blockmine 1.24.0 → 1.27.0

package/.claude/skills/infrastructure-architecture/resources/multi-region-design.md

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-# Multi-Region Design
-
-Comprehensive guide to designing multi-region architectures for high availability, disaster recovery, and global performance.
-
-## Why Multi-Region?
-
-**Primary Drivers:**
-1. **High Availability** - Survive regional outages
-2. **Disaster Recovery** - RTO/RPO requirements
-3. **Global Performance** - Reduce latency for users worldwide
-4. **Compliance** - Data residency requirements
-5. **Business Continuity** - Critical applications
-
-## Architecture Patterns
-
-### 1. Active-Passive (Warm Standby)
-
-**Description:**
-Primary region handles all traffic. Secondary region on standby with replicated data.
-
-**Diagram:**
-```
-┌─────────────────────┐        ┌─────────────────────┐
-│   Region A (Primary)│        │ Region B (Secondary)│
-│                     │        │                     │
-│   ┌─────────────┐   │        │   ┌─────────────┐   │
-│   │ Application │◄──┼────────┼──►│ Application │   │
-│   │  (Active)   │   │  Data  │   │  (Standby)  │   │
-│   └──────┬──────┘   │  Repl  │   └─────────────┘   │
-│          │          │        │                     │
-│   ┌──────▼──────┐   │        │   ┌─────────────┐   │
-│   │  Database   │───┼────────┼──►│  Database   │   │
-│   │  (Primary)  │   │ Async  │   │  (Replica)  │   │
-│   └─────────────┘   │        │   └─────────────┘   │
-└─────────────────────┘        └─────────────────────┘
-         100%                           0%
-       Traffic                        Traffic
-```
-
-**When to Use:**
-- RTO: 5-30 minutes acceptable
-- Cost optimization (secondary idle)
-- Simple failover needed
-
-**Implementation:**
-```yaml
-# Route 53 health check and failover
-resource "aws_route53_health_check" "primary" {
-  fqdn              = "api.primary-region.example.com"
-  port              = 443
-  type              = "HTTPS"
-  resource_path     = "/health"
-  failure_threshold = 3
-  request_interval  = 30
-}
-
-resource "aws_route53_record" "api" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.main.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-
-  # Primary region (active)
-  set_identifier = "primary"
-  failover_routing_policy {
-    type = "PRIMARY"
-  }
-  health_check_id = aws_route53_health_check.primary.id
-  alias {
-    name                   = aws_lb.primary.dns_name
-    zone_id                = aws_lb.primary.zone_id
-    evaluate_target_health = true
-  }
-}
-
-resource "aws_route53_record" "api_failover" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.main.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-
-  # Secondary region (standby)
-  set_identifier = "secondary"
-  failover_routing_policy {
-    type = "SECONDARY"
-  }
-  alias {
-    name                   = aws_lb.secondary.dns_name
-    zone_id                = aws_lb.secondary.zone_id
-    evaluate_target_health = true
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Pros:**
-- ✅ Lower cost (secondary mostly idle)
-- ✅ Simple to implement
-- ✅ Data always available in secondary
-
-**Cons:**
-- ❌ Slower failover (5-30 minutes)
-- ❌ Wasted capacity in secondary
-- ❌ Manual failover often required
-
-**Cost Estimate:**
-- Primary: 100% of single-region cost
-- Secondary: 30-50% (data replication + standby compute)
-- **Total: ~130-150% of single-region**
-
----
-
-### 2. Active-Active (Hot-Hot)
-
-**Description:**
-Multiple regions actively handle traffic simultaneously.
-
-**Diagram:**
-```
-          ┌─────────────────┐
-          │   Global Load   │
-          │    Balancer     │
-          │   (Route 53)    │
-          └────────┬────────┘
-                   │
-        ┏━━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━━┓
-        ┃                     ┃
-┌───────▼────────┐    ┌───────▼────────┐
-│  Region A      │    │  Region B      │
-│  ┌──────────┐  │    │  ┌──────────┐  │
-│  │Application│ │    │  │Application│ │
-│  │ (Active) │  │    │  │ (Active) │  │
-│  └─────┬────┘  │    │  └─────┬────┘  │
-│  ┌─────▼────┐  │    │  ┌─────▼────┐  │
-│  │Database  │◄─┼────┼─►│Database  │  │
-│  │(Primary) │  │ Bi │  │(Primary) │  │
-│  └──────────┘  │ Dir│  └──────────┘  │
-└────────────────┘ Sync└────────────────┘
-      50%                     50%
-    Traffic                 Traffic
-```
-
-**When to Use:**
-- RTO: < 5 minutes required
-- Global user base
-- High availability critical
-- Cost less of a concern
-
-**Implementation:**
-```typescript
-// DynamoDB global tables (active-active)
-resource "aws_dynamodb_table" "users" {
-  name           = "users"
-  billing_mode   = "PAY_PER_REQUEST"
-  hash_key       = "userId"
-
-  attribute {
-    name = "userId"
-    type = "S"
-  }
-
-  # Enable global tables
-  replica {
-    region_name = "us-east-1"
-  }
-
-  replica {
-    region_name = "eu-west-1"
-  }
-
-  replica {
-    region_name = "ap-southeast-1"
-  }
-
-  # Conflict resolution: last-writer-wins
-  stream_enabled   = true
-  stream_view_type = "NEW_AND_OLD_IMAGES"
-}
-
-// Route 53 latency-based routing
-resource "aws_route53_record" "api_us" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.main.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-
-  set_identifier = "us-east-1"
-  latency_routing_policy {
-    region = "us-east-1"
-  }
-  alias {
-    name    = aws_lb.us_east_1.dns_name
-    zone_id = aws_lb.us_east_1.zone_id
-  }
-}
-
-resource "aws_route53_record" "api_eu" {
-  zone_id = aws_route53_zone.main.zone_id
-  name    = "api.example.com"
-  type    = "A"
-
-  set_identifier = "eu-west-1"
-  latency_routing_policy {
-    region = "eu-west-1"
-  }
-  alias {
-    name    = aws_lb.eu_west_1.dns_name
-    zone_id = aws_lb.eu_west_1.zone_id
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Pros:**
-- ✅ Fastest failover (seconds)
-- ✅ Optimal user latency (geo-routing)
-- ✅ Full capacity utilization
-- ✅ No wasted resources
-
-**Cons:**
-- ❌ Higher cost (2x infrastructure)
-- ❌ Data consistency complexity
-- ❌ Cross-region data transfer costs
-- ❌ Difficult to test
-
-**Cost Estimate:**
-- Region A: 100% of single-region
-- Region B: 100% of single-region
-- Data transfer: 10-20% additional
-- **Total: ~210-220% of single-region**
-
----
-
-### 3. Read Replicas (Global Read)
-
-**Description:**
-Primary region for writes, multiple regions for reads.
-
-**Diagram:**
-```
-          Writes (10%)
-              │
-      ┌───────▼────────┐
-      │  Primary Region│
-      │   (us-east-1)  │
-      │  ┌──────────┐  │
-      │  │ Database │  │
-      │  │ (Primary)│  │
-      │  └────┬─────┘  │
-      └───────┼────────┘
-              │
-        Replication
-       ┌──────┼──────┐
-       │             │
-┌──────▼──────┐ ┌───▼────────┐
-│  Read Replica│ │Read Replica│
-│  (eu-west-1)│ │(ap-south-1)│
-│             │ │            │
-│  Reads (45%)│ │Reads (45%) │
-└─────────────┘ └────────────┘
-```
-
-**When to Use:**
-- Read-heavy workloads (90%+ reads)
-- Global user base
-- Eventual consistency acceptable
-- Cost optimization
-
-**Implementation:**
-```terraform
-# Primary database
-resource "aws_db_instance" "primary" {
-  identifier = "users-primary"
-  region     = "us-east-1"
-
-  engine         = "postgres"
-  instance_class = "db.r5.xlarge"
-
-  backup_retention_period = 7
-  multi_az                = true
-}
-
-# Read replica in Europe
-resource "aws_db_instance" "replica_eu" {
-  identifier = "users-replica-eu"
-  region     = "eu-west-1"
-
-  replicate_source_db = aws_db_instance.primary.identifier
-  instance_class      = "db.r5.large"  # Can be smaller
-
-  # No backups needed for replica
-  backup_retention_period = 0
-}
-
-# Read replica in Asia
-resource "aws_db_instance" "replica_asia" {
-  identifier = "users-replica-asia"
-  region     = "ap-southeast-1"
-
-  replicate_source_db = aws_db_instance.primary.identifier
-  instance_class      = "db.r5.large"
-
-  backup_retention_period = 0
-}
-```
-
-**Application Code:**
-```typescript
-// Smart connection routing
-const connectionConfig = {
-  write: process.env.DATABASE_PRIMARY_URL,
-  read: [
-    process.env.DATABASE_REPLICA_EU_URL,
-    process.env.DATABASE_REPLICA_ASIA_URL,
-  ]
-};
-
-// Use Prisma read replicas
-const prisma = new PrismaClient({
-  datasources: {
-    db: {
-      url: connectionConfig.write
-    }
-  }
-});
-
-// Explicit read from replica
-const users = await prisma.$queryRaw`
-  SELECT * FROM users WHERE region = 'EU'
-` // Automatically routed to nearest replica
-
-// Writes always go to primary
-await prisma.user.create({
-  data: { name: 'John' }
-}); // Routed to primary
-```
-
-**Pros:**
-- ✅ Lower cost than active-active
-- ✅ Improved read performance globally
-- ✅ Reduced load on primary
-
-**Cons:**
-- ❌ Replication lag (eventual consistency)
-- ❌ Writes still centralized
-- ❌ Application must handle read-after-write
-
-**Cost Estimate:**
-- Primary: 100%
-- Replica 1: 50% (smaller instance)
-- Replica 2: 50%
-- **Total: ~200% of single-region**
-
----
-
-## Data Replication Strategies
-
-### Synchronous Replication
-```
-Client → Primary DB → Secondary DB → Client
-         (wait)         (wait)       (response)
-```
-- ✅ Strong consistency
-- ❌ Higher latency
-- ❌ Availability impact if secondary fails
-
-### Asynchronous Replication
-```
-Client → Primary DB → Client
-         (no wait)    (response)
-              ↓
-         Secondary DB
-         (background)
-```
-- ✅ Lower latency
-- ✅ High availability
-- ❌ Potential data loss
-- ❌ Eventual consistency
-
-### Comparison:
-
-| Aspect | Synchronous | Asynchronous |
-|--------|-------------|--------------|
-| Consistency | Strong | Eventual |
-| Latency | High (+50-200ms) | Low (no impact) |
-| Data Loss Risk | None | Seconds to minutes |
-| Availability | Lower | Higher |
-| Use Case | Financial | Most applications |
-
----
-
-## Handling Cross-Region Challenges
-
-### 1. Network Latency
-
-**Problem:** Cross-region latency 50-300ms
-
-**Solutions:**
-- Use CDN for static assets
-- Cache aggressively at edge
-- Async replication
-- Regional data partitioning
-
-```typescript
-// Regional data partitioning
-const userRegion = getUserRegion(userId);
-
-// Route to nearest region
-const regionalDB = {
-  'US': usEastDB,
-  'EU': euWestDB,
-  'ASIA': apSouthDB
-}[userRegion];
-
-const user = await regionalDB.users.findUnique({
-  where: { id: userId }
-});
-```
-
-### 2. Data Consistency
-
-**Problem:** Distributed data, potential conflicts
-
-**Solutions:**
-- Last-writer-wins (simple, lossy)
-- Vector clocks (complex, accurate)
-- CRDTs (Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types)
-- Application-level conflict resolution
-
-```typescript
-// Last-writer-wins with timestamp
-interface User {
-  id: string;
-  name: string;
-  updatedAt: Date;  // Conflict resolution
-  region: string;   // Origin tracking
-}
-
-async function resolveConflict(local: User, remote: User) {
-  // Simple: most recent wins
-  return local.updatedAt > remote.updatedAt ? local : remote;
-}
-```
-
-### 3. Data Transfer Costs
-
-**AWS Inter-Region Data Transfer:**
-- us-east-1 → us-west-2: $0.02/GB
-- us-east-1 → eu-west-1: $0.02/GB
-- us-east-1 → ap-south-1: $0.08/GB
-
-**Cost Optimization:**
-```terraform
-# Use VPC peering to reduce costs
-resource "aws_vpc_peering_connection" "us_to_eu" {
-  vpc_id        = aws_vpc.us_east.id
-  peer_vpc_id   = aws_vpc.eu_west.id
-  peer_region   = "eu-west-1"
-
-  # Reduces data transfer cost vs public internet
-}
-
-# Compress data before transfer
-resource "aws_lambda_function" "replicate_with_compression" {
-  function_name = "replicate-compressed"
-
-  environment {
-    variables = {
-      COMPRESSION = "gzip"  # Reduce data volume 60-80%
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
----
-
-## Failover Procedures
-
-### Automated Failover (Active-Passive)
-
-```bash
-#!/bin/bash
-# Automated failover script
-
-# 1. Detect primary region failure
-PRIMARY_HEALTH=$(curl -f https://api.us-east-1.example.com/health || echo "FAIL")
-
-if [ "$PRIMARY_HEALTH" == "FAIL" ]; then
-  echo "Primary region unhealthy. Initiating failover..."
-
-  # 2. Promote secondary database to primary
-  aws rds promote-read-replica \
-    --db-instance-identifier users-replica-eu \
-    --region eu-west-1
-
-  # 3. Update DNS to point to secondary
-  aws route53 change-resource-record-sets \
-    --hosted-zone-id Z1234567890ABC \
-    --change-batch '{
-      "Changes": [{
-        "Action": "UPSERT",
-        "ResourceRecordSet": {
-          "Name": "api.example.com",
-          "Type": "A",
-          "SetIdentifier": "failover",
-          "Failover": "PRIMARY",
-          "AliasTarget": {
-            "HostedZoneId": "Z0987654321XYZ",
-            "DNSName": "api.eu-west-1.example.com",
-            "EvaluateTargetHealth": true
-          }
-        }
-      }]
-    }'
-
-  # 4. Notify team
-  aws sns publish \
-    --topic-arn arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:123456789:failover-alerts \
-    --message "Failover to eu-west-1 completed"
-
-  echo "Failover complete. Traffic now routing to eu-west-1."
-fi
-```
-
-### Manual Failover Runbook
-
-```markdown
-# Multi-Region Failover Runbook
-
-## Pre-Failover Checklist
-- [ ] Confirm primary region is truly down (not false alarm)
-- [ ] Verify secondary region is healthy
-- [ ] Check replication lag < 5 minutes
-- [ ] Notify stakeholders (Slack #incidents)
-- [ ] Document start time
-
-## Failover Steps (30 minutes)
-
-### Step 1: Promote Secondary Database (5 min)
-```bash
-aws rds promote-read-replica \
-  --db-instance-identifier users-replica-eu
-```
-
-### Step 2: Update Application Config (5 min)
-```bash
-kubectl set env deployment/api \
-  DATABASE_URL=postgresql://eu-west-1.rds.amazonaws.com/users
-```
-
-### Step 3: Update DNS (10 min propagation)
-```bash
-# Update Route 53
-aws route53 change-resource-record-sets ...
-```
-
-### Step 4: Verify Traffic (5 min)
-- Check CloudWatch metrics
-- Test critical user flows
-- Monitor error rates
-
-### Step 5: Monitor (5 min)
-- Watch dashboards for 15 minutes
-- Confirm no spike in errors
-- Verify latency acceptable
-
-## Post-Failover
-- [ ] Update status page
-- [ ] Monitor for 4 hours
-- [ ] Plan failback when primary restored
-- [ ] Post-mortem scheduled
-```
-
----
-
-## Testing Multi-Region Failover
-
-### Chaos Engineering
-
-```yaml
-# Chaos Mesh experiment: Simulate region failure
-apiVersion: chaos-mesh.org/v1alpha1
-kind: NetworkChaos
-metadata:
-  name: region-failure-simulation
-spec:
-  action: partition
-  mode: all
-  selector:
-    namespaces:
-      - production
-    labelSelectors:
-      'region': 'us-east-1'
-  direction: both
-  duration: '30m'
-```
-
-### GameDays
-
-**Quarterly failover testing:**
-1. Schedule 2-hour window
-2. Announce to team
-3. Execute failover procedure
-4. Measure RTO/RPO
-5. Document learnings
-6. Update runbooks
-
----
-
-**Related Resources:**
-- disaster-recovery.md - RTO/RPO planning and backup strategies
-- capacity-planning.md - Sizing multi-region infrastructure
-- cost-architecture.md - Multi-region cost optimization