bmad-plus 0.7.5 → 0.9.0

package/src/bmad-plus/packs/pack-shield/references/eu-ai-act/obligations-high-risk.md

@@ -1,287 +1,287 @@
-# EU AI Act — High-Risk AI System Obligations Reference
-
-All obligations below apply to **providers** unless stated otherwise. Annex III systems: applies from **2 August 2026**. Annex I safety component systems: applies from **2 August 2027**.
-
----
-
-## Art. 9 — Risk Management System
-
-**Purpose:** Identify and mitigate risks to health, safety, and fundamental rights throughout the AI system lifecycle.
-
-**Requirements:**
-- Continuous, iterative process maintained from development through decommissioning
-- Must cover **all phases**: development, testing, pre-deployment assessment, post-market monitoring
-- **5-step process:**
-  1. Identify all known and reasonably foreseeable risks (normal use, reasonably foreseeable misuse)
-  2. Estimate and evaluate risks under all intended and reasonably foreseeable uses
-  3. Evaluate risks emerging from post-market monitoring data
-  4. Adopt appropriate and targeted risk mitigation measures (Art. 9(4))
-  5. Assess residual risk acceptability; document reasoning
-- **Risk mitigation priority hierarchy (Art. 9(4)):**
-  1. Design-based risk elimination first
-  2. Adequate mitigation measures if elimination not possible
-  3. Information provision to deployers and users
-- **Testing (Art. 9(7)):** Before market placement; against pre-defined metrics and probabilistic thresholds; representative test data
-- **Under-18 impact:** Special attention required for systems likely to adversely impact minors
-
-**Documentation required:** Risk management system must be documented and form part of technical documentation (Art. 11, Annex IV).
-
----
-
-## Art. 10 — Data and Data Governance
-
-**Purpose:** Ensure training, validation, and testing datasets are appropriate for the intended purpose.
-
-**Dataset requirements (Art. 10(2)):**
-- Relevant to intended purpose
-- Sufficiently representative of the persons/contexts the system will encounter
-- Free of errors (where appropriate)
-- Complete for the intended purpose
-- Statistically appropriate for target geographic, contextual, and behavioral population
-
-**Data governance practices (Art. 10(3)):**
-- Design choices documentation
-- Data collection method documentation
-- Data origin examination and documentation
-- Annotation, labeling, cleaning, enrichment, and aggregation procedures
-- Bias examination and identification
-- Gap identification in relevant properties
-
-**Special category data (Art. 10(5)) — bias detection exception:**
-Processing of special-category personal data (GDPR Art. 9) permitted ONLY when ALL conditions met:
-1. No adequate alternative data source exists
-2. Technical and organizational protections are in place (anonymization, pseudonymization where possible)
-3. Access controls ensure minimum necessary access
-4. No third-party data transfer
-5. Data deleted upon completion of bias detection
-6. Documented justification maintained
-
----
-
-## Art. 11 — Technical Documentation
-
-**Who:** Providers (before market placement), kept up-to-date throughout lifecycle.
-
-**Content specified in Annex IV:**
-- General description: intended purpose, provider identity, version, interactions with other systems
-- Detailed description of elements and development process: training methodologies, design choices, algorithms, data used
-- Information about training data (including general description, origin, annotation procedures, design choices)
-- Assessment of the measures required to interpret outputs and enable human oversight
-- Detailed description of the system design (architecture, source code or training code access if applicable)
-- Validation and testing: procedures, applied metrics, performance benchmarks, testing datasets
-- Risk management system documentation (Art. 9)
-- Changes made to system over lifecycle
-- List of harmonised standards applied (or description of alternative solutions for conformity)
-- EU Declaration of Conformity
-
-**Retention:** 10 years after market placement or putting into service.
-
----
-
-## Art. 12 — Record-Keeping / Automatic Logging
-
-**Who:** Providers must build in automatic logging capability; deployers must retain logs.
-
-**Provider obligations:**
-- High-risk systems must be capable of automatically generating event logs throughout operation
-- Logging capability enables post-deployment reconstruction of circumstances surrounding risks
-- For biometric identification: logs must enable identification of persons involved and circumstances
-
-**Deployer obligations (Art. 26(6)):**
-- Retain automatically generated logs for **minimum 6 months** from use, or as required by applicable Union/national law (whichever longer)
-- Public sector deployers: stricter retention may apply under public records obligations
-
----
-
-## Art. 13 — Transparency and Provision of Information to Deployers
-
-**Purpose:** Enable deployers to understand and correctly use the AI system.
-
-**System design requirement:** High-risk AI systems must be designed with sufficient transparency for deployers to interpret outputs and use appropriately.
-
-**Instructions for use must include:**
-- Provider identity, address, registration data
-- System characteristics, capabilities, and intended purpose
-- Performance metrics: level of accuracy, robustness, cybersecurity
-- Known or foreseeable circumstances that may lead to risks
-- System performance for specific persons/groups
-- Specifications for input data (data types, formats, dimensions)
-- Information on changes made vs prior versions
-- Human oversight measures (Art. 14) and technical measures to enable oversight
-- Computational resources required; expected system lifetime
-- Description of logging mechanisms (Art. 12)
-- Any predetermined modifications or updates
-
-**Format:** Concise, complete, correct, clear, relevant; provided in digital and, where appropriate, physical format; accessible to deployers in appropriate language.
-
----
-
-## Art. 14 — Human Oversight
-
-**Purpose:** Enable effective human monitoring during operation to identify and correct AI errors.
-
-**System design obligations (providers, Art. 14(3)):**
-High-risk AI systems must be designed to allow natural persons to:
-- Understand system capabilities and limitations
-- Recognize **automation bias** (over-reliance on AI outputs)
-- Correctly interpret AI outputs (including interpretability features)
-- Decide not to use, or disregard, override, or reverse AI outputs
-- Intervene through a **stop button** or similar interrupt mechanism
-
-**Deployer implementation obligations (Art. 14(4)):**
-- Assign human oversight to natural persons with necessary competence, authority, and resources
-- Train oversight persons on system capabilities/limitations and automation bias risk
-
-**Biometric identification specific (Art. 14(5)):**
-- Minimum **two separate persons** must independently verify and confirm identification before action is taken
-
-**Proportionality:** Oversight measures are built in by providers proportionate to risks and level of autonomy; deployers may need to supplement with organizational measures.
-
----
-
-## Art. 15 — Accuracy, Robustness, and Cybersecurity
-
-**Accuracy:**
-- System must achieve appropriate accuracy levels for intended purpose throughout its lifecycle
-- Declared accuracy levels and metrics must be in instructions for use (Art. 13)
-- Training, validation, and testing data must be statistically appropriate to achieve declared levels
-
-**Robustness:**
-- Resilience against errors, faults, or inconsistencies during operation and foreseeable misuse
-- Consistent performance throughout operational lifetime
-- Where appropriate: technical redundancy solutions, backup plans, fail-safe mechanisms
-- For continuous learning systems: eliminate/reduce risks of feedback loops amplifying biased outputs
-
-**Cybersecurity:**
-Resilience against attempts to alter use, outputs, or performance, including:
-- **Data poisoning attacks** (contaminating training data)
-- **Model poisoning attacks** (manipulating model weights)
-- **Adversarial examples** (crafted inputs causing misclassification)
-- **Confidentiality attacks** (extracting training data or model internals)
-- **Model flaws exploitation** (taking advantage of design weaknesses)
-
-**Technical solutions appropriate to context:** Air-gapping sensitive components, adversarial testing, input validation, output monitoring.
-
----
-
-## Art. 16 — Provider Obligations (Complete 12-Item Checklist)
-
-Before placing on market or putting into service, providers must:
-
-1. ☐ Ensure system complies with Section 2 requirements (Arts. 9–15)
-2. ☐ Display name, trademark, and contact address on system, packaging, or documentation
-3. ☐ Establish and implement quality management system (Art. 17)
-4. ☐ Keep technical documentation (Art. 11, Annex IV)
-5. ☐ Retain automatically generated logs (Art. 12) where under provider's control
-6. ☐ Complete required conformity assessment (Art. 43) before market placement
-7. ☐ Draw up EU Declaration of Conformity (Art. 47)
-8. ☐ Affix CE marking (Art. 48)
-9. ☐ Register in EU AI database (Art. 49) before market placement
-10. ☐ Take immediate corrective action for non-conforming systems; notify authorities and deployers (Art. 20)
-11. ☐ Demonstrate conformity upon request of national competent authority
-12. ☐ Ensure accessible design where required (Directives 2016/2102, 2019/882)
-
----
-
-## Art. 17 — Quality Management System (13 Required Components)
-
-Documented policies and procedures covering:
-
-1. **Regulatory compliance strategy** including conformity assessment procedures and modifications management
-2. **Design techniques** — procedures for designing, controlling, and verifying the AI system
-3. **Development quality control** procedures
-4. **Testing and validation** — before, during, and after development
-5. **Technical standards application** — harmonised standards and common specifications
-6. **Data management** — acquisition, labeling, storage, filtering, retention, cleaning procedures
-7. **Risk management** per Art. 9
-8. **Post-market monitoring** per Art. 72
-9. **Serious incident reporting** per Art. 73 — communication with national authorities
-10. **Authority communication** procedures for corrective actions and recalls (Art. 20)
-11. **Record-keeping and documentation** — retention periods and access procedures
-12. **Resource management** including supply-chain security measures
-13. **Accountability framework** — clear responsibility assignment for all above components
-
-**Proportionality:** QMS must be proportionate to provider organization size. Existing sectoral QMS may be adapted/integrated.
-
----
-
-## Art. 26 — Deployer Obligations
-
-1. **Instructions compliance:** Use system in accordance with provider's instructions for use (Art. 13)
-2. **Staff assignment:** Assign human oversight to persons with necessary competence, training, authority, and resources
-3. **Input data control:** Where deployer controls input data — ensure it is relevant and sufficiently representative
-4. **Continuous monitoring:** Monitor operations; if risk identified — notify provider/importer/distributor AND market surveillance authority; suspend use where appropriate
-5. **Serious incidents:** Immediately notify provider, then importer/distributor and market surveillance authority
-6. **Log retention:** Retain automatically generated logs for **at least 6 months**
-7. **Worker notification:** In employment/worker management contexts — inform workers and representatives before deployment
-8. **Public authority registration:** Public authorities must register use in EU AI database (Art. 60) before deployment; cannot use unregistered high-risk systems
-9. **GDPR:** Conduct data protection impact assessments where required under GDPR Art. 35
-10. **Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment:** Required for public authorities before deploying certain high-risk systems under Art. 27
-
----
-
-## Arts. 43–49 — Conformity Assessment and CE Marking
-
-### Art. 43 — Conformity Assessment Paths
-
-**Annex III — Point 1 Systems (Biometrics):** Provider chooses between:
-- **(A) Self-assessment** — Internal control via Annex VI procedure; OR
-- **(B) Notified body** — Third-party assessment under Annex VII (QMS review + technical documentation assessment)
-
-Notified body (B) is **mandatory** when:
-- No harmonised standards covering the system exist
-- Standards exist but provider has not applied them (or only partially)
-- Common specifications are unavailable or not used
-- Standards published with restrictions that limit presumption of conformity
-
-**Annex III — Points 2–8 Systems (Areas 2–8):** Self-assessment only — no notified body assessment available.
-
-**Annex I Products (safety components):** Conformity assessment integrated into the existing conformity procedure for the product under Annex I legislation.
-
-**Law enforcement / immigration / EU institutions:** Market surveillance authority acts as notified body.
-
-**Substantial modifications:** Require full reassessment; except predetermined learning modifications documented in original technical file and declared in conformity declaration.
-
-### Art. 47 — EU Declaration of Conformity
-- Drawn up by provider (or authorised representative); provider assumes full responsibility
-- Must confirm compliance with all applicable AI Act requirements (Section 2)
-- Must identify: system name, provider, version, intended purpose, conformity assessment procedure followed, standards applied
-- Machine-readable format; translation required into languages required by national authorities
-- Maintained for **10 years** from market placement
-
-### Art. 48 — CE Marking
-- Visible, legible, indelible affixation on system, packaging, or documentation
-- Only affixed after successful conformity assessment and drawing up of EU Declaration of Conformity
-- Subject to general principles of CE marking (Regulation 765/2008)
-- Affixed before market placement; re-affixed if system substantially modified
-
-### Arts. 49 and 60 — EU AI Database Registration
-
-**Provider registration (Art. 49):**
-- Before market placement (Annex III systems — Art. 6(2))
-- Information includes: provider/representative identity; system description, intended purpose, accuracy; conformity assessment procedure; CE marking notified body (if applicable)
-- Provider registration covers all deployers and users of that system
-
-**Public authority deployer registration (Art. 60):**
-- Before deployment of registered high-risk systems
-- Additional system-specific information for public authority use
-
-**Database operation:** Operational from 2 August 2026 (Commission responsibility, Art. 71).
-
-**Publicly accessible information vs. restricted:** Most information public; some law enforcement/immigration information accessible only to competent authorities.
-
----
-
-## Art. 27 — Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (FRIA)
-
-**Who:** Public authorities and bodies deploying high-risk AI systems in Annex III Areas 1, 2, 4, 5(b–d), 6, 7, and 8.
-
-**Content:**
-- Description of the deployer's processes in which the system will be used
-- Time period, frequency, and number of persons affected
-- The specific categories of persons likely to be affected
-- Specific risks of harm to categories of affected persons
-- Human oversight measures (Art. 14) planned
-- Measures to address fundamental rights risks
-
-**Relationship to GDPR DPIA:** Where GDPR DPIA is also required, the FRIA may be conducted alongside or integrated into the DPIA.
+# EU AI Act — High-Risk AI System Obligations Reference
+
+All obligations below apply to **providers** unless stated otherwise. Annex III systems: applies from **2 August 2026**. Annex I safety component systems: applies from **2 August 2027**.
+
+---
+
+## Art. 9 — Risk Management System
+
+**Purpose:** Identify and mitigate risks to health, safety, and fundamental rights throughout the AI system lifecycle.
+
+**Requirements:**
+- Continuous, iterative process maintained from development through decommissioning
+- Must cover **all phases**: development, testing, pre-deployment assessment, post-market monitoring
+- **5-step process:**
+  1. Identify all known and reasonably foreseeable risks (normal use, reasonably foreseeable misuse)
+  2. Estimate and evaluate risks under all intended and reasonably foreseeable uses
+  3. Evaluate risks emerging from post-market monitoring data
+  4. Adopt appropriate and targeted risk mitigation measures (Art. 9(4))
+  5. Assess residual risk acceptability; document reasoning
+- **Risk mitigation priority hierarchy (Art. 9(4)):**
+  1. Design-based risk elimination first
+  2. Adequate mitigation measures if elimination not possible
+  3. Information provision to deployers and users
+- **Testing (Art. 9(7)):** Before market placement; against pre-defined metrics and probabilistic thresholds; representative test data
+- **Under-18 impact:** Special attention required for systems likely to adversely impact minors
+
+**Documentation required:** Risk management system must be documented and form part of technical documentation (Art. 11, Annex IV).
+
+---
+
+## Art. 10 — Data and Data Governance
+
+**Purpose:** Ensure training, validation, and testing datasets are appropriate for the intended purpose.
+
+**Dataset requirements (Art. 10(2)):**
+- Relevant to intended purpose
+- Sufficiently representative of the persons/contexts the system will encounter
+- Free of errors (where appropriate)
+- Complete for the intended purpose
+- Statistically appropriate for target geographic, contextual, and behavioral population
+
+**Data governance practices (Art. 10(3)):**
+- Design choices documentation
+- Data collection method documentation
+- Data origin examination and documentation
+- Annotation, labeling, cleaning, enrichment, and aggregation procedures
+- Bias examination and identification
+- Gap identification in relevant properties
+
+**Special category data (Art. 10(5)) — bias detection exception:**
+Processing of special-category personal data (GDPR Art. 9) permitted ONLY when ALL conditions met:
+1. No adequate alternative data source exists
+2. Technical and organizational protections are in place (anonymization, pseudonymization where possible)
+3. Access controls ensure minimum necessary access
+4. No third-party data transfer
+5. Data deleted upon completion of bias detection
+6. Documented justification maintained
+
+---
+
+## Art. 11 — Technical Documentation
+
+**Who:** Providers (before market placement), kept up-to-date throughout lifecycle.
+
+**Content specified in Annex IV:**
+- General description: intended purpose, provider identity, version, interactions with other systems
+- Detailed description of elements and development process: training methodologies, design choices, algorithms, data used
+- Information about training data (including general description, origin, annotation procedures, design choices)
+- Assessment of the measures required to interpret outputs and enable human oversight
+- Detailed description of the system design (architecture, source code or training code access if applicable)
+- Validation and testing: procedures, applied metrics, performance benchmarks, testing datasets
+- Risk management system documentation (Art. 9)
+- Changes made to system over lifecycle
+- List of harmonised standards applied (or description of alternative solutions for conformity)
+- EU Declaration of Conformity
+
+**Retention:** 10 years after market placement or putting into service.
+
+---
+
+## Art. 12 — Record-Keeping / Automatic Logging
+
+**Who:** Providers must build in automatic logging capability; deployers must retain logs.
+
+**Provider obligations:**
+- High-risk systems must be capable of automatically generating event logs throughout operation
+- Logging capability enables post-deployment reconstruction of circumstances surrounding risks
+- For biometric identification: logs must enable identification of persons involved and circumstances
+
+**Deployer obligations (Art. 26(6)):**
+- Retain automatically generated logs for **minimum 6 months** from use, or as required by applicable Union/national law (whichever longer)
+- Public sector deployers: stricter retention may apply under public records obligations
+
+---
+
+## Art. 13 — Transparency and Provision of Information to Deployers
+
+**Purpose:** Enable deployers to understand and correctly use the AI system.
+
+**System design requirement:** High-risk AI systems must be designed with sufficient transparency for deployers to interpret outputs and use appropriately.
+
+**Instructions for use must include:**
+- Provider identity, address, registration data
+- System characteristics, capabilities, and intended purpose
+- Performance metrics: level of accuracy, robustness, cybersecurity
+- Known or foreseeable circumstances that may lead to risks
+- System performance for specific persons/groups
+- Specifications for input data (data types, formats, dimensions)
+- Information on changes made vs prior versions
+- Human oversight measures (Art. 14) and technical measures to enable oversight
+- Computational resources required; expected system lifetime
+- Description of logging mechanisms (Art. 12)
+- Any predetermined modifications or updates
+
+**Format:** Concise, complete, correct, clear, relevant; provided in digital and, where appropriate, physical format; accessible to deployers in appropriate language.
+
+---
+
+## Art. 14 — Human Oversight
+
+**Purpose:** Enable effective human monitoring during operation to identify and correct AI errors.
+
+**System design obligations (providers, Art. 14(3)):**
+High-risk AI systems must be designed to allow natural persons to:
+- Understand system capabilities and limitations
+- Recognize **automation bias** (over-reliance on AI outputs)
+- Correctly interpret AI outputs (including interpretability features)
+- Decide not to use, or disregard, override, or reverse AI outputs
+- Intervene through a **stop button** or similar interrupt mechanism
+
+**Deployer implementation obligations (Art. 14(4)):**
+- Assign human oversight to natural persons with necessary competence, authority, and resources
+- Train oversight persons on system capabilities/limitations and automation bias risk
+
+**Biometric identification specific (Art. 14(5)):**
+- Minimum **two separate persons** must independently verify and confirm identification before action is taken
+
+**Proportionality:** Oversight measures are built in by providers proportionate to risks and level of autonomy; deployers may need to supplement with organizational measures.
+
+---
+
+## Art. 15 — Accuracy, Robustness, and Cybersecurity
+
+**Accuracy:**
+- System must achieve appropriate accuracy levels for intended purpose throughout its lifecycle
+- Declared accuracy levels and metrics must be in instructions for use (Art. 13)
+- Training, validation, and testing data must be statistically appropriate to achieve declared levels
+
+**Robustness:**
+- Resilience against errors, faults, or inconsistencies during operation and foreseeable misuse
+- Consistent performance throughout operational lifetime
+- Where appropriate: technical redundancy solutions, backup plans, fail-safe mechanisms
+- For continuous learning systems: eliminate/reduce risks of feedback loops amplifying biased outputs
+
+**Cybersecurity:**
+Resilience against attempts to alter use, outputs, or performance, including:
+- **Data poisoning attacks** (contaminating training data)
+- **Model poisoning attacks** (manipulating model weights)
+- **Adversarial examples** (crafted inputs causing misclassification)
+- **Confidentiality attacks** (extracting training data or model internals)
+- **Model flaws exploitation** (taking advantage of design weaknesses)
+
+**Technical solutions appropriate to context:** Air-gapping sensitive components, adversarial testing, input validation, output monitoring.
+
+---
+
+## Art. 16 — Provider Obligations (Complete 12-Item Checklist)
+
+Before placing on market or putting into service, providers must:
+
+1. ☐ Ensure system complies with Section 2 requirements (Arts. 9–15)
+2. ☐ Display name, trademark, and contact address on system, packaging, or documentation
+3. ☐ Establish and implement quality management system (Art. 17)
+4. ☐ Keep technical documentation (Art. 11, Annex IV)
+5. ☐ Retain automatically generated logs (Art. 12) where under provider's control
+6. ☐ Complete required conformity assessment (Art. 43) before market placement
+7. ☐ Draw up EU Declaration of Conformity (Art. 47)
+8. ☐ Affix CE marking (Art. 48)
+9. ☐ Register in EU AI database (Art. 49) before market placement
+10. ☐ Take immediate corrective action for non-conforming systems; notify authorities and deployers (Art. 20)
+11. ☐ Demonstrate conformity upon request of national competent authority
+12. ☐ Ensure accessible design where required (Directives 2016/2102, 2019/882)
+
+---
+
+## Art. 17 — Quality Management System (13 Required Components)
+
+Documented policies and procedures covering:
+
+1. **Regulatory compliance strategy** including conformity assessment procedures and modifications management
+2. **Design techniques** — procedures for designing, controlling, and verifying the AI system
+3. **Development quality control** procedures
+4. **Testing and validation** — before, during, and after development
+5. **Technical standards application** — harmonised standards and common specifications
+6. **Data management** — acquisition, labeling, storage, filtering, retention, cleaning procedures
+7. **Risk management** per Art. 9
+8. **Post-market monitoring** per Art. 72
+9. **Serious incident reporting** per Art. 73 — communication with national authorities
+10. **Authority communication** procedures for corrective actions and recalls (Art. 20)
+11. **Record-keeping and documentation** — retention periods and access procedures
+12. **Resource management** including supply-chain security measures
+13. **Accountability framework** — clear responsibility assignment for all above components
+
+**Proportionality:** QMS must be proportionate to provider organization size. Existing sectoral QMS may be adapted/integrated.
+
+---
+
+## Art. 26 — Deployer Obligations
+
+1. **Instructions compliance:** Use system in accordance with provider's instructions for use (Art. 13)
+2. **Staff assignment:** Assign human oversight to persons with necessary competence, training, authority, and resources
+3. **Input data control:** Where deployer controls input data — ensure it is relevant and sufficiently representative
+4. **Continuous monitoring:** Monitor operations; if risk identified — notify provider/importer/distributor AND market surveillance authority; suspend use where appropriate
+5. **Serious incidents:** Immediately notify provider, then importer/distributor and market surveillance authority
+6. **Log retention:** Retain automatically generated logs for **at least 6 months**
+7. **Worker notification:** In employment/worker management contexts — inform workers and representatives before deployment
+8. **Public authority registration:** Public authorities must register use in EU AI database (Art. 60) before deployment; cannot use unregistered high-risk systems
+9. **GDPR:** Conduct data protection impact assessments where required under GDPR Art. 35
+10. **Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment:** Required for public authorities before deploying certain high-risk systems under Art. 27
+
+---
+
+## Arts. 43–49 — Conformity Assessment and CE Marking
+
+### Art. 43 — Conformity Assessment Paths
+
+**Annex III — Point 1 Systems (Biometrics):** Provider chooses between:
+- **(A) Self-assessment** — Internal control via Annex VI procedure; OR
+- **(B) Notified body** — Third-party assessment under Annex VII (QMS review + technical documentation assessment)
+
+Notified body (B) is **mandatory** when:
+- No harmonised standards covering the system exist
+- Standards exist but provider has not applied them (or only partially)
+- Common specifications are unavailable or not used
+- Standards published with restrictions that limit presumption of conformity
+
+**Annex III — Points 2–8 Systems (Areas 2–8):** Self-assessment only — no notified body assessment available.
+
+**Annex I Products (safety components):** Conformity assessment integrated into the existing conformity procedure for the product under Annex I legislation.
+
+**Law enforcement / immigration / EU institutions:** Market surveillance authority acts as notified body.
+
+**Substantial modifications:** Require full reassessment; except predetermined learning modifications documented in original technical file and declared in conformity declaration.
+
+### Art. 47 — EU Declaration of Conformity
+- Drawn up by provider (or authorised representative); provider assumes full responsibility
+- Must confirm compliance with all applicable AI Act requirements (Section 2)
+- Must identify: system name, provider, version, intended purpose, conformity assessment procedure followed, standards applied
+- Machine-readable format; translation required into languages required by national authorities
+- Maintained for **10 years** from market placement
+
+### Art. 48 — CE Marking
+- Visible, legible, indelible affixation on system, packaging, or documentation
+- Only affixed after successful conformity assessment and drawing up of EU Declaration of Conformity
+- Subject to general principles of CE marking (Regulation 765/2008)
+- Affixed before market placement; re-affixed if system substantially modified
+
+### Arts. 49 and 60 — EU AI Database Registration
+
+**Provider registration (Art. 49):**
+- Before market placement (Annex III systems — Art. 6(2))
+- Information includes: provider/representative identity; system description, intended purpose, accuracy; conformity assessment procedure; CE marking notified body (if applicable)
+- Provider registration covers all deployers and users of that system
+
+**Public authority deployer registration (Art. 60):**
+- Before deployment of registered high-risk systems
+- Additional system-specific information for public authority use
+
+**Database operation:** Operational from 2 August 2026 (Commission responsibility, Art. 71).
+
+**Publicly accessible information vs. restricted:** Most information public; some law enforcement/immigration information accessible only to competent authorities.
+
+---
+
+## Art. 27 — Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (FRIA)
+
+**Who:** Public authorities and bodies deploying high-risk AI systems in Annex III Areas 1, 2, 4, 5(b–d), 6, 7, and 8.
+
+**Content:**
+- Description of the deployer's processes in which the system will be used
+- Time period, frequency, and number of persons affected
+- The specific categories of persons likely to be affected
+- Specific risks of harm to categories of affected persons
+- Human oversight measures (Art. 14) planned
+- Measures to address fundamental rights risks
+
+**Relationship to GDPR DPIA:** Where GDPR DPIA is also required, the FRIA may be conducted alongside or integrated into the DPIA.