blockmine 1.24.0 → 1.27.0

package/.claude/skills/platform-engineering/resources/multi-tenancy.md

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-# Multi-Tenancy in Kubernetes
-
-Namespace isolation, resource quotas, RBAC patterns, network policies, and cost allocation strategies for multi-tenant Kubernetes clusters.
-
-## Table of Contents
-
-- [Tenancy Models](#tenancy-models)
-- [Namespace Isolation](#namespace-isolation)
-- [Resource Quotas](#resource-quotas)
-- [RBAC Patterns](#rbac-patterns)
-- [Network Policies](#network-policies)
-- [Cost Allocation](#cost-allocation)
-- [Best Practices](#best-practices)
-
-## Tenancy Models
-
-### Namespace-per-Tenant
-
-```
-Cluster
-├── tenant-acme/
-│   ├── ResourceQuota
-│   ├── NetworkPolicy
-│   └── Workloads
-├── tenant-globex/
-│   ├── ResourceQuota
-│   ├── NetworkPolicy
-│   └── Workloads
-└── tenant-initech/
-    └── ...
-```
-
-**Pros:** Cost-effective, shared resources, easier management
-**Cons:** Less isolation, noisy neighbors possible
-
-### Cluster-per-Tenant
-
-```
-Tenant A → Dedicated Cluster
-Tenant B → Dedicated Cluster
-Tenant C → Dedicated Cluster
-```
-
-**Pros:** Strong isolation, dedicated resources
-**Cons:** Higher cost, more operational overhead
-
-### Virtual Clusters
-
-```
-Physical Cluster
-├── vcluster-tenant-a (virtual cluster)
-├── vcluster-tenant-b (virtual cluster)
-└── vcluster-tenant-c (virtual cluster)
-```
-
-**Pros:** Balance of isolation and cost
-**Cons:** Additional complexity
-
-## Namespace Isolation
-
-### Namespace Template
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Namespace
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-acme
-  labels:
-    tenant: acme
-    environment: production
-    cost-center: "12345"
-  annotations:
-    owner: "team-acme@company.com"
-    description: "ACME Corp production namespace"
-```
-
-### LimitRange (Per-Pod Defaults)
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: LimitRange
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-limits
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-spec:
-  limits:
-    # Container defaults
-    - type: Container
-      default:
-        cpu: 500m
-        memory: 512Mi
-      defaultRequest:
-        cpu: 100m
-        memory: 128Mi
-      max:
-        cpu: 2000m
-        memory: 4Gi
-      min:
-        cpu: 50m
-        memory: 64Mi
-
-    # Pod limits
-    - type: Pod
-      max:
-        cpu: 4000m
-        memory: 8Gi
-
-    # PVC limits
-    - type: PersistentVolumeClaim
-      max:
-        storage: 100Gi
-      min:
-        storage: 1Gi
-```
-
-## Resource Quotas
-
-### Comprehensive Quota
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: ResourceQuota
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-acme-quota
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-spec:
-  hard:
-    # Compute
-    requests.cpu: "100"
-    requests.memory: 100Gi
-    limits.cpu: "200"
-    limits.memory: 200Gi
-
-    # Storage
-    requests.storage: 1Ti
-    persistentvolumeclaims: "50"
-
-    # Objects
-    pods: "100"
-    services: "50"
-    configmaps: "100"
-    secrets: "100"
-    replicationcontrollers: "20"
-    resourcequotas: "1"
-    services.loadbalancers: "5"
-    services.nodeports: "10"
-
-    # Specific storage classes
-    requests.storage: 500Gi
-    gold.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage: 100Gi
-    silver.storageclass.storage.k8s.io/requests.storage: 400Gi
-```
-
-### Priority Class Quotas
-
-```yaml
-# Define priority classes
-apiVersion: scheduling.k8s.io/v1
-kind: PriorityClass
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-high-priority
-value: 1000
-globalDefault: false
-description: "High priority for critical tenant workloads"
-
----
-apiVersion: scheduling.k8s.io/v1
-kind: PriorityClass
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-low-priority
-value: 100
-globalDefault: true
-description: "Low priority for batch workloads"
-
----
-# Quota per priority
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: ResourceQuota
-metadata:
-  name: high-priority-quota
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-spec:
-  hard:
-    pods: "20"
-    requests.cpu: "50"
-    requests.memory: 50Gi
-  scopeSelector:
-    matchExpressions:
-      - operator: In
-        scopeName: PriorityClass
-        values: ["tenant-high-priority"]
-```
-
-## RBAC Patterns
-
-### Tenant Admin Role
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
-kind: Role
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-admin
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-rules:
-  # Full access to most resources
-  - apiGroups: ["", "apps", "batch"]
-    resources:
-      - pods
-      - pods/log
-      - pods/exec
-      - services
-      - configmaps
-      - secrets
-      - deployments
-      - statefulsets
-      - daemonsets
-      - jobs
-      - cronjobs
-    verbs: ["*"]
-
-  # Read-only access to resource quotas
-  - apiGroups: [""]
-    resources:
-      - resourcequotas
-      - limitranges
-    verbs: ["get", "list"]
-
-  # No access to namespace itself
-  # No access to RBAC resources
-```
-
-### Tenant Developer Role
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
-kind: Role
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-developer
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-rules:
-  # Read-write pods
-  - apiGroups: [""]
-    resources: ["pods", "pods/log"]
-    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "delete"]
-
-  # Read-only deployments, services
-  - apiGroups: ["apps"]
-    resources: ["deployments", "statefulsets"]
-    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
-
-  - apiGroups: [""]
-    resources: ["services", "configmaps"]
-    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
-
-  # No secrets access
-```
-
-### Tenant Viewer Role
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
-kind: Role
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-viewer
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-rules:
-  - apiGroups: ["", "apps", "batch"]
-    resources:
-      - pods
-      - pods/log
-      - services
-      - deployments
-      - statefulsets
-      - jobs
-    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
-```
-
-### RoleBindings
-
-```yaml
-# Bind tenant admin to team leads
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
-kind: RoleBinding
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-admin-binding
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-subjects:
-  - kind: Group
-    name: team-acme-leads
-    apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
-roleRef:
-  kind: Role
-  name: tenant-admin
-  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
-
----
-# Bind developer role to team members
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
-kind: RoleBinding
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-developer-binding
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-subjects:
-  - kind: Group
-    name: team-acme-developers
-    apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
-roleRef:
-  kind: Role
-  name: tenant-developer
-  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
-```
-
-### Service Account for CI/CD
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: ServiceAccount
-metadata:
-  name: ci-deployer
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-
----
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
-kind: Role
-metadata:
-  name: ci-deployer
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-rules:
-  - apiGroups: ["apps"]
-    resources: ["deployments"]
-    verbs: ["get", "list", "patch", "update"]
-
-  - apiGroups: [""]
-    resources: ["pods"]
-    verbs: ["get", "list"]
-
----
-apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
-kind: RoleBinding
-metadata:
-  name: ci-deployer-binding
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-subjects:
-  - kind: ServiceAccount
-    name: ci-deployer
-    namespace: tenant-acme
-roleRef:
-  kind: Role
-  name: ci-deployer
-  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
-```
-
-## Network Policies
-
-### Default Deny All
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
-kind: NetworkPolicy
-metadata:
-  name: default-deny-all
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-spec:
-  podSelector: {}
-  policyTypes:
-    - Ingress
-    - Egress
-```
-
-### Allow DNS
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
-kind: NetworkPolicy
-metadata:
-  name: allow-dns
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-spec:
-  podSelector: {}
-  policyTypes:
-    - Egress
-  egress:
-    # Allow DNS
-    - to:
-        - namespaceSelector:
-            matchLabels:
-              name: kube-system
-      ports:
-        - protocol: UDP
-          port: 53
-```
-
-### Allow Within Namespace
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
-kind: NetworkPolicy
-metadata:
-  name: allow-same-namespace
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-spec:
-  podSelector: {}
-  policyTypes:
-    - Ingress
-  ingress:
-    - from:
-        - podSelector: {}
-```
-
-### Allow From Ingress
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
-kind: NetworkPolicy
-metadata:
-  name: allow-from-ingress
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-spec:
-  podSelector:
-    matchLabels:
-      expose: "true"
-  policyTypes:
-    - Ingress
-  ingress:
-    - from:
-        - namespaceSelector:
-            matchLabels:
-              name: ingress-nginx
-      ports:
-        - protocol: TCP
-          port: 8080
-```
-
-### Cross-Tenant Communication
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
-kind: NetworkPolicy
-metadata:
-  name: allow-from-tenant-globex
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-spec:
-  podSelector:
-    matchLabels:
-      app: shared-api
-  policyTypes:
-    - Ingress
-  ingress:
-    - from:
-        - namespaceSelector:
-            matchLabels:
-              tenant: globex
-        - podSelector:
-            matchLabels:
-              app: client-service
-      ports:
-        - protocol: TCP
-          port: 8080
-```
-
-## Cost Allocation
-
-### Labeling Strategy
-
-```yaml
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Namespace
-metadata:
-  name: tenant-acme
-  labels:
-    tenant: acme
-    cost-center: "12345"
-    department: "engineering"
-    environment: "production"
-    region: "us-east-1"
-```
-
-**Apply to all resources:**
-```yaml
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: api-service
-  namespace: tenant-acme
-  labels:
-    tenant: acme
-    cost-center: "12345"
-    department: "engineering"
-    environment: "production"
-    application: "api-service"
-spec:
-  template:
-    metadata:
-      labels:
-        tenant: acme
-        cost-center: "12345"
-        department: "engineering"
-```
-
-### Cost Monitoring
-
-**Prometheus Query:**
-```promql
-# CPU cost per tenant
-sum(
-  rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total[5m])
-  * on(namespace) group_left(tenant)
-  kube_namespace_labels
-) by (tenant)
-
-# Memory cost per tenant
-sum(
-  container_memory_working_set_bytes
-  * on(namespace) group_left(tenant)
-  kube_namespace_labels
-) by (tenant)
-
-# Storage cost per tenant
-sum(
-  kube_persistentvolumeclaim_resource_requests_storage_bytes
-  * on(namespace) group_left(tenant)
-  kube_namespace_labels
-) by (tenant)
-```
-
-### Kubecost Integration
-
-```yaml
-# Install Kubecost
-helm repo add kubecost https://kubecost.github.io/cost-analyzer/
-helm install kubecost kubecost/cost-analyzer \
-  --namespace kubecost \
-  --create-namespace \
-  --set kubecostToken="YOUR_TOKEN"
-
-# Query costs by tenant
-# http://localhost:9090/model/allocation
-# ?window=7d
-# &aggregate=namespace
-# &filterNamespaces=tenant-*
-```
-
-### Chargeback Report
-
-```bash
-#!/bin/bash
-# generate-tenant-report.sh
-
-TENANT=$1
-MONTH=$(date +%Y-%m)
-
-kubectl cost \
-  --namespace "tenant-${TENANT}" \
-  --window "month" \
-  --show-cpu \
-  --show-memory \
-  --show-storage \
-  --show-network \
-  > "reports/${TENANT}-${MONTH}.csv"
-```
-
-## Best Practices
-
-### 1. Always Set Resource Quotas
-
-Prevent resource exhaustion and enable cost allocation.
-
-### 2. Use LimitRanges
-
-Ensure all pods have resource requests/limits.
-
-### 3. Default Deny Network Policies
-
-Start with deny-all, explicitly allow what's needed.
-
-### 4. Consistent Labeling
-
-Use labels for cost allocation and organization.
-
-### 5. Separate Environments
-
-Consider different clusters or strict namespace isolation for prod vs dev.
-
-### 6. Regular Audits
-
-Review RBAC, quotas, and network policies regularly.
-
-### 7. Document Tenant Onboarding
-
-Standardize tenant provisioning with automation.
-
-### 8. Monitor Quota Usage
-
-Alert when tenants approach quota limits.
-
----
-
-**Related Resources:**
-- [resource-management.md](resource-management.md) - Resource optimization
-- [cost-optimization.md](cost-optimization.md) - FinOps practices
-- [platform-security.md](platform-security.md) - Security best practices
-- [infrastructure-standards.md](infrastructure-standards.md) - Naming and tagging