@syllst/ko 0.1.1

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-06.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: korean-hangul-lesson-06
+title: "Lesson 6 — Basic Consonants III (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ)"
+description: "Complete the 14 basic consonants: kieuk, tieut, pieup, hieut"
+order: 6
+parentId: ko-alphabet
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - basic-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 20
+  prerequisites: [korean-hangul-lesson-05]
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-ko-alph-06-recognize
+      description: "Recognize the consonants ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [kieuk, tieut, pieup, hieut]
+    - id: obj-ko-alph-06-sounds
+      description: "Distinguish aspirated consonants from their plain pairs"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [kieuk, tieut, pieup, hieut]
+---
+
+# Lesson 6 — Basic Consonants III (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ)
+
+## Introduction
+
+You have learned 10 basic consonants. In this lesson, you will complete the set of 14. These last four consonants include three aspirated consonants (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ) and the fricative ㅎ.
+
+After this lesson, you will know all 14 basic consonants and can read most Korean text when combined with the 10 vowels.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="ko-consonants-3" title="Basic Consonants III"}
+
+::character{id="kieuk" canonicalRef="kieuk" char="ㅋ" name="ㅋ 키읔 (kieuk)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="k" data:ipa="kʰ"}
+
+::character{id="tieut" canonicalRef="tieut" char="ㅌ" name="ㅌ 티읕 (tieut)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="t" data:ipa="tʰ"}
+
+::character{id="pieup" canonicalRef="pieup" char="ㅍ" name="ㅍ 피읖 (pieup)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="p" data:ipa="pʰ"}
+
+::character{id="hieut" canonicalRef="hieut" char="ㅎ" name="ㅎ 히읗 (hieut)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="h" data:ipa="h"}
+
+:::
+
+## The Three Consonant Series
+
+Korean consonants come in three series. You now know all of them:
+
+| Plain | Aspirated | Tense (Double) |
+|-------|----------|----------------|
+| ㄱ (g) | ㅋ (k) | ㄲ (kk) |
+| ㄷ (d) | ㅌ (t) | ㄸ (tt) |
+| ㅂ (b) | ㅍ (p) | ㅃ (pp) |
+| ㅈ (j) | ㅊ (ch) | ㅉ (jj) |
+| ㅅ (s) | — | ㅆ (ss) |
+
+**Plain** consonants: light, no strong breath
+**Aspirated** consonants: strong puff of air (like English k, t, p)
+**Tense** consonants: tightened throat, no breath (you will learn these in Lesson 7)
+
+## Pronunciation Guide
+
+| Character | Name | Sound | Like English |
+|-----------|------|-------|-------------|
+| ㅋ | 키읔 (kieuk) | k (aspirated) | "k" in "kite" — strong breath |
+| ㅌ | 티읕 (tieut) | t (aspirated) | "t" in "top" — strong breath |
+| ㅍ | 피읖 (pieup) | p (aspirated) | "p" in "pie" — strong breath |
+| ㅎ | 히읗 (hieut) | h | "h" in "hello" |
+
+**Testing aspiration:** Hold a piece of paper in front of your mouth. When saying ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, the paper should move from the air flow. For plain ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, it should barely move.
+
+## Visual Patterns — Aspirated Consonants
+
+The aspirated consonants look like their plain counterparts with an extra horizontal stroke:
+
+| Plain | Aspirated | Visual change |
+|-------|----------|---------------|
+| ㄱ | ㅋ | Extra horizontal stroke on top |
+| ㄷ | ㅌ | Extra horizontal stroke added |
+| ㅂ | ㅍ | Extra stroke and wider shape |
+| ㅈ | ㅊ | Extra stroke on top |
+
+## Common Words
+
+| Korean | Romanization | Meaning |
+|--------|-------------|---------|
+| 커피 | keo-pi | coffee |
+| 토마토 | to-ma-to | tomato |
+| 피자 | pi-ja | pizza |
+| 한국 | han-guk | Korea |
+| 하나 | ha-na | one (native Korean) |
+
+## All 14 Basic Consonants — Complete Chart
+
+| # | Consonant | Name | Initial Sound |
+|---|-----------|------|---------------|
+| 1 | ㄱ | 기역 | g |
+| 2 | ㄴ | 니은 | n |
+| 3 | ㄷ | 디귿 | d |
+| 4 | ㄹ | 리을 | r |
+| 5 | ㅁ | 미음 | m |
+| 6 | ㅂ | 비읍 | b |
+| 7 | ㅅ | 시옷 | s |
+| 8 | ㅇ | 이응 | silent |
+| 9 | ㅈ | 지읒 | j |
+| 10 | ㅊ | 치읓 | ch |
+| 11 | ㅋ | 키읔 | k |
+| 12 | ㅌ | 티읕 | t |
+| 13 | ㅍ | 피읖 | p |
+| 14 | ㅎ | 히읗 | h |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Aspirated = strong breath**: ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅊ all require a strong puff of air
+2. **Visual rule**: Extra stroke on a plain consonant = aspirated version
+3. **ㅎ is unique**: The only fricative in this group — always "h" like in "hello"
+4. **14 basic consonants complete**: Combined with 10 vowels, you can now read the full basic Hangul chart
+
+## Practice Recognition
+
+:::exercise{id="ko-alph-06-recognition" type="matching" title="Match Aspirated Consonants" skill="character-recognition" tests="kieuk,tieut,pieup,hieut" objectiveId="obj-ko-alph-06-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Match each consonant to its English sound equivalent
+
+- ㅋ
+- ㅌ
+- ㅍ
+- ㅎ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ㅋ = k (aspirated, like "kite")
+- ㅌ = t (aspirated, like "top")
+- ㅍ = p (aspirated, like "pie")
+- ㅎ = h (like "hello")
+
+**Explanation:** ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ are the aspirated counterparts of ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ. They are produced with a noticeable burst of breath. ㅎ is independently a fricative — it has no plain/tense counterpart.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ko-alph-06-series" type="matching" title="Plain vs Aspirated Pairs" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="kieuk,tieut,pieup,hieut" objectiveId="obj-ko-alph-06-sounds"}
+
+**Question:** Match each aspirated consonant with its plain counterpart
+
+- ㅋ pairs with ___
+- ㅌ pairs with ___
+- ㅍ pairs with ___
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ㅋ pairs with ㄱ
+- ㅌ pairs with ㄷ
+- ㅍ pairs with ㅂ
+
+**Explanation:** Each aspirated consonant has an extra stroke compared to its plain counterpart. This visual relationship mirrors the phonetic relationship: more stroke = more air. The difference in aspiration is a key feature of Korean phonology.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 7, you will learn the 5 double (tense) consonants: ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ — the third series of the Korean consonant system.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-07.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: korean-hangul-lesson-07
+title: "Lesson 7 — Double Consonants (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ)"
+description: "Learn the 5 Korean tense (fortis) double consonants: ssang-giyeok, ssang-digeut, ssang-bieup, ssang-siot, ssang-jieut"
+order: 7
+parentId: ko-alphabet
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - double-consonants
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites: [korean-hangul-lesson-06]
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-ko-alph-07-recognize
+      description: "Recognize the double consonants ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [ssang-giyeok, ssang-digeut, ssang-bieup, ssang-siot, ssang-jieut]
+    - id: obj-ko-alph-07-sounds
+      description: "Distinguish tense consonants from plain and aspirated counterparts"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [ssang-giyeok, ssang-digeut, ssang-bieup, ssang-siot, ssang-jieut]
+---
+
+# Lesson 7 — Double Consonants (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ)
+
+## Introduction
+
+Korean has a three-way distinction among consonants: **plain**, **aspirated**, and **tense** (also called double or fortis). You have learned plain (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ) and aspirated (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅊ) consonants. Now you will learn the five tense consonants — written by doubling the plain consonant symbol.
+
+The Korean word for double consonants is **쌍자음** (ssang-jaeum), meaning "twin consonants."
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="ko-double-consonants" title="Double (Tense) Consonants — 쌍자음"}
+
+::character{id="ssang-giyeok" canonicalRef="ssang-giyeok" char="ㄲ" name="ㄲ 쌍기역 (ssang-giyeok)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="kk" data:ipa="k͈"}
+
+::character{id="ssang-digeut" canonicalRef="ssang-digeut" char="ㄸ" name="ㄸ 쌍디귿 (ssang-digeut)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="tt" data:ipa="t͈"}
+
+::character{id="ssang-bieup" canonicalRef="ssang-bieup" char="ㅃ" name="ㅃ 쌍비읍 (ssang-bieup)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="pp" data:ipa="p͈"}
+
+::character{id="ssang-siot" canonicalRef="ssang-siot" char="ㅆ" name="ㅆ 쌍시옷 (ssang-siot)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="ss" data:ipa="s͈"}
+
+::character{id="ssang-jieut" canonicalRef="ssang-jieut" char="ㅉ" name="ㅉ 쌍지읒 (ssang-jieut)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="jj" data:ipa="t͈ɕ"}
+
+:::
+
+## How Tense Consonants Sound
+
+Tense consonants are pronounced with a **tightened glottis** (throat) and **no aspiration** (no puff of air). They sound sharper and more "tense" than either plain or aspirated consonants.
+
+The closest English approximation is the sound of consonants after "s": the "p" in "spy," the "t" in "stop," the "k" in "sky." These English consonants have no aspiration — and that is similar to tense Korean consonants, though Korean tense consonants have additional glottal tension.
+
+## Pronunciation Comparison
+
+| Plain | Aspirated | Tense | Comparison |
+|-------|----------|-------|------------|
+| ㄱ (g) | ㅋ (k) | ㄲ (kk) | g vs k (air) vs kk (tense) |
+| ㄷ (d) | ㅌ (t) | ㄸ (tt) | d vs t (air) vs tt (tense) |
+| ㅂ (b) | ㅍ (p) | ㅃ (pp) | b vs p (air) vs pp (tense) |
+| ㅅ (s) | — | ㅆ (ss) | s vs ss (tense) |
+| ㅈ (j) | ㅊ (ch) | ㅉ (jj) | j vs ch (air) vs jj (tense) |
+
+**Note:** ㅅ has no aspirated counterpart — it jumps directly from plain to tense.
+
+## Common Words with Double Consonants
+
+| Korean | Romanization | Meaning |
+|--------|-------------|---------|
+| 까다 | kka-da | picky / difficult |
+| 때 | ttae | time / moment |
+| 빠르다 | ppa-reu-da | fast |
+| 씨 | ssi | seed / Mr./Ms. (honorific) |
+| 짜다 | jja-da | salty / to weave |
+| 아까 | a-kka | a moment ago |
+| 오빠 | o-ppa | older brother (from female perspective) |
+
+## Key Insight — Meaning Distinctions
+
+Tense vs plain consonants can completely change the meaning of a word:
+
+| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|------|---------------|---------|
+| 달 | dal | moon |
+| 딸 | ttal | daughter |
+| 발 | bal | foot |
+| 빨 | ppal | to suck |
+| 살 | sal | flesh / age |
+| 쌀 | ssal | rice (uncooked) |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Doubled symbol = tense sound**: ㄲ is two ㄱ symbols — this visually represents the doubled effort
+2. **No puff of air**: Tense consonants are unaspirated, unlike aspirated (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅊ)
+3. **Glottal tension**: The throat tightens, making the sound feel "pushed"
+4. **Meaning changes**: Tense vs plain vs aspirated create distinct words (달/딸, 발/빨, 살/쌀)
+
+## Practice Recognition
+
+:::exercise{id="ko-alph-07-recognition" type="matching" title="Match Double Consonants" skill="character-recognition" tests="ssang-giyeok,ssang-digeut,ssang-bieup,ssang-siot,ssang-jieut" objectiveId="obj-ko-alph-07-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Match each double consonant to its romanization
+
+- ㄲ
+- ㄸ
+- ㅃ
+- ㅆ
+- ㅉ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ㄲ = kk
+- ㄸ = tt
+- ㅃ = pp
+- ㅆ = ss
+- ㅉ = jj
+
+**Explanation:** Each double consonant is romanized by doubling the letter of the plain counterpart. This helps show that the sound is "doubled" or intensified compared to the plain version.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ko-alph-07-three-series" type="multiple-choice" title="Three-Way Distinction" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="ssang-giyeok,ssang-digeut,ssang-bieup,ssang-siot,ssang-jieut" objectiveId="obj-ko-alph-07-sounds"}
+
+**Question:** Which consonant series does ㄲ belong to?
+
+**Options:**
+- Plain (무기음)
+- Aspirated (거센소리)
+- Tense/Double (된소리)
+- Fricative
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** ㄲ is a tense (double) consonant — 된소리 (doensori) in Korean. It is written by doubling ㄱ and pronounced with glottal tension and no aspiration. The three-way distinction (plain/aspirated/tense) is one of the key features that makes Korean phonology unique among world languages.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 8, you will learn the first five compound vowels: ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ, ㅘ — vowels formed by combining two basic vowels.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-08.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: korean-hangul-lesson-08
+title: "Lesson 8 — Double Consonants Review & Reading Practice"
+description: "Consolidate the three-series consonant system and practice reading words with all consonant types"
+order: 8
+parentId: ko-alphabet
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - reading-practice
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites: [korean-hangul-lesson-07]
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-ko-alph-08-distinguish
+      description: "Distinguish plain, aspirated, and tense consonant sounds in words"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [giyeok, kieuk, ssang-giyeok, bieup, pieup, ssang-bieup]
+    - id: obj-ko-alph-08-reading
+      description: "Read words containing all three consonant series"
+      skill: word-recognition
+      references: [giyeok, nieun, digeut, rieul, mieum, bieup, siot, ieung, jieut, chieut, kieuk, tieut, pieup, hieut, ssang-giyeok, ssang-digeut, ssang-bieup, ssang-siot, ssang-jieut]
+---
+
+# Lesson 8 — Double Consonants Review & Reading Practice
+
+## Introduction
+
+You now know all 19 Korean consonants (14 basic + 5 double). Before moving on to compound vowels, this lesson will consolidate your understanding of the three-consonant series system and give you practice reading words that use all consonant types.
+
+## The Complete Korean Consonant Chart
+
+### Basic Consonants (14)
+
+| Consonant | Name | Sound |
+|-----------|------|-------|
+| ㄱ | 기역 | g/k |
+| ㄴ | 니은 | n |
+| ㄷ | 디귿 | d/t |
+| ㄹ | 리을 | r/l |
+| ㅁ | 미음 | m |
+| ㅂ | 비읍 | b/p |
+| ㅅ | 시옷 | s |
+| ㅇ | 이응 | silent/ng |
+| ㅈ | 지읒 | j |
+| ㅊ | 치읓 | ch |
+| ㅋ | 키읔 | k (asp.) |
+| ㅌ | 티읕 | t (asp.) |
+| ㅍ | 피읖 | p (asp.) |
+| ㅎ | 히읗 | h |
+
+### Double Consonants (5)
+
+| Consonant | Name | Sound |
+|-----------|------|-------|
+| ㄲ | 쌍기역 | kk |
+| ㄸ | 쌍디귿 | tt |
+| ㅃ | 쌍비읍 | pp |
+| ㅆ | 쌍시옷 | ss |
+| ㅉ | 쌍지읒 | jj |
+
+## Three-Series Minimal Pairs
+
+Practice these minimal pairs to sharpen your hearing:
+
+| Plain | Aspirated | Tense | Meaning changes |
+|-------|----------|-------|-----------------|
+| 가다 (ga-da) | 카드 (ka-deu) | 까다 (kka-da) | go / card / picky |
+| 달 (dal) | 탈 (tal) | 딸 (ttal) | moon / mask / daughter |
+| 발 (bal) | 팔 (pal) | 빨 (ppal) | foot / arm / to suck |
+| 자다 (ja-da) | 차다 (cha-da) | 짜다 (jja-da) | to sleep / cold/kick / salty |
+
+:::character-set{id="ko-consonants-review" title="Consonant Review — Key Contrasts"}
+
+::character{id="giyeok" canonicalRef="giyeok" char="ㄱ" name="ㄱ 기역 (plain g)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="g" data:ipa="g"}
+
+::character{id="kieuk" canonicalRef="kieuk" char="ㅋ" name="ㅋ 키읔 (aspirated k)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="k" data:ipa="kʰ"}
+
+::character{id="ssang-giyeok" canonicalRef="ssang-giyeok" char="ㄲ" name="ㄲ 쌍기역 (tense kk)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="kk" data:ipa="k͈"}
+
+::character{id="bieup" canonicalRef="bieup" char="ㅂ" name="ㅂ 비읍 (plain b)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="b" data:ipa="b"}
+
+::character{id="pieup" canonicalRef="pieup" char="ㅍ" name="ㅍ 피읖 (aspirated p)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="p" data:ipa="pʰ"}
+
+::character{id="ssang-bieup" canonicalRef="ssang-bieup" char="ㅃ" name="ㅃ 쌍비읍 (tense pp)" charType="consonant" data:romanization="pp" data:ipa="p͈"}
+
+:::
+
+## Reading Practice — Real Korean Words
+
+Practice reading these words using your knowledge of all consonants:
+
+### Food Words
+
+| Korean | Romanization | Meaning |
+|--------|-------------|---------|
+| 김치 | gim-chi | kimchi |
+| 된장 | doen-jang | fermented soybean paste |
+| 삼겹살 | sam-gyeop-sal | pork belly |
+| 비빔밥 | bi-bim-bap | mixed rice dish |
+| 떡볶이 | tteok-bo-kki | spicy rice cakes |
+
+### Common Verbs
+
+| Korean | Romanization | Meaning |
+|--------|-------------|---------|
+| 가다 | ga-da | to go |
+| 오다 | o-da | to come |
+| 먹다 | meok-da | to eat |
+| 자다 | ja-da | to sleep |
+| 보다 | bo-da | to see/watch |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **19 consonants total**: 14 basic + 5 double
+2. **Three series**: Plain (light) → Aspirated (breath) → Tense (tension)
+3. **Minimal pairs matter**: ㄱ/ㅋ/ㄲ can completely change meaning
+4. **Reading real words**: Use context to identify which consonant you are seeing
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ko-alph-08-distinguish" type="matching" title="Plain vs Aspirated vs Tense" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="giyeok,kieuk,ssang-giyeok,bieup,pieup,ssang-bieup" objectiveId="obj-ko-alph-08-distinguish"}
+
+**Question:** Classify each consonant as plain, aspirated, or tense
+
+- ㄱ
+- ㅋ
+- ㄲ
+- ㅂ
+- ㅍ
+- ㅃ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ㄱ = plain
+- ㅋ = aspirated
+- ㄲ = tense (double)
+- ㅂ = plain
+- ㅍ = aspirated
+- ㅃ = tense (double)
+
+**Explanation:** Visual pattern: single symbol = plain, extra stroke = aspirated, doubled symbol = tense. This three-way system is fundamental to Korean pronunciation.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ko-alph-08-reading" type="fill-in-blank" title="Read Korean Food Words" skill="word-recognition" tests="giyeok,nieun,digeut,rieul,mieum,bieup,siot,ieung,jieut,chieut,kieuk,tieut,pieup,hieut,ssang-giyeok,ssang-digeut,ssang-bieup,ssang-siot,ssang-jieut" objectiveId="obj-ko-alph-08-reading"}
+
+**Question:** Romanize these Korean food words:
+
+- 김치 = ___
+- 비빔밥 = ___
+- 떡볶이 = ___
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- 김치 = gim-chi
+- 비빔밥 = bi-bim-bap
+- 떡볶이 = tteok-bo-kki
+
+**Explanation:** 떡볶이 uses the double consonant ㄸ (tt) at the start of 떡 and ㄲ (kk) in 볶이. Recognizing these is key to correct pronunciation.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 9, you will learn the first group of compound vowels: ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ — the "ae/e" vowels that are formed by combining basic vowels.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-09.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: korean-hangul-lesson-09
+title: "Lesson 9 — Compound Vowels I (ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ, ㅘ, ㅙ)"
+description: "Learn the first six compound vowels: ae, yae, e, ye, wa, wae"
+order: 9
+parentId: ko-alphabet
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - vowels
+  - compound-vowels
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites: [korean-hangul-lesson-08]
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-ko-alph-09-recognize
+      description: "Recognize the compound vowels ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ, ㅘ, ㅙ"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [ae, yae, e, ye, wa, wae]
+    - id: obj-ko-alph-09-sounds
+      description: "Map each compound vowel to its sound"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [ae, yae, e, ye, wa, wae]
+---
+
+# Lesson 9 — Compound Vowels I (ㅐ, ㅒ, ㅔ, ㅖ, ㅘ, ㅙ)
+
+## Introduction
+
+Korean has 11 compound vowels (이중모음, ijeung-moeum) — vowels formed by combining two basic vowels. These vowels appear in many common Korean words and must be learned to read Korean fluently.
+
+In modern spoken Korean, some of these distinctions have merged in pronunciation, but they remain distinct in spelling.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="ko-compound-vowels-1" title="Compound Vowels I"}
+
+::character{id="ae" canonicalRef="ae" char="ㅐ" name="ㅐ 애 (ae)" charType="vowel" data:romanization="ae" data:ipa="ɛ"}
+
+::character{id="yae" canonicalRef="yae" char="ㅒ" name="ㅒ 얘 (yae)" charType="vowel" data:romanization="yae" data:ipa="jɛ"}
+
+::character{id="e" canonicalRef="e" char="ㅔ" name="ㅔ 에 (e)" charType="vowel" data:romanization="e" data:ipa="e"}
+
+::character{id="ye" canonicalRef="ye" char="ㅖ" name="ㅖ 예 (ye)" charType="vowel" data:romanization="ye" data:ipa="je"}
+
+::character{id="wa" canonicalRef="wa" char="ㅘ" name="ㅘ 와 (wa)" charType="vowel" data:romanization="wa" data:ipa="wa"}
+
+::character{id="wae" canonicalRef="wae" char="ㅙ" name="ㅙ 왜 (wae)" charType="vowel" data:romanization="wae" data:ipa="wɛ"}
+
+:::
+
+## How Compound Vowels Are Formed
+
+Each compound vowel combines two basic vowels:
+
+| Compound | Components | Notes |
+|----------|-----------|-------|
+| ㅐ | ㅏ + ㅣ | Originally a diphthong, now often /ɛ/ |
+| ㅒ | ㅑ + ㅣ | "y" + ㅐ |
+| ㅔ | ㅓ + ㅣ | Historically eo+i, now /e/ |
+| ㅖ | ㅕ + ㅣ | "y" + ㅔ |
+| ㅘ | ㅗ + ㅏ | o+a = "wa" |
+| ㅙ | ㅗ + ㅐ | o+ae = "wae" |
+
+## Pronunciation Guide
+
+| Vowel | Romanization | Sound | English Approximation |
+|-------|-------------|-------|----------------------|
+| ㅐ | ae | /ɛ/ | "e" in "bed" |
+| ㅒ | yae | /jɛ/ | "ye" in "yes" + "bed" |
+| ㅔ | e | /e/ | "e" in "bed" (often same as ㅐ in modern speech) |
+| ㅖ | ye | /je/ | "ye" in "yes" |
+| ㅘ | wa | /wa/ | "wa" in "water" |
+| ㅙ | wae | /wɛ/ | "we" in "wet" |
+
+**Important note:** In modern Korean, ㅐ and ㅔ are often pronounced identically (both /e/). Native speakers rely on spelling rather than sound to distinguish them. Similarly, ㅒ and ㅖ merge for many speakers.
+
+## Syllable Examples
+
+| Syllable | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|----------|---------------|---------|
+| 애 | ae | baby / child |
+| 에 | e | in / at (particle) |
+| 왜 | wae | why |
+| 와 | wa | wow / come (imperative) |
+| 예 | ye | yes (formal) |
+
+## Common Words
+
+| Korean | Romanization | Meaning |
+|--------|-------------|---------|
+| 왜요? | wae-yo? | Why? |
+| 와! | wa! | Wow! |
+| 예쁘다 | ye-ppeu-da | pretty |
+| 애기 | ae-gi | baby (informal) |
+| 과일 | gwa-il | fruit |
+| 외국 | oe-guk | foreign country |
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **ㅐ and ㅔ often sound identical**: In modern Korean, both are usually /e/ — spelling matters more than sound
+2. **ㅘ = o + a = wa**: The "w" sound comes from the ㅗ component
+3. **ㅒ and ㅖ are rare**: You will encounter them, but less frequently than ㅐ and ㅔ
+4. **"y" variants follow the pattern**: ㅒ, ㅖ add a "y" sound before ㅐ, ㅔ
+
+## Practice Recognition
+
+:::exercise{id="ko-alph-09-recognition" type="matching" title="Match Compound Vowels" skill="character-recognition" tests="ae,yae,e,ye,wa,wae" objectiveId="obj-ko-alph-09-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Match each compound vowel to its romanization
+
+- ㅐ
+- ㅒ
+- ㅔ
+- ㅖ
+- ㅘ
+- ㅙ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ㅐ = ae
+- ㅒ = yae
+- ㅔ = e
+- ㅖ = ye
+- ㅘ = wa
+- ㅙ = wae
+
+**Explanation:** The shape of each compound vowel visually combines the two basic vowels it represents. For example, ㅘ = ㅗ + ㅏ — you can see both shapes merged into one character.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ko-alph-09-sounds" type="fill-in-blank" title="Compound Vowel Sounds" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="ae,e,wa,wae" objectiveId="obj-ko-alph-09-sounds"}
+
+**Question:** What sound does each vowel make?
+
+- ㅐ sounds like ___
+- ㅔ sounds like ___
+- ㅘ sounds like ___
+- ㅙ sounds like ___
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ㅐ = /ɛ/ — "e" in "bed"
+- ㅔ = /e/ — "e" in "bed" (often same as ㅐ today)
+- ㅘ = /wa/ — "wa" in "water"
+- ㅙ = /wɛ/ — "we" in "wet"
+
+**Explanation:** The key practical point: ㅐ and ㅔ are spelled differently but sound nearly identical in modern Korean. When writing, you must remember which spelling a word uses.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 10, you will learn the remaining five compound vowels: ㅚ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅟ, ㅢ — and complete your mastery of the full Korean writing system.