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blockmine 1.24.0 → 1.27.0

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package/.claude/skills/network-engineering/resources/dns-management.md DELETED Viewed

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-# DNS Management
-Comprehensive guide to DNS (Domain Name System) management covering DNS architecture, zone files, cloud DNS services, DNSSEC, DNS security, and traffic routing strategies.
-## Table of Contents
-- [Overview](#overview)
-- [DNS Architecture](#dns-architecture)
-- [DNS Record Types](#dns-record-types)
-- [Zone Files](#zone-files)
-- [Cloud DNS Services](#cloud-dns-services)
-- [Route 53 Advanced Features](#route-53-advanced-features)
-- [DNSSEC](#dnssec)
-- [DNS Security](#dns-security)
-- [Traffic Routing Strategies](#traffic-routing-strategies)
-- [Best Practices](#best-practices)
-- [Anti-Patterns](#anti-patterns)
-## Overview
-DNS translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses. Proper DNS management is critical for availability, performance, and security.
-**Key Concepts:**
-- Hierarchical distributed database
-- Authoritative vs recursive DNS
-- DNS caching and TTL
-- Zone delegation
-- DNS resolution process
-## DNS Architecture
-### DNS Hierarchy
-```
-                    Root (.)
-                       |
-        ┌──────────────┼──────────────┐
-        |              |              |
-       .com           .org           .net
-        |              |              |
-    example.com    wikipedia.org  cloudflare.net
-        |
-  ┌─────┴─────┐
-  |           |
-www.example.com  api.example.com
-```
-### DNS Resolution Flow
-```
-1. User requests www.example.com
-2. Client checks local DNS cache
-3. If not cached, queries recursive resolver
-4. Resolver queries root nameserver → .com TLD nameserver → example.com authoritative nameserver
-5. Returns IP address to client
-6. Client caches result based on TTL
-```
-### DNS Server Types
-**Authoritative DNS:**
-- Holds actual DNS records
-- Responds with definitive answers
-- Managed by domain owner
-**Recursive DNS:**
-- Queries other DNS servers on behalf of clients
-- Caches results
-- Examples: 8.8.8.8 (Google), 1.1.1.1 (Cloudflare)
-## DNS Record Types
-### A Record (IPv4 Address)
-```
-example.com.    300    IN    A    192.0.2.1
-```
-### AAAA Record (IPv6 Address)
-```
-example.com.    300    IN    AAAA    2001:0db8::1
-```
-### CNAME Record (Canonical Name)
-```
-www.example.com.    300    IN    CNAME    example.com.
-```
-**Important:** CNAME cannot coexist with other records at same name.
-### MX Record (Mail Exchange)
-```
-example.com.    3600    IN    MX    10 mail1.example.com.
-example.com.    3600    IN    MX    20 mail2.example.com.
-```
-Lower priority number = higher priority.
-### TXT Record (Text/SPF/DKIM)
-```
-example.com.         300    IN    TXT    "v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all"
-_dmarc.example.com.  300    IN    TXT    "v=DMARC1; p=quarantine; rua=mailto:dmarc@example.com"
-```
-### NS Record (Name Server)
-```
-example.com.    86400    IN    NS    ns1.example.com.
-example.com.    86400    IN    NS    ns2.example.com.
-```
-### SRV Record (Service)
-```
-_service._proto.name.    TTL    IN    SRV    priority weight port target
-_http._tcp.example.com.  300    IN    SRV    10 60 80 server1.example.com.
-```
-### CAA Record (Certificate Authority Authorization)
-```
-example.com.    300    IN    CAA    0 issue "letsencrypt.org"
-example.com.    300    IN    CAA    0 issuewild "letsencrypt.org"
-```
-## Zone Files
-### BIND Zone File Format
-```
-$TTL 3600
-$ORIGIN example.com.
-@    IN    SOA    ns1.example.com. admin.example.com. (
-                  2024010101    ; Serial (YYYYMMDDnn)
-                  7200          ; Refresh (2 hours)
-                  3600          ; Retry (1 hour)
-                  1209600       ; Expire (2 weeks)
-                  3600 )        ; Minimum TTL (1 hour)
-     IN    NS     ns1.example.com.
-     IN    NS     ns2.example.com.
-     IN    A      192.0.2.1
-     IN    AAAA   2001:0db8::1
-     IN    MX     10 mail.example.com.
-www  IN    A      192.0.2.1
-api  IN    A      192.0.2.2
-cdn  IN    CNAME  cdn.cloudfront.net.
-; Subdomain delegation
-staging  IN  NS  ns1.staging.example.com.
-staging  IN  NS  ns2.staging.example.com.
-; Wildcard record
-*.dynamic  IN  A  192.0.2.100
-```
-### SOA Record Explained
-```
-SOA <primary-ns> <admin-email> (
-    <serial>      ; Version number, increment on each change
-    <refresh>     ; Time secondary should check for updates
-    <retry>       ; Time to retry failed refresh
-    <expire>      ; Time before zone considered invalid
-    <minimum>     ; Minimum TTL for negative responses
-)
-```
-## Cloud DNS Services
-### AWS Route 53
-**Create Hosted Zone:**
-```hcl
-resource "aws_route53_zone" "primary" {
-  name    = "example.com"
-  comment = "Primary DNS zone for example.com"
-  tags = {
-    Environment = "production"
-  }
-}
-# A record
-resource "aws_route53_record" "www" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "www.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  ttl     = 300
-  records = ["192.0.2.1"]
-}
-# Alias record (AWS-specific)
-resource "aws_route53_record" "apex" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  alias {
-    name                   = aws_lb.main.dns_name
-    zone_id                = aws_lb.main.zone_id
-    evaluate_target_health = true
-  }
-}
-# CNAME record
-resource "aws_route53_record" "api" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "CNAME"
-  ttl     = 300
-  records = ["api-lb.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com"]
-}
-```
-### Google Cloud DNS
-```hcl
-resource "google_dns_managed_zone" "primary" {
-  name        = "example-com"
-  dns_name    = "example.com."
-  description = "Primary DNS zone"
-  dnssec_config {
-    state = "on"
-  }
-}
-resource "google_dns_record_set" "a" {
-  managed_zone = google_dns_managed_zone.primary.name
-  name         = "www.example.com."
-  type         = "A"
-  ttl          = 300
-  rrdatas      = ["192.0.2.1"]
-}
-resource "google_dns_record_set" "mx" {
-  managed_zone = google_dns_managed_zone.primary.name
-  name         = "example.com."
-  type         = "MX"
-  ttl          = 3600
-  rrdatas      = [
-    "10 mail1.example.com.",
-    "20 mail2.example.com."
-  ]
-}
-```
-### Azure DNS
-```hcl
-resource "azurerm_dns_zone" "primary" {
-  name                = "example.com"
-  resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.main.name
-  tags = {
-    environment = "production"
-  }
-}
-resource "azurerm_dns_a_record" "www" {
-  name                = "www"
-  zone_name           = azurerm_dns_zone.primary.name
-  resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.main.name
-  ttl                 = 300
-  records             = ["192.0.2.1"]
-}
-resource "azurerm_dns_cname_record" "cdn" {
-  name                = "cdn"
-  zone_name           = azurerm_dns_zone.primary.name
-  resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.main.name
-  ttl                 = 300
-  record              = "cdn.azureedge.net"
-}
-```
-## Route 53 Advanced Features
-### Weighted Routing (Traffic Distribution)
-```hcl
-# Send 70% traffic to new version, 30% to old
-resource "aws_route53_record" "api_new" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  ttl     = 60
-  weighted_routing_policy {
-    weight = 70
-  }
-  set_identifier = "api-new"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.10"]
-}
-resource "aws_route53_record" "api_old" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  ttl     = 60
-  weighted_routing_policy {
-    weight = 30
-  }
-  set_identifier = "api-old"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.20"]
-}
-```
-### Latency-Based Routing
-```hcl
-resource "aws_route53_record" "api_us_east" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  latency_routing_policy {
-    region = "us-east-1"
-  }
-  set_identifier = "api-us-east-1"
-  alias {
-    name                   = aws_lb.us_east.dns_name
-    zone_id                = aws_lb.us_east.zone_id
-    evaluate_target_health = true
-  }
-}
-resource "aws_route53_record" "api_eu_west" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  latency_routing_policy {
-    region = "eu-west-1"
-  }
-  set_identifier = "api-eu-west-1"
-  alias {
-    name                   = aws_lb.eu_west.dns_name
-    zone_id                = aws_lb.eu_west.zone_id
-    evaluate_target_health = true
-  }
-}
-```
-### Geolocation Routing
-```hcl
-# Default for all locations
-resource "aws_route53_record" "geo_default" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "www.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  geolocation_routing_policy {
-    continent = "*"
-  }
-  set_identifier = "default"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.1"]
-}
-# Europe
-resource "aws_route53_record" "geo_europe" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "www.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  geolocation_routing_policy {
-    continent = "EU"
-  }
-  set_identifier = "europe"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.10"]
-}
-# Asia
-resource "aws_route53_record" "geo_asia" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "www.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  geolocation_routing_policy {
-    continent = "AS"
-  }
-  set_identifier = "asia"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.20"]
-}
-```
-### Failover Routing
-```hcl
-# Primary endpoint with health check
-resource "aws_route53_health_check" "primary" {
-  fqdn              = "primary.example.com"
-  port              = 443
-  type              = "HTTPS"
-  resource_path     = "/health"
-  failure_threshold = 3
-  request_interval  = 30
-  tags = {
-    Name = "primary-health-check"
-  }
-}
-resource "aws_route53_record" "primary" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "app.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  failover_routing_policy {
-    type = "PRIMARY"
-  }
-  set_identifier         = "primary"
-  health_check_id        = aws_route53_health_check.primary.id
-  records                = ["192.0.2.1"]
-  ttl                    = 60
-}
-# Secondary (failover) endpoint
-resource "aws_route53_record" "secondary" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "app.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  failover_routing_policy {
-    type = "SECONDARY"
-  }
-  set_identifier = "secondary"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.100"]
-  ttl            = 60
-}
-```
-### Multi-Value Answer Routing
-```hcl
-resource "aws_route53_record" "multi_value_1" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  ttl     = 60
-  multivalue_answer_routing_policy = true
-  set_identifier                   = "server-1"
-  health_check_id                  = aws_route53_health_check.server1.id
-  records = ["192.0.2.1"]
-}
-resource "aws_route53_record" "multi_value_2" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  ttl     = 60
-  multivalue_answer_routing_policy = true
-  set_identifier                   = "server-2"
-  health_check_id                  = aws_route53_health_check.server2.id
-  records = ["192.0.2.2"]
-}
-```
-## DNSSEC
-### Enable DNSSEC on Route 53
-```hcl
-resource "aws_route53_zone" "primary" {
-  name = "example.com"
-}
-# Enable DNSSEC signing
-resource "aws_route53_key_signing_key" "main" {
-  hosted_zone_id             = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  key_management_service_arn = aws_kms_key.dnssec.arn
-  name                       = "example-ksk"
-}
-resource "aws_route53_hosted_zone_dnssec" "main" {
-  hosted_zone_id = aws_route53_key_signing_key.main.hosted_zone_id
-}
-# KMS key for DNSSEC
-resource "aws_kms_key" "dnssec" {
-  customer_master_key_spec = "ECC_NIST_P256"
-  deletion_window_in_days  = 7
-  key_usage                = "SIGN_VERIFY"
-  policy = jsonencode({
-    Statement = [
-      {
-        Action = [
-          "kms:DescribeKey",
-          "kms:GetPublicKey",
-          "kms:Sign",
-        ],
-        Effect = "Allow"
-        Principal = {
-          Service = "dnssec-route53.amazonaws.com"
-        }
-        Resource = "*"
-      },
-    ]
-    Version = "2012-10-17"
-  })
-}
-```
-### DNSSEC Validation
-```bash
-# Check DNSSEC status
-dig example.com +dnssec
-# Verify DNSSEC chain
-delv @8.8.8.8 example.com
-# Check DS record at parent
-dig DS example.com
-```
-## DNS Security
-### DNS over HTTPS (DoH)
-```python
-# Using DNS over HTTPS
-import requests
-def resolve_doh(domain):
-    url = "https://cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query"
-    headers = {"accept": "application/dns-json"}
-    params = {"name": domain, "type": "A"}
-    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, params=params)
-    return response.json()
-result = resolve_doh("example.com")
-print(result)
-```
-### DNS over TLS (DoT)
-```bash
-# Configure systemd-resolved for DoT
-cat > /etc/systemd/resolved.conf <<EOF
-[Resolve]
-DNS=1.1.1.1#cloudflare-dns.com 8.8.8.8#dns.google
-DNSOverTLS=yes
-DNSSEC=yes
-EOF
-systemctl restart systemd-resolved
-```
-### DDoS Protection
-```hcl
-# Route 53 with Shield Advanced
-resource "aws_shield_protection" "route53" {
-  name         = "route53-protection"
-  resource_arn = aws_route53_zone.primary.arn
-}
-# Rate limiting health checks
-resource "aws_route53_health_check" "rate_limited" {
-  type                            = "HTTPS"
-  resource_path                   = "/health"
-  fqdn                            = "api.example.com"
-  port                            = 443
-  request_interval                = 30
-  failure_threshold               = 3
-  measure_latency                 = true
-  enable_sni                      = true
-}
-```
-## Traffic Routing Strategies
-### Blue-Green Deployment
-```hcl
-# Blue environment (current production)
-resource "aws_route53_record" "production" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "app.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  weighted_routing_policy {
-    weight = 100  # All traffic to blue
-  }
-  set_identifier = "blue"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.10"]
-  ttl            = 60
-}
-# Green environment (new version)
-resource "aws_route53_record" "staging" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "app.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  weighted_routing_policy {
-    weight = 0  # No production traffic yet
-  }
-  set_identifier = "green"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.20"]
-  ttl            = 60
-}
-# To switch: Update weights (blue=0, green=100)
-```
-### Canary Deployment
-```hcl
-# Stable version
-resource "aws_route53_record" "stable" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  weighted_routing_policy {
-    weight = 95  # 95% traffic
-  }
-  set_identifier = "stable"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.10"]
-  ttl            = 60
-}
-# Canary version
-resource "aws_route53_record" "canary" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.primary.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  weighted_routing_policy {
-    weight = 5  # 5% traffic for testing
-  }
-  set_identifier = "canary"
-  records        = ["192.0.2.20"]
-  ttl            = 60
-}
-```
-### Split-View DNS (Internal/External)
-```
-Internal Zone (10.0.0.0/8):
-    api.example.com → 10.0.1.10 (private IP)
-External Zone (Internet):
-    api.example.com → 203.0.113.10 (public IP)
-```
-**Implementation:**
-```hcl
-# Private hosted zone
-resource "aws_route53_zone" "private" {
-  name = "example.com"
-  vpc {
-    vpc_id = aws_vpc.main.id
-  }
-}
-resource "aws_route53_record" "internal_api" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.private.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  ttl     = 300
-  records = ["10.0.1.10"]
-}
-# Public hosted zone
-resource "aws_route53_zone" "public" {
-  name = "example.com"
-}
-resource "aws_route53_record" "external_api" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.public.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-  ttl     = 300
-  records = ["203.0.113.10"]
-}
-```
-## Best Practices
-1. **Use appropriate TTL values** - Lower for records that change frequently, higher for stable records
-2. **Enable DNSSEC** - Prevent DNS spoofing and cache poisoning
-3. **Implement health checks** - For failover and routing decisions
-4. **Use alias records** - For AWS resources (no charge, automatic updates)
-5. **Monitor DNS queries** - Detect anomalies and attacks
-6. **Maintain multiple NS records** - At least two, preferably in different networks
-7. **Use CAA records** - Prevent unauthorized certificate issuance
-8. **Document zone changes** - Version control and change management
-9. **Test before going live** - Use dig/nslookup to verify records
-10. **Plan for migration** - Lower TTLs before DNS changes
-## Anti-Patterns
-- **Very high TTL on changing records** - Slows down updates
-- **Very low TTL unnecessarily** - Increases DNS query load and cost
-- **No DNSSEC** - Vulnerable to DNS attacks
-- **Single nameserver** - Single point of failure
-- **Missing health checks** - Sends traffic to failed endpoints
-- **No monitoring** - Can't detect DNS issues
-- **Wildcard DNS without restrictions** - Security and performance issues
-- **No DNS backup** - Risk of total outage
-- **Ignoring propagation time** - Changes can take time to propagate
-- **Hard-coded IP addresses** - Use DNS instead