@openfinclaw/findoo-datahub-plugin 2026.3.2 → 2026.3.10

package/_vendor/claude-skills-finance/scripts/dcf_valuation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+DCF Valuation Model
+
+Discounted Cash Flow enterprise and equity valuation with WACC calculation,
+terminal value estimation, and two-way sensitivity analysis.
+
+Uses standard library only (math, statistics) - NO numpy/pandas/scipy.
+
+Usage:
+    python dcf_valuation.py valuation_data.json
+    python dcf_valuation.py valuation_data.json --format json
+    python dcf_valuation.py valuation_data.json --projection-years 7
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import math
+import sys
+from statistics import mean
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+
+def safe_divide(numerator: float, denominator: float, default: float = 0.0) -> float:
+    """Safely divide two numbers, returning default if denominator is zero."""
+    if denominator == 0 or denominator is None:
+        return default
+    return numerator / denominator
+
+
+class DCFModel:
+    """Discounted Cash Flow valuation model."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the DCF model."""
+        self.historical: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        self.assumptions: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        self.wacc: float = 0.0
+        self.projected_revenue: List[float] = []
+        self.projected_fcf: List[float] = []
+        self.projection_years: int = 5
+        self.terminal_value_perpetuity: float = 0.0
+        self.terminal_value_exit_multiple: float = 0.0
+        self.enterprise_value_perpetuity: float = 0.0
+        self.enterprise_value_exit_multiple: float = 0.0
+        self.equity_value_perpetuity: float = 0.0
+        self.equity_value_exit_multiple: float = 0.0
+        self.value_per_share_perpetuity: float = 0.0
+        self.value_per_share_exit_multiple: float = 0.0
+
+    def set_historical_financials(self, historical: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Set historical financial data."""
+        self.historical = historical
+
+    def set_assumptions(self, assumptions: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Set projection assumptions."""
+        self.assumptions = assumptions
+        self.projection_years = assumptions.get("projection_years", 5)
+
+    def calculate_wacc(self) -> float:
+        """Calculate Weighted Average Cost of Capital via CAPM."""
+        wacc_inputs = self.assumptions.get("wacc_inputs", {})
+
+        risk_free_rate = wacc_inputs.get("risk_free_rate", 0.04)
+        equity_risk_premium = wacc_inputs.get("equity_risk_premium", 0.06)
+        beta = wacc_inputs.get("beta", 1.0)
+        cost_of_debt = wacc_inputs.get("cost_of_debt", 0.05)
+        tax_rate = wacc_inputs.get("tax_rate", 0.25)
+        debt_weight = wacc_inputs.get("debt_weight", 0.30)
+        equity_weight = wacc_inputs.get("equity_weight", 0.70)
+
+        # CAPM: Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + Beta * Equity Risk Premium
+        cost_of_equity = risk_free_rate + beta * equity_risk_premium
+
+        # WACC = (E/V * Re) + (D/V * Rd * (1 - T))
+        after_tax_cost_of_debt = cost_of_debt * (1 - tax_rate)
+        self.wacc = (equity_weight * cost_of_equity) + (
+            debt_weight * after_tax_cost_of_debt
+        )
+
+        return self.wacc
+
+    def project_cash_flows(self) -> Tuple[List[float], List[float]]:
+        """Project revenue and free cash flow over the projection period."""
+        base_revenue = self.historical.get("revenue", [])
+        if not base_revenue:
+            raise ValueError("Historical revenue data is required")
+
+        last_revenue = base_revenue[-1]
+
+        revenue_growth_rates = self.assumptions.get("revenue_growth_rates", [])
+        fcf_margins = self.assumptions.get("fcf_margins", [])
+
+        # If growth rates not provided for all years, use average or default
+        default_growth = self.assumptions.get("default_revenue_growth", 0.05)
+        default_fcf_margin = self.assumptions.get("default_fcf_margin", 0.10)
+
+        self.projected_revenue = []
+        self.projected_fcf = []
+        current_revenue = last_revenue
+
+        for year in range(self.projection_years):
+            growth = (
+                revenue_growth_rates[year]
+                if year < len(revenue_growth_rates)
+                else default_growth
+            )
+            fcf_margin = (
+                fcf_margins[year]
+                if year < len(fcf_margins)
+                else default_fcf_margin
+            )
+
+            current_revenue = current_revenue * (1 + growth)
+            fcf = current_revenue * fcf_margin
+
+            self.projected_revenue.append(current_revenue)
+            self.projected_fcf.append(fcf)
+
+        return self.projected_revenue, self.projected_fcf
+
+    def calculate_terminal_value(self) -> Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Calculate terminal value using both perpetuity growth and exit multiple."""
+        if not self.projected_fcf:
+            raise ValueError("Must project cash flows before terminal value")
+
+        terminal_fcf = self.projected_fcf[-1]
+        terminal_growth = self.assumptions.get("terminal_growth_rate", 0.025)
+        exit_multiple = self.assumptions.get("exit_ev_ebitda_multiple", 12.0)
+
+        # Perpetuity growth method: TV = FCF * (1+g) / (WACC - g)
+        if self.wacc > terminal_growth:
+            self.terminal_value_perpetuity = (
+                terminal_fcf * (1 + terminal_growth)
+            ) / (self.wacc - terminal_growth)
+        else:
+            self.terminal_value_perpetuity = 0.0
+
+        # Exit multiple method: TV = Terminal EBITDA * Exit Multiple
+        terminal_revenue = self.projected_revenue[-1]
+        ebitda_margin = self.assumptions.get("terminal_ebitda_margin", 0.20)
+        terminal_ebitda = terminal_revenue * ebitda_margin
+        self.terminal_value_exit_multiple = terminal_ebitda * exit_multiple
+
+        return self.terminal_value_perpetuity, self.terminal_value_exit_multiple
+
+    def calculate_enterprise_value(self) -> Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Calculate enterprise value by discounting projected FCFs and terminal value."""
+        if not self.projected_fcf:
+            raise ValueError("Must project cash flows first")
+
+        # Discount projected FCFs
+        pv_fcf = 0.0
+        for i, fcf in enumerate(self.projected_fcf):
+            discount_factor = (1 + self.wacc) ** (i + 1)
+            pv_fcf += fcf / discount_factor
+
+        # Discount terminal values
+        terminal_discount = (1 + self.wacc) ** self.projection_years
+
+        pv_tv_perpetuity = self.terminal_value_perpetuity / terminal_discount
+        pv_tv_exit = self.terminal_value_exit_multiple / terminal_discount
+
+        self.enterprise_value_perpetuity = pv_fcf + pv_tv_perpetuity
+        self.enterprise_value_exit_multiple = pv_fcf + pv_tv_exit
+
+        return self.enterprise_value_perpetuity, self.enterprise_value_exit_multiple
+
+    def calculate_equity_value(self) -> Tuple[float, float]:
+        """Calculate equity value from enterprise value."""
+        net_debt = self.historical.get("net_debt", 0)
+        shares_outstanding = self.historical.get("shares_outstanding", 1)
+
+        self.equity_value_perpetuity = (
+            self.enterprise_value_perpetuity - net_debt
+        )
+        self.equity_value_exit_multiple = (
+            self.enterprise_value_exit_multiple - net_debt
+        )
+
+        self.value_per_share_perpetuity = safe_divide(
+            self.equity_value_perpetuity, shares_outstanding
+        )
+        self.value_per_share_exit_multiple = safe_divide(
+            self.equity_value_exit_multiple, shares_outstanding
+        )
+
+        return self.equity_value_perpetuity, self.equity_value_exit_multiple
+
+    def sensitivity_analysis(
+        self,
+        wacc_range: Optional[List[float]] = None,
+        growth_range: Optional[List[float]] = None,
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Two-way sensitivity analysis: WACC vs terminal growth rate.
+
+        Returns a table of enterprise values using nested lists (no numpy).
+        """
+        if wacc_range is None:
+            base_wacc = self.wacc
+            wacc_range = [
+                round(base_wacc - 0.02, 4),
+                round(base_wacc - 0.01, 4),
+                round(base_wacc, 4),
+                round(base_wacc + 0.01, 4),
+                round(base_wacc + 0.02, 4),
+            ]
+
+        if growth_range is None:
+            base_growth = self.assumptions.get("terminal_growth_rate", 0.025)
+            growth_range = [
+                round(base_growth - 0.01, 4),
+                round(base_growth - 0.005, 4),
+                round(base_growth, 4),
+                round(base_growth + 0.005, 4),
+                round(base_growth + 0.01, 4),
+            ]
+
+        rows = len(wacc_range)
+        cols = len(growth_range)
+
+        # Initialize sensitivity table as nested lists
+        ev_table = [[0.0] * cols for _ in range(rows)]
+        share_price_table = [[0.0] * cols for _ in range(rows)]
+
+        terminal_fcf = self.projected_fcf[-1] if self.projected_fcf else 0
+
+        for i, wacc_val in enumerate(wacc_range):
+            for j, growth_val in enumerate(growth_range):
+                if wacc_val <= growth_val:
+                    ev_table[i][j] = float("inf")
+                    share_price_table[i][j] = float("inf")
+                    continue
+
+                # Recalculate PV of projected FCFs with this WACC
+                pv_fcf = 0.0
+                for k, fcf in enumerate(self.projected_fcf):
+                    pv_fcf += fcf / ((1 + wacc_val) ** (k + 1))
+
+                # Terminal value with this growth rate
+                tv = (terminal_fcf * (1 + growth_val)) / (wacc_val - growth_val)
+                pv_tv = tv / ((1 + wacc_val) ** self.projection_years)
+
+                ev = pv_fcf + pv_tv
+                ev_table[i][j] = round(ev, 2)
+
+                net_debt = self.historical.get("net_debt", 0)
+                shares = self.historical.get("shares_outstanding", 1)
+                equity = ev - net_debt
+                share_price_table[i][j] = round(
+                    safe_divide(equity, shares), 2
+                )
+
+        return {
+            "wacc_values": wacc_range,
+            "growth_values": growth_range,
+            "enterprise_value_table": ev_table,
+            "share_price_table": share_price_table,
+        }
+
+    def run_full_valuation(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Run the complete DCF valuation."""
+        self.calculate_wacc()
+        self.project_cash_flows()
+        self.calculate_terminal_value()
+        self.calculate_enterprise_value()
+        self.calculate_equity_value()
+        sensitivity = self.sensitivity_analysis()
+
+        return {
+            "wacc": self.wacc,
+            "projected_revenue": self.projected_revenue,
+            "projected_fcf": self.projected_fcf,
+            "terminal_value": {
+                "perpetuity_growth": self.terminal_value_perpetuity,
+                "exit_multiple": self.terminal_value_exit_multiple,
+            },
+            "enterprise_value": {
+                "perpetuity_growth": self.enterprise_value_perpetuity,
+                "exit_multiple": self.enterprise_value_exit_multiple,
+            },
+            "equity_value": {
+                "perpetuity_growth": self.equity_value_perpetuity,
+                "exit_multiple": self.equity_value_exit_multiple,
+            },
+            "value_per_share": {
+                "perpetuity_growth": self.value_per_share_perpetuity,
+                "exit_multiple": self.value_per_share_exit_multiple,
+            },
+            "sensitivity_analysis": sensitivity,
+        }
+
+    def format_text(self, results: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+        """Format valuation results as human-readable text."""
+        lines: List[str] = []
+        lines.append("=" * 70)
+        lines.append("DCF VALUATION ANALYSIS")
+        lines.append("=" * 70)
+
+        def fmt_money(val: float) -> str:
+            if val == float("inf"):
+                return "N/A (WACC <= growth)"
+            if abs(val) >= 1e9:
+                return f"${val / 1e9:,.2f}B"
+            if abs(val) >= 1e6:
+                return f"${val / 1e6:,.2f}M"
+            if abs(val) >= 1e3:
+                return f"${val / 1e3:,.1f}K"
+            return f"${val:,.2f}"
+
+        lines.append(f"\n--- WACC ---")
+        lines.append(f"  Weighted Average Cost of Capital: {results['wacc'] * 100:.2f}%")
+
+        lines.append(f"\n--- REVENUE PROJECTIONS ---")
+        for i, rev in enumerate(results["projected_revenue"], 1):
+            lines.append(f"  Year {i}: {fmt_money(rev)}")
+
+        lines.append(f"\n--- FREE CASH FLOW PROJECTIONS ---")
+        for i, fcf in enumerate(results["projected_fcf"], 1):
+            lines.append(f"  Year {i}: {fmt_money(fcf)}")
+
+        lines.append(f"\n--- TERMINAL VALUE ---")
+        lines.append(
+            f"  Perpetuity Growth Method: "
+            f"{fmt_money(results['terminal_value']['perpetuity_growth'])}"
+        )
+        lines.append(
+            f"  Exit Multiple Method:     "
+            f"{fmt_money(results['terminal_value']['exit_multiple'])}"
+        )
+
+        lines.append(f"\n--- ENTERPRISE VALUE ---")
+        lines.append(
+            f"  Perpetuity Growth Method: "
+            f"{fmt_money(results['enterprise_value']['perpetuity_growth'])}"
+        )
+        lines.append(
+            f"  Exit Multiple Method:     "
+            f"{fmt_money(results['enterprise_value']['exit_multiple'])}"
+        )
+
+        lines.append(f"\n--- EQUITY VALUE ---")
+        lines.append(
+            f"  Perpetuity Growth Method: "
+            f"{fmt_money(results['equity_value']['perpetuity_growth'])}"
+        )
+        lines.append(
+            f"  Exit Multiple Method:     "
+            f"{fmt_money(results['equity_value']['exit_multiple'])}"
+        )
+
+        lines.append(f"\n--- VALUE PER SHARE ---")
+        vps = results["value_per_share"]
+        lines.append(f"  Perpetuity Growth Method: ${vps['perpetuity_growth']:,.2f}")
+        lines.append(f"  Exit Multiple Method:     ${vps['exit_multiple']:,.2f}")
+
+        # Sensitivity table
+        sens = results["sensitivity_analysis"]
+        lines.append(f"\n--- SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS (Enterprise Value) ---")
+        lines.append(f"  WACC vs Terminal Growth Rate")
+        lines.append("")
+
+        header = "  {:>10s}".format("WACC \\ g")
+        for g in sens["growth_values"]:
+            header += f"  {g * 100:>8.1f}%"
+        lines.append(header)
+        lines.append("  " + "-" * (10 + 10 * len(sens["growth_values"])))
+
+        for i, w in enumerate(sens["wacc_values"]):
+            row = f"  {w * 100:>9.1f}%"
+            for j in range(len(sens["growth_values"])):
+                val = sens["enterprise_value_table"][i][j]
+                if val == float("inf"):
+                    row += f"  {'N/A':>8s}"
+                else:
+                    row += f"  {fmt_money(val):>8s}"
+            lines.append(row)
+
+        lines.append("\n" + "=" * 70)
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Main entry point."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="DCF Valuation Model - Enterprise and equity valuation"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "input_file",
+        help="Path to JSON file with valuation data",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--format",
+        choices=["text", "json"],
+        default="text",
+        help="Output format (default: text)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--projection-years",
+        type=int,
+        default=None,
+        help="Number of projection years (overrides input file)",
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    try:
+        with open(args.input_file, "r") as f:
+            data = json.load(f)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        print(f"Error: File '{args.input_file}' not found.", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        print(f"Error: Invalid JSON in '{args.input_file}': {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    model = DCFModel()
+    model.set_historical_financials(data.get("historical", {}))
+
+    assumptions = data.get("assumptions", {})
+    if args.projection_years is not None:
+        assumptions["projection_years"] = args.projection_years
+    model.set_assumptions(assumptions)
+
+    try:
+        results = model.run_full_valuation()
+    except ValueError as e:
+        print(f"Error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    if args.format == "json":
+        # Handle inf values for JSON serialization
+        def sanitize(obj: Any) -> Any:
+            if isinstance(obj, float) and math.isinf(obj):
+                return None
+            if isinstance(obj, dict):
+                return {k: sanitize(v) for k, v in obj.items()}
+            if isinstance(obj, list):
+                return [sanitize(v) for v in obj]
+            return obj
+
+        print(json.dumps(sanitize(results), indent=2))
+    else:
+        print(model.format_text(results))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()