npm - blockmine - Versions diffs - 1.24.0 → 1.27.0 - Mend

blockmine 1.24.0 → 1.27.0

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package/.claude/skills/network-engineering/resources/load-balancing.md DELETED Viewed

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-# Load Balancing
-Comprehensive guide to load balancing covering algorithms, protocols, health checks, and implementation across different platforms including HAProxy, nginx, and cloud-native load balancers.
-## Table of Contents
-- [Overview](#overview)
-- [Load Balancer Types](#load-balancer-types)
-- [Load Balancing Algorithms](#load-balancing-algorithms)
-- [Health Checks](#health-checks)
-- [SSL/TLS Termination](#ssltls-termination)
-- [Session Persistence](#session-persistence)
-- [Cloud Load Balancers](#cloud-load-balancers)
-- [HAProxy Configuration](#haproxy-configuration)
-- [Nginx Load Balancing](#nginx-load-balancing)
-- [Kubernetes Ingress](#kubernetes-ingress)
-- [Best Practices](#best-practices)
-- [Anti-Patterns](#anti-patterns)
-## Overview
-Load balancing distributes network traffic across multiple servers to ensure high availability, optimal resource utilization, and improved application performance.
-**Key Benefits:**
-- High availability through redundancy
-- Horizontal scalability
-- Zero-downtime deployments
-- Traffic distribution optimization
-- SSL/TLS offloading
-- Protection against DDoS attacks
-## Load Balancer Types
-### Layer 4 (Transport Layer)
-**Characteristics:**
-- Operates at TCP/UDP level
-- Routes based on IP address and port
-- Fast, low latency
-- Protocol-agnostic
-- Cannot inspect application data
-**Use Cases:**
-- High-throughput applications
-- Non-HTTP protocols
-- UDP load balancing
-- Simple TCP pass-through
-**Example: AWS Network Load Balancer (NLB)**
-```yaml
-# NLB via Terraform
-resource "aws_lb" "network" {
-  name               = "app-nlb"
-  internal           = false
-  load_balancer_type = "network"
-  subnets            = var.public_subnet_ids
-  enable_cross_zone_load_balancing = true
-  enable_deletion_protection       = true
-  tags = {
-    Name        = "app-nlb"
-    Environment = "production"
-  }
-}
-resource "aws_lb_target_group" "tcp" {
-  name     = "app-tcp-targets"
-  port     = 8080
-  protocol = "TCP"
-  vpc_id   = var.vpc_id
-  health_check {
-    enabled             = true
-    interval            = 30
-    port                = "traffic-port"
-    protocol            = "TCP"
-    healthy_threshold   = 3
-    unhealthy_threshold = 3
-  }
-  deregistration_delay = 30
-}
-resource "aws_lb_listener" "tcp" {
-  load_balancer_arn = aws_lb.network.arn
-  port              = 443
-  protocol          = "TCP"
-  default_action {
-    type             = "forward"
-    target_group_arn = aws_lb_target_group.tcp.arn
-  }
-}
-```
-### Layer 7 (Application Layer)
-**Characteristics:**
-- Operates at HTTP/HTTPS level
-- Content-based routing
-- SSL termination
-- Request inspection
-- URL/header-based routing
-- WebSocket support
-**Use Cases:**
-- HTTP/HTTPS applications
-- Microservices routing
-- A/B testing
-- Canary deployments
-- API gateways
-**Example: AWS Application Load Balancer (ALB)**
-```yaml
-# ALB with path-based routing
-resource "aws_lb" "application" {
-  name               = "app-alb"
-  internal           = false
-  load_balancer_type = "application"
-  security_groups    = [aws_security_group.alb.id]
-  subnets            = var.public_subnet_ids
-  enable_deletion_protection = true
-  enable_http2              = true
-  enable_waf                = true
-  access_logs {
-    bucket  = aws_s3_bucket.alb_logs.id
-    enabled = true
-  }
-}
-resource "aws_lb_target_group" "api" {
-  name     = "api-targets"
-  port     = 8080
-  protocol = "HTTP"
-  vpc_id   = var.vpc_id
-  health_check {
-    enabled             = true
-    path                = "/health"
-    port                = "traffic-port"
-    protocol            = "HTTP"
-    healthy_threshold   = 2
-    unhealthy_threshold = 2
-    timeout             = 5
-    interval            = 30
-    matcher             = "200"
-  }
-  stickiness {
-    type            = "lb_cookie"
-    cookie_duration = 86400
-    enabled         = true
-  }
-  deregistration_delay = 30
-}
-resource "aws_lb_listener" "https" {
-  load_balancer_arn = aws_lb.application.arn
-  port              = 443
-  protocol          = "HTTPS"
-  ssl_policy        = "ELBSecurityPolicy-TLS-1-2-2017-01"
-  certificate_arn   = var.certificate_arn
-  default_action {
-    type             = "forward"
-    target_group_arn = aws_lb_target_group.api.arn
-  }
-}
-# Path-based routing
-resource "aws_lb_listener_rule" "api_v2" {
-  listener_arn = aws_lb_listener.https.arn
-  priority     = 100
-  action {
-    type             = "forward"
-    target_group_arn = aws_lb_target_group.api_v2.arn
-  }
-  condition {
-    path_pattern {
-      values = ["/api/v2/*"]
-    }
-  }
-}
-# Header-based routing
-resource "aws_lb_listener_rule" "canary" {
-  listener_arn = aws_lb_listener.https.arn
-  priority     = 50
-  action {
-    type             = "forward"
-    target_group_arn = aws_lb_target_group.canary.arn
-  }
-  condition {
-    http_header {
-      http_header_name = "X-Canary-Version"
-      values           = ["v2"]
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-### Global Load Balancers
-**Characteristics:**
-- Geographic distribution
-- DNS-based routing
-- Multi-region failover
-- Latency-based routing
-**Example: AWS Global Accelerator**
-```hcl
-resource "aws_globalaccelerator_accelerator" "main" {
-  name            = "app-accelerator"
-  ip_address_type = "IPV4"
-  enabled         = true
-  attributes {
-    flow_logs_enabled   = true
-    flow_logs_s3_bucket = aws_s3_bucket.flow_logs.id
-  }
-}
-resource "aws_globalaccelerator_listener" "main" {
-  accelerator_arn = aws_globalaccelerator_accelerator.main.id
-  protocol        = "TCP"
-  port_range {
-    from_port = 443
-    to_port   = 443
-  }
-}
-resource "aws_globalaccelerator_endpoint_group" "us_east" {
-  listener_arn = aws_globalaccelerator_listener.main.id
-  endpoint_group_region = "us-east-1"
-  health_check_interval_seconds = 30
-  health_check_path            = "/health"
-  health_check_port            = 443
-  health_check_protocol        = "HTTPS"
-  threshold_count              = 3
-  traffic_dial_percentage      = 100
-  endpoint_configuration {
-    endpoint_id = aws_lb.us_east.arn
-    weight      = 100
-  }
-}
-resource "aws_globalaccelerator_endpoint_group" "eu_west" {
-  listener_arn = aws_globalaccelerator_listener.main.id
-  endpoint_group_region = "eu-west-1"
-  traffic_dial_percentage = 100
-  endpoint_configuration {
-    endpoint_id = aws_lb.eu_west.arn
-    weight      = 100
-  }
-}
-```
-## Load Balancing Algorithms
-### Round Robin
-**How it works:** Distributes requests sequentially across all servers.
-**Pros:**
-- Simple and fair distribution
-- No state required
-- Works well with identical servers
-**Cons:**
-- Doesn't account for server load
-- Not suitable for varying server capacities
-**Configuration:**
-```nginx
-upstream backend {
-    server backend1.example.com;
-    server backend2.example.com;
-    server backend3.example.com;
-}
-```
-### Weighted Round Robin
-**How it works:** Distributes based on assigned weights.
-```nginx
-upstream backend {
-    server backend1.example.com weight=3;  # Gets 3x traffic
-    server backend2.example.com weight=2;  # Gets 2x traffic
-    server backend3.example.com weight=1;  # Gets 1x traffic
-}
-```
-### Least Connections
-**How it works:** Routes to server with fewest active connections.
-**Best for:** Long-lived connections, varying request durations
-```nginx
-upstream backend {
-    least_conn;
-    server backend1.example.com;
-    server backend2.example.com;
-    server backend3.example.com;
-}
-```
-### IP Hash
-**How it works:** Hash client IP to determine server.
-**Best for:** Session persistence, sticky sessions
-```nginx
-upstream backend {
-    ip_hash;
-    server backend1.example.com;
-    server backend2.example.com;
-    server backend3.example.com;
-}
-```
-### Consistent Hashing
-**How it works:** Hash-based distribution with minimal disruption on server changes.
-```haproxy
-backend app_servers
-    balance hdr(X-User-ID)
-    hash-type consistent
-    server app1 10.0.1.10:8080 check
-    server app2 10.0.1.11:8080 check
-    server app3 10.0.1.12:8080 check
-```
-## Health Checks
-### Active Health Checks
-**HTTP/HTTPS Health Checks:**
-```yaml
-# Kubernetes Liveness Probe
-livenessProbe:
-  httpGet:
-    path: /health
-    port: 8080
-    httpHeaders:
-    - name: X-Health-Check
-      value: "true"
-  initialDelaySeconds: 30
-  periodSeconds: 10
-  timeoutSeconds: 5
-  failureThreshold: 3
-  successThreshold: 1
-# Kubernetes Readiness Probe
-readinessProbe:
-  httpGet:
-    path: /ready
-    port: 8080
-  initialDelaySeconds: 5
-  periodSeconds: 5
-  timeoutSeconds: 3
-  failureThreshold: 3
-  successThreshold: 1
-```
-**TCP Health Checks:**
-```haproxy
-backend mysql_servers
-    mode tcp
-    balance leastconn
-    option tcp-check
-    tcp-check connect port 3306
-    server mysql1 10.0.1.20:3306 check inter 2s rise 2 fall 3
-    server mysql2 10.0.1.21:3306 check inter 2s rise 2 fall 3
-```
-### Passive Health Checks
-**Circuit Breaker Pattern:**
-```nginx
-upstream backend {
-    server backend1.example.com max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
-    server backend2.example.com max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
-    server backend3.example.com max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
-}
-```
-## SSL/TLS Termination
-### HAProxy SSL Termination
-```haproxy
-global
-    maxconn 4096
-    tune.ssl.default-dh-param 2048
-frontend https_frontend
-    bind *:443 ssl crt /etc/haproxy/certs/site.pem alpn h2,http/1.1
-    # Security headers
-    http-response set-header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"
-    http-response set-header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN"
-    http-response set-header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
-    # Redirect HTTP to HTTPS
-    redirect scheme https code 301 if !{ ssl_fc }
-    default_backend app_servers
-backend app_servers
-    balance roundrobin
-    option httpchk GET /health
-    http-check expect status 200
-    server app1 10.0.1.10:8080 check
-    server app2 10.0.1.11:8080 check
-```
-### Nginx SSL Termination
-```nginx
-server {
-    listen 443 ssl http2;
-    server_name app.example.com;
-    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/cert.pem;
-    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/key.pem;
-    # Modern SSL configuration
-    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
-    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256;
-    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
-    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
-    ssl_session_timeout 10m;
-    ssl_stapling on;
-    ssl_stapling_verify on;
-    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000" always;
-    location / {
-        proxy_pass http://backend;
-        proxy_set_header Host $host;
-        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
-        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
-        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
-    }
-}
-```
-## Session Persistence
-### Cookie-Based Persistence
-```haproxy
-backend app_servers
-    balance roundrobin
-    # Insert cookie for session stickiness
-    cookie SERVERID insert indirect nocache
-    server app1 10.0.1.10:8080 check cookie app1
-    server app2 10.0.1.11:8080 check cookie app2
-    server app3 10.0.1.12:8080 check cookie app3
-```
-### Application-Controlled Sessions
-```nginx
-upstream backend {
-    hash $cookie_session_id consistent;
-    server backend1.example.com;
-    server backend2.example.com;
-    server backend3.example.com;
-}
-```
-## Cloud Load Balancers
-### AWS Load Balancer Comparison
-```
-Feature              ALB          NLB           GLB
-Layer                7            4             4
-Protocol             HTTP/HTTPS   TCP/UDP/TLS   Any IP
-Routing              Content      Connection    Network
-Static IP            No           Yes           No
-PrivateLink          Yes          Yes           No
-WebSocket            Yes          Yes           No
-gRPC                 Yes          Yes           No
-Lambda Target        Yes          No            No
-```
-### GCP Load Balancer
-```yaml
-# GCP HTTP(S) Load Balancer via Terraform
-resource "google_compute_global_forwarding_rule" "https" {
-  name       = "app-https-forwarding-rule"
-  target     = google_compute_target_https_proxy.default.id
-  port_range = "443"
-  ip_address = google_compute_global_address.default.address
-}
-resource "google_compute_target_https_proxy" "default" {
-  name             = "app-https-proxy"
-  url_map          = google_compute_url_map.default.id
-  ssl_certificates = [google_compute_ssl_certificate.default.id]
-}
-resource "google_compute_url_map" "default" {
-  name            = "app-url-map"
-  default_service = google_compute_backend_service.default.id
-  host_rule {
-    hosts        = ["app.example.com"]
-    path_matcher = "allpaths"
-  }
-  path_matcher {
-    name            = "allpaths"
-    default_service = google_compute_backend_service.default.id
-    path_rule {
-      paths   = ["/api/v2/*"]
-      service = google_compute_backend_service.api_v2.id
-    }
-  }
-}
-resource "google_compute_backend_service" "default" {
-  name          = "app-backend-service"
-  protocol      = "HTTP"
-  timeout_sec   = 30
-  health_checks = [google_compute_health_check.default.id]
-  backend {
-    group           = google_compute_instance_group.us_central1.id
-    balancing_mode  = "UTILIZATION"
-    capacity_scaler = 1.0
-  }
-  backend {
-    group           = google_compute_instance_group.us_east1.id
-    balancing_mode  = "UTILIZATION"
-    capacity_scaler = 1.0
-  }
-  log_config {
-    enable      = true
-    sample_rate = 1.0
-  }
-}
-resource "google_compute_health_check" "default" {
-  name                = "app-health-check"
-  check_interval_sec  = 10
-  timeout_sec         = 5
-  healthy_threshold   = 2
-  unhealthy_threshold = 3
-  http_health_check {
-    port         = 8080
-    request_path = "/health"
-  }
-}
-```
-## HAProxy Configuration
-```haproxy
-global
-    log /dev/log local0
-    maxconn 4096
-    user haproxy
-    group haproxy
-    daemon
-    # SSL settings
-    ssl-default-bind-ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
-    ssl-default-bind-options ssl-min-ver TLSv1.2 no-tls-tickets
-    stats socket /run/haproxy/admin.sock mode 660 level admin
-    stats timeout 30s
-defaults
-    log     global
-    mode    http
-    option  httplog
-    option  dontlognull
-    option  http-server-close
-    option  forwardfor except 127.0.0.0/8
-    option  redispatch
-    retries 3
-    timeout connect 5000
-    timeout client  50000
-    timeout server  50000
-    errorfile 400 /etc/haproxy/errors/400.http
-    errorfile 403 /etc/haproxy/errors/403.http
-    errorfile 408 /etc/haproxy/errors/408.http
-    errorfile 500 /etc/haproxy/errors/500.http
-    errorfile 502 /etc/haproxy/errors/502.http
-    errorfile 503 /etc/haproxy/errors/503.http
-    errorfile 504 /etc/haproxy/errors/504.http
-frontend stats
-    bind *:8404
-    stats enable
-    stats uri /stats
-    stats refresh 10s
-    stats auth admin:password
-frontend http_frontend
-    bind *:80
-    redirect scheme https code 301
-frontend https_frontend
-    bind *:443 ssl crt /etc/haproxy/certs/
-    # Rate limiting
-    stick-table type ip size 100k expire 30s store http_req_rate(10s)
-    http-request track-sc0 src
-    http-request deny deny_status 429 if { sc_http_req_rate(0) gt 100 }
-    # ACLs for routing
-    acl is_api path_beg /api
-    acl is_admin path_beg /admin
-    acl is_static path_end .jpg .png .css .js
-    use_backend api_servers if is_api
-    use_backend admin_servers if is_admin
-    use_backend static_servers if is_static
-    default_backend app_servers
-backend app_servers
-    balance roundrobin
-    option httpchk GET /health HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ localhost
-    http-check expect status 200
-    server app1 10.0.1.10:8080 check inter 2s rise 2 fall 3 maxconn 1000
-    server app2 10.0.1.11:8080 check inter 2s rise 2 fall 3 maxconn 1000
-    server app3 10.0.1.12:8080 check inter 2s rise 2 fall 3 maxconn 1000
-backend api_servers
-    balance leastconn
-    option httpchk GET /api/health
-    server api1 10.0.2.10:8080 check
-    server api2 10.0.2.11:8080 check
-```
-## Nginx Load Balancing
-```nginx
-http {
-    upstream backend {
-        least_conn;
-        server backend1.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
-        server backend2.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
-        server backend3.example.com:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
-        # Backup server
-        server backup.example.com:8080 backup;
-        keepalive 32;
-    }
-    upstream api_backend {
-        hash $request_uri consistent;
-        server api1.example.com:8080;
-        server api2.example.com:8080;
-        keepalive 32;
-    }
-    server {
-        listen 80;
-        server_name app.example.com;
-        return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
-    }
-    server {
-        listen 443 ssl http2;
-        server_name app.example.com;
-        ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/cert.pem;
-        ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/key.pem;
-        location / {
-            proxy_pass http://backend;
-            proxy_http_version 1.1;
-            proxy_set_header Connection "";
-            proxy_set_header Host $host;
-            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
-            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
-            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
-            # Timeouts
-            proxy_connect_timeout 60s;
-            proxy_send_timeout 60s;
-            proxy_read_timeout 60s;
-            # Buffering
-            proxy_buffering on;
-            proxy_buffer_size 4k;
-            proxy_buffers 8 4k;
-        }
-        location /api/ {
-            proxy_pass http://api_backend;
-            proxy_http_version 1.1;
-            proxy_set_header Connection "";
-        }
-        location /health {
-            access_log off;
-            return 200 "healthy\n";
-            add_header Content-Type text/plain;
-        }
-    }
-}
-```
-## Kubernetes Ingress
-```yaml
-apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
-kind: Ingress
-metadata:
-  name: app-ingress
-  annotations:
-    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
-    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
-    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rate-limit: "100"
-    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect: "true"
-    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/use-regex: "true"
-    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/affinity: "cookie"
-    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/session-cookie-name: "route"
-    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/session-cookie-max-age: "86400"
-spec:
-  tls:
-  - hosts:
-    - app.example.com
-    secretName: app-tls
-  rules:
-  - host: app.example.com
-    http:
-      paths:
-      - path: /api/v1
-        pathType: Prefix
-        backend:
-          service:
-            name: api-v1
-            port:
-              number: 8080
-      - path: /api/v2
-        pathType: Prefix
-        backend:
-          service:
-            name: api-v2
-            port:
-              number: 8080
-      - path: /
-        pathType: Prefix
-        backend:
-          service:
-            name: frontend
-            port:
-              number: 80
-```
-## Best Practices
-1. **Always use health checks** - Detect and remove unhealthy instances
-2. **Enable connection draining** - Allow in-flight requests to complete
-3. **Use SSL/TLS termination** - Offload encryption from backends
-4. **Implement rate limiting** - Protect against abuse and DDoS
-5. **Enable access logs** - Debug issues and analyze traffic patterns
-6. **Use appropriate timeouts** - Prevent resource exhaustion
-7. **Configure proper session persistence** - When stateful sessions required
-8. **Enable monitoring and metrics** - Track performance and errors
-9. **Use multiple availability zones** - Ensure high availability
-10. **Test failover regularly** - Verify redundancy works
-## Anti-Patterns
-- **Single load balancer** - Creates single point of failure
-- **No health checks** - Sends traffic to failed instances
-- **Overly aggressive health checks** - Can overload backends
-- **No SSL/TLS** - Exposes traffic to interception
-- **Hard-coded server IPs** - Makes scaling difficult
-- **Insufficient connection limits** - Can exhaust resources
-- **No monitoring** - Can't detect issues
-- **Same health check and application port** - Can give false positives
-- **No timeout configuration** - Leads to resource leaks
-- **Ignoring connection draining** - Causes dropped requests during deployments