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bmad-plus 0.7.5 → 0.9.0

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-# ESRS Standards — Detailed Reference
-## Cross-Cutting Standards (Mandatory for All In-Scope Companies)
----
-### ESRS 1 — General Requirements
-**Purpose:** Sets the foundations for CSRD reporting — principles, structure, and the double materiality concept.
-**Key Requirements:**
-**Reporting Principles (paras. 1–18)**
-- Relevance, faithful representation, comparability, verifiability, understandability
-- Materiality-based reporting — only report what is material after DMA
-- Connected information — sustainability information must connect to financial statements
-**Double Materiality (paras. 19–44)**
-- Two perspectives: impact materiality + financial materiality
-- Both lenses must be applied; a topic is material if it meets EITHER criterion
-- DMA must cover own operations AND value chain
-**Value Chain (paras. 62–68)**
-- Must consider upstream (suppliers) and downstream (customers, end-users) value chain
-- Depth of value chain assessment scales with material impacts/risks
-- Where direct data unavailable, use proxy data / sector averages (disclose methodology)
-**Time Horizons (para. 72)**
-- Short-term: up to 1 year
-- Medium-term: 1–5 years
-- Long-term: beyond 5 years
-**Comparative Information (para. 86)**
-- Prior-year comparative data required for all quantitative disclosures
-**Transition Relief (paras. 118–134)**
-- Phase-in for Scope 3, ESRS S1 pay gap, some biodiversity datapoints
-- Listed SMEs may use simplified ESRS (voluntary standard pending)
----
-### ESRS 2 — General Disclosures
-**Purpose:** Mandatory disclosures on governance, strategy, and risk management applicable to all in-scope companies regardless of DMA outcome.
-**Status:** Fully mandatory — cannot be omitted even if all topical standards are found non-material.
-#### GOV — Governance
-**GOV-1: Role of the administrative, management and supervisory bodies**
-- Composition and diversity of governance bodies related to sustainability
-- Sustainability expertise of governance members
-- How governance bodies oversee sustainability strategy and IROs
-- Integration of sustainability in board agendas and reporting lines
-**GOV-2: Information provided to and sustainability matters addressed by the undertaking's administrative, management and supervisory bodies**
-- Frequency and nature of sustainability information provided to governing bodies
-- How governing bodies consider sustainability risks and opportunities in decision-making
-**GOV-3: Integration of sustainability-related performance in incentive schemes**
-- Whether and how ESG performance is integrated in executive/management remuneration
-- Proportion of remuneration linked to sustainability targets
-**GOV-4: Statement on due diligence**
-- Whether the company has a due diligence process aligned with international standards (UN Guiding Principles, OECD Guidelines)
-- How human rights and environmental due diligence is embedded in operations
-**GOV-5: Risk management and internal controls over sustainability reporting**
-- Internal control framework for sustainability reporting
-- How risks of material misstatement in sustainability data are managed
-#### SBM — Strategy and Business Model
-**SBM-1: Strategy, business model, and value chain**
-- Business model overview and key value drivers
-- How sustainability matters are integrated into strategy
-- Full value chain description (upstream, operations, downstream)
-- Significant products, services, markets, and geographies
-**SBM-2: Interests and views of stakeholders**
-- Stakeholder engagement process and which stakeholders were consulted
-- How stakeholder views influenced strategy and reporting
-- Linkage between stakeholder input and material IROs identified
-**SBM-3: Material impacts, risks and opportunities and their interaction with strategy and business model**
-- Output of the DMA: list of material topics
-- How material IROs interact with the business model and strategy
-- Financial effects: current financial effects and anticipated financial effects of material IROs
-- Resilience of strategy under different scenarios
-#### IRO — Impacts, Risks and Opportunities
-**IRO-1: Description of the processes to identify and assess material impacts, risks and opportunities**
-- DMA methodology: scope, process, tools, assessment criteria
-- How impact significance is assessed (scale, scope, irremediability, likelihood)
-- How financial risks/opportunities are identified and assessed
-- Stakeholders consulted and how their input was used
-- Any sector-specific guidance applied
----
-## Environmental Standards
-### ESRS E1 — Climate Change
-**Applicability:** Apply if material after DMA. Climate is presumed material for most large companies — requires compelling justification to omit.
-**Mandatory Datapoints Regardless of Materiality:**
-- E1-1: Transition plan for climate change mitigation (Art. 19a(2)(a) — legally required even if topic found non-material)
-- Energy consumption from fossil fuels (ESRS E1-5, para. 40)
-**Key Disclosures:**
-**E1-1: Transition plan for climate change mitigation**
-- Decarbonisation targets: 2030, 2040, 2050 aligned with 1.5°C
-- Planned actions and enablers
-- Financial resources allocated (capex, opex, R&D)
-- Role of carbon offsets (must distinguish from own-emission reductions)
-- Locked-in GHG assets and stranded asset risk
-- EU Taxonomy alignment targets
-**E1-2: Policies related to climate change mitigation and adaptation**
-- Scope of policies (own operations / value chain)
-- Climate risk management policies
-- Net-zero ambition and pathway description
-**E1-3: Actions and resources in relation to climate change policies**
-- Decarbonisation action plan with timelines
-- Resources committed (financial, human, technical)
-- Actions relating to key GHG sources in own operations and value chain
-**E1-4: Targets related to climate change mitigation and adaptation**
-- GHG reduction targets (scope 1, 2, 3 separately)
-- Alignment with Paris Agreement (1.5°C pathway)
-- Energy efficiency and renewable energy targets
-- Physical and transition risk mitigation targets
-**E1-5: Energy consumption and mix**
-- Total energy consumption (MWh)
-- Breakdown: fossil fuels / renewables / nuclear
-- Energy intensity (per net revenue or other denominator)
-- Renewable energy share
-**E1-6: Gross Scopes 1, 2, 3 and Total GHG emissions**
-- Scope 1: direct GHG emissions (tCO2e)
-- Scope 2: location-based AND market-based (tCO2e)
-- Scope 3: all 15 GHG Protocol categories (tCO2e)
-- Total GHG emissions (Scope 1 + 2 + 3)
-- GHG intensity (tCO2e per € net revenue)
-- Methodology: GHG Protocol, emission factors, exclusions
-**E1-7: GHG removals and climate project finance**
-- GHG removals from own operations
-- Carbon credits purchased (volume, type, standard)
-- Distinction between removals and credits in net-zero claims
-**E1-8: Internal carbon pricing**
-- Whether internal carbon price is used in decision-making
-- Price per tCO2e and application scope
-**E1-9: Anticipated financial effects from material physical and transition risks and potential climate-related opportunities**
-- Financial effects of physical risks (acute: flood, storm; chronic: temperature rise, sea-level)
-- Financial effects of transition risks (policy, technology, market, reputational)
-- Climate opportunities and anticipated financial benefits
-- Climate scenario analysis (at minimum 1.5°C and >2°C scenarios recommended)
----
-### ESRS E2 — Pollution
-**Applicability:** Apply if material — manufacturing, chemicals, mining, agriculture sectors most likely.
-**Key Disclosures:**
-- **E2-1:** Policies related to pollution
-- **E2-2:** Actions and resources to prevent/control pollution
-- **E2-3:** Targets related to pollution
-- **E2-4:** Pollution of air, water, soil — by pollutant type and medium
-  - Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) under REACH Regulation
-  - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
-  - NOx, SOx, PM2.5 emissions
-  - Wastewater discharges by type and receiving body
-- **E2-5:** Substances of concern — use, release, incidents
-- **E2-6:** Anticipated financial effects from pollution-related risks and opportunities
----
-### ESRS E3 — Water and Marine Resources
-**Applicability:** Apply if material — agriculture, food & beverage, mining, textiles, electronics most likely.
-**Key Disclosures:**
-- **E3-1:** Policies related to water and marine resources
-- **E3-2:** Actions and resources to manage water and marine resources
-- **E3-3:** Targets for water and marine resources
-- **E3-4:** Water consumption and withdrawal
-  - Total water withdrawal (megalitres) by source (surface, groundwater, third-party)
-  - Total water consumption (megalitres)
-  - Water intensity
-  - Withdrawal in water-stressed areas (WRI Aqueduct or equivalent)
-- **E3-5:** Anticipated financial effects from water and marine resource risks
----
-### ESRS E4 — Biodiversity and Ecosystems
-**Applicability:** Apply if material — sites in or adjacent to biodiversity-sensitive areas, land use change, supply chains impacting biodiversity.
-**Key Disclosures:**
-- **E4-1:** Transition plan and consideration of biodiversity and ecosystems in strategy and business model
-- **E4-2:** Policies related to biodiversity and ecosystems
-- **E4-3:** Actions and resources related to biodiversity and ecosystems
-- **E4-4:** Targets related to biodiversity and ecosystems
-- **E4-5:** Impact metrics related to biodiversity and ecosystems change — land use, ecosystem fragmentation, invasive species
-- **E4-6:** Anticipated financial effects from biodiversity and ecosystem-related risks
-**Key metric:** Sites owned, leased, or managed in or near protected areas / key biodiversity areas.
----
-### ESRS E5 — Resource Use and Circular Economy
-**Applicability:** Apply if material — manufacturing, retail, packaging, construction, electronics most likely.
-**Key Disclosures:**
-- **E5-1:** Policies related to resource use and circular economy
-- **E5-2:** Actions and resources related to resource use and circular economy
-- **E5-3:** Targets related to resource use and circular economy
-- **E5-4:** Resource inflows — material consumption, virgin materials, renewable vs. non-renewable
-- **E5-5:** Resource outflows — waste by type (hazardous/non-hazardous) and disposal method (recycling, landfill, incineration); by-products and secondary raw materials
-- **E5-6:** Anticipated financial effects from resource use and circular economy transition risks/opportunities
----
-## Social Standards
-### ESRS S1 — Own Workforce
-**Applicability:** Apply if material — workforce impacts are typically material for most large companies.
-**Phase-in:** Gender pay gap and some workforce metrics have phase-in provisions for first-year reporters.
-**Key Disclosures:**
-**S1-1:** Policies related to own workforce (working conditions, equal treatment, health & safety)
-**S1-2:** Processes for engaging with own workers and workers' representatives
-**S1-3:** Processes to remediate negative impacts and channels for own workers to raise concerns
-**S1-4:** Taking action on material impacts on own workers, and approaches to managing material risks and pursuing material opportunities related to own workforce, and effectiveness of those actions
-**S1-5:** Targets related to managing material negative impacts, advancing positive impacts, and managing material risks and opportunities
-**S1-6:** Characteristics of the undertaking's employees
-- Total number of employees
-- Breakdown: by gender, by country (for companies ≥1,000 employees in a country — if applicable), by employment type (permanent/temporary), by employment regime (full-time/part-time)
-- Number of non-employee workers (contractors, agency staff)
-**S1-7:** Characteristics of non-employees in the undertaking's own workforce
-**S1-8:** Collective bargaining coverage and social dialogue
-- % of own employees covered by collective bargaining agreements
-- Countries where collective bargaining coverage applies
-**S1-9:** Diversity metrics
-- % female employees (total workforce + management levels)
-- % employees by age group (<30, 30-50, >50)
-**S1-10:** Adequate wages — alignment with living wage benchmarks
-**S1-11:** Social protection coverage
-**S1-12:** Persons with disabilities in the workforce
-**S1-13:** Training and skills development
-- Average training hours per employee per year
-- % employees receiving regular performance reviews
-- Transition assistance programs
-**S1-14:** Health and safety
-- % employees covered by health & safety management system (ISO 45001 or equivalent)
-- Number of work-related fatalities (employees and non-employees)
-- Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR) — per 1 million hours worked
-- Number of recordable work-related accidents
-- Work-related ill health cases
-**S1-15:** Work-life balance — parental leave uptake rates by gender
-**S1-16:** Compensation metrics
-- CEO pay ratio (CEO total remuneration / median employee total remuneration)
-- Gender pay gap (median remuneration women vs. men, %)
----
-### ESRS S2 — Workers in the Value Chain
-**Applicability:** Apply if material — companies with complex supply chains in high-risk sectors (garments, electronics, agriculture) most likely material.
-**Key Disclosures:**
-- **S2-1:** Policies related to workers in the value chain
-- **S2-2:** Processes for engaging with workers in the value chain about impacts
-- **S2-3:** Processes to remediate negative impacts on value chain workers
-- **S2-4:** Actions taken, and approaches to managing risks related to value chain workers
-- **S2-5:** Targets related to managing material impacts on workers in the value chain
-**Key metrics:** Number of value chain workers potentially affected by adverse impacts; coverage of due diligence by supply chain tier.
----
-### ESRS S3 — Affected Communities
-**Applicability:** Apply if material — extractives, infrastructure, large land users, operations in indigenous territories.
-**Key Disclosures:**
-- **S3-1:** Policies related to affected communities
-- **S3-2:** Processes for engaging with affected communities about impacts
-- **S3-3:** Processes to remediate negative impacts on affected communities
-- **S3-4:** Actions and approaches to managing community-related risks
-- **S3-5:** Targets related to managing impacts on affected communities
-**Topics covered:** Access to land/water/food, community health, indigenous peoples' rights (FPIC), economic displacement, cultural heritage.
----
-### ESRS S4 — Consumers and End-Users
-**Applicability:** Apply if material — B2C companies, healthcare, financial services, digital platforms, food/beverage most likely.
-**Key Disclosures:**
-- **S4-1:** Policies related to consumers and end-users
-- **S4-2:** Processes for engaging with consumers and end-users about impacts
-- **S4-3:** Processes to remediate negative impacts on consumers and end-users
-- **S4-4:** Actions and approaches to managing consumer-related risks and opportunities
-- **S4-5:** Targets related to managing material impacts on consumers and end-users
-**Topics covered:** Product safety, data protection, accessibility, responsible marketing, non-discrimination, right to privacy, financial inclusion.
----
-## Governance Standards
-### ESRS G1 — Business Conduct
-**Applicability:** Apply if material — typically material for most large companies given breadth of topics.
-**Key Disclosures:**
-**G1-1:** Corporate culture and business conduct policies
-- Code of conduct / code of ethics
-- Anti-corruption and anti-bribery policies
-- Lobbying and political engagement policies
-- Payment practices policies (prompt payment)
-**G1-2:** Management of relationships with suppliers
-- Responsible procurement policies
-- Fair dealing with suppliers (payment terms, supplier codes)
-- Tier-1 supplier coverage of due diligence
-**G1-3:** Prevention and detection of corruption and bribery
-- Risk assessment methodology
-- Training coverage for anti-corruption
-- Incidents of corruption confirmed during the reporting period
-**G1-4:** Incidents of corruption or bribery
-- Number of convictions for corruption
-- Total monetary value of fines for corruption
-- Actions taken in response to confirmed incidents
-**G1-5:** Political influence and lobbying activities
-- Total financial or in-kind contributions to political parties
-- List of significant lobbying activities and positions taken
-**G1-6:** Payment practices
-- Average payment period (days) to suppliers
-- % of payments made beyond contractual terms
-- Complaints from suppliers about payment practices
----
-## Interoperability Notes
-### GRI Alignment (ESRS 1, Appendix C)
-EFRAG published an interoperability mapping between ESRS and GRI Standards. Key mappings:
-- ESRS E1 ↔ GRI 305 (Emissions), GRI 302 (Energy)
-- ESRS S1 ↔ GRI 401 (Employment), GRI 403 (OHS), GRI 405 (Diversity)
-- ESRS G1 ↔ GRI 205 (Anti-corruption), GRI 206 (Anti-competitive behaviour)
-Companies with GRI reports should conduct gap analysis against ESRS rather than starting fresh.
-### TCFD Alignment
-ESRS E1 incorporates TCFD framework recommendations:
-- Governance → ESRS 2 GOV disclosures
-- Strategy → ESRS 2 SBM disclosures + E1-9 financial effects
-- Risk management → ESRS 2 IRO-1
-- Metrics & targets → ESRS E1-4, E1-6
-TCFD reporters have a strong foundation but must add: Scope 3 (all 15 categories), transition plan (E1-1), and EU Taxonomy alignment.
-### SASB Alignment
-EFRAG published ESRS-SASB interoperability guidance. Sector-specific SASB metrics may provide useful proxies for ESRS datapoints in the same domain.
-### CDP Alignment
-CDP questionnaire responses (Climate, Water, Forests) provide significant data that maps to ESRS E1, E3, E4. CDP reporters can reuse much of their data collection infrastructure.
+# ESRS Standards — Detailed Reference
+## Cross-Cutting Standards (Mandatory for All In-Scope Companies)
+---
+### ESRS 1 — General Requirements
+**Purpose:** Sets the foundations for CSRD reporting — principles, structure, and the double materiality concept.
+**Key Requirements:**
+**Reporting Principles (paras. 1–18)**
+- Relevance, faithful representation, comparability, verifiability, understandability
+- Materiality-based reporting — only report what is material after DMA
+- Connected information — sustainability information must connect to financial statements
+**Double Materiality (paras. 19–44)**
+- Two perspectives: impact materiality + financial materiality
+- Both lenses must be applied; a topic is material if it meets EITHER criterion
+- DMA must cover own operations AND value chain
+**Value Chain (paras. 62–68)**
+- Must consider upstream (suppliers) and downstream (customers, end-users) value chain
+- Depth of value chain assessment scales with material impacts/risks
+- Where direct data unavailable, use proxy data / sector averages (disclose methodology)
+**Time Horizons (para. 72)**
+- Short-term: up to 1 year
+- Medium-term: 1–5 years
+- Long-term: beyond 5 years
+**Comparative Information (para. 86)**
+- Prior-year comparative data required for all quantitative disclosures
+**Transition Relief (paras. 118–134)**
+- Phase-in for Scope 3, ESRS S1 pay gap, some biodiversity datapoints
+- Listed SMEs may use simplified ESRS (voluntary standard pending)
+---
+### ESRS 2 — General Disclosures
+**Purpose:** Mandatory disclosures on governance, strategy, and risk management applicable to all in-scope companies regardless of DMA outcome.
+**Status:** Fully mandatory — cannot be omitted even if all topical standards are found non-material.
+#### GOV — Governance
+**GOV-1: Role of the administrative, management and supervisory bodies**
+- Composition and diversity of governance bodies related to sustainability
+- Sustainability expertise of governance members
+- How governance bodies oversee sustainability strategy and IROs
+- Integration of sustainability in board agendas and reporting lines
+**GOV-2: Information provided to and sustainability matters addressed by the undertaking's administrative, management and supervisory bodies**
+- Frequency and nature of sustainability information provided to governing bodies
+- How governing bodies consider sustainability risks and opportunities in decision-making
+**GOV-3: Integration of sustainability-related performance in incentive schemes**
+- Whether and how ESG performance is integrated in executive/management remuneration
+- Proportion of remuneration linked to sustainability targets
+**GOV-4: Statement on due diligence**
+- Whether the company has a due diligence process aligned with international standards (UN Guiding Principles, OECD Guidelines)
+- How human rights and environmental due diligence is embedded in operations
+**GOV-5: Risk management and internal controls over sustainability reporting**
+- Internal control framework for sustainability reporting
+- How risks of material misstatement in sustainability data are managed
+#### SBM — Strategy and Business Model
+**SBM-1: Strategy, business model, and value chain**
+- Business model overview and key value drivers
+- How sustainability matters are integrated into strategy
+- Full value chain description (upstream, operations, downstream)
+- Significant products, services, markets, and geographies
+**SBM-2: Interests and views of stakeholders**
+- Stakeholder engagement process and which stakeholders were consulted
+- How stakeholder views influenced strategy and reporting
+- Linkage between stakeholder input and material IROs identified
+**SBM-3: Material impacts, risks and opportunities and their interaction with strategy and business model**
+- Output of the DMA: list of material topics
+- How material IROs interact with the business model and strategy
+- Financial effects: current financial effects and anticipated financial effects of material IROs
+- Resilience of strategy under different scenarios
+#### IRO — Impacts, Risks and Opportunities
+**IRO-1: Description of the processes to identify and assess material impacts, risks and opportunities**
+- DMA methodology: scope, process, tools, assessment criteria
+- How impact significance is assessed (scale, scope, irremediability, likelihood)
+- How financial risks/opportunities are identified and assessed
+- Stakeholders consulted and how their input was used
+- Any sector-specific guidance applied
+---
+## Environmental Standards
+### ESRS E1 — Climate Change
+**Applicability:** Apply if material after DMA. Climate is presumed material for most large companies — requires compelling justification to omit.
+**Mandatory Datapoints Regardless of Materiality:**
+- E1-1: Transition plan for climate change mitigation (Art. 19a(2)(a) — legally required even if topic found non-material)
+- Energy consumption from fossil fuels (ESRS E1-5, para. 40)
+**Key Disclosures:**
+**E1-1: Transition plan for climate change mitigation**
+- Decarbonisation targets: 2030, 2040, 2050 aligned with 1.5°C
+- Planned actions and enablers
+- Financial resources allocated (capex, opex, R&D)
+- Role of carbon offsets (must distinguish from own-emission reductions)
+- Locked-in GHG assets and stranded asset risk
+- EU Taxonomy alignment targets
+**E1-2: Policies related to climate change mitigation and adaptation**
+- Scope of policies (own operations / value chain)
+- Climate risk management policies
+- Net-zero ambition and pathway description
+**E1-3: Actions and resources in relation to climate change policies**
+- Decarbonisation action plan with timelines
+- Resources committed (financial, human, technical)
+- Actions relating to key GHG sources in own operations and value chain
+**E1-4: Targets related to climate change mitigation and adaptation**
+- GHG reduction targets (scope 1, 2, 3 separately)
+- Alignment with Paris Agreement (1.5°C pathway)
+- Energy efficiency and renewable energy targets
+- Physical and transition risk mitigation targets
+**E1-5: Energy consumption and mix**
+- Total energy consumption (MWh)
+- Breakdown: fossil fuels / renewables / nuclear
+- Energy intensity (per net revenue or other denominator)
+- Renewable energy share
+**E1-6: Gross Scopes 1, 2, 3 and Total GHG emissions**
+- Scope 1: direct GHG emissions (tCO2e)
+- Scope 2: location-based AND market-based (tCO2e)
+- Scope 3: all 15 GHG Protocol categories (tCO2e)
+- Total GHG emissions (Scope 1 + 2 + 3)
+- GHG intensity (tCO2e per € net revenue)
+- Methodology: GHG Protocol, emission factors, exclusions
+**E1-7: GHG removals and climate project finance**
+- GHG removals from own operations
+- Carbon credits purchased (volume, type, standard)
+- Distinction between removals and credits in net-zero claims
+**E1-8: Internal carbon pricing**
+- Whether internal carbon price is used in decision-making
+- Price per tCO2e and application scope
+**E1-9: Anticipated financial effects from material physical and transition risks and potential climate-related opportunities**
+- Financial effects of physical risks (acute: flood, storm; chronic: temperature rise, sea-level)
+- Financial effects of transition risks (policy, technology, market, reputational)
+- Climate opportunities and anticipated financial benefits
+- Climate scenario analysis (at minimum 1.5°C and >2°C scenarios recommended)
+---
+### ESRS E2 — Pollution
+**Applicability:** Apply if material — manufacturing, chemicals, mining, agriculture sectors most likely.
+**Key Disclosures:**
+- **E2-1:** Policies related to pollution
+- **E2-2:** Actions and resources to prevent/control pollution
+- **E2-3:** Targets related to pollution
+- **E2-4:** Pollution of air, water, soil — by pollutant type and medium
+  - Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) under REACH Regulation
+  - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
+  - NOx, SOx, PM2.5 emissions
+  - Wastewater discharges by type and receiving body
+- **E2-5:** Substances of concern — use, release, incidents
+- **E2-6:** Anticipated financial effects from pollution-related risks and opportunities
+---
+### ESRS E3 — Water and Marine Resources
+**Applicability:** Apply if material — agriculture, food & beverage, mining, textiles, electronics most likely.
+**Key Disclosures:**
+- **E3-1:** Policies related to water and marine resources
+- **E3-2:** Actions and resources to manage water and marine resources
+- **E3-3:** Targets for water and marine resources
+- **E3-4:** Water consumption and withdrawal
+  - Total water withdrawal (megalitres) by source (surface, groundwater, third-party)
+  - Total water consumption (megalitres)
+  - Water intensity
+  - Withdrawal in water-stressed areas (WRI Aqueduct or equivalent)
+- **E3-5:** Anticipated financial effects from water and marine resource risks
+---
+### ESRS E4 — Biodiversity and Ecosystems
+**Applicability:** Apply if material — sites in or adjacent to biodiversity-sensitive areas, land use change, supply chains impacting biodiversity.
+**Key Disclosures:**
+- **E4-1:** Transition plan and consideration of biodiversity and ecosystems in strategy and business model
+- **E4-2:** Policies related to biodiversity and ecosystems
+- **E4-3:** Actions and resources related to biodiversity and ecosystems
+- **E4-4:** Targets related to biodiversity and ecosystems
+- **E4-5:** Impact metrics related to biodiversity and ecosystems change — land use, ecosystem fragmentation, invasive species
+- **E4-6:** Anticipated financial effects from biodiversity and ecosystem-related risks
+**Key metric:** Sites owned, leased, or managed in or near protected areas / key biodiversity areas.
+---
+### ESRS E5 — Resource Use and Circular Economy
+**Applicability:** Apply if material — manufacturing, retail, packaging, construction, electronics most likely.
+**Key Disclosures:**
+- **E5-1:** Policies related to resource use and circular economy
+- **E5-2:** Actions and resources related to resource use and circular economy
+- **E5-3:** Targets related to resource use and circular economy
+- **E5-4:** Resource inflows — material consumption, virgin materials, renewable vs. non-renewable
+- **E5-5:** Resource outflows — waste by type (hazardous/non-hazardous) and disposal method (recycling, landfill, incineration); by-products and secondary raw materials
+- **E5-6:** Anticipated financial effects from resource use and circular economy transition risks/opportunities
+---
+## Social Standards
+### ESRS S1 — Own Workforce
+**Applicability:** Apply if material — workforce impacts are typically material for most large companies.
+**Phase-in:** Gender pay gap and some workforce metrics have phase-in provisions for first-year reporters.
+**Key Disclosures:**
+**S1-1:** Policies related to own workforce (working conditions, equal treatment, health & safety)
+**S1-2:** Processes for engaging with own workers and workers' representatives
+**S1-3:** Processes to remediate negative impacts and channels for own workers to raise concerns
+**S1-4:** Taking action on material impacts on own workers, and approaches to managing material risks and pursuing material opportunities related to own workforce, and effectiveness of those actions
+**S1-5:** Targets related to managing material negative impacts, advancing positive impacts, and managing material risks and opportunities
+**S1-6:** Characteristics of the undertaking's employees
+- Total number of employees
+- Breakdown: by gender, by country (for companies ≥1,000 employees in a country — if applicable), by employment type (permanent/temporary), by employment regime (full-time/part-time)
+- Number of non-employee workers (contractors, agency staff)
+**S1-7:** Characteristics of non-employees in the undertaking's own workforce
+**S1-8:** Collective bargaining coverage and social dialogue
+- % of own employees covered by collective bargaining agreements
+- Countries where collective bargaining coverage applies
+**S1-9:** Diversity metrics
+- % female employees (total workforce + management levels)
+- % employees by age group (<30, 30-50, >50)
+**S1-10:** Adequate wages — alignment with living wage benchmarks
+**S1-11:** Social protection coverage
+**S1-12:** Persons with disabilities in the workforce
+**S1-13:** Training and skills development
+- Average training hours per employee per year
+- % employees receiving regular performance reviews
+- Transition assistance programs
+**S1-14:** Health and safety
+- % employees covered by health & safety management system (ISO 45001 or equivalent)
+- Number of work-related fatalities (employees and non-employees)
+- Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR) — per 1 million hours worked
+- Number of recordable work-related accidents
+- Work-related ill health cases
+**S1-15:** Work-life balance — parental leave uptake rates by gender
+**S1-16:** Compensation metrics
+- CEO pay ratio (CEO total remuneration / median employee total remuneration)
+- Gender pay gap (median remuneration women vs. men, %)
+---
+### ESRS S2 — Workers in the Value Chain
+**Applicability:** Apply if material — companies with complex supply chains in high-risk sectors (garments, electronics, agriculture) most likely material.
+**Key Disclosures:**
+- **S2-1:** Policies related to workers in the value chain
+- **S2-2:** Processes for engaging with workers in the value chain about impacts
+- **S2-3:** Processes to remediate negative impacts on value chain workers
+- **S2-4:** Actions taken, and approaches to managing risks related to value chain workers
+- **S2-5:** Targets related to managing material impacts on workers in the value chain
+**Key metrics:** Number of value chain workers potentially affected by adverse impacts; coverage of due diligence by supply chain tier.
+---
+### ESRS S3 — Affected Communities
+**Applicability:** Apply if material — extractives, infrastructure, large land users, operations in indigenous territories.
+**Key Disclosures:**
+- **S3-1:** Policies related to affected communities
+- **S3-2:** Processes for engaging with affected communities about impacts
+- **S3-3:** Processes to remediate negative impacts on affected communities
+- **S3-4:** Actions and approaches to managing community-related risks
+- **S3-5:** Targets related to managing impacts on affected communities
+**Topics covered:** Access to land/water/food, community health, indigenous peoples' rights (FPIC), economic displacement, cultural heritage.
+---
+### ESRS S4 — Consumers and End-Users
+**Applicability:** Apply if material — B2C companies, healthcare, financial services, digital platforms, food/beverage most likely.
+**Key Disclosures:**
+- **S4-1:** Policies related to consumers and end-users
+- **S4-2:** Processes for engaging with consumers and end-users about impacts
+- **S4-3:** Processes to remediate negative impacts on consumers and end-users
+- **S4-4:** Actions and approaches to managing consumer-related risks and opportunities
+- **S4-5:** Targets related to managing material impacts on consumers and end-users
+**Topics covered:** Product safety, data protection, accessibility, responsible marketing, non-discrimination, right to privacy, financial inclusion.
+---
+## Governance Standards
+### ESRS G1 — Business Conduct
+**Applicability:** Apply if material — typically material for most large companies given breadth of topics.
+**Key Disclosures:**
+**G1-1:** Corporate culture and business conduct policies
+- Code of conduct / code of ethics
+- Anti-corruption and anti-bribery policies
+- Lobbying and political engagement policies
+- Payment practices policies (prompt payment)
+**G1-2:** Management of relationships with suppliers
+- Responsible procurement policies
+- Fair dealing with suppliers (payment terms, supplier codes)
+- Tier-1 supplier coverage of due diligence
+**G1-3:** Prevention and detection of corruption and bribery
+- Risk assessment methodology
+- Training coverage for anti-corruption
+- Incidents of corruption confirmed during the reporting period
+**G1-4:** Incidents of corruption or bribery
+- Number of convictions for corruption
+- Total monetary value of fines for corruption
+- Actions taken in response to confirmed incidents
+**G1-5:** Political influence and lobbying activities
+- Total financial or in-kind contributions to political parties
+- List of significant lobbying activities and positions taken
+**G1-6:** Payment practices
+- Average payment period (days) to suppliers
+- % of payments made beyond contractual terms
+- Complaints from suppliers about payment practices
+---
+## Interoperability Notes
+### GRI Alignment (ESRS 1, Appendix C)
+EFRAG published an interoperability mapping between ESRS and GRI Standards. Key mappings:
+- ESRS E1 ↔ GRI 305 (Emissions), GRI 302 (Energy)
+- ESRS S1 ↔ GRI 401 (Employment), GRI 403 (OHS), GRI 405 (Diversity)
+- ESRS G1 ↔ GRI 205 (Anti-corruption), GRI 206 (Anti-competitive behaviour)
+Companies with GRI reports should conduct gap analysis against ESRS rather than starting fresh.
+### TCFD Alignment
+ESRS E1 incorporates TCFD framework recommendations:
+- Governance → ESRS 2 GOV disclosures
+- Strategy → ESRS 2 SBM disclosures + E1-9 financial effects
+- Risk management → ESRS 2 IRO-1
+- Metrics & targets → ESRS E1-4, E1-6
+TCFD reporters have a strong foundation but must add: Scope 3 (all 15 categories), transition plan (E1-1), and EU Taxonomy alignment.
+### SASB Alignment
+EFRAG published ESRS-SASB interoperability guidance. Sector-specific SASB metrics may provide useful proxies for ESRS datapoints in the same domain.
+### CDP Alignment
+CDP questionnaire responses (Climate, Water, Forests) provide significant data that maps to ESRS E1, E3, E4. CDP reporters can reuse much of their data collection infrastructure.