    StringifyTransform,
+    UnsupportedMultiCharacterCharLiteral,
+    verify_description_mode,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    from docutils.nodes import Element, TextElement
+
+    from sphinx.addnodes import desc_signature
+    from sphinx.domains.cpp._symbol import Symbol
+    from sphinx.environment import BuildEnvironment
+
+
+class ASTBase(ASTBaseBase):
+    pass
+
+
+# Names
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTIdentifier(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, identifier: str) -> None:
+        assert identifier is not None
+        assert len(identifier) != 0
+        self.identifier = identifier
+
+    # ASTBaseBase already implements this method,
+    # but specialising it here improves performance
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if type(other) is not ASTIdentifier:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.identifier == other.identifier
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return transform(self.identifier)
+
+    def is_anon(self) -> bool:
+        return self.identifier[0] == '@'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if self.is_anon() and version < 3:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        if version == 1:
+            if self.identifier == 'size_t':
+                return 's'
+            else:
+                return self.identifier
+        if self.identifier == "std":
+            return 'St'
+        elif self.identifier[0] == "~":
+            # a destructor, just use an arbitrary version of dtors
+            return 'D0'
+        else:
+            if self.is_anon():
+                return 'Ut%d_%s' % (len(self.identifier) - 1, self.identifier[1:])
+            else:
+                return str(len(self.identifier)) + self.identifier
+
+    # and this is where we finally make a difference between __str__ and the display string
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.identifier
+
+    def get_display_string(self) -> str:
+        return "[anonymous]" if self.is_anon() else self.identifier
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str, env: BuildEnvironment,
+                           prefix: str, templateArgs: str, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        if self.is_anon():
+            node = addnodes.desc_sig_name(text="[anonymous]")
+        else:
+            node = addnodes.desc_sig_name(self.identifier, self.identifier)
+        if mode == 'markType':
+            targetText = prefix + self.identifier + templateArgs
+            pnode = addnodes.pending_xref('', refdomain='cpp',
+                                          reftype='identifier',
+                                          reftarget=targetText, modname=None,
+                                          classname=None)
+            pnode['cpp:parent_key'] = symbol.get_lookup_key()
+            pnode += node
+            signode += pnode
+        elif mode == 'lastIsName':
+            nameNode = addnodes.desc_name()
+            nameNode += node
+            signode += nameNode
+        elif mode == 'noneIsName':
+            signode += node
+        elif mode == 'param':
+            node['classes'].append('sig-param')
+            signode += node
+        elif mode == 'udl':
+            # the target is 'operator""id' instead of just 'id'
+            assert len(prefix) == 0
+            assert len(templateArgs) == 0
+            assert not self.is_anon()
+            targetText = 'operator""' + self.identifier
+            pnode = addnodes.pending_xref('', refdomain='cpp',
+                                          reftype='identifier',
+                                          reftarget=targetText, modname=None,
+                                          classname=None)
+            pnode['cpp:parent_key'] = symbol.get_lookup_key()
+            pnode += node
+            signode += pnode
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Unknown description mode: %s' % mode)
+
+
+class ASTNestedNameElement(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, identOrOp: ASTIdentifier | ASTOperator,
+                 templateArgs: ASTTemplateArgs | None) -> None:
+        self.identOrOp = identOrOp
+        self.templateArgs = templateArgs
+
+    def is_operator(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        res = self.identOrOp.get_id(version)
+        if self.templateArgs:
+            res += self.templateArgs.get_id(version)
+        return res
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = transform(self.identOrOp)
+        if self.templateArgs:
+            res += transform(self.templateArgs)
+        return res
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, prefix: str, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        tArgs = str(self.templateArgs) if self.templateArgs is not None else ''
+        self.identOrOp.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, prefix, tArgs, symbol)
+        if self.templateArgs is not None:
+            self.templateArgs.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTNestedName(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, names: list[ASTNestedNameElement],
+                 templates: list[bool], rooted: bool) -> None:
+        assert len(names) > 0
+        self.names = names
+        self.templates = templates
+        assert len(self.names) == len(self.templates)
+        self.rooted = rooted
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self
+
+    def num_templates(self) -> int:
+        count = 0
+        for n in self.names:
+            if n.is_operator():
+                continue
+            if n.templateArgs:
+                count += 1
+        return count
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, modifiers: str = '') -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            tt = str(self)
+            if tt in _id_shorthands_v1:
+                return _id_shorthands_v1[tt]
+            else:
+                return '::'.join(n.get_id(version) for n in self.names)
+
+        res = []
+        if len(self.names) > 1 or len(modifiers) > 0:
+            res.append('N')
+        res.append(modifiers)
+        res.extend(n.get_id(version) for n in self.names)
+        if len(self.names) > 1 or len(modifiers) > 0:
+            res.append('E')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.rooted:
+            res.append('')
+        for i in range(len(self.names)):
+            n = self.names[i]
+            if self.templates[i]:
+                res.append("template " + transform(n))
+            else:
+                res.append(transform(n))
+        return '::'.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        # just print the name part, with template args, not template params
+        if mode == 'noneIsName':
+            if self.rooted:
+                unreachable = "Can this happen?"
+                raise AssertionError(unreachable)  # TODO
+                signode += nodes.Text('::')
+            for i in range(len(self.names)):
+                if i != 0:
+                    unreachable = "Can this happen?"
+                    raise AssertionError(unreachable)  # TODO
+                    signode += nodes.Text('::blah')
+                n = self.names[i]
+                if self.templates[i]:
+                    unreachable = "Can this happen?"
+                    raise AssertionError(unreachable)  # TODO
+                    signode += nodes.Text("template")
+                    signode += nodes.Text(" ")
+                n.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, '', symbol)
+        elif mode == 'param':
+            assert not self.rooted, str(self)
+            assert len(self.names) == 1
+            assert not self.templates[0]
+            self.names[0].describe_signature(signode, 'param', env, '', symbol)
+        elif mode in ('markType', 'lastIsName', 'markName'):
+            # Each element should be a pending xref targeting the complete
+            # prefix. however, only the identifier part should be a link, such
+            # that template args can be a link as well.
+            # For 'lastIsName' we should also prepend template parameter lists.
+            templateParams: list[Any] = []
+            if mode == 'lastIsName':
+                assert symbol is not None
+                if symbol.declaration.templatePrefix is not None:
+                    templateParams = symbol.declaration.templatePrefix.templates
+            iTemplateParams = 0
+            templateParamsPrefix = ''
+            prefix = ''
+            first = True
+            names = self.names[:-1] if mode == 'lastIsName' else self.names
+            # If lastIsName, then wrap all of the prefix in a desc_addname,
+            # else append directly to signode.
+            # NOTE: Breathe previously relied on the prefix being in the desc_addname node,
+            #       so it can remove it in inner declarations.
+            dest = signode
+            if mode == 'lastIsName':
+                dest = addnodes.desc_addname()
+            if self.rooted:
+                prefix += '::'
+                if mode == 'lastIsName' and len(names) == 0:
+                    signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('::', '::')
+                else:
+                    dest += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('::', '::')
+            for i in range(len(names)):
+                nne = names[i]
+                template = self.templates[i]
+                if not first:
+                    dest += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('::', '::')
+                    prefix += '::'
+                if template:
+                    dest += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('template', 'template')
+                    dest += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+                first = False
+                txt_nne = str(nne)
+                if txt_nne != '':
+                    if nne.templateArgs and iTemplateParams < len(templateParams):
+                        templateParamsPrefix += str(templateParams[iTemplateParams])
+                        iTemplateParams += 1
+                    nne.describe_signature(dest, 'markType',
+                                           env, templateParamsPrefix + prefix, symbol)
+                prefix += txt_nne
+            if mode == 'lastIsName':
+                if len(self.names) > 1:
+                    dest += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('::', '::')
+                    signode += dest
+                if self.templates[-1]:
+                    signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('template', 'template')
+                    signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+                self.names[-1].describe_signature(signode, mode, env, '', symbol)
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Unknown description mode: %s' % mode)
+
+
+################################################################################
+# Expressions
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTExpression(ASTBase):
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+
+# Primary expressions
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTLiteral(ASTExpression):
+    pass
+
+
+class ASTPointerLiteral(ASTLiteral):
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return 'nullptr'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'LDnE'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('nullptr', 'nullptr')
+
+
+class ASTBooleanLiteral(ASTLiteral):
+    def __init__(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self.value = value
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        if self.value:
+            return 'true'
+        else:
+            return 'false'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if self.value:
+            return 'L1E'
+        else:
+            return 'L0E'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(str(self), str(self))
+
+
+class ASTNumberLiteral(ASTLiteral):
+    def __init__(self, data: str) -> None:
+        self.data = data
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return self.data
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        # TODO: floats should be mangled by writing the hex of the binary representation
+        return "L%sE" % self.data.replace("'", "")
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_literal_number(self.data, self.data)
+
+
+class ASTStringLiteral(ASTLiteral):
+    def __init__(self, data: str) -> None:
+        self.data = data
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return self.data
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        # note: the length is not really correct with escaping
+        return "LA%d_KcE" % (len(self.data) - 2)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_literal_string(self.data, self.data)
+
+
+class ASTCharLiteral(ASTLiteral):
+    def __init__(self, prefix: str, data: str) -> None:
+        self.prefix = prefix  # may be None when no prefix
+        self.data = data
+        assert prefix in _id_char_from_prefix
+        self.type = _id_char_from_prefix[prefix]
+        decoded = data.encode().decode('unicode-escape')
+        if len(decoded) == 1:
+            self.value = ord(decoded)
+        else:
+            raise UnsupportedMultiCharacterCharLiteral(decoded)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        if self.prefix is None:
+            return "'" + self.data + "'"
+        else:
+            return self.prefix + "'" + self.data + "'"
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        # TODO: the ID should be have L E around it
+        return self.type + str(self.value)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        if self.prefix is not None:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.prefix, self.prefix)
+        txt = "'" + self.data + "'"
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_literal_char(txt, txt)
+
+
+class ASTUserDefinedLiteral(ASTLiteral):
+    def __init__(self, literal: ASTLiteral, ident: ASTIdentifier) -> None:
+        self.literal = literal
+        self.ident = ident
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return transform(self.literal) + transform(self.ident)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        # mangle as if it was a function call: ident(literal)
+        return f'clL_Zli{self.ident.get_id(version)}E{self.literal.get_id(version)}E'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.literal.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        self.ident.describe_signature(signode, "udl", env, "", "", symbol)
+
+
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTThisLiteral(ASTExpression):
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return "this"
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return "fpT"
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('this', 'this')
+
+
+class ASTFoldExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, leftExpr: ASTExpression | None,
+                 op: str, rightExpr: ASTExpression | None) -> None:
+        assert leftExpr is not None or rightExpr is not None
+        self.leftExpr = leftExpr
+        self.op = op
+        self.rightExpr = rightExpr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = ['(']
+        if self.leftExpr:
+            res.append(transform(self.leftExpr))
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(self.op)
+            res.append(' ')
+        res.append('...')
+        if self.rightExpr:
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(self.op)
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(transform(self.rightExpr))
+        res.append(')')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        assert version >= 3
+        if version == 3:
+            return str(self)
+        # https://github.com/itanium-cxx-abi/cxx-abi/pull/67
+        res = []
+        if self.leftExpr is None:  # (... op expr)
+            res.append('fl')
+        elif self.rightExpr is None:  # (expr op ...)
+            res.append('fr')
+        else:  # (expr op ... op expr)
+            # we don't check where the parameter pack is,
+            # we just always call this a binary left fold
+            res.append('fL')
+        res.append(_id_operator_v2[self.op])
+        if self.leftExpr:
+            res.append(self.leftExpr.get_id(version))
+        if self.rightExpr:
+            res.append(self.rightExpr.get_id(version))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        if self.leftExpr:
+            self.leftExpr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator(self.op, self.op)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+        if self.rightExpr:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator(self.op, self.op)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.rightExpr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTParenExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return '(' + transform(self.expr) + ')'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return self.expr.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTIdExpression(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        # note: this class is basically to cast a nested name as an expression
+        self.name = name
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return transform(self.name)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return self.name.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.name.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+# Postfix expressions
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTPostfixOp(ASTBase):
+    def get_id(self, idPrefix: str, version: int) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+
+class ASTPostfixArray(ASTPostfixOp):
+    def __init__(self, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return '[' + transform(self.expr) + ']'
+
+    def get_id(self, idPrefix: str, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'ix' + idPrefix + self.expr.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('[', '[')
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(']', ']')
+
+
+class ASTPostfixMember(ASTPostfixOp):
+    def __init__(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return '.' + transform(self.name)
+
+    def get_id(self, idPrefix: str, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'dt' + idPrefix + self.name.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('.', '.')
+        self.name.describe_signature(signode, 'noneIsName', env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTPostfixMemberOfPointer(ASTPostfixOp):
+    def __init__(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return '->' + transform(self.name)
+
+    def get_id(self, idPrefix: str, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'pt' + idPrefix + self.name.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator('->', '->')
+        self.name.describe_signature(signode, 'noneIsName', env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTPostfixInc(ASTPostfixOp):
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return '++'
+
+    def get_id(self, idPrefix: str, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'pp' + idPrefix
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator('++', '++')
+
+
+class ASTPostfixDec(ASTPostfixOp):
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return '--'
+
+    def get_id(self, idPrefix: str, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'mm' + idPrefix
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator('--', '--')
+
+
+class ASTPostfixCallExpr(ASTPostfixOp):
+    def __init__(self, lst: ASTParenExprList | ASTBracedInitList) -> None:
+        self.lst = lst
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return transform(self.lst)
+
+    def get_id(self, idPrefix: str, version: int) -> str:
+        return ''.join([
+            'cl',
+            idPrefix,
+            *(e.get_id(version) for e in self.lst.exprs),
+            'E',
+        ])
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.lst.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTPostfixExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, prefix: ASTType, postFixes: list[ASTPostfixOp]) -> None:
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.postFixes = postFixes
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return ''.join([transform(self.prefix), *(transform(p) for p in self.postFixes)])
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        id = self.prefix.get_id(version)
+        for p in self.postFixes:
+            id = p.get_id(id, version)
+        return id
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.prefix.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        for p in self.postFixes:
+            p.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTExplicitCast(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, cast: str, typ: ASTType, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        assert cast in _id_explicit_cast
+        self.cast = cast
+        self.typ = typ
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = [self.cast]
+        res.append('<')
+        res.append(transform(self.typ))
+        res.append('>(')
+        res.append(transform(self.expr))
+        res.append(')')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return (_id_explicit_cast[self.cast] +
+                self.typ.get_id(version) +
+                self.expr.get_id(version))
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.cast, self.cast)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('<', '<')
+        self.typ.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('>', '>')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTTypeId(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, typeOrExpr: ASTType | ASTExpression, isType: bool) -> None:
+        self.typeOrExpr = typeOrExpr
+        self.isType = isType
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return 'typeid(' + transform(self.typeOrExpr) + ')'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        prefix = 'ti' if self.isType else 'te'
+        return prefix + self.typeOrExpr.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('typeid', 'typeid')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.typeOrExpr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+# Unary expressions
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTUnaryOpExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, op: str, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.op = op
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        if self.op[0] in 'cn':
+            return self.op + " " + transform(self.expr)
+        else:
+            return self.op + transform(self.expr)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return _id_operator_unary_v2[self.op] + self.expr.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        if self.op[0] in 'cn':
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.op, self.op)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        else:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator(self.op, self.op)
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTSizeofParamPack(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, identifier: ASTIdentifier) -> None:
+        self.identifier = identifier
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return "sizeof...(" + transform(self.identifier) + ")"
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'sZ' + self.identifier.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('sizeof', 'sizeof')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.identifier.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env,
+                                           symbol=symbol, prefix="", templateArgs="")
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTSizeofType(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, typ: ASTType) -> None:
+        self.typ = typ
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return "sizeof(" + transform(self.typ) + ")"
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'st' + self.typ.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('sizeof', 'sizeof')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.typ.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTSizeofExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return "sizeof " + transform(self.expr)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'sz' + self.expr.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('sizeof', 'sizeof')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTAlignofExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, typ: ASTType) -> None:
+        self.typ = typ
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return "alignof(" + transform(self.typ) + ")"
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'at' + self.typ.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('alignof', 'alignof')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.typ.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTNoexceptExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return 'noexcept(' + transform(self.expr) + ')'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'nx' + self.expr.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('noexcept', 'noexcept')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTNewExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, rooted: bool, isNewTypeId: bool, typ: ASTType,
+                 initList: ASTParenExprList | ASTBracedInitList) -> None:
+        self.rooted = rooted
+        self.isNewTypeId = isNewTypeId
+        self.typ = typ
+        self.initList = initList
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.rooted:
+            res.append('::')
+        res.append('new ')
+        # TODO: placement
+        if self.isNewTypeId:
+            res.append(transform(self.typ))
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError
+        if self.initList is not None:
+            res.append(transform(self.initList))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        # the array part will be in the type mangling, so na is not used
+        res = ['nw']
+        # TODO: placement
+        res.append('_')
+        res.append(self.typ.get_id(version))
+        if self.initList is not None:
+            res.append(self.initList.get_id(version))
+        else:
+            res.append('E')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        if self.rooted:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('::', '::')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('new', 'new')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        # TODO: placement
+        if self.isNewTypeId:
+            self.typ.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError
+        if self.initList is not None:
+            self.initList.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTDeleteExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, rooted: bool, array: bool, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.rooted = rooted
+        self.array = array
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.rooted:
+            res.append('::')
+        res.append('delete ')
+        if self.array:
+            res.append('[] ')
+        res.append(transform(self.expr))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if self.array:
+            id = "da"
+        else:
+            id = "dl"
+        return id + self.expr.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        if self.rooted:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('::', '::')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('delete', 'delete')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        if self.array:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('[]', '[]')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+# Other expressions
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTCastExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, typ: ASTType, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.typ = typ
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = ['(']
+        res.append(transform(self.typ))
+        res.append(')')
+        res.append(transform(self.expr))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return 'cv' + self.typ.get_id(version) + self.expr.get_id(version)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.typ.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTBinOpExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, exprs: list[ASTExpression], ops: list[str]) -> None:
+        assert len(exprs) > 0
+        assert len(exprs) == len(ops) + 1
+        self.exprs = exprs
+        self.ops = ops
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.exprs[0]))
+        for i in range(1, len(self.exprs)):
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(self.ops[i - 1])
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(transform(self.exprs[i]))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        res = []
+        for i in range(len(self.ops)):
+            res.append(_id_operator_v2[self.ops[i]])
+            res.append(self.exprs[i].get_id(version))
+        res.append(self.exprs[-1].get_id(version))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.exprs[0].describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        for i in range(1, len(self.exprs)):
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            op = self.ops[i - 1]
+            if ord(op[0]) >= ord('a') and ord(op[0]) <= ord('z'):
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(op, op)
+            else:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator(op, op)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.exprs[i].describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTConditionalExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, ifExpr: ASTExpression, thenExpr: ASTExpression,
+                 elseExpr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.ifExpr = ifExpr
+        self.thenExpr = thenExpr
+        self.elseExpr = elseExpr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.ifExpr))
+        res.append(' ? ')
+        res.append(transform(self.thenExpr))
+        res.append(' : ')
+        res.append(transform(self.elseExpr))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        res = []
+        res.append(_id_operator_v2['?'])
+        res.append(self.ifExpr.get_id(version))
+        res.append(self.thenExpr.get_id(version))
+        res.append(self.elseExpr.get_id(version))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.ifExpr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator('?', '?')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.thenExpr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator(':', ':')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.elseExpr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTBracedInitList(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, exprs: list[ASTExpression | ASTBracedInitList],
+                 trailingComma: bool) -> None:
+        self.exprs = exprs
+        self.trailingComma = trailingComma
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return "il%sE" % ''.join(e.get_id(version) for e in self.exprs)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        exprs = ', '.join(transform(e) for e in self.exprs)
+        trailingComma = ',' if self.trailingComma else ''
+        return f'{{{exprs}{trailingComma}}}'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('{', '{')
+        first = True
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            if not first:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            else:
+                first = False
+            e.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if self.trailingComma:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('}', '}')
+
+
+class ASTAssignmentExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, leftExpr: ASTExpression, op: str,
+                 rightExpr: ASTExpression | ASTBracedInitList) -> None:
+        self.leftExpr = leftExpr
+        self.op = op
+        self.rightExpr = rightExpr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.leftExpr))
+        res.append(' ')
+        res.append(self.op)
+        res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.rightExpr))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        # we end up generating the ID from left to right, instead of right to left
+        res = []
+        res.append(_id_operator_v2[self.op])
+        res.append(self.leftExpr.get_id(version))
+        res.append(self.rightExpr.get_id(version))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.leftExpr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        if ord(self.op[0]) >= ord('a') and ord(self.op[0]) <= ord('z'):
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.op, self.op)
+        else:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator(self.op, self.op)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.rightExpr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTCommaExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, exprs: list[ASTExpression]) -> None:
+        assert len(exprs) > 0
+        self.exprs = exprs
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return ', '.join(transform(e) for e in self.exprs)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        id_ = _id_operator_v2[',']
+        res = []
+        for i in range(len(self.exprs) - 1):
+            res.append(id_)
+            res.append(self.exprs[i].get_id(version))
+        res.append(self.exprs[-1].get_id(version))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.exprs[0].describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        for i in range(1, len(self.exprs)):
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.exprs[i].describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTFallbackExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, expr: str) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return self.expr
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return str(self.expr)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += nodes.literal(self.expr, self.expr)
+
+
+################################################################################
+# Types
+################################################################################
+
+# Things for ASTNestedName
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTOperator(ASTBase):
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def is_anon(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def is_operator(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _describe_identifier(self, signode: TextElement, identnode: TextElement,
+                             env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        """Render the prefix into signode, and the last part into identnode."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, prefix: str, templateArgs: str,
+                           symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        if mode == 'lastIsName':
+            mainName = addnodes.desc_name()
+            self._describe_identifier(mainName, mainName, env, symbol)
+            signode += mainName
+        elif mode == 'markType':
+            targetText = prefix + str(self) + templateArgs
+            pnode = addnodes.pending_xref('', refdomain='cpp',
+                                          reftype='identifier',
+                                          reftarget=targetText, modname=None,
+                                          classname=None)
+            pnode['cpp:parent_key'] = symbol.get_lookup_key()
+            # Render the identifier part, but collapse it into a string
+            # and make that the a link to this operator.
+            # E.g., if it is 'operator SomeType', then 'SomeType' becomes
+            # a link to the operator, not to 'SomeType'.
+            container = nodes.literal()
+            self._describe_identifier(signode, container, env, symbol)
+            txt = container.astext()
+            pnode += addnodes.desc_name(txt, txt)
+            signode += pnode
+        else:
+            addName = addnodes.desc_addname()
+            self._describe_identifier(addName, addName, env, symbol)
+            signode += addName
+
+
+class ASTOperatorBuildIn(ASTOperator):
+    def __init__(self, op: str) -> None:
+        self.op = op
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, ASTOperatorBuildIn):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.op == other.op
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            ids = _id_operator_v1
+            if self.op not in ids:
+                raise NoOldIdError
+        else:
+            ids = _id_operator_v2
+        if self.op not in ids:
+            raise Exception('Internal error: Built-in operator "%s" can not '
+                            'be mapped to an id.' % self.op)
+        return ids[self.op]
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        if self.op in ('new', 'new[]', 'delete', 'delete[]') or self.op[0] in "abcnox":
+            return 'operator ' + self.op
+        else:
+            return 'operator' + self.op
+
+    def _describe_identifier(self, signode: TextElement, identnode: TextElement,
+                             env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('operator', 'operator')
+        if self.op in ('new', 'new[]', 'delete', 'delete[]') or self.op[0] in "abcnox":
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        identnode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator(self.op, self.op)
+
+
+class ASTOperatorLiteral(ASTOperator):
+    def __init__(self, identifier: ASTIdentifier) -> None:
+        self.identifier = identifier
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, ASTOperatorLiteral):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.identifier == other.identifier
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return 'li' + self.identifier.get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return 'operator""' + transform(self.identifier)
+
+    def _describe_identifier(self, signode: TextElement, identnode: TextElement,
+                             env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('operator', 'operator')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_literal_string('""', '""')
+        self.identifier.describe_signature(identnode, 'markType', env, '', '', symbol)
+
+
+class ASTOperatorType(ASTOperator):
+    def __init__(self, type: ASTType) -> None:
+        self.type = type
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, ASTOperatorType):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.type == other.type
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            return 'castto-%s-operator' % self.type.get_id(version)
+        else:
+            return 'cv' + self.type.get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return f'operator {transform(self.type)}'
+
+    def get_name_no_template(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+    def _describe_identifier(self, signode: TextElement, identnode: TextElement,
+                             env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('operator', 'operator')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.type.describe_signature(identnode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTTemplateArgConstant(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, value: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.value = value
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return transform(self.value)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            return str(self).replace(' ', '-')
+        if version == 2:
+            return 'X' + str(self) + 'E'
+        return 'X' + self.value.get_id(version) + 'E'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        self.value.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTTemplateArgs(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, args: list[ASTType | ASTTemplateArgConstant],
+                 packExpansion: bool) -> None:
+        assert args is not None
+        self.args = args
+        self.packExpansion = packExpansion
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            res = []
+            res.append(':')
+            res.append('.'.join(a.get_id(version) for a in self.args))
+            res.append(':')
+            return ''.join(res)
+
+        res = []
+        res.append('I')
+        if len(self.args) > 0:
+            for a in self.args[:-1]:
+                res.append(a.get_id(version))
+            if self.packExpansion:
+                res.append('J')
+            res.append(self.args[-1].get_id(version))
+            if self.packExpansion:
+                res.append('E')
+        res.append('E')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = ', '.join(transform(a) for a in self.args)
+        if self.packExpansion:
+            res += '...'
+        return '<' + res + '>'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('<', '<')
+        first = True
+        for a in self.args:
+            if not first:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            first = False
+            a.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol=symbol)
+        if self.packExpansion:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('>', '>')
+
+
+# Main part of declarations
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTTrailingTypeSpec(ASTBase):
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+
+class ASTTrailingTypeSpecFundamental(ASTTrailingTypeSpec):
+    def __init__(self, names: list[str], canonNames: list[str]) -> None:
+        assert len(names) != 0
+        assert len(names) == len(canonNames), (names, canonNames)
+        self.names = names
+        # the canonical name list is for ID lookup
+        self.canonNames = canonNames
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return ' '.join(self.names)
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            res = []
+            for a in self.canonNames:
+                if a in _id_fundamental_v1:
+                    res.append(_id_fundamental_v1[a])
+                else:
+                    res.append(a)
+            return '-'.join(res)
+
+        txt = ' '.join(self.canonNames)
+        if txt not in _id_fundamental_v2:
+            raise Exception(
+                'Semi-internal error: Fundamental type "%s" can not be mapped '
+                'to an ID. Is it a true fundamental type? If not so, the '
+                'parser should have rejected it.' % txt)
+        return _id_fundamental_v2[txt]
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        first = True
+        for n in self.names:
+            if not first:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            else:
+                first = False
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword_type(n, n)
+
+
+class ASTTrailingTypeSpecDecltypeAuto(ASTTrailingTypeSpec):
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return 'decltype(auto)'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return 'Dc'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('decltype', 'decltype')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('auto', 'auto')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTTrailingTypeSpecDecltype(ASTTrailingTypeSpec):
+    def __init__(self, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return 'decltype(' + transform(self.expr) + ')'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return 'DT' + self.expr.get_id(version) + "E"
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('decltype', 'decltype')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTTrailingTypeSpecName(ASTTrailingTypeSpec):
+    def __init__(self, prefix: str, nestedName: ASTNestedName,
+                 placeholderType: str | None) -> None:
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.nestedName = nestedName
+        self.placeholderType = placeholderType
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.nestedName
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return self.nestedName.get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.prefix:
+            res.append(self.prefix)
+            res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.nestedName))
+        if self.placeholderType is not None:
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(self.placeholderType)
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        if self.prefix:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.prefix, self.prefix)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.nestedName.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol=symbol)
+        if self.placeholderType is not None:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            if self.placeholderType == 'auto':
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('auto', 'auto')
+            elif self.placeholderType == 'decltype(auto)':
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('decltype', 'decltype')
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('auto', 'auto')
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError(self.placeholderType)
+
+
+class ASTFunctionParameter(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, arg: ASTTypeWithInit | ASTTemplateParamConstrainedTypeWithInit,
+                 ellipsis: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.arg = arg
+        self.ellipsis = ellipsis
+
+    def get_id(
+        self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None, symbol: Symbol | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        # this is not part of the normal name mangling in C++
+        if symbol:
+            # the anchor will be our parent
+            return symbol.parent.declaration.get_id(version, prefixed=False)
+        # else, do the usual
+        if self.ellipsis:
+            return 'z'
+        else:
+            return self.arg.get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        if self.ellipsis:
+            return '...'
+        else:
+            return transform(self.arg)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        if self.ellipsis:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+        else:
+            self.arg.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol=symbol)
+
+
+class ASTNoexceptSpec(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, expr: ASTExpression | None) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        if self.expr:
+            return 'noexcept(' + transform(self.expr) + ')'
+        return 'noexcept'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('noexcept', 'noexcept')
+        if self.expr:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+            self.expr.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTParametersQualifiers(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, args: list[ASTFunctionParameter], volatile: bool, const: bool,
+                 refQual: str | None, exceptionSpec: ASTNoexceptSpec,
+                 trailingReturn: ASTType,
+                 override: bool, final: bool, attrs: ASTAttributeList,
+                 initializer: str | None) -> None:
+        self.args = args
+        self.volatile = volatile
+        self.const = const
+        self.refQual = refQual
+        self.exceptionSpec = exceptionSpec
+        self.trailingReturn = trailingReturn
+        self.override = override
+        self.final = final
+        self.attrs = attrs
+        self.initializer = initializer
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        return self.args
+
+    def get_modifiers_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.volatile:
+            res.append('V')
+        if self.const:
+            if version == 1:
+                res.append('C')
+            else:
+                res.append('K')
+        if self.refQual == '&&':
+            res.append('O')
+        elif self.refQual == '&':
+            res.append('R')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_param_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            if len(self.args) == 0:
+                return ''
+            else:
+                return '__' + '.'.join(a.get_id(version) for a in self.args)
+        if len(self.args) == 0:
+            return 'v'
+        else:
+            return ''.join(a.get_id(version) for a in self.args)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append('(')
+        first = True
+        for a in self.args:
+            if not first:
+                res.append(', ')
+            first = False
+            res.append(str(a))
+        res.append(')')
+        if self.volatile:
+            res.append(' volatile')
+        if self.const:
+            res.append(' const')
+        if self.refQual:
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(self.refQual)
+        if self.exceptionSpec:
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(transform(self.exceptionSpec))
+        if self.trailingReturn:
+            res.append(' -> ')
+            res.append(transform(self.trailingReturn))
+        if self.final:
+            res.append(' final')
+        if self.override:
+            res.append(' override')
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(transform(self.attrs))
+        if self.initializer:
+            res.append(' = ')
+            res.append(self.initializer)
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        multi_line_parameter_list = False
+        test_node: Element = signode
+        while test_node.parent:
+            if not isinstance(test_node, addnodes.desc_signature):
+                test_node = test_node.parent
+                continue
+            multi_line_parameter_list = test_node.get('multi_line_parameter_list', False)
+            break
+
+        # only use the desc_parameterlist for the outer list, not for inner lists
+        if mode == 'lastIsName':
+            paramlist = addnodes.desc_parameterlist()
+            paramlist['multi_line_parameter_list'] = multi_line_parameter_list
+            for arg in self.args:
+                param = addnodes.desc_parameter('', '', noemph=True)
+                arg.describe_signature(param, 'param', env, symbol=symbol)
+                paramlist += param
+            signode += paramlist
+        else:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+            first = True
+            for arg in self.args:
+                if not first:
+                    signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+                    signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+                first = False
+                arg.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol=symbol)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+        def _add_anno(signode: TextElement, text: str) -> None:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(text, text)
+
+        if self.volatile:
+            _add_anno(signode, 'volatile')
+        if self.const:
+            _add_anno(signode, 'const')
+        if self.refQual:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(self.refQual, self.refQual)
+        if self.exceptionSpec:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.exceptionSpec.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if self.trailingReturn:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_operator('->', '->')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.trailingReturn.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if self.final:
+            _add_anno(signode, 'final')
+        if self.override:
+            _add_anno(signode, 'override')
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.attrs.describe_signature(signode)
+        if self.initializer:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('=', '=')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            assert self.initializer in ('0', 'delete', 'default')
+            if self.initializer == '0':
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_literal_number('0', '0')
+            else:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.initializer, self.initializer)
+
+
+class ASTExplicitSpec(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, expr: ASTExpression | None) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = ['explicit']
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            res.append('(')
+            res.append(transform(self.expr))
+            res.append(')')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('explicit', 'explicit')
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+            self.expr.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTDeclSpecsSimple(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, storage: str, threadLocal: bool, inline: bool, virtual: bool,
+                 explicitSpec: ASTExplicitSpec | None,
+                 consteval: bool, constexpr: bool, constinit: bool,
+                 volatile: bool, const: bool, friend: bool,
+                 attrs: ASTAttributeList) -> None:
+        self.storage = storage
+        self.threadLocal = threadLocal
+        self.inline = inline
+        self.virtual = virtual
+        self.explicitSpec = explicitSpec
+        self.consteval = consteval
+        self.constexpr = constexpr
+        self.constinit = constinit
+        self.volatile = volatile
+        self.const = const
+        self.friend = friend
+        self.attrs = attrs
+
+    def mergeWith(self, other: ASTDeclSpecsSimple) -> ASTDeclSpecsSimple:
+        if not other:
+            return self
+        return ASTDeclSpecsSimple(self.storage or other.storage,
+                                  self.threadLocal or other.threadLocal,
+                                  self.inline or other.inline,
+                                  self.virtual or other.virtual,
+                                  self.explicitSpec or other.explicitSpec,
+                                  self.consteval or other.consteval,
+                                  self.constexpr or other.constexpr,
+                                  self.constinit or other.constinit,
+                                  self.volatile or other.volatile,
+                                  self.const or other.const,
+                                  self.friend or other.friend,
+                                  self.attrs + other.attrs)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res: list[str] = []
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            res.append(transform(self.attrs))
+        if self.storage:
+            res.append(self.storage)
+        if self.threadLocal:
+            res.append('thread_local')
+        if self.inline:
+            res.append('inline')
+        if self.friend:
+            res.append('friend')
+        if self.virtual:
+            res.append('virtual')
+        if self.explicitSpec:
+            res.append(transform(self.explicitSpec))
+        if self.consteval:
+            res.append('consteval')
+        if self.constexpr:
+            res.append('constexpr')
+        if self.constinit:
+            res.append('constinit')
+        if self.volatile:
+            res.append('volatile')
+        if self.const:
+            res.append('const')
+        return ' '.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.attrs.describe_signature(signode)
+        addSpace = len(self.attrs) != 0
+
+        def _add(signode: TextElement, text: str) -> bool:
+            if addSpace:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(text, text)
+            return True
+
+        if self.storage:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, self.storage)
+        if self.threadLocal:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, 'thread_local')
+        if self.inline:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, 'inline')
+        if self.friend:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, 'friend')
+        if self.virtual:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, 'virtual')
+        if self.explicitSpec:
+            if addSpace:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.explicitSpec.describe_signature(signode, env, symbol)
+            addSpace = True
+        if self.consteval:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, 'consteval')
+        if self.constexpr:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, 'constexpr')
+        if self.constinit:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, 'constinit')
+        if self.volatile:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, 'volatile')
+        if self.const:
+            addSpace = _add(signode, 'const')
+
+
+class ASTDeclSpecs(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, outer: str,
+                 leftSpecs: ASTDeclSpecsSimple, rightSpecs: ASTDeclSpecsSimple,
+                 trailing: ASTTrailingTypeSpec) -> None:
+        # leftSpecs and rightSpecs are used for output
+        # allSpecs are used for id generation
+        self.outer = outer
+        self.leftSpecs = leftSpecs
+        self.rightSpecs = rightSpecs
+        self.allSpecs = self.leftSpecs.mergeWith(self.rightSpecs)
+        self.trailingTypeSpec = trailing
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            res = []
+            res.append(self.trailingTypeSpec.get_id(version))
+            if self.allSpecs.volatile:
+                res.append('V')
+            if self.allSpecs.const:
+                res.append('C')
+            return ''.join(res)
+        res = []
+        if self.allSpecs.volatile:
+            res.append('V')
+        if self.allSpecs.const:
+            res.append('K')
+        if self.trailingTypeSpec is not None:
+            res.append(self.trailingTypeSpec.get_id(version))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res: list[str] = []
+        l = transform(self.leftSpecs)
+        if len(l) > 0:
+            res.append(l)
+        if self.trailingTypeSpec:
+            if len(res) > 0:
+                res.append(" ")
+            res.append(transform(self.trailingTypeSpec))
+            r = str(self.rightSpecs)
+            if len(r) > 0:
+                if len(res) > 0:
+                    res.append(" ")
+                res.append(r)
+        return "".join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        numChildren = len(signode)
+        self.leftSpecs.describe_signature(signode, env, symbol)
+        addSpace = len(signode) != numChildren
+
+        if self.trailingTypeSpec:
+            if addSpace:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            numChildren = len(signode)
+            self.trailingTypeSpec.describe_signature(signode, mode, env,
+                                                     symbol=symbol)
+            addSpace = len(signode) != numChildren
+
+            if len(str(self.rightSpecs)) > 0:
+                if addSpace:
+                    signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+                self.rightSpecs.describe_signature(signode, env, symbol)
+
+
+# Declarator
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTArray(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, size: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.size = size
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        if self.size:
+            return '[' + transform(self.size) + ']'
+        else:
+            return '[]'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            return 'A'
+        if version == 2:
+            if self.size:
+                return 'A' + str(self.size) + '_'
+            else:
+                return 'A_'
+        if self.size:
+            return 'A' + self.size.get_id(version) + '_'
+        else:
+            return 'A_'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('[', '[')
+        if self.size:
+            self.size.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(']', ']')
+
+
+class ASTDeclarator(ASTBase):
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    @property
+    def trailingReturn(self) -> ASTType:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def require_space_after_declSpecs(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def get_modifiers_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def get_param_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def get_ptr_suffix_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def get_type_id(self, version: int, returnTypeId: str) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def is_function_type(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+
+class ASTDeclaratorNameParamQual(ASTDeclarator):
+    def __init__(self, declId: ASTNestedName,
+                 arrayOps: list[ASTArray],
+                 paramQual: ASTParametersQualifiers) -> None:
+        self.declId = declId
+        self.arrayOps = arrayOps
+        self.paramQual = paramQual
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.declId
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.declId = name
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        return self.paramQual.function_params
+
+    @property
+    def trailingReturn(self) -> ASTType:
+        return self.paramQual.trailingReturn
+
+    # only the modifiers for a function, e.g.,
+    def get_modifiers_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        # cv-qualifiers
+        if self.paramQual:
+            return self.paramQual.get_modifiers_id(version)
+        raise Exception("This should only be called on a function: %s" % self)
+
+    def get_param_id(self, version: int) -> str:  # only the parameters (if any)
+        if self.paramQual:
+            return self.paramQual.get_param_id(version)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def get_ptr_suffix_id(self, version: int) -> str:  # only the array specifiers
+        return ''.join(a.get_id(version) for a in self.arrayOps)
+
+    def get_type_id(self, version: int, returnTypeId: str) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        res = []
+        # TODO: can we actually have both array ops and paramQual?
+        res.append(self.get_ptr_suffix_id(version))
+        if self.paramQual:
+            res.append(self.get_modifiers_id(version))
+            res.append('F')
+            res.append(returnTypeId)
+            res.append(self.get_param_id(version))
+            res.append('E')
+        else:
+            res.append(returnTypeId)
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def require_space_after_declSpecs(self) -> bool:
+        return self.declId is not None
+
+    def is_function_type(self) -> bool:
+        return self.paramQual is not None
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.declId:
+            res.append(transform(self.declId))
+        res.extend(transform(op) for op in self.arrayOps)
+        if self.paramQual:
+            res.append(transform(self.paramQual))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        if self.declId:
+            self.declId.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        for op in self.arrayOps:
+            op.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if self.paramQual:
+            self.paramQual.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTDeclaratorNameBitField(ASTDeclarator):
+    def __init__(self, declId: ASTNestedName, size: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.declId = declId
+        self.size = size
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.declId
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.declId = name
+
+    def get_param_id(self, version: int) -> str:  # only the parameters (if any)
+        return ''
+
+    def get_ptr_suffix_id(self, version: int) -> str:  # only the array specifiers
+        return ''
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def require_space_after_declSpecs(self) -> bool:
+        return self.declId is not None
+
+    def is_function_type(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.declId:
+            res.append(transform(self.declId))
+        res.append(" : ")
+        res.append(transform(self.size))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        if self.declId:
+            self.declId.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(':', ':')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.size.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTDeclaratorPtr(ASTDeclarator):
+    def __init__(self, next: ASTDeclarator, volatile: bool, const: bool,
+                 attrs: ASTAttributeList) -> None:
+        assert next
+        self.next = next
+        self.volatile = volatile
+        self.const = const
+        self.attrs = attrs
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.next.name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.next.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.next.isPack
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        return self.next.function_params
+
+    @property
+    def trailingReturn(self) -> ASTType:
+        return self.next.trailingReturn
+
+    def require_space_after_declSpecs(self) -> bool:
+        return self.next.require_space_after_declSpecs()
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = ['*']
+        res.append(transform(self.attrs))
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0 and (self.volatile or self.const):
+            res.append(' ')
+        if self.volatile:
+            res.append('volatile')
+        if self.const:
+            if self.volatile:
+                res.append(' ')
+            res.append('const')
+        if self.const or self.volatile or len(self.attrs) > 0:
+            if self.next.require_space_after_declSpecs():
+                res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.next))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_modifiers_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return self.next.get_modifiers_id(version)
+
+    def get_param_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return self.next.get_param_id(version)
+
+    def get_ptr_suffix_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            res = ['P']
+            if self.volatile:
+                res.append('V')
+            if self.const:
+                res.append('C')
+            res.append(self.next.get_ptr_suffix_id(version))
+            return ''.join(res)
+
+        res = [self.next.get_ptr_suffix_id(version)]
+        res.append('P')
+        if self.volatile:
+            res.append('V')
+        if self.const:
+            res.append('C')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_type_id(self, version: int, returnTypeId: str) -> str:
+        # ReturnType *next, so we are part of the return type of 'next
+        res = ['P']
+        if self.volatile:
+            res.append('V')
+        if self.const:
+            res.append('C')
+        res.append(returnTypeId)
+        return self.next.get_type_id(version, returnTypeId=''.join(res))
+
+    def is_function_type(self) -> bool:
+        return self.next.is_function_type()
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('*', '*')
+        self.attrs.describe_signature(signode)
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0 and (self.volatile or self.const):
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+
+        def _add_anno(signode: TextElement, text: str) -> None:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(text, text)
+        if self.volatile:
+            _add_anno(signode, 'volatile')
+        if self.const:
+            if self.volatile:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            _add_anno(signode, 'const')
+        if self.const or self.volatile or len(self.attrs) > 0:
+            if self.next.require_space_after_declSpecs():
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.next.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTDeclaratorRef(ASTDeclarator):
+    def __init__(self, next: ASTDeclarator, attrs: ASTAttributeList) -> None:
+        assert next
+        self.next = next
+        self.attrs = attrs
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.next.name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.next.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.next.isPack
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        return self.next.function_params
+
+    @property
+    def trailingReturn(self) -> ASTType:
+        return self.next.trailingReturn
+
+    def require_space_after_declSpecs(self) -> bool:
+        return self.next.require_space_after_declSpecs()
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = ['&']
+        res.append(transform(self.attrs))
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0 and self.next.require_space_after_declSpecs():
+            res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.next))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_modifiers_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return self.next.get_modifiers_id(version)
+
+    def get_param_id(self, version: int) -> str:  # only the parameters (if any)
+        return self.next.get_param_id(version)
+
+    def get_ptr_suffix_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            return 'R' + self.next.get_ptr_suffix_id(version)
+        else:
+            return self.next.get_ptr_suffix_id(version) + 'R'
+
+    def get_type_id(self, version: int, returnTypeId: str) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # ReturnType &next, so we are part of the return type of 'next
+        return self.next.get_type_id(version, returnTypeId='R' + returnTypeId)
+
+    def is_function_type(self) -> bool:
+        return self.next.is_function_type()
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('&', '&')
+        self.attrs.describe_signature(signode)
+        if len(self.attrs) > 0 and self.next.require_space_after_declSpecs():
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.next.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTDeclaratorParamPack(ASTDeclarator):
+    def __init__(self, next: ASTDeclarator) -> None:
+        assert next
+        self.next = next
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.next.name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.next.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        return self.next.function_params
+
+    @property
+    def trailingReturn(self) -> ASTType:
+        return self.next.trailingReturn
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def require_space_after_declSpecs(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = transform(self.next)
+        if self.next.name:
+            res = ' ' + res
+        return '...' + res
+
+    def get_modifiers_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return self.next.get_modifiers_id(version)
+
+    def get_param_id(self, version: int) -> str:  # only the parameters (if any)
+        return self.next.get_param_id(version)
+
+    def get_ptr_suffix_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            return 'Dp' + self.next.get_ptr_suffix_id(version)
+        else:
+            return self.next.get_ptr_suffix_id(version) + 'Dp'
+
+    def get_type_id(self, version: int, returnTypeId: str) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # ReturnType... next, so we are part of the return type of 'next
+        return self.next.get_type_id(version, returnTypeId='Dp' + returnTypeId)
+
+    def is_function_type(self) -> bool:
+        return self.next.is_function_type()
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+        if self.next.name:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.next.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTDeclaratorMemPtr(ASTDeclarator):
+    def __init__(self, className: ASTNestedName,
+                 const: bool, volatile: bool, next: ASTDeclarator) -> None:
+        assert className
+        assert next
+        self.className = className
+        self.const = const
+        self.volatile = volatile
+        self.next = next
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.next.name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.next.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.next.isPack
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        return self.next.function_params
+
+    @property
+    def trailingReturn(self) -> ASTType:
+        return self.next.trailingReturn
+
+    def require_space_after_declSpecs(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.className))
+        res.append('::*')
+        if self.volatile:
+            res.append('volatile')
+        if self.const:
+            if self.volatile:
+                res.append(' ')
+            res.append('const')
+        if self.next.require_space_after_declSpecs():
+            res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.next))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_modifiers_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return self.next.get_modifiers_id(version)
+
+    def get_param_id(self, version: int) -> str:  # only the parameters (if any)
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return self.next.get_param_id(version)
+
+    def get_ptr_suffix_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        raise NotImplementedError
+        return self.next.get_ptr_suffix_id(version) + 'Dp'
+
+    def get_type_id(self, version: int, returnTypeId: str) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # ReturnType name::* next, so we are part of the return type of next
+        nextReturnTypeId = ''
+        if self.volatile:
+            nextReturnTypeId += 'V'
+        if self.const:
+            nextReturnTypeId += 'K'
+        nextReturnTypeId += 'M'
+        nextReturnTypeId += self.className.get_id(version)
+        nextReturnTypeId += returnTypeId
+        return self.next.get_type_id(version, nextReturnTypeId)
+
+    def is_function_type(self) -> bool:
+        return self.next.is_function_type()
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        self.className.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('::', '::')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('*', '*')
+
+        def _add_anno(signode: TextElement, text: str) -> None:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(text, text)
+        if self.volatile:
+            _add_anno(signode, 'volatile')
+        if self.const:
+            if self.volatile:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            _add_anno(signode, 'const')
+        if self.next.require_space_after_declSpecs():
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.next.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTDeclaratorParen(ASTDeclarator):
+    def __init__(self, inner: ASTDeclarator, next: ASTDeclarator) -> None:
+        assert inner
+        assert next
+        self.inner = inner
+        self.next = next
+        # TODO: we assume the name, params, and qualifiers are in inner
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.inner.name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.inner.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.inner.isPack or self.next.isPack
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        return self.inner.function_params
+
+    @property
+    def trailingReturn(self) -> ASTType:
+        return self.inner.trailingReturn
+
+    def require_space_after_declSpecs(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = ['(']
+        res.append(transform(self.inner))
+        res.append(')')
+        res.append(transform(self.next))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_modifiers_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return self.inner.get_modifiers_id(version)
+
+    def get_param_id(self, version: int) -> str:  # only the parameters (if any)
+        return self.inner.get_param_id(version)
+
+    def get_ptr_suffix_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError  # TODO: was this implemented before?
+            return self.next.get_ptr_suffix_id(version) + \
+                self.inner.get_ptr_suffix_id(version)
+        return self.inner.get_ptr_suffix_id(version) + \
+            self.next.get_ptr_suffix_id(version)
+
+    def get_type_id(self, version: int, returnTypeId: str) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # ReturnType (inner)next, so 'inner' returns everything outside
+        nextId = self.next.get_type_id(version, returnTypeId)
+        return self.inner.get_type_id(version, returnTypeId=nextId)
+
+    def is_function_type(self) -> bool:
+        return self.inner.is_function_type()
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        self.inner.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+        self.next.describe_signature(signode, "noneIsName", env, symbol)
+
+
+# Type and initializer stuff
+##############################################################################################
+
+class ASTPackExpansionExpr(ASTExpression):
+    def __init__(self, expr: ASTExpression | ASTBracedInitList) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return transform(self.expr) + '...'
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        id = self.expr.get_id(version)
+        return 'sp' + id
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+
+
+class ASTParenExprList(ASTBaseParenExprList):
+    def __init__(self, exprs: list[ASTExpression | ASTBracedInitList]) -> None:
+        self.exprs = exprs
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        return "pi%sE" % ''.join(e.get_id(version) for e in self.exprs)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        exprs = [transform(e) for e in self.exprs]
+        return '(%s)' % ', '.join(exprs)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('(', '(')
+        first = True
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            if not first:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            else:
+                first = False
+            e.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(')', ')')
+
+
+class ASTInitializer(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, value: ASTExpression | ASTBracedInitList,
+                 hasAssign: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.value = value
+        self.hasAssign = hasAssign
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        val = transform(self.value)
+        if self.hasAssign:
+            return ' = ' + val
+        else:
+            return val
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        if self.hasAssign:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('=', '=')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.value.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTType(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, declSpecs: ASTDeclSpecs, decl: ASTDeclarator) -> None:
+        assert declSpecs
+        assert decl
+        self.declSpecs = declSpecs
+        self.decl = decl
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.decl.name
+
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, name: ASTNestedName) -> None:
+        self.decl.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.decl.isPack
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        return self.decl.function_params
+
+    @property
+    def trailingReturn(self) -> ASTType:
+        return self.decl.trailingReturn
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None,
+               symbol: Symbol | None = None) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            res = []
+            if objectType:  # needs the name
+                if objectType == 'function':  # also modifiers
+                    res.append(symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version))
+                    res.append(self.decl.get_param_id(version))
+                    res.append(self.decl.get_modifiers_id(version))
+                    if (self.declSpecs.leftSpecs.constexpr or
+                            (self.declSpecs.rightSpecs and
+                             self.declSpecs.rightSpecs.constexpr)):
+                        res.append('CE')
+                elif objectType == 'type':  # just the name
+                    res.append(symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version))
+                else:
+                    raise AssertionError(objectType)
+            else:  # only type encoding
+                if self.decl.is_function_type():
+                    raise NoOldIdError
+                res.append(self.declSpecs.get_id(version))
+                res.append(self.decl.get_ptr_suffix_id(version))
+                res.append(self.decl.get_param_id(version))
+            return ''.join(res)
+        # other versions
+        res = []
+        if objectType:  # needs the name
+            if objectType == 'function':  # also modifiers
+                modifiers = self.decl.get_modifiers_id(version)
+                res.append(symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version, modifiers))
+                if version >= 4:
+                    # with templates we need to mangle the return type in as well
+                    templ = symbol.declaration.templatePrefix
+                    if templ is not None:
+                        typeId = self.decl.get_ptr_suffix_id(version)
+                        if self.trailingReturn:
+                            returnTypeId = self.trailingReturn.get_id(version)
+                        else:
+                            returnTypeId = self.declSpecs.get_id(version)
+                        res.append(typeId)
+                        res.append(returnTypeId)
+                res.append(self.decl.get_param_id(version))
+            elif objectType == 'type':  # just the name
+                res.append(symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version))
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError(objectType)
+        else:  # only type encoding
+            # the 'returnType' of a non-function type is simply just the last
+            # type, i.e., for 'int*' it is 'int'
+            returnTypeId = self.declSpecs.get_id(version)
+            typeId = self.decl.get_type_id(version, returnTypeId)
+            res.append(typeId)
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        declSpecs = transform(self.declSpecs)
+        res.append(declSpecs)
+        if self.decl.require_space_after_declSpecs() and len(declSpecs) > 0:
+            res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.decl))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_type_declaration_prefix(self) -> str:
+        if self.declSpecs.trailingTypeSpec:
+            return 'typedef'
+        else:
+            return 'type'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        self.declSpecs.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+        if (self.decl.require_space_after_declSpecs() and
+                len(str(self.declSpecs)) > 0):
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        # for parameters that don't really declare new names we get 'markType',
+        # this should not be propagated, but be 'noneIsName'.
+        if mode == 'markType':
+            mode = 'noneIsName'
+        self.decl.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTTemplateParamConstrainedTypeWithInit(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, type: ASTType, init: ASTType) -> None:
+        assert type
+        self.type = type
+        self.init = init
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.type.name
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.type.isPack
+
+    def get_id(
+        self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None, symbol: Symbol | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        # this is not part of the normal name mangling in C++
+        assert version >= 2
+        if symbol:
+            # the anchor will be our parent
+            return symbol.parent.declaration.get_id(version, prefixed=False)
+        else:
+            return self.type.get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = transform(self.type)
+        if self.init:
+            res += " = "
+            res += transform(self.init)
+        return res
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.type.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if self.init:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('=', '=')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.init.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTTypeWithInit(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, type: ASTType, init: ASTInitializer) -> None:
+        self.type = type
+        self.init = init
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.type.name
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.type.isPack
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None,
+               symbol: Symbol | None = None) -> str:
+        if objectType != 'member':
+            return self.type.get_id(version, objectType)
+        if version == 1:
+            return (symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version) + '__' +
+                    self.type.get_id(version))
+        return symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.type))
+        if self.init:
+            res.append(transform(self.init))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        self.type.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if self.init:
+            self.init.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTTypeUsing(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, name: ASTNestedName, type: ASTType | None) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.type = type
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None,
+               symbol: Symbol | None = None) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.name))
+        if self.type:
+            res.append(' = ')
+            res.append(transform(self.type))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_type_declaration_prefix(self) -> str:
+        return 'using'
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        self.name.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol=symbol)
+        if self.type:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('=', '=')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.type.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol=symbol)
+
+
+# Other declarations
+##############################################################################################
+
+class ASTConcept(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, nestedName: ASTNestedName, initializer: ASTInitializer) -> None:
+        self.nestedName = nestedName
+        self.initializer = initializer
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.nestedName
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None,
+               symbol: Symbol | None = None) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = transform(self.nestedName)
+        if self.initializer:
+            res += transform(self.initializer)
+        return res
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.nestedName.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if self.initializer:
+            self.initializer.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTBaseClass(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, name: ASTNestedName, visibility: str,
+                 virtual: bool, pack: bool) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.visibility = visibility
+        self.virtual = virtual
+        self.pack = pack
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.visibility is not None:
+            res.append(self.visibility)
+            res.append(' ')
+        if self.virtual:
+            res.append('virtual ')
+        res.append(transform(self.name))
+        if self.pack:
+            res.append('...')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        if self.visibility is not None:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.visibility,
+                                                 self.visibility)
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        if self.virtual:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('virtual', 'virtual')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.name.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol=symbol)
+        if self.pack:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+
+
+class ASTClass(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, name: ASTNestedName, final: bool, bases: list[ASTBaseClass],
+                 attrs: ASTAttributeList) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.final = final
+        self.bases = bases
+        self.attrs = attrs
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, objectType: str, symbol: Symbol) -> str:
+        return symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.attrs))
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.name))
+        if self.final:
+            res.append(' final')
+        if len(self.bases) > 0:
+            res.append(' : ')
+            first = True
+            for b in self.bases:
+                if not first:
+                    res.append(', ')
+                first = False
+                res.append(transform(b))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        self.attrs.describe_signature(signode)
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.name.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol=symbol)
+        if self.final:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('final', 'final')
+        if len(self.bases) > 0:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(':', ':')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            for b in self.bases:
+                b.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol=symbol)
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode.pop()
+            signode.pop()
+
+
+class ASTUnion(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, name: ASTNestedName, attrs: ASTAttributeList) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.attrs = attrs
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, objectType: str, symbol: Symbol) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.attrs))
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.name))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        self.attrs.describe_signature(signode)
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.name.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol=symbol)
+
+
+class ASTEnum(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, name: ASTNestedName, scoped: str, underlyingType: ASTType,
+                 attrs: ASTAttributeList) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.scoped = scoped
+        self.underlyingType = underlyingType
+        self.attrs = attrs
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, objectType: str, symbol: Symbol) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.scoped:
+            res.append(self.scoped)
+            res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.attrs))
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            res.append(' ')
+        res.append(transform(self.name))
+        if self.underlyingType:
+            res.append(' : ')
+            res.append(transform(self.underlyingType))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        # self.scoped has been done by the CPPEnumObject
+        self.attrs.describe_signature(signode)
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.name.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol=symbol)
+        if self.underlyingType:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(':', ':')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.underlyingType.describe_signature(signode, 'noneIsName',
+                                                   env, symbol=symbol)
+
+
+class ASTEnumerator(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, name: ASTNestedName, init: ASTInitializer | None,
+                 attrs: ASTAttributeList) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.init = init
+        self.attrs = attrs
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, objectType: str, symbol: Symbol) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            raise NoOldIdError
+        return symbol.get_full_nested_name().get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.name))
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(transform(self.attrs))
+        if self.init:
+            res.append(transform(self.init))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        self.name.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if len(self.attrs) != 0:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.attrs.describe_signature(signode)
+        if self.init:
+            self.init.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+
+
+################################################################################
+# Templates
+################################################################################
+
+# Parameters
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTTemplateParam(ASTBase):
+    def get_identifier(self) -> ASTIdentifier:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    def describe_signature(self, parentNode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        raise NotImplementedError(repr(self))
+
+
+class ASTTemplateKeyParamPackIdDefault(ASTTemplateParam):
+    def __init__(self, key: str, identifier: ASTIdentifier,
+                 parameterPack: bool, default: ASTType) -> None:
+        assert key
+        if parameterPack:
+            assert default is None
+        self.key = key
+        self.identifier = identifier
+        self.parameterPack = parameterPack
+        self.default = default
+
+    def get_identifier(self) -> ASTIdentifier:
+        return self.identifier
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # this is not part of the normal name mangling in C++
+        res = []
+        if self.parameterPack:
+            res.append('Dp')
+        else:
+            res.append('0')  # we need to put something
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = [self.key]
+        if self.parameterPack:
+            if self.identifier:
+                res.append(' ')
+            res.append('...')
+        if self.identifier:
+            if not self.parameterPack:
+                res.append(' ')
+            res.append(transform(self.identifier))
+        if self.default:
+            res.append(' = ')
+            res.append(transform(self.default))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.key, self.key)
+        if self.parameterPack:
+            if self.identifier:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+        if self.identifier:
+            if not self.parameterPack:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.identifier.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, '', '', symbol)
+        if self.default:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('=', '=')
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.default.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTTemplateParamType(ASTTemplateParam):
+    def __init__(self, data: ASTTemplateKeyParamPackIdDefault) -> None:
+        assert data
+        self.data = data
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        id = self.get_identifier()
+        return ASTNestedName([ASTNestedNameElement(id, None)], [False], rooted=False)
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.data.parameterPack
+
+    def get_identifier(self) -> ASTIdentifier:
+        return self.data.get_identifier()
+
+    def get_id(
+        self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None, symbol: Symbol | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        # this is not part of the normal name mangling in C++
+        assert version >= 2
+        if symbol:
+            # the anchor will be our parent
+            return symbol.parent.declaration.get_id(version, prefixed=False)
+        else:
+            return self.data.get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return transform(self.data)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.data.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTTemplateParamTemplateType(ASTTemplateParam):
+    def __init__(self, nestedParams: ASTTemplateParams,
+                 data: ASTTemplateKeyParamPackIdDefault) -> None:
+        assert nestedParams
+        assert data
+        self.nestedParams = nestedParams
+        self.data = data
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        id = self.get_identifier()
+        return ASTNestedName([ASTNestedNameElement(id, None)], [False], rooted=False)
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.data.parameterPack
+
+    def get_identifier(self) -> ASTIdentifier:
+        return self.data.get_identifier()
+
+    def get_id(
+        self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None, symbol: Symbol | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # this is not part of the normal name mangling in C++
+        if symbol:
+            # the anchor will be our parent
+            return symbol.parent.declaration.get_id(version, prefixed=None)
+        else:
+            return self.nestedParams.get_id(version) + self.data.get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return transform(self.nestedParams) + transform(self.data)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.nestedParams.describe_signature(signode, 'noneIsName', env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.data.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+class ASTTemplateParamNonType(ASTTemplateParam):
+    def __init__(self,
+                 param: ASTTypeWithInit | ASTTemplateParamConstrainedTypeWithInit,
+                 parameterPack: bool = False) -> None:
+        assert param
+        self.param = param
+        self.parameterPack = parameterPack
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        id = self.get_identifier()
+        return ASTNestedName([ASTNestedNameElement(id, None)], [False], rooted=False)
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.param.isPack or self.parameterPack
+
+    def get_identifier(self) -> ASTIdentifier:
+        name = self.param.name
+        if name:
+            assert len(name.names) == 1
+            assert name.names[0].identOrOp
+            assert not name.names[0].templateArgs
+            res = name.names[0].identOrOp
+            assert isinstance(res, ASTIdentifier)
+            return res
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def get_id(
+        self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None, symbol: Symbol | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # this is not part of the normal name mangling in C++
+        if symbol:
+            # the anchor will be our parent
+            return symbol.parent.declaration.get_id(version, prefixed=None)
+        else:
+            res = '_'
+            if self.parameterPack:
+                res += 'Dp'
+            return res + self.param.get_id(version)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = transform(self.param)
+        if self.parameterPack:
+            res += '...'
+        return res
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        self.param.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if self.parameterPack:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+
+
+class ASTTemplateParams(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, params: list[ASTTemplateParam],
+                 requiresClause: ASTRequiresClause | None) -> None:
+        assert params is not None
+        self.params = params
+        self.requiresClause = requiresClause
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, excludeRequires: bool = False) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        res = []
+        res.append("I")
+        res.extend(param.get_id(version) for param in self.params)
+        res.append("E")
+        if not excludeRequires and self.requiresClause:
+            res.extend(['IQ', self.requiresClause.expr.get_id(version), 'E'])
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append("template<")
+        res.append(", ".join(transform(a) for a in self.params))
+        res.append("> ")
+        if self.requiresClause is not None:
+            res.append(transform(self.requiresClause))
+            res.append(" ")
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('template', 'template')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('<', '<')
+        first = True
+        for param in self.params:
+            if not first:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            first = False
+            param.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('>', '>')
+        if self.requiresClause is not None:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            self.requiresClause.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+    def describe_signature_as_introducer(
+            self, parentNode: desc_signature, mode: str, env: BuildEnvironment,
+            symbol: Symbol, lineSpec: bool) -> None:
+        def makeLine(parentNode: desc_signature) -> addnodes.desc_signature_line:
+            signode = addnodes.desc_signature_line()
+            parentNode += signode
+            signode.sphinx_line_type = 'templateParams'
+            return signode
+        lineNode = makeLine(parentNode)
+        lineNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('template', 'template')
+        lineNode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('<', '<')
+        first = True
+        for param in self.params:
+            if not first:
+                lineNode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+                lineNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            first = False
+            if lineSpec:
+                lineNode = makeLine(parentNode)
+            param.describe_signature(lineNode, mode, env, symbol)
+        if lineSpec and not first:
+            lineNode = makeLine(parentNode)
+        lineNode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('>', '>')
+        if self.requiresClause:
+            reqNode = addnodes.desc_signature_line()
+            reqNode.sphinx_line_type = 'requiresClause'
+            parentNode += reqNode
+            self.requiresClause.describe_signature(reqNode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+
+
+# Template introducers
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTTemplateIntroductionParameter(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, identifier: ASTIdentifier, parameterPack: bool) -> None:
+        self.identifier = identifier
+        self.parameterPack = parameterPack
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        id = self.get_identifier()
+        return ASTNestedName([ASTNestedNameElement(id, None)], [False], rooted=False)
+
+    @property
+    def isPack(self) -> bool:
+        return self.parameterPack
+
+    def get_identifier(self) -> ASTIdentifier:
+        return self.identifier
+
+    def get_id(
+        self, version: int, objectType: str | None = None, symbol: Symbol | None = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # this is not part of the normal name mangling in C++
+        if symbol:
+            # the anchor will be our parent
+            return symbol.parent.declaration.get_id(version, prefixed=None)
+        else:
+            if self.parameterPack:
+                return 'Dp'
+            else:
+                return '0'  # we need to put something
+
+    def get_id_as_arg(self, version: int) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # used for the implicit requires clause
+        res = self.identifier.get_id(version)
+        if self.parameterPack:
+            return 'sp' + res
+        else:
+            return res
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.parameterPack:
+            res.append('...')
+        res.append(transform(self.identifier))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        if self.parameterPack:
+            signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('...', '...')
+        self.identifier.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, '', '', symbol)
+
+
+class ASTTemplateIntroduction(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, concept: ASTNestedName,
+                 params: list[ASTTemplateIntroductionParameter]) -> None:
+        assert len(params) > 0
+        self.concept = concept
+        self.params = params
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        return ''.join([
+            # first do the same as a normal template parameter list
+            "I",
+            *(param.get_id(version) for param in self.params),
+            "E",
+            # let's use X expr E, which is otherwise for constant template args
+            "X",
+            self.concept.get_id(version),
+            "I",
+            *(param.get_id_as_arg(version) for param in self.params),
+            "E",
+            "E",
+        ])
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        res.append(transform(self.concept))
+        res.append('{')
+        res.append(', '.join(transform(param) for param in self.params))
+        res.append('} ')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature_as_introducer(
+            self, parentNode: desc_signature, mode: str,
+            env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol, lineSpec: bool) -> None:
+        # Note: 'lineSpec' has no effect on template introductions.
+        signode = addnodes.desc_signature_line()
+        parentNode += signode
+        signode.sphinx_line_type = 'templateIntroduction'
+        self.concept.describe_signature(signode, 'markType', env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('{', '{')
+        first = True
+        for param in self.params:
+            if not first:
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(',', ',')
+                signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            first = False
+            param.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation('}', '}')
+
+
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTTemplateDeclarationPrefix(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self,
+                 templates: list[ASTTemplateParams | ASTTemplateIntroduction] | None) -> None:
+        # templates is None means it's an explicit instantiation of a variable
+        self.templates = templates
+
+    def get_requires_clause_in_last(self) -> ASTRequiresClause | None:
+        if self.templates is None:
+            return None
+        lastList = self.templates[-1]
+        if not isinstance(lastList, ASTTemplateParams):
+            return None
+        return lastList.requiresClause  # which may be None
+
+    def get_id_except_requires_clause_in_last(self, version: int) -> str:
+        assert version >= 2
+        # This is not part of the Itanium ABI mangling system.
+        res = []
+        lastIndex = len(self.templates) - 1
+        for i, t in enumerate(self.templates):
+            if isinstance(t, ASTTemplateParams):
+                res.append(t.get_id(version, excludeRequires=(i == lastIndex)))
+            else:
+                res.append(t.get_id(version))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return ''.join(map(transform, self.templates))
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: desc_signature, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol, lineSpec: bool) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        for t in self.templates:
+            t.describe_signature_as_introducer(signode, 'lastIsName', env, symbol, lineSpec)
+
+
+class ASTRequiresClause(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, expr: ASTExpression) -> None:
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        return 'requires ' + transform(self.expr)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: nodes.TextElement, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, symbol: Symbol) -> None:
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('requires', 'requires')
+        signode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        self.expr.describe_signature(signode, mode, env, symbol)
+
+
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+
+class ASTDeclaration(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, objectType: str, directiveType: str | None = None,
+                 visibility: str | None = None,
+                 templatePrefix: ASTTemplateDeclarationPrefix | None = None,
+                 declaration: Any = None,
+                 trailingRequiresClause: ASTRequiresClause | None = None,
+                 semicolon: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.objectType = objectType
+        self.directiveType = directiveType
+        self.visibility = visibility
+        self.templatePrefix = templatePrefix
+        self.declaration = declaration
+        self.trailingRequiresClause = trailingRequiresClause
+        self.semicolon = semicolon
+
+        self.symbol: Symbol | None = None
+        # set by CPPObject._add_enumerator_to_parent
+        self.enumeratorScopedSymbol: Symbol | None = None
+
+        # the cache assumes that by the time get_newest_id is called, no
+        # further changes will be made to this object
+        self._newest_id_cache: str | None = None
+
+    def clone(self) -> ASTDeclaration:
+        templatePrefixClone = self.templatePrefix.clone() if self.templatePrefix else None
+        trailingRequiresClasueClone = self.trailingRequiresClause.clone() \
+            if self.trailingRequiresClause else None
+        return ASTDeclaration(self.objectType, self.directiveType, self.visibility,
+                              templatePrefixClone,
+                              self.declaration.clone(), trailingRequiresClasueClone,
+                              self.semicolon)
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> ASTNestedName:
+        return self.declaration.name
+
+    @property
+    def function_params(self) -> list[ASTFunctionParameter]:
+        if self.objectType != 'function':
+            return None
+        return self.declaration.function_params
+
+    def get_id(self, version: int, prefixed: bool = True) -> str:
+        if version == 1:
+            if self.templatePrefix or self.trailingRequiresClause:
+                raise NoOldIdError
+            if self.objectType == 'enumerator' and self.enumeratorScopedSymbol:
+                return self.enumeratorScopedSymbol.declaration.get_id(version)
+            return self.declaration.get_id(version, self.objectType, self.symbol)
+        # version >= 2
+        if self.objectType == 'enumerator' and self.enumeratorScopedSymbol:
+            return self.enumeratorScopedSymbol.declaration.get_id(version, prefixed)
+        if prefixed:
+            res = [_id_prefix[version]]
+        else:
+            res = []
+        # (See also https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/pull/10286#issuecomment-1168102147)
+        # The first implementation of requires clauses only supported a single clause after the
+        # template prefix, and no trailing clause. It put the ID after the template parameter
+        # list, i.e.,
+        #    "I" + template_parameter_list_id + "E" + "IQ" + requires_clause_id + "E"
+        # but the second implementation associates the requires clause with each list, i.e.,
+        #    "I" + template_parameter_list_id + "IQ" + requires_clause_id + "E" + "E"
+        # To avoid making a new ID version, we make an exception for the last requires clause
+        # in the template prefix, and still put it in the end.
+        # As we now support trailing requires clauses we add that as if it was a conjunction.
+        if self.templatePrefix is not None:
+            res.append(self.templatePrefix.get_id_except_requires_clause_in_last(version))
+            requiresClauseInLast = self.templatePrefix.get_requires_clause_in_last()
+        else:
+            requiresClauseInLast = None
+
+        if requiresClauseInLast or self.trailingRequiresClause:
+            if version < 4:
+                raise NoOldIdError
+            res.append('IQ')
+            if requiresClauseInLast and self.trailingRequiresClause:
+                # make a conjunction of them
+                res.append('aa')
+            if requiresClauseInLast:
+                res.append(requiresClauseInLast.expr.get_id(version))
+            if self.trailingRequiresClause:
+                res.append(self.trailingRequiresClause.expr.get_id(version))
+            res.append('E')
+        res.append(self.declaration.get_id(version, self.objectType, self.symbol))
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def get_newest_id(self) -> str:
+        if self._newest_id_cache is None:
+            self._newest_id_cache = self.get_id(_max_id, True)
+        return self._newest_id_cache
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.visibility and self.visibility != "public":
+            res.append(self.visibility)
+            res.append(' ')
+        if self.templatePrefix:
+            res.append(transform(self.templatePrefix))
+        res.append(transform(self.declaration))
+        if self.trailingRequiresClause:
+            res.append(' ')
+            res.append(transform(self.trailingRequiresClause))
+        if self.semicolon:
+            res.append(';')
+        return ''.join(res)
+
+    def describe_signature(self, signode: desc_signature, mode: str,
+                           env: BuildEnvironment, options: dict[str, bool]) -> None:
+        verify_description_mode(mode)
+        assert self.symbol
+        # The caller of the domain added a desc_signature node.
+        # Always enable multiline:
+        signode['is_multiline'] = True
+        # Put each line in a desc_signature_line node.
+        mainDeclNode = addnodes.desc_signature_line()
+        mainDeclNode.sphinx_line_type = 'declarator'
+        mainDeclNode['add_permalink'] = not self.symbol.isRedeclaration
+
+        if self.templatePrefix:
+            self.templatePrefix.describe_signature(signode, mode, env,
+                                                   symbol=self.symbol,
+                                                   lineSpec=options.get('tparam-line-spec'))
+        signode += mainDeclNode
+        if self.visibility and self.visibility != "public":
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.visibility, self.visibility)
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        if self.objectType == 'type':
+            prefix = self.declaration.get_type_declaration_prefix()
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(prefix, prefix)
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        elif self.objectType == 'concept':
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('concept', 'concept')
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        elif self.objectType in {'member', 'function'}:
+            pass
+        elif self.objectType == 'class':
+            assert self.directiveType in ('class', 'struct')
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword(self.directiveType, self.directiveType)
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        elif self.objectType == 'union':
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('union', 'union')
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        elif self.objectType == 'enum':
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('enum', 'enum')
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            if self.directiveType == 'enum-class':
+                mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('class', 'class')
+                mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            elif self.directiveType == 'enum-struct':
+                mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('struct', 'struct')
+                mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+            else:
+                assert self.directiveType == 'enum', self.directiveType
+        elif self.objectType == 'enumerator':
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_keyword('enumerator', 'enumerator')
+            mainDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_space()
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(self.objectType)
+        self.declaration.describe_signature(mainDeclNode, mode, env, self.symbol)
+        lastDeclNode = mainDeclNode
+        if self.trailingRequiresClause:
+            trailingReqNode = addnodes.desc_signature_line()
+            trailingReqNode.sphinx_line_type = 'trailingRequiresClause'
+            signode.append(trailingReqNode)
+            lastDeclNode = trailingReqNode
+            self.trailingRequiresClause.describe_signature(
+                trailingReqNode, 'markType', env, self.symbol)
+        if self.semicolon:
+            lastDeclNode += addnodes.desc_sig_punctuation(';', ';')
+
+
+class ASTNamespace(ASTBase):
+    def __init__(self, nestedName: ASTNestedName,
+                 templatePrefix: ASTTemplateDeclarationPrefix) -> None:
+        self.nestedName = nestedName
+        self.templatePrefix = templatePrefix
+
+    def _stringify(self, transform: StringifyTransform) -> str:
+        res = []
+        if self.templatePrefix:
+            res.append(transform(self.templatePrefix))
+        res.append(transform(self.nestedName))
+        return ''.join(res)