@syllst/ka 0.2.1 → 0.2.3

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-08.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-08
+title: "გაკვეთილი 8 — ზედსართავები (Adjectives and Agreement)"
+description: "Georgian adjectives precede nouns and have no grammatical gender"
+order: 8
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - adjectives
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-07
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-08-adjectives-order
+      description: "Place adjectives in the correct position before the noun"
+      skill: word-order
+    - id: obj-08-adjectives-apply
+      description: "Use common adjectives in descriptive sentences"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-08-adjectives-produce
+      description: "Produce noun phrases and sentences with adjectives"
+      skill: word-production
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 8 (Lesson 8) — Adjectives
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian adjectives are in many ways simpler than those in European languages like French, Spanish, or German. There are two key facts to learn:
+
+1. **Adjectives come before the noun** — just like in English.
+2. **Georgian has no grammatical gender** — adjectives never change to agree with masculine or feminine nouns, because those categories do not exist in Georgian.
+
+This makes Georgian adjectives refreshingly straightforward once you know the vocabulary.
+
+## Adjective Position
+
+Adjectives in Georgian always precede the noun they modify:
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| დიდი სახლი | didi sakhli | big house |
+| პატარა ბავშვი | patara bavshvi | small child |
+| კარგი ადამიანი | kargi adamiani | good person |
+| ცუდი ამინდი | tsudi amindi | bad weather |
+| ახალი წიგნი | akhali tsigni | new book |
+| ლამაზი ქალაქი | lamazi kalaki | beautiful city |
+
+## Core Adjectives
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-08-adjectives" title="Common Georgian Adjectives"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="didi" word="დიდი" pronunciation="di-di" meaning="big, large, great"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="patara" word="პატარა" pronunciation="pa-ta-ra" meaning="small, little"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kargi" word="კარგი" pronunciation="kar-gi" meaning="good"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="tsudi" word="ცუდი" pronunciation="tsu-di" meaning="bad"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="akhali" word="ახალი" pronunciation="a-kha-li" meaning="new"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dzvelі" word="ძველი" pronunciation="dzve-li" meaning="old (of things)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="lamazi" word="ლამაზი" pronunciation="la-ma-zi" meaning="beautiful, pretty"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dzmali" word="ძლიერი" pronunciation="dzli-e-ri" meaning="strong, powerful"}
+
+:::
+
+## No Gender Agreement — A Genuine Advantage
+
+In French, you say *un grand homme* (a great man) but *une grande femme* (a great woman) — the adjective changes. In Georgian, **there is no such distinction**:
+
+- დიდი კაცი (didi katsi) — a big man
+- დიდი ქალი (didi kali) — a big woman
+- დიდი სახლი (didi sakhli) — a big house
+
+The adjective **დიდი** never changes. This holds for all Georgian adjectives.
+
+## Adjectives in Case — They Follow the Noun
+
+While the adjective itself does not change for gender, adjectives **do follow the case of the noun they modify** when the noun takes a case ending:
+
+| Noun alone | Noun + adj | Meaning |
+|------------|------------|---------|
+| სახლი (nominative) | დიდი სახლი | big house (subject of intransitive) |
+| სახლს (dative) | დიდ სახლს | big house (object in present) |
+| სახლში (in + noun) | დიდ სახლში | in the big house |
+
+When the noun loses its -ი ending (as it does before postpositions), the adjective also drops its -ი:
+- დიდი → დიდ- (before postpositions or case-marked noun)
+
+This is a learner-level observation — mastery comes with exposure.
+
+## Comparative and Superlative
+
+Georgian forms comparatives and superlatives analytically (with separate words, not suffixes):
+
+| Degree | Structure | Example | Meaning |
+|--------|-----------|---------|---------|
+| Positive | adjective alone | კარგი | good |
+| Comparative | უ- + adj + -ეს | უკეთესი | better |
+| Superlative | ყველაზე + adj | ყველაზე კარგი | the best |
+
+The **ყველაზე** (qvelaze) superlative is formed with the postposition **-ზე** (on/at) attached to **ყველა** (qvela, all) — literally "at all" or "above all."
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-08-adjectives-order" type="fill-in-blank" title="Place the Adjective" skill="word-order" objectiveId="obj-08-adjectives-order"}
+
+**Question:** Arrange each pair into a correct Georgian noun phrase (adjective before noun)
+
+1. სახლი / დიდი (house / big)
+2. ბავშვი / პატარა (child / small)
+3. ქალაქი / ლამაზი (city / beautiful)
+4. წიგნი / ახალი (book / new)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **დიდი სახლი** (big house)
+2. **პატარა ბავშვი** (small child)
+3. **ლამაზი ქალაქი** (beautiful city)
+4. **ახალი წიგნი** (new book)
+
+**Explanation:** In Georgian, adjectives always come before the noun — just like English. Unlike French or Spanish, there is no gender agreement to worry about. The adjective form stays the same regardless of the noun.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-08-adjectives-apply" type="matching" title="Match Adjective to Meaning" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-08-adjectives-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian adjective to its English meaning
+
+- დიდი
+- პატარა
+- კარგი
+- ცუდი
+- ახალი
+- ძველი
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- დიდი → big / great
+- პატარა → small / little
+- კარგი → good
+- ცუდი → bad
+- ახალი → new
+- ძველი → old (things)
+
+**Explanation:** These six adjectives are among the most commonly used in everyday Georgian. კარგი and ცუდი also appear in common phrases: კარგად (well/good-bye) and ცუდი ამინდი (bad weather).
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-08-adjectives-produce" type="fill-in-blank" title="Describe in Georgian" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-08-adjectives-produce"}
+
+**Question:** Translate each description into Georgian
+
+1. a new book
+2. a beautiful city
+3. a big house
+4. a good person
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **ახალი წიგნი**
+2. **ლამაზი ქალაქი**
+3. **დიდი სახლი**
+4. **კარგი ადამიანი**
+
+**Explanation:** Place the adjective before the noun. No gender agreement required — the adjective form is identical regardless of what noun follows. This is one area where Georgian is simpler than many European languages.
+
+:::
+
+## Congratulations
+
+You have completed the Georgian Grammar syllabus. You now understand the core structural features of Georgian:
+
+1. **SOV word order** — verb goes last
+2. **Personal pronouns and to-be** — six pronouns, no gender
+3. **Nominative and ergative cases** — case follows verb type
+4. **Postpositions** — spatial markers that follow the noun
+5. **Present tense verbs** — ვ- prefix for first person, -ს for third
+6. **Aorist past tense** — ergative shift for transitive subjects
+7. **Questions and negation** — question words + intonation, არ / ვერ
+8. **Adjectives** — before the noun, no gender agreement
+
+Continue building fluency by combining these patterns in real conversation and reading practice.

package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-01.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-reading-lesson-01
+title: "გაკვეთილი 1 — მარტივი სიტყვები (Simple Words)"
+description: "Reading CVC words and common 2-3 syllable Georgian words"
+order: 1
+parentId: georgian-reading
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - reading
+  - decoding
+  - vocabulary
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-alphabet-lesson-01
+    - georgian-alphabet-lesson-02
+    - georgian-alphabet-lesson-03
+    - georgian-alphabet-lesson-04
+    - georgian-alphabet-lesson-05
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-read-01-decode-cvc
+      description: "Decode simple CVC and two-syllable Georgian words"
+      skill: text-decoding
+    - id: obj-read-01-pronounce-words
+      description: "Pronounce common Georgian words accurately"
+      skill: word-pronunciation
+    - id: obj-read-01-recognize-common
+      description: "Recognize high-frequency short Georgian words by sight"
+      skill: word-recognition
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 1 (Lesson 1) — Simple Words
+
+## Introduction
+
+Now that you know the Georgian alphabet (Mkhedruli script), it is time to put letters together into words. Georgian spelling is almost perfectly phonemic — each letter maps to exactly one sound, and words are pronounced exactly as written. This makes reading Georgian far more predictable than English.
+
+## How Georgian Syllables Work
+
+A basic Georgian syllable has this structure: (consonant) + vowel + (consonant). Georgian also allows complex consonant clusters, but we start with simple patterns.
+
+| Pattern | Example | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|---------|---------|-----------------|---------|
+| CV | და | da | and / sister |
+| CVC | კატ | kat | cat |
+| CVCC | ბალთ | balt | buckle |
+| V | ა | a | ah (exclamation) |
+
+## Simple CVC Words to Read
+
+Practice reading each word aloud. The transliteration is provided to check your reading:
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| კაბა | ka-ba | dress |
+| დედა | de-da | mother |
+| მამა | ma-ma | father |
+| ბავშვი | bav-shvi | child |
+| კარი | ka-ri | door |
+| ფული | fu-li | money |
+| წყალი | tsqa-li | water |
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-read-01-simple" title="Simple Words"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kaba" word="კაბა" pronunciation="ka-ba" meaning="dress"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kari" word="კარი" pronunciation="ka-ri" meaning="door"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="puli" word="ფული" pronunciation="fu-li" meaning="money"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="tsqali" word="წყალი" pronunciation="tsqa-li" meaning="water"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="deda-read" word="დედა" pronunciation="de-da" meaning="mother"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="mama-read" word="მამა" pronunciation="ma-ma" meaning="father"}
+
+:::
+
+## Reading Strategy: Left to Right, Letter by Letter
+
+Georgian is read strictly left to right. Each character represents one sound. When you see a word, decode it letter by letter:
+
+**Example**: კ-ა-რ-ი = k + a + r + i = **kari** (door)
+
+**Example**: წ-ყ-ა-ლ-ი = ts + q + a + l + i = **tsqali** (water)
+
+Note that წყ is a two-letter cluster representing the sound /tsq/. This is one of Georgian's characteristic consonant clusters.
+
+## Common Two-Syllable Words
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| ბაბუა | ba-bu-a | grandfather |
+| ბებია | be-bi-a | grandmother |
+| ქალი | qa-li | woman |
+| კაცი | ka-tsi | man |
+| ბავშვი | bav-shvi | child |
+| ლუდი | lu-di | beer |
+| ღვინო | ghvi-no | wine |
+
+## Reading Practice: Short Word List
+
+Read each of these words aloud, then check against the transliteration:
+
+**ქა-ლი** — woman (qa-li)
+**კა-ცი** — man (ka-tsi)
+**ბა-ბუ-ა** — grandfather (ba-bu-a)
+**ბე-ბი-ა** — grandmother (be-bi-a)
+**ლუ-დი** — beer (lu-di)
+**ღვი-ნო** — wine (ghvi-no)
+
+## Cultural Note: Georgian Orthography
+
+Georgian spelling is nearly perfectly phonemic — unlike English where "through," "though," "thought," and "tough" all have different pronunciations despite looking similar. In Georgian, what you see is what you say. This means once you know the alphabet, you can read any Georgian text aloud correctly, even if you do not know the meaning of the words.
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-read-01-decode" type="fill-in-blank" title="Decode Simple Words" skill="text-decoding" objectiveId="obj-read-01-decode-cvc"}
+
+**Question:** Write the transliteration for each Georgian word
+
+1. კარი = ___
+2. ფული = ___
+3. დედა = ___
+4. ღვინო = ___
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. ka-ri
+2. fu-li
+3. de-da
+4. ghvi-no
+
+**Explanation:** Decode each letter: კ=k, ა=a, რ=r, ი=i → kari. ფ=f, უ=u, ლ=l, ი=i → fuli. დ=d, ე=e, დ=d, ა=a → deda. ღ=gh, ვ=v, ი=i, ნ=n, ო=o → ghvino.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-read-01-meaning" type="matching" title="Word Meanings" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-read-01-recognize-common"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian word to its English meaning
+
+- კაბა
+- კარი
+- ბებია
+- ბავშვი
+- ლუდი
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- კაბა → dress
+- კარი → door
+- ბებია → grandmother
+- ბავშვი → child
+- ლუდი → beer
+
+**Explanation:** These are common two-syllable words. ბებია and ბაბუა (grandmother/grandfather) follow the reduplicated syllable pattern common in Georgian kinship terms.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-read-01-pronunciation" type="multiple-choice" title="Correct Pronunciation" skill="word-pronunciation" objectiveId="obj-read-01-pronounce-words"}
+
+**Question:** How is the word წყალი pronounced?
+
+**Options:**
+- wa-li
+- tsa-li
+- tsqa-li
+- sqa-li
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** წ represents the affricate /ts/, and ყ is a pharyngealized /q/ — together წყ makes /tsq/. So წყალი = tsqa-li. This consonant cluster is characteristic of Georgian and is found in the common word for water.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 2, you will practice reading Georgian signs — the written word you encounter every day in streets, shops, and public spaces.

package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-02.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-reading-lesson-02
+title: "გაკვეთილი 2 — ნიშნების კითხვა (Reading Signs)"
+description: "Reading Georgian signs — exit, entrance, open, closed, and everyday public text"
+order: 2
+parentId: georgian-reading
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - reading
+  - signs
+  - vocabulary
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-reading-lesson-01
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-read-02-read-signs
+      description: "Read and understand common Georgian public signs"
+      skill: text-decoding
+    - id: obj-read-02-sign-vocab
+      description: "Recognize key Georgian sign vocabulary on sight"
+      skill: word-recognition
+    - id: obj-read-02-context-reading
+      description: "Use context to understand unfamiliar signs"
+      skill: reading-comprehension
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 2 (Lesson 2) — Reading Signs
+
+## Introduction
+
+Signs are the first reading challenge you encounter in any new country. In Georgia, signs are written in Mkhedruli script, and recognizing them is immediately practical. This lesson covers the most common Georgian signs you will encounter in daily life.
+
+## Essential Public Signs
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-read-02-signs" title="Essential Signs"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="gamosvla" word="გამოსვლა" pronunciation="ga-mos-vla" meaning="Exit"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sesasvleli" word="შესასვლელი" pronunciation="she-sas-vle-li" meaning="Entrance"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ghia" word="ღია" pronunciation="ghi-a" meaning="Open"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dakhuruli" word="დახურული" pronunciation="da-khu-ru-li" meaning="Closed"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dakhmara" word="გაფრთხილება" pronunciation="ga-frt-khi-le-ba" meaning="Warning / Caution"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="akrdzaluli" word="აკრძალულია" pronunciation="ak-rdza-lu-li-a" meaning="Prohibited / Forbidden"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="upiratesi" word="უფასო" pronunciation="u-fa-so" meaning="Free (no charge)"}
+
+:::
+
+## Shop and Commercial Signs
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-read-02-shops" title="Shop Signs"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="maghazia" word="მაღაზია" pronunciation="ma-gha-zi-a" meaning="shop / store"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="gaqidva" word="გაყიდვა" pronunciation="ga-yid-va" meaning="sale / for sale"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="fasebi" word="ფასები" pronunciation="fa-se-bi" meaning="prices"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="angarisheba" word="სალარო" pronunciation="sa-la-ro" meaning="cashier / checkout"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="chemi-konti" word="სასაქონლო სია" pronunciation="sa-saq-on-lo si-a" meaning="price list / inventory"}
+
+:::
+
+## Transport Signs
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-read-02-transport" title="Transport Signs"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sadguri" word="სადგური" pronunciation="sad-gu-ri" meaning="station"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="gachareba" word="გაჩერება" pronunciation="ga-che-re-ba" meaning="stop (bus stop)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="bileti-sign" word="ბილეთი" pronunciation="bi-let-i" meaning="ticket"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="gasasvleli" word="გასასვლელი" pronunciation="ga-sas-vle-li" meaning="exit / way out (transport context)"}
+
+:::
+
+## Reading Sign Practice
+
+The following signs appear commonly in Tbilisi. Read each one aloud:
+
+**ღია** (ghi-a) — Open
+
+**დახურული** (da-khu-ru-li) — Closed
+
+**გამოსვლა** (ga-mos-vla) — Exit
+
+**შესასვლელი** (she-sas-vle-li) — Entrance
+
+**სალარო** (sa-la-ro) — Cashier
+
+**სადგური** (sad-gu-ri) — Station
+
+Notice that Georgian signs often use single words or short compound words. The agglutinative nature of Georgian means that one long word can carry the meaning of a full English phrase.
+
+## Analyzing a Long Sign Word
+
+Take the word **შესასვლელი** (entrance):
+
+| Part | Meaning |
+|------|---------|
+| შე- | prefix: entering direction |
+| -სა- | purpose marker |
+| -სვლ- | root: going / movement |
+| -ელი | nominal suffix |
+
+Together: "the place for entering" = entrance. Georgian is highly systematic — once you recognize word-building patterns, long words become easier to decode.
+
+## Cultural Note: Bilingual Signage
+
+In major Georgian cities and tourist areas, signs are increasingly bilingual: Georgian and English. However, in smaller towns, markets, and residential areas, signs are Georgian-only. Knowing how to read the script means you can navigate independently anywhere in the country.
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-read-02-sign-decode" type="matching" title="Match Signs to Meanings" skill="text-decoding" objectiveId="obj-read-02-read-signs"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian sign to its English meaning
+
+- ღია
+- დახურული
+- გამოსვლა
+- შესასვლელი
+- უფასო
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ღია → Open
+- დახურული → Closed
+- გამოსვლა → Exit
+- შესასვლელი → Entrance
+- უფასო → Free (no charge)
+
+**Explanation:** These five signs appear on doors and storefronts everywhere in Georgia. ღია and დახურული are the most critical — they tell you instantly if a shop or office is open for business.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-read-02-sign-recognition" type="multiple-choice" title="Which Sign?" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-read-02-sign-vocab"}
+
+**Question:** You are at a train station and need to buy a ticket. Which sign do you look for?
+
+**Options:**
+- სადგური
+- გამოსვლა
+- ბილეთი
+- გაჩერება
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** ბილეთი means "ticket" — look for this sign at a ticket window or machine. სადგური is the station itself. გამოსვლა is exit. გაჩერება is a bus or tram stop.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-read-02-context" type="fill-in-blank" title="Context Reading" skill="reading-comprehension" objectiveId="obj-read-02-context-reading"}
+
+**Question:** You see a sign on a café door. What does each sign tell you?
+
+1. ღია: The café is ___
+2. დახურული: The café is ___
+3. სალარო: This is where you ___
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. open
+2. closed
+3. pay (cashier)
+
+**Explanation:** Context makes these signs immediately practical. ღია and დახურული are the most important signs for any business. სალარო identifies the payment point — look for this when you need to pay.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 3, you will move from single words to short phrases and simple sentences in Georgian.