@syllst/ka 0.2.1 → 0.2.3

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-04.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-04
+title: "გაკვეთილი 4 — თანდებულები (Postpositions)"
+description: "Georgian postpositions: they follow the noun, not precede it"
+order: 4
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - postpositions
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-03
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-04-postpos-apply
+      description: "Attach postpositions correctly to nouns"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-04-postpos-produce
+      description: "Produce location and direction phrases with postpositions"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-04-postpos-recognize
+      description: "Recognize the meaning of common postpositions in context"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 4 (Lesson 4) — Postpositions
+
+## Introduction
+
+In English, we use **prepositions** — small words that come *before* a noun: in the house, on the table, from the city. In Georgian, the equivalent particles come *after* the noun, so they are called **postpositions** (თანდებულები, tandebulebі).
+
+The key Georgian postpositions are actually suffixes: they attach directly to the end of the noun. Understanding them is essential for expressing location, direction, and relationships between people and places.
+
+## Core Postpositions
+
+| Postposition | Pronunciation | Meaning | Example | Translation |
+|-------------|---------------|---------|---------|-------------|
+| -ში | -shi | in, inside | სახლში | in the house |
+| -ზე | -ze | on, at (surface) | მაგიდაზე | on the table |
+| -თან | -tan | at, near, with | მეგობართან | with a friend |
+| -დან | -dan | from, out of | ქალაქიდან | from the city |
+| -მდე | -mde | until, up to, as far as | სადგურამდე | to the station |
+| -სკენ | -sken | toward | სახლისკენ | toward home |
+
+## How They Attach
+
+Postpositions attach after the noun stem. If the nominative noun ends in **-ი**, this vowel often drops before the postposition:
+
+| Nominative | Stem | + -ში | Meaning |
+|------------|------|-------|---------|
+| სახლი (house) | სახლ- | სახლში | in the house |
+| ქალაქი (city) | ქალაქ- | ქალაქში | in the city |
+| ოთახი (room) | ოთახ- | ოთახში | in the room |
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-04-postpos" title="Postposition Examples"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sakhlshi" word="სახლში" pronunciation="sakhl-shi" meaning="in the house"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="magidaze" word="მაგიდაზე" pronunciation="ma-gi-da-ze" meaning="on the table"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="megobartan" word="მეგობართან" pronunciation="me-go-bar-tan" meaning="with/at a friend"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="kalakidan" word="ქალაქიდან" pronunciation="ka-la-ki-dan" meaning="from the city"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sadguramdе" word="სადგურამდე" pronunciation="sad-gu-ram-de" meaning="to/until the station"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sakhlisken" word="სახლისკენ" pronunciation="sakh-lis-ken" meaning="toward home"}
+
+:::
+
+## Using Postpositions in Sentences
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| მე სახლში ვარ | me sakhlshi var | I am in the house |
+| წიგნი მაგიდაზეა | tsigni magidazea | The book is on the table |
+| ის მეგობართან მიდის | is megobartan midis | She goes to her friend |
+| ჩვენ ქალაქიდან ვართ | chven kalakidan vart | We are from the city |
+| ავტობუსი სადგურამდე მიდის | avtobusis sadguramdе midis | The bus goes to the station |
+
+## Postpositions with the Dative
+
+Some postpositions require the noun to be in the **dative case** (-ს ending). This is common with -თან, -დან, and -მდე when combined with pronouns:
+
+| Pronoun | Dative | + თან | Meaning |
+|---------|--------|-------|---------|
+| ის (he/she) | მის | მისთან | at his/her place |
+| ჩვენ (we) | ჩვენ | ჩვენთან | at our place |
+
+For now, remember: postpositions always follow the noun. The exact case interplay will become clearer with practice.
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-04-postpos-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Attach the Postposition" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-04-postpos-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Attach the correct postposition to complete the phrase
+
+1. სახლ___ (in the house) → use -ში
+2. მაგიდა___ (on the table) → use -ზე
+3. ქალაქ___დან (from the city) → use -ი- linking vowel then -დან
+4. სადგურ___მდე (to the station) → use -ამდე
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **სახლში** (sakhlshi)
+2. **მაგიდაზე** (magidaze)
+3. **ქალაქიდან** (kalakidan — the -ი is retained before -დან)
+4. **სადგურამდე** (sadguramdе — -ა- linking vowel added)
+
+**Explanation:** The -ი nominative ending usually drops before -ში and -ზე, but is kept or modified before -დან. Some nouns add a linking vowel -ა- before -მდე.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-04-postpos-produce" type="fill-in-blank" title="Express Location" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-04-postpos-produce"}
+
+**Question:** Translate each phrase into Georgian using the correct postposition
+
+1. in the room (ოთახი)
+2. on the chair (სკამი)
+3. from Tbilisi (თბილისი)
+4. toward the station (სადგური)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **ოთახში** (-ში = in)
+2. **სკამზე** (-ზე = on)
+3. **თბილისიდან** (-დან = from)
+4. **სადგურისკენ** (-სკენ = toward)
+
+**Explanation:** Match the postposition to the spatial relationship: -ში for inside, -ზე for on a surface, -დან for origin/from, -სკენ for direction toward.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-04-postpos-recognize" type="matching" title="Match Postpositions to Meanings" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-04-postpos-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Match each postposition to its English meaning
+
+- -ში
+- -ზე
+- -თან
+- -დან
+- -მდე
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- -ში → in / inside
+- -ზე → on / at (a surface)
+- -თან → at / near / with
+- -დან → from / out of
+- -მდე → until / as far as / to
+
+**Explanation:** These five postpositions cover the core spatial and relational meanings. -ში and -ზე are the most common location markers. -დან indicates origin. -მდე marks extent or destination. -თან expresses proximity or accompaniment.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 5, you will learn how the present tense works in Georgian — including the subject agreement prefixes that attach to verbs.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-05.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-05
+title: "გაკვეთილი 5 — აწმყო დრო (Present Tense Verbs)"
+description: "How Georgian present tense verbs work: prefixes, roots, and suffixes"
+order: 5
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - verbs
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 35
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-04
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-05-present-apply
+      description: "Conjugate common verbs in the present tense"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-05-present-produce
+      description: "Produce present tense sentences with correct subject prefixes"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-05-present-recognize
+      description: "Recognize subject agreement prefixes on verbs"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 5 (Lesson 5) — Present Tense Verbs
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian verbs are morphologically rich — they carry information about the subject (and sometimes the object) directly within the verb form itself. You have already seen **ვ-** on first person verbs (ვარ, ვსვამ). This lesson covers the full present tense conjugation pattern and introduces you to common verbs.
+
+Georgian verb structure can be thought of as: **[subject prefix] + [root] + [ending]**.
+
+## Subject Agreement Prefixes
+
+For most present tense verbs, the subject is indicated by a prefix attached to the verb stem:
+
+| Person | Prefix | Example (write — წერ-) | Meaning |
+|--------|--------|----------------------|---------|
+| მე (I) | ვ- | ვ-წერ | I write |
+| შენ (you sg) | — | წერ | you write |
+| ის (he/she) | — | წერ-ს | he/she writes |
+| ჩვენ (we) | ვ- | ვ-წერ-თ | we write |
+| თქვენ (you pl) | — | წერ-თ | you (pl) write |
+| ისინი (they) | — | წერ-ენ | they write |
+
+Key observations:
+- **ვ-** appears for first person (both singular and plural)
+- Second person singular has no prefix — the bare root
+- Third person singular adds **-ს**
+- First and second person plural both add **-თ**
+- Third person plural adds **-ენ** (or **-ან** for some verb classes)
+
+## Common Present Tense Verbs
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-05-verbs" title="Present Tense Common Verbs"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vtsert" word="ვწერ" pronunciation="v-tser" meaning="I write (root: წერ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vkitxulob" word="ვკითხულობ" pronunciation="v-ki-txu-lob" meaning="I read (root: კითხულობ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vsaubrob" word="ვსაუბრობ" pronunciation="v-sau-brob" meaning="I speak (root: საუბრობ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vchamt" word="ვჭამ" pronunciation="v-cham" meaning="I eat (root: ჭამ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vsvam" word="ვსვამ" pronunciation="v-svam" meaning="I drink (root: სვამ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vmidivart" word="მივდივარ" pronunciation="mi-v-di-var" meaning="I go (directional verb, different pattern)"}
+
+:::
+
+## Full Conjugation: to Write (წერა)
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| მე ვწერ | me vtser | I write |
+| შენ წერ | shen tser | you write |
+| ის წერს | is tsers | he/she writes |
+| ჩვენ ვწერთ | chven vtserт | we write |
+| თქვენ წერთ | tkven tsert | you (pl) write |
+| ისინი წერენ | isini tseren | they write |
+
+## Full Conjugation: to Read (კითხვა)
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| მე ვკითხულობ | me vkitxulob | I read |
+| შენ კითხულობ | shen kitxulob | you read |
+| ის კითხულობს | is kitxulobs | he/she reads |
+| ჩვენ ვკითხულობთ | chven vkitxulobt | we read |
+| თქვენ კითხულობთ | tkven kitxulobt | you (pl) read |
+| ისინი კითხულობენ | isini kitxuloben | they read |
+
+## A Note on Verb Stems
+
+Georgian verb roots often look different from their infinitive forms. The infinitive (dictionary form) usually ends in **-ა** or **-ობა**, but the conjugated stem is what you actually use:
+
+| Infinitive | Meaning | Present stem |
+|-----------|---------|-------------|
+| წერა | to write | წერ- |
+| კითხვა | to read | კითხულობ- |
+| სვლა | to go | მიდი- |
+| ჭამა | to eat | ჭამ- |
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-05-present-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Conjugate in Present" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-05-present-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Conjugate the verb **წერა** (to write) for the given subject
+
+1. მე ___ (I write)
+2. ის ___ (he writes)
+3. ჩვენ ___ (we write)
+4. ისინი ___ (they write)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე **ვწერ**
+2. ის **წერს**
+3. ჩვენ **ვწერთ**
+4. ისინი **წერენ**
+
+**Explanation:** Add ვ- for first person (I/we), -ს for third person singular, -თ for plural (we/you-pl), and -ენ for third person plural. Second person singular takes the bare root.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-05-present-produce" type="fill-in-blank" title="Build a Sentence" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-05-present-produce"}
+
+**Question:** Translate each sentence into Georgian using the present tense
+
+1. I drink water (მე, სვამ, წყალი)
+2. She reads a book (ის, კითხულობ, წიგნი)
+3. We speak Georgian (ჩვენ, საუბრობ, ქართული)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე **წყალს ვსვამ**
+2. ის **წიგნს კითხულობს**
+3. ჩვენ **ქართულს ვსაუბრობთ**
+
+**Explanation:** Remember SOV order: subject first, then object (with -ს ending), then verb last. The verb carries ვ- for first person, -ს for third person singular, and -თ for first person plural.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-05-present-recognize" type="matching" title="Identify the Subject" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-05-present-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Match each verb form to the subject it agrees with
+
+- ვწერ
+- წერს
+- ვწერთ
+- წერენ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ვწერ → მე (I) — ვ- prefix, no ending
+- წერს → ის (he/she) — no prefix, -ს ending
+- ვწერთ → ჩვენ (we) — ვ- prefix, -თ ending
+- წერენ → ისინი (they) — no prefix, -ენ ending
+
+**Explanation:** The ვ- prefix signals first person. The -ს ending signals third person singular. The -თ ending marks plural. Third person plural uses -ენ. You can identify the subject from these markers even without seeing the pronoun.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 6, you will learn the aorist (simple past tense) — the most common past tense in Georgian, where the ergative case comes into play for transitive verbs.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-06.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-06
+title: "გაკვეთილი 6 — წყვეტილი (Aorist Past Tense)"
+description: "The aorist: Georgian's most common past tense, with ergative case shift"
+order: 6
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - verbs
+  - past-tense
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 35
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-05
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-06-aorist-apply
+      description: "Form aorist past tense sentences using ergative subjects"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-06-aorist-recognize
+      description: "Recognize aorist verb forms and ergative subjects in sentences"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+    - id: obj-06-aorist-order
+      description: "Correctly arrange ergative subjects and nominative objects in past sentences"
+      skill: word-order
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 6 (Lesson 6) — The Aorist (Past Tense)
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian has several past tenses, but the **aorist** (წყვეტილი, tsqvetili — literally "the cut one") is the most commonly used. It expresses a completed action in the past, similar to the English simple past ("I wrote," "she read," "they ate").
+
+The aorist brings together what you learned in Lessons 3 and 5: the **ergative case** for transitive subjects, and a new set of verb endings.
+
+## How the Aorist Is Formed
+
+For transitive verbs (verbs with an object), the aorist follows this pattern:
+
+1. The **subject** takes the **ergative case** (-მა)
+2. The **object** shifts to the **nominative case** (-ი)
+3. The **verb** takes aorist endings (typically no ვ- prefix; instead, different endings apply)
+
+Compare present and aorist:
+
+| Tense | Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|-------|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| Present | კაცი წიგნს კითხულობს | katsi tsigns kitxulobs | The man reads a book |
+| Aorist | კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა | katsma tsigni tsaikitxa | The man read a book |
+
+Notice: the subject კაცი becomes კაცმა (ergative), the object წიგნს becomes წიგნი (nominative), and the verb changes form.
+
+## Aorist Verb Forms: to Write (წერა)
+
+| Person | Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|--------|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| I | მე დავწერე | me davtseré | I wrote |
+| you | შენ დაწერე | shen datseré | you wrote |
+| he/she | ის დაწერა | is datserа | he/she wrote |
+| we | ჩვენ დავწერეთ | chven davtserét | we wrote |
+| you pl | თქვენ დაწერეთ | tkven datserét | you (pl) wrote |
+| they | ისინი დაწერეს | isini datserés | they wrote |
+
+Key patterns:
+- The prefix **და-** (da-) is a common **preverb** (a directional/aspect prefix that helps form the aorist)
+- First person singular ends in **-ე** (e)
+- Third person singular ends in **-ა** (a)
+- Plural forms use **-ეთ** and **-ეს**
+
+## Common Aorist Examples
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-06-aorist" title="Common Aorist Verb Forms"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="daavtsera" word="დაწერა" pronunciation="da-tse-ra" meaning="(he/she) wrote"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="tsaikitxa" word="წაიკითხა" pronunciation="tsa-i-ki-txa" meaning="(he/she) read (completed)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="shechama" word="შეჭამა" pronunciation="she-cha-ma" meaning="(he/she) ate (up)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dasva" word="დასვა" pronunciation="da-sva" meaning="(he/she) drank (completed)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="nakhva" word="დაინახა" pronunciation="da-i-na-xa" meaning="(he/she) saw"}
+
+:::
+
+## Full Sentences in the Aorist
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| კაცმა წერილი დაწერა | katsma tserili daтsera | The man wrote a letter |
+| ქალმა წიგნი წაიკითხა | kalma tsigni tsaikitxa | The woman read a book |
+| ბავშვმა პური შეჭამა | bavshvma puri shechama | The child ate (the) bread |
+| მე ფილმი ვნახე | me pilmi vnakhe | I saw the film |
+| ჩვენ სახლი ვიყიდეთ | chven sakhli vikhidet | We bought a house |
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-06-aorist-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Form the Aorist" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-06-aorist-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Complete each sentence with the correct aorist verb form
+
+1. მე წერილი ___ (დაწერა — I wrote a letter)
+2. ის წიგნი ___ (წაიკითხა — he read the book)
+3. ჩვენ ფილმი ___ (ვნახე — we saw the film)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე წერილი **დავწერე** (first person singular aorist of write)
+2. ის წიგნი **წაიკითხა** (third person singular aorist of read)
+3. ჩვენ ფილმი **ვნახეთ** (first person plural aorist of see)
+
+**Explanation:** In the aorist, first person singular typically ends in -ე (e). Third person singular ends in -ა (a). First person plural uses -ეთ. Note that the subject pronoun (მე, ის, ჩვენ) stays in normal form for intransitive — but for transitive verbs in past, the full noun subject takes -მა.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-06-aorist-recognize" type="matching" title="Identify Tense and Case" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-06-aorist-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** For each sentence, identify whether it is present or aorist, and whether the subject is nominative or ergative
+
+- კაცი წიგნს კითხულობს
+- კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა
+- ქალი მიდის
+- ქალმა სახლი იყიდა
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- კაცი წიგნს კითხულობს → Present; subject კაცი is nominative (-ი)
+- კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა → Aorist; subject კაცმა is ergative (-მა)
+- ქალი მიდის → Present; subject ქალი is nominative (-ი; intransitive verb)
+- ქალმა სახლი იყიდა → Aorist; subject ქალმა is ergative (-მა)
+
+**Explanation:** Present tense transitive verbs keep the subject in nominative. Aorist transitive verbs shift the subject to ergative (-მა). Intransitive verbs always use nominative regardless of tense.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-06-aorist-order" type="multiple-choice" title="Correct Aorist Sentence" skill="word-order" objectiveId="obj-06-aorist-order"}
+
+**Question:** Which sentence correctly expresses "The woman wrote the letter" in the aorist?
+
+**Options:**
+- ქალი წერილი დაწერა
+- ქალმა წერილს დაწერა
+- ქალმა წერილი დაწერა
+- ქალი წერილს დაწერა
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** In the aorist with a transitive verb, the subject takes the ergative (-მა): **ქალმა**. The object shifts to nominative (-ი): **წერილი** (not წერილს which is dative). Option 3 has both correct: ergative subject and nominative object.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 7, you will learn how to ask questions and form negatives in Georgian — essential tools for real conversation.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-07.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-07
+title: "გაკვეთილი 7 — კითხვები და უარყოფა (Questions and Negation)"
+description: "Forming questions with question words and negating sentences with არ and ვერ"
+order: 7
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - questions
+  - negation
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-06
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-07-questions-apply
+      description: "Form questions using Georgian question words"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-07-negation-produce
+      description: "Negate sentences correctly using არ and ვერ"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-07-questions-recognize
+      description: "Recognize question words and negative markers in sentences"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 7 (Lesson 7) — Questions and Negation
+
+## Introduction
+
+Asking questions and forming negatives are fundamental communicative skills. Georgian handles both in straightforward ways — question words appear at or near the beginning of a sentence, and negation uses just one or two particles placed before the verb. Like French, Georgian yes/no questions are marked primarily by **intonation** rather than by rearranging words.
+
+## Question Words
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-07-question-words" title="Georgian Question Words"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vin" word="ვინ" pronunciation="vin" meaning="who"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ra" word="რა" pronunciation="ra" meaning="what"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="sad" word="სად" pronunciation="sad" meaning="where"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="rodis" word="როდის" pronunciation="ro-dis" meaning="when"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ratom" word="რატომ" pronunciation="ra-tom" meaning="why"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="rogort" word="როგორ" pronunciation="ro-gor" meaning="how"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ramden" word="რამდენი" pronunciation="ram-de-ni" meaning="how many / how much"}
+
+:::
+
+## Forming Questions with Question Words
+
+Question words typically appear at the **beginning** of the sentence, before the subject:
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| ვინ ხარ? | vin khar? | Who are you? |
+| რა გქვია? | ra gkvia? | What is your name? (lit. what are you called?) |
+| სად ხარ? | sad khar? | Where are you? |
+| სად მიდი? | sad midi? | Where are you going? |
+| როდის მოდი? | rodis modi? | When are you coming? |
+| რატომ მოვიდი? | ratom movidi? | Why did you come? |
+| როგორ ხარ? | rogor khar? | How are you? |
+
+## Yes/No Questions
+
+Yes/no questions in Georgian use the same word order as statements, but with rising intonation — just like in French or English informal speech:
+
+| Statement | Question (rising intonation) |
+|-----------|------------------------------|
+| ის სტუდენტია. (She is a student.) | ის სტუდენტია? (Is she a student?) |
+| შენ ქართველი ხარ. (You are Georgian.) | შენ ქართველი ხარ? (Are you Georgian?) |
+
+There is no inversion or special particle required — intonation carries the question meaning.
+
+## Negation with არ
+
+The particle **არ** (ar) is placed directly before the verb to negate a statement:
+
+| Positive | Negative | Meaning |
+|----------|----------|---------|
+| ვსვამ | არ ვსვამ | I drink / I don't drink |
+| ვიცი | არ ვიცი | I know / I don't know |
+| მიდის | არ მიდის | He goes / He doesn't go |
+| ვარ | არ ვარ | I am / I am not |
+
+## Negation with ვერ
+
+The particle **ვერ** (ver) expresses **inability** — it negates by indicating that the subject cannot do something:
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| ვერ ვსვამ | ver vsvam | I cannot drink |
+| ვერ ვხედავ | ver vkhedav | I cannot see |
+| ვერ მოდი | ver modi | You cannot come |
+| ვერ ვიტყვი | ver vitqvi | I cannot say |
+
+**Summary rule**: Use **არ** for "don't/doesn't" (unwillingness or simple negative). Use **ვერ** for "can't" (inability).
+
+## Common Negative Phrases
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-07-negation" title="Common Negative Phrases"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ar-vitsi" word="არ ვიცი" pronunciation="ar vi-tsi" meaning="I don't know"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ar-mesgeba" word="არ მესმის" pronunciation="ar mes-mis" meaning="I don't understand"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ver-vxedav" word="ვერ ვხედავ" pronunciation="ver v-khe-dav" meaning="I can't see"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ar-minda" word="არ მინდა" pronunciation="ar min-da" meaning="I don't want"}
+
+:::
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-07-questions-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Ask the Question" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-07-questions-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Fill in the correct question word
+
+1. ___ ხარ? (Where are you?)
+2. ___ ხარ? (Who are you?) — hint: asking for identity
+3. ___ მოდი? (When are you coming?)
+4. ___ ხარ? (How are you?)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **სად** ხარ?
+2. **ვინ** ხარ?
+3. **როდის** მოდი?
+4. **როგორ** ხარ?
+
+**Explanation:** Question words appear at the start of the sentence. სად = where, ვინ = who, როდის = when, როგორ = how. The rest of the sentence stays in its normal word order.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-07-negation-produce" type="fill-in-blank" title="Negate the Sentence" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-07-negation-produce"}
+
+**Question:** Negate each sentence using the correct particle (არ or ვერ)
+
+1. მე ვსვამ (I drink) → I don't drink
+2. ის მიდის (He goes) → He cannot go (inability)
+3. ჩვენ ვიცით (We know) → We don't know
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე **არ** ვსვამ
+2. ის **ვერ** მიდის
+3. ჩვენ **არ** ვიცით
+
+**Explanation:** Use **არ** for simple negation (do not). Use **ვერ** when expressing inability (cannot). Both particles go directly before the verb.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-07-questions-recognize" type="multiple-choice" title="Which Question Word?" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-07-questions-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** The question **რატომ არ მოხვედი?** asks which of the following?
+
+**Options:**
+- Where did you not come?
+- When did you not come?
+- Why did you not come?
+- How did you not come?
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** **რატომ** means "why." The sentence რატომ არ მოხვედი? means "Why did you not come?" — რატომ (why) + არ (not) + მოხვედი (you came, aorist). The negation particle არ sits between the question word and the verb.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 8, you will study adjectives and how they work with nouns in Georgian — including the fact that Georgian has no grammatical gender.